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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Freedom of information – France »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Freedom of information – France"

Ivanova, Xenia A., et Alexander A. Stepanov. « Restrictions of the freedom of speech in France in the digital technologies era ». Law Enforcement Review 3, n^o 1 (26 avril 2019) : 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2019.3(1).15-23.

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The subject. The article reveals an understanding of the freedom of speech in French law The purpose of the article is to identify the contents of freedom of speech in the French law and to determine the boundaries of its implementation in the Internet as well as to confirm or refute the hypothesis that both the freedom of speech and the definition of the boundaries of that freedom meets the purposes of protection of human rights. The description of methodology. General scientific methods ‐ analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison ‐ were used. The authors also use the formal legal interpretation of French judicial decisions and content‐analysis of press.The main results and scope of their application. Freedom of speech is one of the foundations of French society, but it has become necessary to revise a number of rules governing freedom of speech and imposing restrictions due to widespread using of Internet in people’s life. So exceptions from freedom of speech are embedded in national legislation, despite the fact that the basis for the legal regulation of freedom of the media in a democratic society is to ensure non‐interference of the state in the content of production and dissemination of information. In some countries exceptions to freedom of speech are expressed primarily in the form of rules aimed at preventing abuses of freedom of the mass media and serving as a basis for sanctions against media editorial boards. The authors also cite actual examples of the realization of the freedom of speech in France, and draw conclusions about the possibilities for the development of this right. The proposed analysis may be used as a basis for improvement national legislation concerning limitations of freedom of speech.Conclusions. Freedom of speech and freedom of the media are not absolute in France. In order to fulfil its function of protecting and guaranteeing rights and freedoms, the state must pay equal attention both to ensuring freedom of speech (including the independence of the press, access to information) and to defining the limits of this freedom in order to prevent its unlawful abuse. Any freedom turns into chaos without proper boundaries.

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Lamačková, Adriana. « Conscientious Objection in Reproductive Health Care : Analysis of Pichon and Sajous v. France ». European Journal of Health Law 15, n^o 1 (2008) : 7–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092902708x300172.

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AbstractThis article explores the issue of conscientious objection invoked by health professionals in the reproductive and sexual health care context and its impact on women's ability to access health services. The right to exercise conscientious objection has been recognized by many international and European scholars as being derived from the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. It is not, however, an absolute right. When the exercise of conscientious objection conflicts with other human rights and fundamental freedoms, a balance must be struck between the right to conscientious objection and other affected rights such as the right to respect for private life, the right to equality and non-discrimination, and the right to receive and impart information. Particularly in the reproductive health care context, states that allow health professionals to exercise conscientious objection must accommodate this in such a way that its exercise does not compromise women's access to health services. This article analyses the European Court of Human Rights' decision on admissibility in Pichon and Sajous v. France (2001) and argues that a balancing approach should be applied in cases of conscientious objection in the sexual and reproductive health care context.

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Semane, N., V. H. Peuch, S. Pradier, G. Desroziers, L. El Amraoui, P. Brousseau, S. Massart, B. Chapnik et A. Peuch. « On the extraction of wind information from the assimilation of ozone profiles in Météo–France 4D-Var operational NWP suite ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, n^o 4 (28 août 2008) : 16473–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-16473-2008.

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Abstract. By applying four-dimensional variational data-assimilation (4D-Var) to a combined ozone and dynamics Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP), ozone observations generate wind increments through the ozone-dynamics coupling. The dynamical impact of Aura/MLS satellite ozone profiles is investigated using Météo–France operational ARPEGE NWP 4D-Var assimilation system for a period of 3 months. A data-assimilation procedure has been designed and run on 6-h windows. The procedure includes: (1) 4D-Var assimilating both ozone and operational NWP standard observations, (2) ARPEGE transporting ozone as a passive-tracer, (3) MOCAGE, the Météo–France chemistry and transport model re-initializing the ARPEGE ozone background at the beginning time of the assimilation window. The Degrees of Freedom for Signal diagnostics show that the MLS data covering the 68.1–31.6 hPa vertical pressure range are the most informative and their information content is nearly of the same order as tropospheric humidity-sensitive radiances. Furthermore, with the help of error variance reduction diagnostics, the ozone contribution to the reduction of the horizontal divergence background-error variance is shown to be better than tropospheric humidity-sensitive radiances. Moreover, by using observation minus forecast statistics, it is found that the ozone assimilation reduces the wind bias in the lower stratosphere.

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Semane, N., V. H. Peuch, S. Pradier, G. Desroziers, L. El Amraoui, P. Brousseau, S. Massart, B. Chapnik et A. Peuch. « On the extraction of wind information from the assimilation of ozone profiles in Météo–France 4-D-Var operational NWP suite ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, n^o 14 (22 juillet 2009) : 4855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4855-2009.

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Abstract. By applying four-dimensional variational data-assimilation (4-D-Var) to a combined ozone and dynamics Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP), ozone observations generate wind increments through the ozone-dynamics coupling. The dynamical impact of Aura/MLS satellite ozone profiles is investigated using Météo-France operational ARPEGE NWP 4-D-Var assimilation system for a period of 3 months. A data-assimilation procedure has been designed and run on 6-h windows. The procedure includes: (1) 4-D-Var assimilating both ozone and operational NWP standard observations, (2) ARPEGE transporting ozone as a passive-tracer, (3) MOCAGE, the Météo–France chemistry and transport model re-initializing the ARPEGE ozone background at the beginning time of the assimilation window. Using observation minus forecast statistics, it is found that the ozone assimilation reduces the wind bias in the lower stratosphere. Moreover, the Degrees of Freedom for Signal diagnostics show that the MLS data covering the 68.1–31.6 hPa vertical pressure range are the most informative and their information content is nearly of the same order as tropospheric humidity-sensitive radiances. Furthermore, with the help of error variance reduction diagnostics, the ozone contribution to the reduction of the horizontal divergence background-error variance is shown to be better than tropospheric humidity-sensitive radiances.

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Cahen, Fabrice. « Who Was Afraid of Pregnancy Tests ? Gestational Information and Reproduction Policies in France (1920–50) ». Medical History 63, n^o 2 (26 mars 2019) : 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2019.2.

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Though resulting from a long-term process, the need to manage pregnancies both medically and bureaucratically became a state concern, especially from the 1920s onwards. A woman’s official obligation to notify the state of her pregnancy (and therefore to know it on time) goes beyond a matter of biopolicies and poses a range of contradictions. ‘Pregnant or not?’ – as an issue of knowledge – is a powerful tool for apprehending the tensions between individual freedom, privacy, institutional requirements and professional powers.In order to better understand the historical meaning of pregnancy diagnostics in mid-twentieth-century France, this paper combines three dimensions: uncertainty and its management; the informational asymmetry between institutional agents and women; and the diachronic dimension of gestation. Writing this history sheds more light on an apparent paradox: while knowing and notifying one’s own pregnancy became a duty, the tools that could help women eliminate some doubt right from the first months of their pregnancy – in particular the innovation of laboratory diagnosis – was seen as a danger. When, in 1938, private laboratories began publishing advertisements for the laboratory test in the most widely-read newspapers, tending to reframe it as a commercial service, the anti-abortion crusade was increasing its propaganda and its political pressure. This crusade’s legal victory proved incomplete, but for a long time some of the most conservative physicians recommended great parsimony in prescribing testing. Combined with reducing the legal time limit for notification, this conflict shows how the state injunctions towards women could look like a ‘double bind’.

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Pisani, Marco, Milena Astrua, Pierre-Alix Carles, Stefan Kubsky, Thanh-Liêm Nguyên et Olivier Acher. « Characterization of Angle Accuracy and Precision of 3-Degree-of-Freedom Absolute Encoder Based on NanoGPS OxyO Technology ». Sensors 20, n^o 12 (19 juin 2020) : 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123462.

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An absolute encoder based on vision system nanoGPS OxyO was developed by HORIBA France. This encoder provides three types of position information, namely, two inplane co-ordinates and inplane angular orientation. This paper focuses on the characterization of its angular performance. To this aim, the nanoGPS OxyO system was compared with the national angle standard of the National Metrology Institute of Italy (INRIM) that had evaluated accuracy of about 0.1 µrad. The effect of image size and illumination conditions on angular measurements was studied. Precision better than 10 µrad and accuracy better than 63 µrad over 2π rotation were demonstrated. Moreover, the application of nanoGPS OxyO to the characterization of rotation bearing is presented. Small deviations from pure rotational behavior were evidenced that would have not been possible using laser interferometers. As a consequence of its accuracy and versatility, the nanoGPS OxyO encoder is expected to be useful for laboratory experiments and quality-control tasks.

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Rovinskaya, T. « Political Ambitions of European “Pirates” ». World Economy and International Relations, n^o 7 (2015) : 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-7-72-84.

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The paper thoroughly examines the ideological essence, political goals, structure, electoral achievements and international protest activities of the Pirate Movement, consisting of national Pirate Parties worldwide and the Pirate Parties International. The Pirate ideology arose in mid-2000s in response to information society biases, and is paying special attention to the freedom of non-commercial information exchange in the Internet, individual privacy, transparency of state politics and direct citizens' involvement with flexible Internet-tools (Liquid Democracy concept). This relatively new political force has made a vivid progress in electoral field within a short time (since 2006 till present). The representatives of the most successful Pirate Parties (in Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Switzerland, France, Spain, Croatia and Iceland) hold deputy's seats in municipal, regional, national and supranational state agencies, including the European Parliament. In many other countries of the world the "Pirates" are also registered officially and participate in elections; in some countries the Pirate Parties are active, though not yet registered. Except for electoral activity, the Pirate Parties organize joint protest campaigns against national laws/state programs and international agreements that violate the information freedom and civil rights (i.e. PRISM, ACTA). These campaigns also serve for unification and growth of the international Pirate Movement. The Pirate Parties have quickly transformed from populist groups into a political force aspiring to equitable participation in political process along with traditional political parties, challenging them in a certain way. The Pirate ideology will be in demand as long as it will give a resultative solution for specific problems of a post-industrial society in the context of democracy.

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Mishra, Bikash Ranjan, et Pabitra Kumar Jena. « Bilateral FDI flows in four major Asian economies : a gravity model analysis ». Journal of Economic Studies 46, n^o 1 (7 janvier 2019) : 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2017-0169.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from some leading developed countries (the USA, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and France) into major four Asian economies (China, Korea, India and Singapore).Design/methodology/approachUsing one basic and four augmented versions of gravity model technique, the authors tried to examine the determinants of bilateral FDI flows in four major Asian economies. The study used World Development Indicators, CEPII, KOF and Heritage Foundation data for period 2001–2012.FindingsThe results revealed that besides the market size for host and source country, other criteria such as distance, common language and common border also influence foreign investors. Other macroeconomic factors such as inflation rate and real interest rate are among the key factors that attract more FDI. In addition to economic factors, institutional and infrastructural factors such as telecommunication, degree of openness, index of globalisation and index of economic freedom also stimulate the international investors from the developed world to the major Asian countries.Research limitations/implicationsIt is altogether possible that only a set of home country specific characteristics or host country specific characteristics does not matter when determining FDI. Most empirical studies using indices such as the index of globalisation and economic freedom are subject to certain methodological limitations such as model selection, parameter heterogeneity, outliers and moral hazard.Practical implicationsMore distance between the host and source country would result in less FDI flows due to more managerial and raw material supply chain cost. Similarly, more gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income (PCI) are leading to more FDI flows into Asian economics. Therefore, major Asian economies should frame their economic policies in such a manner where these counties can strengthen their GDP as well as PCI. Furthermore, above countries should open its economy more and more for better FDI flows as it seems that economic globalisation and economic freedom are major determinants of bilateral FDI flows. The negative impact of inflation and interest rate should be controlled.Social implicationsFrom policy perspective, higher scores of economic, social and political globalisation also attract high FDI to the host country. On the same line higher scores in economic freedom mean that less restrictions in terms of economic policies and the policy environment are conducive for free trade and resource transfers. Higher scores in trade freedom, investment freedom and freedom from corruptions also show more developed and conducive policy environment. In the same reasoning higher scores in the composite index of economic freedom which takes information from trade freedom, investment freedom and freedom from corruption and others also encourage flow of FDI in to the host country.Originality/valueThis is the first paper which combines the globalisation index, economic freedom index and distance along with some major macroeconomic variables.

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Van Eecke, Patrick. « Online service providers and liability : A plea for a balanced approach ». Common Market Law Review 48, Issue 5 (1 octobre 2011) : 1455–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2011058.

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Internet access providers, online platforms and other intermediaries benefit from a protection against liability claims caused by end-users' illegal or harmful information. This liability limitation is enshrined in the 2000 Directive on Electronic Commerce, a directive considered crucial for a proper functioning of the internal market, the uptake of the information society and the protection of freedom of speech. Throughout the years, the liability protection for online intermediaries seems, however, to have been gradually carved out by case law, particularly on the Member State level. In recent cases, such as C- 236/08, Google France, and C-324/09, L'Oréal, the European Court of Justice has also interpreted relevant EU legislation. Online intermediaries are increasingly forced to monitor the activities of their users if they want to remain shielded from liability. Paradoxically, obliging online intermediaries to monitor the information transmitted or stored by users is forbidden by the same Directive on Electronic Commerce. This article proposes a balanced approach in which the intermediary protection regime can be safeguarded, whilst still protecting the rights of third parties whose rights may be infringed on the internet.

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V. V., Novitskyi. « Political and legal mechanisms for the protection of human rights through the lens of the European Union countries ». Almanac of law : The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, n^o 11 (août 2020) : 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-32.

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The author of the article, first of all, draws attention to the current problems of protection and protection of human rights, which unfortunately are traced within the territorial jurisdiction of the European Union. Such problem is quite well demonstrated by Berbel Koffler, as the Commissioner of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on human rights and humanitarian aid policy. Indeed, the Ombudsman of Germany has raised a number of deep dilemmas: violence against human rights defenders on the grounds of their professional activity, the relation of human rights institutions with public security and economic development. In fact, these questions, in varying percentages, are equally relevant to many countries in the world. In the outlined context, the case of the European Court of Human Rights “Gabriel Weber and Caesar Richard Saravia v. Germany” of 29.06.06 was analyzed. Actually, this case covers directly the issues of human rights and national security of Germany. Grounds for initiating this case have arisen in connection with the legislative provisions of the Law of Germany on the Restriction of the Secret of Correspondence, Mail and Telecommunications of 13.08.68., ("Law G-10"), taking into account changes made under the Anti-Crime Act of 28.10.94, which extend the powers of the Federal Intelligence Service, within the so-called strategic monitoring. It is about collecting information by listening to telephone conversations in order to identify and prevent serious threats to the Federal Republic of Germany, such as: armed attacks on its territory, international terrorist attacks, other serious crimes. According to the applicants who worked as journalists, strategic monitoring can be used against individuals to prevent effective journalistic investigations. In view of these suspicions, the applicants argued that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, such as the right to privacy and correspondence, the violation of press freedom, and the right to an effective remedy. The ECHR Judges, having examined the circumstances of the case, concluded that there were no grounds to satisfy the complaints on the basis of the following arguments: 2) German legislation, as part of strategic monitoring, is endowed with adequate and effective safeguards against abuse by authorized entities. In addition, the article analyzes the multi-vector issue of banning citizens of some European Union countries from wearing hats that completely or partially hide their faces. The fact is that, under such restrictions, in particular, the traditional clothing of women adherents of Islam has fallen. It is a “burqa” and a “niqab”. The presented study is mainly based on the legislative practice of France, Belgium, which provides for administrative as well as criminal penalties for non-compliance with the stated prohibition. In such cases as S.А.С. France, Belkacemi and Oussar v. Belgium, Dakir v. Belgium, the applicants, alleged that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, including: the right to respect for their private life; the right to freedom of expression of one's religion or belief; the right to freedom of expression; the right to freedom of association; humiliating treatment and discrimination against the enjoyment of the abovementioned human rights. According to most ECHR judges, who have dealt with the said cases, the disputed prohibition is not necessary in a "democratic society for public safety" but its main task is to preserve the conditions of "cohabitation" as an element of "protection of the rights and freedoms of others." In the context of this debate, attention was paid indirectly to such EU Member States as: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland. Keywords: human rights, legal guarantees, security, privacy.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Freedom of information – France"

Ranquet, Marie. « L'accès aux archives publiques en France. Le droit et la pratique vus par les archivistes depuis 1979 ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Ecole nationale des chartes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENCP0002.

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L'archivistique française est encadrée par plusieurs textes, certains à portée législative, d'autres réglementaire, les premiers d'entre eux remontant à la Révolution française: la loi du 7 messidor an II édicte le principe de l'accès libre du citoyen aux titres conservés. Ce principe est encore bien éloigné du droit d'accès du citoyen à l'information publique, qui émerge réellement avec la loi n° 78-753 du 17 juillet 1978 et le contexte des lois de « 3e génération des droits de l'homme ». Les dispositions de la loi de messidor sont amendées dès le XIXe siècle afin de protéger les intérêts de l'État et des familles. La loi de messidor est abrogée par la loi n°79-18 du 3 janvier 1979, qui pour la première fois pose le principe des délais de communicabilité aux archives publiques dans la loi. La loi de 1979 est abrogée par la loi n°2008-696 du 15 juillet 2008 qui intervient à la suite de vives polémiques surl'accès aux archives de la Seconde guerre mondiale en particulier : si l'existence même des secrets n'est pas remise en cause, l'échéance à laquelle ces secrets doivent pouvoir être levés fait débat.Malgré une idée répandue, des restrictions de plus en plus fortes se font jour sur la possibilité d'accéder aux archives. Des régimes spéciques d'accès comme le secret défense ou le secret médical deviennent peu à peu incompatibles avec le droit général d'accès aux archives.La loi de 2008 suscite de nombreuses interrogations pratiques de la part des archivistes, confrontés à la fois à une modification des délais de communicabilité et à un changement de méthode, la communicabilité étant désormais définie par la sensibilité des informations contenues dans les documents
French archives are ruled by several laws and decrees. First of them go back to French Revolution : it is the law of Messidor 7, year II, by which the idea of free access to archives for citizens is brought out. This idea is nevertheless still quite far from the French Freedom of Information act taken in 1978, in the general context of « laws of 3d-generation rights of men ». The Messidor law is amended during the 19th century to take into account the necessary protection of the interests of State and families. It is repealed by the law n°79-18 of January 3d, 1979 ; this law establishes for the first time the principle of terms for accessing to archives. It is in turn repealed by the law n°2008-696 of July 15th, 2008, which comes after decade-long controversy about access to Second World War archives in particular: even if the mere existence of secret is well accepted, the terms themselves under which these secrets should be held expired are a public issue.Despite a well-shared idea, restrictions on archives'accessibility keep getting stronger. Specific access regimes such as classified informations or medical secrecy gradually become conflicting with the general right of access to archives.The 2008 law arouses many practical interrogations among archivists, confronted with a modification of the communicability terms as well as a deep change in method, these terms being now determined by the degree of sensibility of the information rather than by the nature of the document itself

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Neff, Pamela S. « Freedom of Religion or Freedom from Religion ? The New Laicite in France ». Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1351638370.

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Amira, Mostafa. « Freedom of information and women rights ». Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13509.

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The paper is an explanation of women’s practices in the processes that have led to the formulation, enactment and implementation of laws or policies that enable citizen to enjoy the freedom of information and be informed in the custody of the government. Freedom of information allows the citizens of any country to have the right of access to official information to held and custody their government thus promoting transparency and accountability. It invokes an obligation on the part of the government to facilitate easy access to information under its docket to publish important information pro-actively and regularly for general public use. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13509

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Befre, Pierre. « La liberté d'expression des salariés ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020066.

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Salariat et liberté d'expression : la contradiction apparaît irréductible. La subordination inhérente à la relation de travail semble en effet exclure l’exercice de cette liberté. Le salarié, parce qu’il demeure citoyen, doit toutefois en jouir de façon effective. Le représentant élu et désigné, parce que le mécanisme de la représentation collective l’exige, doit également le pouvoir. Accorder au salarié une telle liberté peut s’avérer dangereux pour l’autorité de l’employeur ou la survie de l’entreprise. Des notions floues, complexes à circonscrire, telles que l’obligation de confidentialité ou l’abus, peuvent autoriser l’employeur à restreindre l’exercice par le salarié de la liberté d'expression et à le sanctionner. Face au mutisme du législateur et à l’indécision du juge, l’insécurité règne. S’impose alors de dégager une définition plus précise et une articulation plus cohérente des règles légitimant tant l’exercice par le salarié de cette liberté que sa limitation par l’employeur. Bien que périlleuse, cette quête d’équilibre mérite d’être entreprise afin que le caractère nécessaire de cette liberté au monde du travail se révèle. Salariat et liberté d'expression : la contradiction n’apparaîtra qu’apparente
The employee status and freedom of expression : the contradiction appears to be irreducible. The subordination, which is inherent to the employment relationship, seems indeed to exclude the exercice of such freedom. The employee, because he remains a citizen, must however enjoy it in an effective way. The elected and designated representative, because the collective representation mecanism commands it, must enjoy it as well. Granting the employee with such freedom may prove dangerous for the authority of the employer and the survival of the company. Vague notions, that are hard to define, such as the duty of confidentiality or the abuse of right, authorize the employer to restrict the exercice of this freedom by his employee and to sanction him. Given the legislative mutism and the judge's indecision, insecurity is prevailing. It therefore becomes essential to draw a more precise definition and a more coherent articulation of the rules legitimating the exercise of this freedom by the employee, as well as its limitation by the employer. Althought it is jeopardous, this search for balance deserves to be attempted, so that it is revealed that such freedom is essential to the world of work. The employee status and freedom of expression : the contradiction will eventually reveal to be only apparent

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Hsieh, Kuo-Lien. « Freedom of information in the European Union ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29163.

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This thesis is in three parts. The first and second parts analyse the development of the law and policy on freedom of information in the European Economic Community and European Union between 1984 and 2004. These two parts focus on how the Council, the Commission, and the Parliament enacted and implemented the rules on FOI protection, and on the role of the Community court in this field. The third part examines the roles of the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman, which have supplemented the role of the Court in securing this right. As to the objectives of this project: on the one hand, it seeks to understand the degree of legal protection offered to freedom of information in the Union over the last two decades; on the other, it seeks to identify how the current EU FOI regime could be improved. First of all, we consider the major controversies surrounding FOI law and policy between 1984 and 2004. In particular, this thesis focuses on the extent to which the 2001 FOI Regulation addresses the pre-existing obstacles to FOI protection. Secondly, the exceptions in Article 4(1) and Article 4(2) of the 2001 Regulation can be categorised as mandatory and discretionary respectively, but the distinction between the two provisions is vague. This indistinct dividing line should be removed to end the misunderstanding that the Council, the Commission, and the Parliament are entitled to refuse requests systematically when invoking the so-called mandatory exceptions. Thirdly, we take into account the principles established by the 2001 Regulation, the EC Treaty, or by the Court to guide the interpretation of the exceptions laid down in the Regulation. Fourthly, we argue that the EU legislator should expressly incorporate the principle of proportionality into the 2001 Regulation. Finally, we analyse recent initiatives to adopt a constitution for Europe.

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Lamble, Stephen. « Computer-assisted reporting and freedom of information / ». [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16917.pdf.

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Batters, Elizabeth. « Freedom of Information and the British Political Tradition ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505737.

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Sawadogo, Rélouindé Béatrice. « Les opérations de regroupement de l'endettement du consommateur ». Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD005.

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Le crédit de regroupement destiné aux ménages et aux particuliers fait aujourd’hui partie intégrante des crédits régis par le code de la consommation. Dans un contexte de multi-endettement le plus souvent inadapté à la situation financière des débiteurs, le recours au regroupement de crédits s’inscrit dans la recherche de solutions par le débiteur pour résorber son malendettement ou mieux gérer son budget. Favorisée entre autres par la baisse des taux d’intérêt, l’offre de crédit de regroupement tend à devenir un outil de conquête de parts de marché. Demeuré longtemps sans encadrement précis, le regroupement de crédits bénéficie désormais d’un cadre strict et contraignant initié par la loi n°2010-737 du 1er juillet 2010 portant réforme du crédit à la consommation. Un encadrement dont la substance porte sur la définition des régimes des opérations de regroupement et leurs conditions de formation très formalistes et de nature consumériste. Cela traduit des avancées innovantes en la matière mais cette règlementation tient insuffisamment compte des spécificités du regroupement d’où la nécessité d’évoluer vers un cadre juridique spécifique plus approprié. Il est en effet nécessaire d’intégrer dans l’encadrement du regroupement la définition de l’opération, son procédé de mise en œuvre et d’autres aspects tenant au processus de restructuration. Ce qui permettra de définir des droits et des devoirs pour les parties prenantes aux crédits regroupés et de mieux tenir compte de la fragilité du consommateur-emprunteur par des mesures de prévention d’un nouvel engrenage dans l’endettement excessif. Le mécanisme du regroupement étant néanmoins susceptible de résorber efficacement le malendettement, il pourrait être utilisé comme mesure de traitement du malendettement dans le cadre des procédures de désendettement. Cela nécessite la définition de conditions d’ouverture du droit du surendettement aux situations de malendettement et de trouver des sources de financement du réaménagement de l’endettement via le crédit de regroupement que proposerait la Commission de surendettement. A propos, se tourner vers l’un des créanciers prêteurs est préconisé, mais il faudrait envisager la mise en place d’un fonds public spécifique de soutien aux particuliers qui financerait subsidiairement ledit crédit en cas d’exercice par le banquier de sa liberté de refuser le crédit. In fine, même si les différentes mesures de traitement du malendettement et du surendettement sont utiles, il est nécessaire et primordial de trouver de meilleurs outils pour les prévenir
The Consolidation of Debts to households and individual customers is now part of the Credit Offer regulated by the French Consumption Code Law.In the framework of multiple debts unfit to the financial situation of the Debtors, the use of debts consolidation is geared towards the search of solutions by Debtors to solve bad debts or better manage their budget. Favored by the decrease of interest rates, the consolidation of debts has evolved as a tool to gain additional market shares. Long Time without any structured monitoring, the consolidation of debts is now structured in a strict and binding framework initiated by the law n°2010-737 of July 2010 amending the consumption debt Law. A framework which is grounded on defining the different types of debts consolidation and the conditions of their creation – This process being very formal and of consumerist type. This entails innovative progress in this area field, but these rules do not take into account the peculiarities of debts consolidation, thus, implying the necessity to evolve towards a more specific legal framework. It is now compulsory to integrate within the framing of Debts Consolidation, the definition of the nature of these operations, their methods of implementation and additional aspects related to the restructuring process. This will allow to define the rights and obligations of the stakeholders to debts Consolidation and take into account the fragility of the consumer-borrower through prevention measures against the threat of falling back into the traps of excessive debts. The mechanisms of debts consolidation is however a potential way to solve excessive debts, it could be used as a healing measure to treat excessive Debts in the framework of deleveraging processes. For that purpose, leveraging one of the creditors can be advocated, but one should also contemplate the setup of a Public Fund to support individual customers, and that would finance alternatively such a credit, if not accepted by the bank.In fine, even though the different treatment measures against excessive and bad debts are useful, it is highly important to find out better tools to prevent those situations

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Kelly, Nicholas M. « The freedom of information hacked : console cowboys, computer wizards, and personal freedom in the digital age ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6778.

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“The Freedom of Information Hacked: Console Cowboys, Computer Wizards, and Personal Freedom in the Digital Age” examines depictions of computer hackers in fiction, the media, and popular culture, assessing how such depictions both influence and reflect popular conceptions of hackers and what they do. In doing so, the dissertation demonstrates the central concerns of hacker stories—concerns about digital security, privacy, and the value of information—have become the concerns of digital culture as a whole, hackers laying bare collective hopes and fears regarding digital networks.

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McMasters, Paul K. « Freedom of Information is Not Just a Media Issue ». Department of Journalism, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581685.

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The John Peter Zenger & Anna Catherine Zenger Award for Freedom of the Press and the People's Right to Know, 1999 / "Freedom of Information is Not Just a Media Issue" by Paul K. McMasters / April 27, 2000

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Livres sur le sujet "Freedom of information – France"

avocat, Martin Jean, et Ligue des droits de l'homme (Paris, France), dir. La Liberté de l'information en France. Paris : Editions ouvrières, 1990.

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Perret, Sophie. Le droit à la non-discrimination raciale et le droit à la liberté de l'information en France. Bruxelles : Bruylant, 2004.

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Japan) Journées juridiques franco-japonaises (8th 2011 Tokyo. L'information : VIIIe Journées Juridiques franco-japonaises, 26-27 septembre 2011, Tokyo. Paris : Société de législation comparée, 2012.

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Dirīnī, Ashraf Muḥammad Najīb. al-Ḥimāyah al-jināʼīyah lil-ʻamal al-iʻlāmī : Dirāsah muqāranah. al-Qāhirah : al-Markaz al-Qawmī lil-Iṣdārāt al-Qānūnīyah, 2021.

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Japan) Nichi-Futsu Hōgaku Kyōdō Kenkyū Shūkai (dai 8-kai 2011 Tokyo. "Jōhō" : 2011-nen 9-gatsu 26-nichi-27-nichi Tōkyō = "L'information" : VIIIèmes journées juridiques franco-japonaises, Tokyo, 26-27 septembre 2011. Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Daigakuin Hōgaku Seijigaku Kenkyūka Fuzoku Bijinesurō, Hikaku Hōsei Kenkyū Sentā Hikaku Hōsei Bumon, 2012.

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Delprat, Laurent. Communication et Internet : Pouvoirs et droits : presse écrite, communication audiovisuelle, Internet et multimédia, liberté d'informer et de communiquer, principes et limites, droit de l'audiovisuelle, de la publicité, de la propriété intellectuel en France et à l'international. Paris : Vuibert, 2007.

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Commission, Australia Law Reform. Freedom of information. Sydney : Australian Law Reform Commission, 1995.

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Roberts, Sean. Freedom of information. London : Library & Information Technology Centre/British Library Research and Development Department, 1991.

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Jones, Phill. Freedom of information. New York : Chelsea House, 2011.

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Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency., dir. Freedom of information. Lahore : Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2004.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Freedom of information – France"

Marique, Yseult, et Emmanuel Slautsky. « Freedom of Information in France : Law and Practice ». Dans The Laws of Transparency in Action, 73–118. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76460-3_3.

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McLean, Martin. « Education in France ». Dans Equality and Freedom in Education, 63–104. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003287643-3.

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Adrian, Melanie. « The Veil in France ». Dans Religious Freedom at Risk, 119–52. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21446-7_5.

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Čtvrtník, Mikuláš. « Personality Rights, Privacy, and Post-mortem Privacy Protection in Archives : International Comparison, Germany and “Protection of Legitimate Interests” ». Dans Archives and Records, 19–53. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18667-7_2.

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AbstractThis chapter together with Chaps. 3 and 4, will address the protection of personality rights in archives in the broader context of the issue of access to archival records, and in some respects also on the general level of the protection of information not only of personal nature. In doing so, it will focus on several selected specific situations, models, or special procedural settings that can be encountered in the archival systems of some countries, namely the United Kingdom, Germany, and France, and it will also touch on the situation in the USA and some other countries that may also serve as inspirational moments that could potentially be used in other archival systems. Special attention will be paid to post-mortem protection of personality and privacy. This chapter will introduce several illustrative examples from some countries and show how archival legislation can complement the scope of law regulating the field of post-mortem privacy protection. The chapter will focus on introductory general international comparison, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the archival sector and its relation to the protection of personal data and personal information of living persons, the right to be forgotten together with the freedom of expression, right to access to information and will conclude with an analysis of the specific situation in Germany.

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Adrian, Melanie. « Why France Banned the Veil ». Dans Religious Freedom at Risk, 79–117. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21446-7_4.

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Angell, Ian O., et Philip Laidler. « Information Technology and Freedom ». Dans On Freedom, 321–36. New York : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429338168-27.

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Crook, Tim. « Freedom of Information ». Dans The UK Media Law Pocketbook, 225–51. 2^e éd. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315143286-11.

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Fenwick, Helen, Gavin Phillipson et Alexander Williams. « Freedom of Information ». Dans Text, Cases and Materials on Public Law and Human Rights, 573–615. Fourth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. : Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203593950-13.

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Wohlers, Tony E., et Lynne Louise Bernier. « France ». Dans Public Administration and Information Technology, 71–94. New York, NY : Springer US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7665-9_6.

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Balboni, Paolo. « France ». Dans Information Technology and Law Series, 161–89. The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-493-6_7.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Freedom of information – France"

Rabenorosoa, Kanty, Ce´dric Cle´vy, Philippe Lutz, Aditya N. Das, Rakesh Murthy et Dan Popa. « Precise Motion Control of a Piezoelectric Microgripper for Microspectrometer Assembly ». Dans ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86463.

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The Fourier Transform (FTIR) microspectrometer discussed in this paper is an example of a complex Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System (MOEMS) configured as an optical bench on a chip. It is an important benchmark application for microtechnology due to increased demands for the use of miniature wavelength detection instruments in bio, nano and material science. This device can be manufactured using automated microassembly and precision alignment of hybrid silicon and glass components, and in particular, of a micro-beamsplitter cube along 3 rotational degrees of freedom. In this paper, a piezoelectric microgripper with four degrees of freedom was attached to a precision robot in order to enhance its dexterity and align the beamsplitter to arcsecond angular tolerance. The modeling and control of the microgripper, and the alignment algorithm utilizing a novel spot-Jacobian servoing technique are discussed. Experimental results obtained during joint on-going work in Texas and in France are presented, demonstrating the advantage of using the microgripper for optical alignment of the microspectrometer.

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Poon, Ada, et David Tse. « Polarization degrees of freedom ». Dans 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - ISIT. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2008.4595255.

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« HR intranets in France : A Longitudinal Study ». Dans The 1st International Workshop on Human Resource Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002436300990108.

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Clark, Bev, et Brenda Burrell. « Freedom Fone : Dial-up Information Service ». Dans 2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictd.2009.5426724.

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Liu, Ruifang, et Boning Song. « Freedom Sentence Paraphrase Method ». Dans 2022 8th Annual International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers (ICNISC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnisc57059.2022.00109.

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Karaman, Ebru. « Structure of the Constitutional Courts in Comparative Law : Macedonia, Turkey, Germany, Austria, France, Italy and Spain ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01158.

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When the legislative has delimited rights and freedoms illegally, Constitutional Court should step in as an efficient assurance and this forcefulness is undoubtedly related to the structure of the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court's organization and election of the members of the Constitutional Court and status have a great importance for freedom of the Court. As a matter of fact, the only way to protect people’s fundamental rights and freedoms is possible with independent verdict. Judiciary which fulfills the function of judgment behalf of the nation and the judges who hold the judicial power, have an indispensable importance. The assurance of people’s right and freedoms could be provided only, when the court has accomplished their mission away from all kinds of pressure and influence. The freedom of judges also means their appointments, employee rights and working condition therefore; in first place, the organization of the Turkish Constitutional Court (General Assembly, Department, Division, Commission), then the election of members of the Turkish Constitutional Court and the status are compared with the regulation of Macedonia, Germany, Austria, France, Italy and Spain.

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« AUTOJOIN : PROVIDING FREEDOM FROM SPECIFYING JOINS ». Dans 7th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002516100310038.

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Yaoxi Chen et Honggen Chen. « Along the road to freedom of information ». Dans 2011 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aimsec.2011.6009948.

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Goodman, Gail. « Information Requirements for Space Station Freedom EVA ». Dans International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/911526.

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Vargas, Miguel A., Jorge Sefair, Jose L. Walteros, Andres L. Medaglia et Luis Rivera. « Car pooling optimization : A case study in Strasbourg (France) ». Dans 2008 IEEE Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sieds.2008.4559691.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Freedom of information – France"

DoD Office of Inspector General. DoD Freedom of Information Act Policies Need Improvement. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, août 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1014323.

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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC. Information Management : Records Management : The Department of the Army Freedom of Information Act Program. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, novembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada402003.

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Lagunes, Paul, et Oscar Pocasangre. ynamic Transparency : An Audit of Mexico’s Freedom of Information Act . Inter-American Development Bank, octobre 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000842.

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Gompert, David C. Right Makes Might : Freedom and Power in the Information Age. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, mai 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421899.

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Hasty, III, et Thomas J. Protection of Personal Privacy Interests under the Freedom of Information Act. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, juin 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada242183.

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Zareian, Farzin, et Joel Lanning. Development of Testing Protocol for Cripple Wall Components (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/olpv6741.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA project is to provide scientifically-based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3.2 and focuses on Loading Protocol Development for Component Testing. It presents the background, development process, and recommendations for a quasi-static loading protocol to be used for cyclic testing of cripple wall components of wood-frame structures. The recommended loading protocol was developed for component testing to support the development of experimentally informed analytical models for cripple wall components. These analytical models are utilized for the performance-based assessment of wood-frame structures in the context of the PEER–CEA Project. The recommended loading protocol was developed using nonlinear dynamic analysis of representative multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems subjected to sets of single-component ground motions that varied in location and hazard level. Cumulative damage of the cripple wall components of the MDOF systems was investigated. The result is a testing protocol that captures the loading history that a cripple wall may experience in various seismic regions in California.

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Synchak, Bohdan. Freedom of choice and freedom of action in the Ukrainian media. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11400.

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The article talks about the philosophical foundations that characterize the mechanism of internal inducement to action. As an academic, constitutional, and socio-ideological concept, the boundaries of freedom are outlined, which are displayed in the field of modern media space. The term «freedom» is considered as several philosophical concepts that formed the basis of the modern interpretation of this concept. The totality of its meanings is generalized into one that is adapted for the modern system. Parallels are drawn between the interaction of the concept of user freedom with the plane of domestic mass media because despite, the fact that consciousness is knowledge, the incoming information directly affects the individual and collective consciousness. Using the example of the most popular digital platforms, the components of the impact on users and the legal aspect of their implementation are analyzed. When considering the issues of freedom of choice and freedom of action on the Internet, special attention is paid to methods of collecting and processing information, in particular, the limitations and possibilities of digital programs-algorithms of the popular search engine Google. The types of personal information collected by Google about the user are classified and the possible mechanisms of influence on personal choice and access to information on the Internet are characterized. The article analyzes the constitutional guarantees of freedom and the impact of digital technologies on them. Particular attention is paid to ethics, in particular journalistic, which nominally regulates the limits of the humane, permissible, a / moral (unacceptable/acceptable) in the implementation of professional information activities in the media. Thus, the issue of freedom of choice and freedom of action in the plane of domestic mass media is subject to an objective examination of its components, they are analyzed for a proper constitutionally suitable phenomenon, which must be investigated from the point of view of compliance with human rights and freedoms and professional standards within the media.

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FIBER IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES INC ST LOUISMO. DoD Freedom of Information Act Program Report for Fiscal Year (FY) 2000. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, janvier 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399342.

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Maier, David W. Department of Defense (DoD) Freedom of Information Act Program Report for Fiscal Year (FY) 2004. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, janvier 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436749.

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Carrión-Tavárez, Ángel. A First Look at Economic Freedom in Puerto Rico. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975009.

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This chapter of the Economic Freedom of North America 2022 provides some brief historiographical notes on Puerto Rico as a territory of the United States, as a backdrop to the status of economic freedom in Puerto Rico at the present time. It also offers information on the process of incorporating the Island into the Economic Freedom of North America 2022—including a description of the data and the results obtained. Finally, we explain the limitations of the work carried out and advance possible courses of action and methods to overcome them and increase the accuracy of Puerto Rico’s scores and ranks in the future.

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