Thèses : « Free movement, European Union countries »

1

Steinfeld, Martin Henry. "Free movement of persons and social constructivism? : a social constructivist perspective on the emergence of the concept of EU citizenship prior to its formal establishment in the Treaty on European Union." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709133.

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Claessens, Sjoerd Joseph Franciscus Johannes. "Free movement of lawyers in the European Union : proefschrift ... /." Nijmegen : Maastricht : Wolf Legal Publishers ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2008. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=14501.

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Chouhan, Anita. "Free movement of a Union citizen within the European Union : What criteria must a family member of a Union Citizen fulfil in order to move to a Member State?" Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15086.

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The treaty on the functioning of the European Union provides certain rights to the Union Citizens. One of the fundamental rights is that of free movement of Union citizens. A citi-zen within the European Union has the right to freely move and reside within the territory of the Member States. Family members of a Union citizen also obtains right to move to a Member State. However, the family members have to fulfil certain conditions in the Resi-dence Directive in order to move to a Member State. The question of what criteria a family member must fulfil has been controversial because the Member States have interpreted the EU-law in different ways. Consequently, through preliminary rulings ECJ has come to dif-ferent conclusions hence the controversy. The interpretation of the EU-law concerned whether a Member State can impose an addi-tional requirement on a family member of a Union citizen or not. This is what the Member States have different views on. The implication of the requirement was that a family mem-ber must have had a prior lawful residence in a Member State in order to move to another Member State. This is the outcome in one of the cases where an additional requirement set by a Member State was to be considered as compatible with the EU-law. However, this view was to be reviewed in another case, as imposing a requirement was in contrary to the EU-law and to the internal market within the European Union. It is clear that including an additional requirement is not in compliance within the EU-law. Mainly because the applying an additional requirement is not provided for in the Residence Directive. Additionally, it would restrict family members to move as well as it would hinder Union citizens to lead a normal family life.

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Berglund, Emma. "Rights, Inclusion and Free Movement : Social Rights and Citizenship in the European Union." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131864.

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The free movement of persons in the EU has been fraught with tension since the Eastern enlargements. This culminated in 2016 when the UK demanded the possibility to limit rights and benefits to intra-EU migrants, making for a fresh investigation into the state of the free movement. From a constructivist perspective of rights and citizenship this in-depth case study aims to elucidate how EU actors describe the free movement of persons. It will further look at how they situate limitations and obstacles and analyze what this reflects in terms of underlying logics and rationales of rights and citizenship in the EU free movement regime. The interviews with EU actors reveal how distinctions of politically constructed categories of migrants which define Insiders and Outsiders are used to rationalize who has the right to social rights. Inclusion is defined in terms of market liberalism and individual responsibility, logics which thus also define the Insiders of Europe. This produces an image of the EU citizen and indirectly defines those who diverge from this image as Outsiders, including “lesser” Europeans. The underlying logics within the EU could therefore contribute to negative perceptions of those who cannot meet the requirements of the ideal European.

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CERAN, Olga. "Cross-border child relocation : national law in a united Europe." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74359.

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Defence date: 17 March 2022 Examining Board: Prof. Stefan Grundmann (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & European University Institute); Prof. Martijn Hesselink (European University Institute); Prof. Katharina Boele-Woelki (Bucerius Law School); Dr. Ruth Lamont (University of Manchester) Cross-border child relocation cases are among the most difficult disputes that family judges need to face. Commentators across the globe disagree on the interpretation of the child's best interests and the relevance of adults' autonomy in this context. As relocations are directly concerned with free movement, the literature has expressed an interest also in the European Union's influences in this area. However, considering its lack of competence in family law and the limited jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union on such issues, some questions about the scope and nature of obligations imposed by EU law remain open. This thesis investigates, therefore, the following question: What is the (nature of) EU law's influence on cross-border child relocation and what are its effects on national legal systems? Its contribution is two-fold. Methodologically, it proposes a constructively oriented investigation of European influences in child relocation law. Cross-border movement constitutes the main raison d'être of EU law, and a defining feature of its community. Hence, a mixture of traditional values and new ways of life - sanctioned by a supranational entity - might lead to new dilemmas regarding children's interests and adult autonomy and complicate relocation decisions. The suggested approach allows contextual influences to be analysed together with legal doctrines, at both the EU and the national level. Substantively, the thesis builds on existing research to refine the understanding of child relocation in the context of supranational fundamental rights and freedoms in the EU, in their doctrinal and ideational dimensions. Finally, using case law from Germany, Poland, and England and Wales, it qualitatively investigates how national judges encounter the EU and draw from its ideational and legal features. This thesis demonstrates how the normatively inflicted EU context is occasionally used in courts but does not seem to consistently reorient national approaches towards the EU. Chapter 3 ‘Child relocation and the European framework of human rights' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Child relocation, soft law, and the quest for umiformity at the European court of human rights : part one' (2020) in the journal ‘Prawa prywatnego’ Chapter 3 ‘Child relocation and the European framework of human rights' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Child relocation, soft law, and the quest for umiformity at the European court of human rights : part two' (2021) in the journal ‘Prawa prywatnego’

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Guei, Kore Marc Antoine. "Revenue, welfare and trade effects of EU FTA on South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6137.

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The study used the partial equilibrium WITS-SMART Simulation Model to assess the impact of liberalization under the Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) of a free trade area between the EU and South Africa. The findings of the study reveal that total trade effects in South Africa are likely to surge by US$ 1.036 billion with a total welfare valued at US$ 134 million. Dismantling tariffs on all EU goods would be beneficial to consumers through net trade creation. Total trade creation would be US$ 782 million. However, South African producers are likely to contribute a trade diversion of US$ 254 million which has a negative impact on consumer welfare. The country might also experience a revenue loss amounting to US$ 562 million due to the removal of tariffs. On trade, the country’s export and import to the EU is expected to increase by US$ 12.419 million and US$ 1.266 million respectively. To mitigate revenue loss, the country should try to diversify its current tax base.

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Ghaleb, Joey Raymond. "The European-Mediterranean Free Trade Agreement with Lebanon : tariffs, taxes and welfare /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Bierbass, Joerg. "TAFTA : a proposal for a Transatlantic Free Trade Area /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22739.pdf.

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Brooks, Eleanor. "Public health, free movement and macroeconomic coordination : mapping the evolving governance of European Union health policy." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/80865/.

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Health is a unique and intriguing sphere of European Union (EU) policy, not least of all because it has only been recognised as such for the last 15 years. From piecemeal origins in public health and occupational safety it underwent dramatic expansion as a result of exposure to free movement and internal market law in the 1990s. Now, in the aftermath of the economic crisis, it is entering another unprecedented era. As the focus of the European project has turned to fiscal sustainability and the strengthening of collective economic governance, health policy has been swept into frameworks designed for the oversight of macroeconomic policy and national expenditure. Crucially, these frameworks extend EU health influence into areas reserved in the founding treaties for exclusive national control. This thesis seeks to map the changing nature, scope and governance of EU health policy, contributing to the existing patchwork of literature and reviewing the prevailing narrative in light of the critical juncture now being faced. It draws on the theories of European integration, the Europeanisation framework and the more recent governance approaches to assess the continuing relevance of core themes – crisis politics, regulatory policy, the internal market, new modes of governance, and the role of the Court – in health policy development. Using six case studies and data from 41 interviews with experts, policy-makers and officials, it examines the catalysts, drivers and dynamics of health policy integration. It finds that as the actors and interests involved in health policy have proliferated, health issues have become increasingly politicised. Addressing the consequences of this trend, the thesis explores the growing dependence on, and progressive strengthening of, voluntarist governance, as well as the declining scope and influence of EU health policy. Finally, it reflects upon the future of health within a politicised European integration project.

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Chang, Yi Xin. "The Schengen Area in Europe :origin, process, and implications." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953594.

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Grewlich, Jerome. "International trade in wine and geographical indications : common interests between the EU and South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49995.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: European-South African trade relations concerrnng wine and spirits are characterized by various opportunities and, at the same time, a range of conflicts. The latter notably relates to the dispute over geographical indications and designations of origin. Considering this confusing amalgamation of discord and harmony, it is the purpose of this study, entitled "International Trade in Wine and Geographical Indications - Common Interests between the EU and South Africa", to understand the rationale for trade in wine from both sides of the coin. Moreover, this research assesses possible multilateral and bilateral solutions for dealing with trade frictions between the EU and South Africa and identifies common interests with a view to establish a lasting foundation for blossoming trade in wine and sustained growth. The underlying methodology is a qualitative interpretative approach and bases on insights into modern marketing and international management theory. On this basis the "objective" interests of the EU and South Africa in trade in wine are analysed in order to assess the coming into existence of the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement as well as the Wine and Spirits Agreement. Pivot of these trade negotiations is the dispute on geographical indications, which is scrutinized by looking into relevant chapters of the WTO and its TR.IPS Agreement. With regards to the Wine and Spirits Agreement it is salient to ask whether it is economically and politically reasonable for South Africa to accept a financial package from the EU to secure the 'voluntary' phasing out of a number of trademarks and geographical indications. The study concludes with an outlook regarding the globalisation of the world's wine market, potential future investment flows between the EU and South Africa and the need for an effective marketing strategy in order to become or remain global player in an increasing competitiveness caused by globalisation. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Europese en Suid-Afrikaanse handelsverhoudinge in wyn en spiritualieë word gekenmerk deur verskeie geleenthede en terselfdertyd 'n reeks konflikte. Laasgenoemde hou merkbaar verband met die twis oor geografiese indikatore en aanwysings van oorsprong. Gegewe hierdie verwarrende tweedrag en harmonie, is die doel van hierdie studie, getiteld "Internasionale Handel in Wyn en Geografiese Aanwysings - Gemeenskaplike belange tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika", om die 'rationale' agter die wynhandel van twee kante te beskou. Verder ondersoek hierdie navorsing moontlike multi- en bilaterale oplossings vir die handelswrywing tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika en identifiseer gemeenskaplike belange met die doelom 'n fondament te bou vir volhoubare groei in die wynhandel. Die onderliggende metodologie is 'n kwalitatiewe verklarende benadering, gebaseer op insigte uit moderne bemarkings- en bestuursteorie. Op hierdie vlak word die 'objektiewe' belange van die EU en Suid-Afrika in die wynhandel ontleed om gevolgtrekkings oor die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms te maak. Onderliggend aan hierdie onderhandelinge is die twis oor geografiese aanwysings, wat noukeurig ondersoek is deur relevante hoofstukke van die WHO Ooreenkoms en sy TRIPS-komponent te raadpleeg. Met verwysing na die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms is dit voor die hand liggend om te vra of dit ekonomies en polities verstandig vir Suid-Afrika is om 'n finansiële pakket van die EU te aanvaar in ruil vir die vrywillige uitfasering van 'n aantal handelsmerke en geografiese aanwysings. Die studie sluit af met '11" blik op globalisering van die wêreld se wynmarkte, die potensiële toekomstige vloei van beleggings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika, en die behoefte aan 'n effektiewe bemarkingsstrategie om 'n globale speler te word.

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Van, Wyk J. T. (Jacobus Tertius). "The EU-SA wine and spirits agreement : implications for South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53111.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the negotiating stages of the TOCA, the EU and South Africa could not reach an agreement on the use of certain EU geographical indications related to wine products. The geographical indication issue threatened the signing of the entire TOCA. At the request of the EU, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits Agreement, in order to finalise the TOCA. The EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement was eventually negotiated and came into effect on 1 January 2002. The initial issue relating to the geographical indications remained controversial throughout the negotiations and matters were made worst when the initial contentious denominations of Port and Sherry were expanded by the EU to include Grappa, Ouzo, Korn, Kornbrand, Jagertee, Jaqertee, Jagatee and Pacharan. South Africa eventually agreed to phase out the use of these denominations over specified time periods. The current wording of the agreement will also result in South Africa having to yield a variety of well known trade marks such as Nederburg and Roodeberg. Article 7(8) of the Wine Agreement implies that in the case of conflict between a South African wine trade mark and an EU geographical indication for wine, the South African trade mark will always have to yield to the EU geographical indication. The entire geographical indication matter is being contested by South Africa and is still under negotiation. South Africa and the EU agreed to allocate reciprocal duty free tariff quotas to wine products. These tariff quotas will remain effective until the FTA has been established, following the transitional periods as agreed upon in the TOGA. The duty free funds will however not have such a direct impact on the wine industry as have been envisaged initially, because the funds are in the hands of the EU importers. Various business plans are being implemented to allow the South African wine industry to benefit from these and any future funds. The EU offered financial assistance to the value of €15 million for the restructuring of the South African wine industry as well as for the marketing of the South African wine and spirits products. To date none of these funds have been allocated and various proposals have been made to the South African government in order to obtain these funds from the EU. The EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement is a continuous evolving agreement, where both parties are allowed to modify the existing agreement with the consent of the other party. Such modifications are allowed with the premise that it would contribute to the facilitation and promotion of trade in wine and spirits products between South Africa and the EU. South Africa must take cognisance of the implications of the EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement and ensure that they do not end up losing more than what they are gaining. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien volteks vir opsomming

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Omerovic, Adelisa. "The interplay between free movement provisions of persons and double taxation of individuals in the European Union." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-61201.

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Jones, Emily. "The weak vs. the strong : African, Caribbean and Pacific countries negotiating free trade agreements with the European Union." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10e39b93-ab7c-4160-af54-de39959486ca.

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This thesis seeks to explain the outcomes of trade negotiations between the European Union (EU) and seventy-six of the world’s smallest developing countries in Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP). Puzzlingly, in spite of its vastly greater economic size, the EU was, for the main, unable to realise its objective of concluding six broad and deep free trade agreements with these countries. Deploying first historical institutional analysis then statistical modelling and finally by scrutinising a wealth of primary documents and transcripts of interviews with negotiators, the thesis reveals three factors that influenced outcomes. First, coercive pressure applied by the EU on countries dependent on EU for trade preferences and aid. Second, tactics within the negotiating process, with some ACP countries and regions manoeuvring more effectively than others. Third, differences in the underlying preferences of ACP governments, with most opposing major aspects of the EU’s proposals, but a minority embracing the EPA approach. Probing the underlying reasons, the thesis finds that, contrary to the prevailing literature, lobbying by domestic economic interest groups only provides part of the answer – the analytical and ideational processes within ACP government institutions also exerted an influence. The analysis shows that structural factors, particularly the depth of economic and political dependence on the larger state, establish the range of likely outcomes from a given negotiation. However the preferences of small states and the way in which they interact strategically with the larger state can definitively shape the final outcome. In particular, small states can exercise a degree of resistance and blocking power that is often underestimated. It also sheds light on the formation of trade preferences in small developing countries and shows that in addition to lobbying by external groups, information and ideas within government bureaucracies appear to play an important role.

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Corbett, Johannes Kruger. "The EU-SA free trade agreement : implications for selected agricultural products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51976.

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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) creates competitive challenges and opportunities, labour and capital will seek the highest returns, dri ving out less efficient performances while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of this agreement. The South African government sees the agreement with the European Union as a step towards restructuring the country's economy and making it part of the rapidly changing world economy. This policy view of the South African government will result in those sectors of the economy that are not internationally competitive, receiving no support from government. Consequently these sectors will decrease in time. Of the three agricultural profiles studied, fresh fruit (deciduous fruit) will benefit the most from the TDCA. The most obvious effect the agreement will have on the sector is the saving on customs duties payable on exports to the EU. An estimate on 1997 trade figures revealed that in the short term the deciduous fruit industry will save approximately RI00 million. Over the implementation period of 10 years, the industry will save about Rl billion. After that, savings amounting to approximately R125 million per annum should be possible. The canned fruit sector is an export-driven industry that exports about 90 per cent of its products, 50 per cent of which is exported to the EU. The export tariffs to the EU are very high. As non-EU member, South Africa is the biggest provider of canned fruit to the EU. Some analyses revealed that the total savings in tariffs for the first year of implementation will be R25 million. The industry stands to save approximately R100 million over the implementation period. At the EU's request, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits Agreement. The EU believes that South Africa's continued use of certain "geographical indications" or terms is in breach of Article 23 of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement. The quotas granted by the EU on wine and sparkling wine cover 79 per cent of South African exports to the EU. South Africa granted the EU a 0.26 million litre quota for sparkling wine and a 1 million-litre quota for bottled wine. SA will phase out the use of the terms "port", "sherry", "grappa", ouzo", "korn" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" over agreed time periods. The issue will be taken to the WTO for a ruling in this regard. The EU has agreed to grant SA a duty-free tariff quota for wine but has suspended the tariff quota until the Wine and Spirits agreement has been signed. The EU will also provide financial assistance of 15 million ECU to help restructure the SA wine and spirits sector. The South African agricultural industry should take note of the constantly changing international marketing environment. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with the European Union opens up new markets and enhances existing ones that must be exploited. It is imperative that every role player should evaluate the level of competitiveness of his or her enterprise. Thus the message is very clear: Agricultural production with an international trading view is the only sustainable road to follow. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die Handel, Ontwikkelings en Samewerkingsooreenkoms kompeterende geleenthede en uitdagings skep, sal arbeid en kapitaal verskuif na die hoogste opbrengste beskikbaar. In hierdie proses sal daar wegbeweeg word van onvoldoende prestasies en sal effektiewe ondememings en industriee floreer. Hierdie dinarniese proses van herstruktuering sal voortduur regdeur die implementeringsperiode van hierdie handelsooreenkoms. Die Suid Afrikaanse regering beskou die ooreenkoms met die Europese Unie as 'n belangrike stap in die proses om die land se ekonomie te herstrukltureer en so deel te maak van die vinnig veranderende wereld ekonomie. Hierdie regerings beleid sal daartoe lei dat sektore wat nie intemasionaal mededingend is nie, geen ondersteuning vanaf die regering sal ontvang nie. Met tyd sal hierdie sektore verdwyn. Van die drie landbousektore wat bestudeer is, sal vars vrugte (sagte vrugte) die meeste voordeel trek uit die ooreenkoms. Die besparing van aksynsbelasting op die uitvoere na die Europese Unie is die mees kenmerkendste voordeel vir die sektor. 'n Beraming gebaseer op 1997 handels syfers toon 'n jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R100 miljoen. Deur die hele implementeringsperiode, sal die besparing plus minus Rl biljoen beloop. Na afloop van die implementeringsperiode, sal jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R125 miljoen moontlik wees. Die inmaak vrugte sektor is 'n uitvoer gedrewe industrie wat gemiddeld 90 persent van hul prod uk uitvoer. Van hierdie uitvoere is 50 persent bestem vir die Europese Unie. Die uitvoertariewe na die Europese Unie is baie hoog. As nie-lidland, is Suid Afrika die grootste verskaffer van geblikte vrugte aan die Europese Unie. Beramings voorsien dat die sektor 'n totale besparing vir die eerste jaar van implemetering van plus minus R25 miljoen kan beloop. Die industrie kan soveel as R100 rniljoen oor die implementeringsperiode bespaar. Op die Europese Unie se versoek, het Suid Afrika ingestem om 'n afsonderlike Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms te onderhandel. Die Europese Unie beweer dat Suid Afrika se gebruik van sekere "geografiese aanduidings" of terme, In verbreking is van Artikel 23 van die Handelsverwante Aspekte van die Intellektuele Eiendomsregte Ooreenkoms. Wyn en vonkelwyn kwotas wat deur die Europese Unie aan Suid Afrika toegestaan is, beloop 79 persent van die uitvoere na die Europese Unie. Suid Afrika het die Europese Unie In kwota van 0.26 miljoen liter vir vonkelwyn en 1 miljoen kwota vir gebottelde wyn toegestaan. Voorts sal Suid Afrika die terme "port", "sherry", "grappa", "ouzo", "kom" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" met die ooreengekome peri odes uitfaseer. Die aspek sal egter na die WHO geneem word vir In finale beslissing. Die Europese Unie het ooreengekom om aan Suid Afrika In tarief vrye kwota vir wyn toe te staan, maar het dit opgehef tot tyd en wyl die Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms onderteken is. Die Europese Unie sal ook finansiele ondersteuning van 15 miljoen ECU skenk om die Suid Afrikaanse Wyn en Spiritualiee industrie te help hestruktureer. Suid Afrikaanse Landbou sal notisie moet neem van die konstante verandering in die intemasionale bemarkingsomgewing. Die Vrye Handelsooreenkoms wat geteken is met die Europese Unie, open nuwe markte en sal bestaande markte bevorder. Hierdie geleenthede moet benut word. Dit is baie belangrik dat elke rolspeler sy vlak van kompeterende vermoe moet evalueer, om so sy eie siening oor die ooreenkoms te kan uitspreek. Hieruit is die boodskap dus baie duidelik: Landbou produksie met In intemasionale handels uitkyk, is die enigste volhoubare pad om te volg.

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Cross, Peter John. "Negotiating a comprehensive long-term relationship between South Africa and the European Union: from free trade to trade and development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002978.

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On 10 May 1994 the European Union offeredSouth Africa a package of measures to ... send a strong political signal to the incoming govemment and to the South African population, thus proving its firm determination to support the transition towards democracy and its willingness to contribute to the reconstruction and economic development of South Africa after the elections. This package consisted of two parts: 1. A series of short term implementations to take place with immediate effect to help South Africa's development and transition, and 2. An offer to negotiate a comprehensive long-term relationship with South Africa should the new government so request. South Africa accepted the European Union's offer to negotiate a long-term relationship, and in response requested membership of the structure governing the Union's relations with the rest of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in the Caribbean and Pacific, namely the Lomé Convention. Due to various incompatibilities South Africa was not allowed to join this organisation. In its place the European Union offered to negotiate an agreement with South Africa that would lead to a Free Trade Area. This agreement was in keeping with the rules as laid down by the World Trade Organisation. It envisaged the lowering of tariffs and trade barriers between the Union and South Africa over a period not exceeding 12 years, allowing for asymmetry in terms of time constraints in implementation only. South Africa saw this type of agreement as inconsistent with the desire expressed by the European Union to support the countries development and the integration of the Southern African region. In its place South Africa proposed a new concept in trade agreement, this concept, known as the Trade and Development Agreement, embodied both trade liberalisation and support for development. This agreement would introduce a new paradigm of thought to govern trade between developed countries and developing countries within the World Trade Organisation's rules. This paper explores the events that unfolded in these negotiations. It attempts to discover whether, in the current global environment, it is possible, or beneficial, for the developed world to act in an altruistic manner towards another state in order to assist its development.

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Burger, Pieter Francois Theron. "The trade and development agreement between SA and the EU : implications for SACU." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52029.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. The Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) will create competitive challenges, threats and opportunities, driving out less efficient performers while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries. This is in line with the general principles of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which promotes the reduction of trade barriers in order to liberate trade on a global basis. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of the European Union - South Africa Free Trade Agreement ( EU-SA FTA) which is the main component of the TDCA. The European Union (EU) has historically been Southern Africa's most important trading partner. The main reason why South Africa entered into a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the EU was to enhance exports to South Africa's largest export market, attract higher levels of investment from the EU, and gradually expose the South African industry to competition to ensure that it is restructured to become globally competitive. Since 1910 South Africa has been part of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which also comprises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BlNS). The EU-SA FTA will accordingly impact on trade relations between South Africa, the EU and the BLNS countries. Not only will SACU face increased competition from cheaper EU imports, but BLNS countries will also face reduced income from the common revenue pool. South Africa will have to remove a higher level of tariffs from a greater volume of imports than is the case for the EU. For the BLNS, the relative adjustment effort is even greater. The BLNS will have to adjust to the elimination of tariffs on 30% of goods currently imported from the EU, while the TDCA will bring about no improvement in their current terms of access to the EU market. The BLNS products currently exported to the EU which are most likely to be affected by the EU-SA FTA are: clothing (Lesotho), preserved fish and flowers (Namibia), and grapefruit, processed pineapples, corned fruit and grapes (Swaziland). These products are under threat from South African products which can, as a result of the FTA, be exported to the EU at reduced tariffs. BLNS products which could be affected as a result of cheaper EU imports are: grain (Botswana, Namibia and Lesotho), chicken production (Swaziland), sugar (Swaziland), beef (Namibia and Botswana), and the small wheat-farming sector in Namibia and Botswana. The EU-SA FTA is further likely to have a substantial impact on South Africa's exports to the EU. The total increase in exports as a result of the FTA is estimated between 1.3% and 1.4% of the 1996 value of South Africa's exports to the EU. The main drive will come from industrial products which are less protected than agricultural products. The South African government, further, concluded that the negative effects of the direct costs to SACU would be outweighed, in the long term, by the dynamic and geopolitical benefits of an FTA with the EU. The signal that the South African government has given with signing the TDCA with the EU indicates that the Southern African economy should restructure itself to become internationally competitive. This is the only way to survive in a global trade arena which is under WTO principles becoming increasïngly more liberated.

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Wei, De Cai. "Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.

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Pillay, Morgenie. "The negotiation process of the EU-SA Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement: a case of reference for the south?" Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003031.

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Overall the conclusions drawn about South Africa’s negotiating style and tactics were arrived at by analysing a number of reports (that closely followed the evolution of the negotiations) and then paralleling this case study’s findings with the conjectures made by the theoretical frameworks (i.e. works by Putnam, Zartmann and Churchmann) about how negotiations proceed. In the final analysis, the findings of this case are intended to provide insight for the south about how to approach any future trade negotiations with the North (or more specifically with the EU).

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Regout, Sybille. "European Union, States and Markets. The transitional periods to the free movement of workers for the 2004 EU enlargement." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/227955.

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A l'approche de l'élargissement de l'UE de 2004, les Etats membres de l'Union européenne ont adopté des dispositions transitoires à la libre circulation des travailleurs, à savoir une période dérogatoire de sept ans durant laquelle ils pouvaient continuer à appliquer leur législation relative aux permis de travail. Initialement isolée, l'Allemagne est parvenue en quelques années à imposer sa préférence à ce sujet à l'ensemble de l'Union européenne. Cette thèse fait trois constats. Le premier est que si la libre circulation des travailleurs se situe à l'intersection des politiques d'élargissement, de marché du travail et de politique migratoire, c'est la composante migratoire qui a dominé la prise de décision. Plus précisément, les dispositions transitoires étaient perçues comme un outil de migration sélective afin de choisir les profils jugés comme étant les plus désirables - et ce même si les désirs politiques ne correspondaient pas à la réalité du marché. La seconde est qu'il n'y a eu que très peu d'Européanisation et d'harmonisation dans ce processus de décision, les Etats membres dominant les négociations. Enfin, le troisième constat est que les acteurs politiques ont principalement pris en compte des considérations électorales, et non des considérations économiques, dans l'adoption de ces dispositions transitoires. Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Connor, Timothy Charles. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union : jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.

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The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the 'selling arrangement' that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.

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Connor, Timothy C. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union. Jurisprudential Adjudications by the Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.

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The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the ¿selling arrangement¿ that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.

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Gül, Mustafa. "WHEN THE DREAMS COME TRUE : THE CONSEQUENCES OF FREE MOVEMENT OF TURKS WITHIN EU." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för planering och mediedesign, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1108.

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Immigration into Europe has always been at the center of EU’s agenda. With the candidacy of Turkey for entry into the EU, the issue of immigration is being discussed with a new intensity. That is why this paper aims to understand the dynamics that will govern Turkish migration into EU after membership and to provide a sound basis for its complicated nature. In order to do that, different theories of migration have been categorized at different levels of approaches and analyzed to understand the reasons for migration. To ground these theories in the reality of migration, the statistics on countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 have been used. After identifying the reasons why citizens of these new member states migrate, prospective Turkish migration has been analyzed accordingly. It has been found out that the reasons for Turkish migration will be mostly the same as those for new member states’ citizens. As a result of this, it has been concluded that the prospective Turkish migration will be extremely diverse and complicated and that the directions of migration will not only be from Turkey to Europe but also from Europe to Turkey.

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GÜL, Mustafa. "WHEN THE DREAMS COME TRUE : THE CONSEQUENCES OF FREE MOVEMENT OF TURKS WITHIN EU." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för planering och mediedesign, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1115.

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Immigration into Europe has always been at the center of agenda of the EU. With the candidacy of Turkey, the issue of immigration is being discussed at an accelerating rate. That is why this paper aims to understand the dynamics behind the prospective Turkish migration into EU after membership and to provide a sound basis for its complicated nature. In order to do that, different theories of migration have been categorized at different levels of approaches and analyzed to understand the reasons for migration. To set the relationship between theory and reality of migration, the statistics on countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 have been used. After identifying the reasons why citizens of these new member states migrate, the prospective Turkish migration has been analyzed accordingly. It has been found out that the reasons for Turkish migration will be mostly the same as those for new member states’ citizens. As a result of this, it has been concluded that the prospective Turkish migration will be so diverse and complicated and that the direction of migration will not only be from Turkey to Europe but also from Europe to Turkey.

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Bertelsmann-Scott, Talitha. "The SA-EU trade, development and co-operation agreement : democratising South Africa's trade policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52573.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the democratisation of South Africa's foreign trade policy, by evaluating the negotiations surrounding the establishment of a free trade area between South Africa and the European Union (EU). Democracy here is defined as a form of government that rests on three components namely, public participation in and public debate over policy formulation and a governing elite that is responsive to the needs of the majority of the population. The thesis firstly outlines the process of negotiation itself, looking at the developments that shaped the years of talks. It examines the nature of the final agreement, called the Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA). It focuses on the Co-operation Agreements that were concluded, South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention and the details of the free trade agreement. It finds that although the negotiations took very long to complete and the EU proved to be a tough negotiator, there are a number of opportunities for South Africans in the TDCA. In the second section the internal process in developing a South African negotiating mandate is examined. This is done to conclude whether or not South Africa's foreign trade policy is being formulated in a democratic manner. However, first of all the question why the democratisation of foreign trade policy formulation is important is addressed. Two possible theories are advanced. Firstly, globalisation has forced countries to lure foreign direct investment (FDI) as a matter of urgency. Seeing as FDI is mostly tied up with western nations that prefer democracies, states are opting to democratise. The focus is to a large extent on satisfying international actors. Or alternatively, the very survival of the nascent democracy today depends on the consultative nature of domestic economic and international economic policy formulation. This is not a question of choice with an external focus, but rather a matter of urgency with purely an internal focus. Four actors in foreign policy formulation, namely parliament, government, the bureaucracy and civil society, are examined in order to understand whether they had access to the process and whether these institutions themselves have been democratised since 1994. The thesis finds that the process was to a large extent democratic in nature. However, the thesis also finds that no matter how democratic policy formulation is in South Africa, the options for policy are limited by a number of international elements. These include globalisation, regional trading blocs like the European Union, and international organisations like the World Trade Organisation. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis evalueer die demokratisering van Suid-Afrika se buitelandse handelsbeleid deur die onderhandelingsproses tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en Suid-Afrika rakende die sluiting van 'n vryhandelsooreenkoms te ontleed. Demokrasie word in die tesis definieer as 'n tipe regering wat rus op drie komponente, naamlik deelname in en debat oor beleidsformulering en 'n regerende elite wat die behoeftes van die meerderheid van die burgers in ag neem in beleidsformulering. Eerstens omskryf die tesis die gebeure wat die onderhandelingsproses beïnvloed het. Die finale ooreenkoms word oorweeg teen die agtergrond van die samewerkingsooreenkomste wat tussen die partye gesluit is, Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike deelname aan die Lomé Konfensie en die vryhandelsooreenkoms. Die gevolgtrekking word bereik dat ten spyte van die feit dat die onderhandelings oor 'n hele aantal jare gestek het, en alhoewel die EU 'n uitgeslape onderhandelaar was, die orreenkoms talle geleenthede vir Suid-Afrikaners skep. In die tweede instansie word die interne proses wat tot Suid-Afrika se onderhandelingsmandaat gelei het, ondersoek. Dit is gedoen om vas te stel of die beleid op 'n demokratiese manier geformuleer is. Daar word egter eers bepaal waarom die demokratisering van buitelandse handelsbeleid belangrik is. Twee moontlike teorie word geformuleer. Die eerste stel dit dat globalisering lande forseer om direkte buitelandse beleggings aan te lok. Siende dat buitelandse beleggings van westerlike state afkomstig is, wat verkies om met demokratiese state sake te doen, word ontwikkelende lande as te ware geforseer om veral hulle buitelandse beleidsformulering te demokratiseer. In die alternatief kan dit betoog word dat die voortbestaan van die demokrasie self afhang van 'n ekonomiese beleidsformulering wat beide binnelandse en internasionale prosesse insluit. Dit is nie 'n kwessie van keuse met 'n eksterne fokus nie, maar 'n noodsaaklikheid met 'n interne fokus. Vier groeperinge wat buitelandse beleidsformulering beïnvloed word ondersoek, naamlik die Parlament, the regering, die burokrasie en die burgerlike samelewing, om vas te stelof hierdie instansies toegang tot die proses gehad het en of hierdie instansies self sedert 1994 gedemokratiseer is. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat al is die formulering van buitelandse beleid hoé demokraties, word die moontlikehede vir beleidsformulering beperk deur globalisering, streeksorganisasies soos die EU, en internasionale organisasies soos the Wêreld Handelsorganisasie. Vir Chris, Gitti, Thomas en my ouers, sonder wie hierdie nooit klaar sou gekom het nie. Baie dankie ook aan Prof Philip Nel vir sy hulp, leiding en ondersteuning.

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Jovanović, Marija. "Human trafficking, human rights and the right to be free from slavery, servitude and forced labour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:438dfa89-492c-4882-b882-8f21a0f60e9e.

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The thesis engages with a dynamic discourse on the human rights approach to human trafficking. Building on the traditional doctrine of human rights, the thesis demonstrates that human trafficking is not a human rights violation, save for a state involvement in it, either directly or through a failure to observe its positive obligations imposed by the existent human rights. In situations that do engage human rights law, the thesis defends an argument that conceptually, human trafficking falls within a domain of the right to be free from slavery, servitude and forced labour. This argument is grounded in both a doctrinal and a conceptual analysis. In particular, the thesis conducts a unique conceptual and legal analysis of Article 4 of the European Convention of Human Rights offering an original interpretation of the concept of exploitation in the context of practices associated with trafficking and 'modern slavery'. This type of inquiry is missing in the existent scholarship. The thesis also conducts a detailed analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on positive obligations to protect vulnerable individuals arising out of 'absolute' rights. In addition to providing a complete analysis and classification of these positive obligations, the thesis draws attention to the important difference between the scope of the right and the scope of state responsibility in situations of private infringements of 'absolute' rights. Accordingly, the thesis demonstrates that whereas the prohibition contained in these rights is absolute for the state, positive obligations in situations of their infringements by private individuals are of a limited scope. The analysis of the jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court is supplemented by a comprehensive discussion of the obligations established in the trafficking-specific instruments. The thesis explains how victim protection provisions contained in these instruments may inform human rights obligations, yet, it demonstrates that these do not represent such obligations on their own. This analysis provides a roadmap for practitioners and activists when arguing cases before the Strasbourg Court and domestically. In addition to this practical dimension, the thesis intends to provide an important contribution to the scholarship on human rights law, and on human trafficking specifically.

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Zorob, Anja. "Syrien im Spannungsfeld zwischen der Euro-Mediterranen Partnerschaft und der Großen Arabischen Freihandelszone /." Saarbrücken : Verl. für Entwicklungspolitik, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2924314&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Currie, Samantha Jane. "Free movement and European Union enlargement : a socio-legal analysis of the citizenship status and experiences of Polish migrant workers in the UK." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437494.

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Koether, Philipp. "On the basis of F.A.v. Hayek's idea of a free market monetary system and his publication: "Denationalisation ofmoney : an analysis of the theory and practice of concurrentcurrencies" (1976) about currency competition on financial markets inthe times of electronic commerce and the introduction of "e-money"." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972810.

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Stalford, Helen Elizabeth. "Children, citizenship and free movement in the European Union : a socio-legal analysis of the educational status and experiences of the children of EU migrant workers." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400380.

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Kulikauskienė, Renata. "Europos Sąjungos laisvo paslaugų teikimo direktyva ir jos įgyvendinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080626_132855-03732.

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Magistriniame darbe aptariami laisvo paslaugų judėjimo iššūkiai Europos Sąjungos Bendrojoje rinkoje, susiejant juos su laisvo paslaugų judėjimo direktyva bei jos įgyvendinimu. Visose Europos Sąjungos valstybėse narėse paslaugų sektorius ir jo administravimas yra reikšmingas – sudaro 60-70 proc. veiklos. Siekiant sukurti tolydžią bei konkurencingą rinką, laisvas paslaugų judėjimas yra ne mažiau svarbus nei laisvas asmenų, kapitalo ar prekių judėjimas. Kartu paėmus ir pilnai įgyvendinus, šios keturios laisvės sudaro vieningos rinkos pagrindą. Laisvą paslaugų judėjimą siekiama užtikrinti panaikinant šiam judėjimui kylančias kliūtis. Tačiau tų kliūčių šalinimas nėra lengvai įgyvendinamas dėl valstybių narių siekio apsaugoti savasias rinkas. 2004 m. Europos Komisija pateikė Paslaugų direktyvos projektą, kuriuo buvo siekiama panaikinti administracines kliūtis, kylančias paslaugų teikėjams, norintiems teikti paslaugas kitoje valstybėje narėje. Šiame projekte numatytas šalies kilmės principo taikymas, kuriuo remdamiesi paslaugų teikėjai kitoje valstybėje narėje paslaugas gali teikti vadovaudamiesi savo šalyje galiojančių teisės aktų nuostatomis. Pasiūlytame direktyvos projekte šalies kilmės principas, “vieno langelio” principu veikianti kontaktinė institucija susilaukė daug diskusijų ir vertinimų tarp šalių narių ir jų atstovų Europos Parlamente. Direktyvos oponentai teigė bijantys atviros rinkos pigiai darbo jėgai ir nekokybiškoms paslaugoms. Po ilgai trukusių diskusijų 2006 m... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] This master‘s theses discuss the idea of free service movement challenges in the common market of European Union, linking them with the directive of free service movement and its implementation. Service sector and its administration in all states of European Union is very significant and it makes 60-70% of activity. Trying to achieve gradual and competative market, free service movement is not less important than free movement of persons, capital and goods. Taking all them together and implementing, these four subjects form united basis of market. Free service movement is warranted by eliminating arising obstacles for it. However the elimination of obstacles can not be easily implemented because state members are trying to protect their markets. In 2004 European Committee represented the project of Service directive, with the help of this project administrative obstacles were tried to be eliminated for people who want to give service in the other member state. This project includes application of country origin‘s principle, according to it service provider can suggest services in another country, following the law acts obtained in his country. In the suggested directive project country origin‘s principle, „one window“ principle in acting contact institution received a lot of discussions and evaluations among members and their representatives in Europarliament . The opponents of directive afirmed that they were afraid of open market for cheap manpower and nonqualitative... [to full text]

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Arcan, Ozge. "Securing Freedom Of Movement Of Persons In The Eu: A Governmentality Perspective." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612796/index.pdf.

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This thesis examines how the right of free movement of persons is governed through surveillance databases represented as security measures by applying the governmentality perspective. In order to do that, the study focuses on the relationship between freedom of movement, security and surveillance databases in the European Union such as Schengen Information System (SIS), European Dactylographic System (EURODAC) and the Europol Computer System (TECS). The main argument of the thesis is to analyze the role of surveillance databases in controlling the free movements of certain kinds of people that are seen as a &quot threat&quot to the European internal security.

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Van, De Walle Cédric. "Le rôle de la Fédération européenne des partis verts: étude de la coopération multilatérale entre partis verts à l'échelle européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211213.

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Müller, Ralf. "Europäische Entwicklungspolitik zwischen gemeinschaftlicher Handelspolitik, intergouvernementaler Außenpolitik und ökonomischer Effizienz /." Frankfurt am Main [u. a.] : Lang, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/523584253.pdf.

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Volz, Eckehard. "The trade, development and cooperation agreement between the Republic of South Africa and the European Union : an analysis with special regard to the negotiating process, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the Port and Sherry Agreement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52582.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) between the European Union and the Republic of South Africa, which was concluded in October 1999. In particular, the agreement is analysed in the light of the negotiating process between the parties, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the compatibility of the agreement with it and the Port and Sherry Agreement. Since the EU emphasised its aim to commence economic and development cooperation with other African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries on a reciprocal basis during the negotiations for a successor of the Lomé Convention, the TDCA between the EU and South Africa had to be seen as a "pilot project" for future cooperation agreements between countries at different levels of development. The TDCA between the EU and South Africa is therefore not only very important for the two concerned parties, but could serve as an example for further negotiations between the EU and other ACP countries. Thus the purpose of this thesis is to examine the TDCA between the EU and South Africa from a wider global perspective. The thesis is divided into six Chapters: The first Chapter provides an introduction to the circumstances under which the negotiations between the EU and South Africa commenced. It deals briefly with the economic situation in South Africa during the apartheid era and presents reasons why the parties wanted to enter into bilateral negotiations. The introductory part furthermore presents an overview of the contents of the thesis. The second chapter contains a detailed description of the negotiating process that took place between the parties and shows why it took 43 months and 21 rounds of negotiations to reach a deal. South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention and the conclusion of separate agreements such as the Wine and Spirits Agreement, are also analysed. Chapter three presents the various components of the TOCA and illustrates what the negotiators achieved. This chapter on the TOCA concludes with an evaluation of the Agreement and shows the potential benefits to South Africa and the EU. Since the Agreement had to satisfy international rules, the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradelWorld Trade Organisation (GATTIWTO) were of major importance. The EC Treaty, however, does not contain any provision that indicates whether, or how, an international agreement like the GATTIWTO penetrates the Community legal order. In Chapter four, accordingly, questions are raised regarding the extent to which the bilateral agreement between South Africa and the EU was influenced by the GATTIWTO provisions and how these rules were incorporated into the agreement. Furthermore, since the parties agreed on the establishment of a free trade area, this chapter deals with the question of in how far the TOCA is in line with Article XXIV GATT. In addition to the GATT provisions, the TOCA is also affected by the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Therefore Chapter five deals with TRIPs in connection with the TOCA. The use of the terms "Port" and "Sherry" as the major stumbling block to the conclusion of the TOCA is analysed more closely. The final part, namely Chapter six, provides a summary of the results of the investigation. Furthermore, a conclusion is provided with regard to the question of whether the TOeA can be seen as an example for further trade relations between the EU and other ACP countries. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is gerig op die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms (TDGA) tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en die Republiek van Suid Afrika wat in Oktober 1999 gesluit is. Die ooreenkoms word veral in die lig van die onderhandelingsproses tussen die partye, die inhoud van die ooreenkoms, die toepaslikheid van Wêreldhandelsorganisasiereg en die versoenbaarheid daarvan met die ooreenkoms en die Port en Sjerrie-ooreenkoms ontleed. Aangesien die EU sy oogmerk van wederkerige ekonomiese en ontwikkelings-gerigte samewerking met ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-Eilande gedurende die onderhandelings vir 'n opvolger van die Lomé Konvensie beklemtoon het, moes die ooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika as 'n "loodsprojek" vir toekomstige samewerkingsooreenkomste tussen lande wat op verskillende vlakke van onwikkeling is, gesien word. Die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika is dus nie net baie belangrik vir die betrokke partye nie, maar dit kan ook as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere onderhandelings tussen die EU en lande van Afrika en die Karibiese- en Stille Oseaan-Eilande dien. Die doel van dié tesis is om die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewekingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika vanuit 'n meer globale perspektief te beskou. Die tesis is in ses Hoofstukke ingedeel: Die eerste hoofstuk bied 'n inleiding tot die omstandighede waaronder die onderhandelings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika begin het. Dit behandel die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomiese situasie onder apartheid kortliks en toon hoekom die partye tweesydige onderhandelings wou aanknoop. Verder bied die inleidende deel 'n oorsig oor die inhoud van die tesis. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n gedetailleerde beskrywing van die onderhandelingsproses wat tussen die partye plaasgevind het en toon aan waarom dit drie-en-veertig maande geduur het en een-en-twintig onderhandelingsrondtes gekos het om die saak te beklink. Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike toetrede tot die Lomé Konvensie en die sluit van aparte ooreenkomste soos die Port- en Sjerrieooreenkoms word ook ontleed. Die daaropvolgende hoofstuk bespreek die verskillende komponente van die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en toon wat die onderhandelaars bereik het. Hierdie hoofstuk oor die Ooreenkoms sluit af met 'n evaluering daarvan en dui die potensiële voordele van die Ooreenkoms vir Suid- Afrika en die EU aan. Aangesien die Ooreenkoms internasionale reëls moes tevrede stel, was die voorskrifte van die Algemene Ooreenkoms oor Tariewe en Handel (GATT) van uiterste belang. Die EG-verdrag bevat egter geen voorskrif wat aandui óf, of hoé, 'n internasionale ooreenkoms soos GATTNVTO die regsorde van die Europese Gemeenskap binnedring nie. Die vraag oor in hoeverre die tweesydige ooreenkoms tussen Suid-Afrika en die EU deur die GATTIWTO voorskrifte beïnvloed is, en oor hoe hierdie reëls in die ooreenkoms opgeneem is, word dus in Hoofstuk vier aangeraak. Aangesien die partye ooreengekom het om 'n vrye handeisarea tot stand te bring, behandel hierdie hoofstuk ook die vraag oor in hoeverre die TOGA met Artikel XXIV GATT strook. Tesame met die GATT-voorskrifte word die TOGA ook deur die Ooreenkoms ten opsigte van Handelsverwante Aspekte van Intellektuele Eiendomsreg (TRIPs) geraak. Hoofstuk vyf behandel daarom hierdie aspek ten opsigte van die TOGA. Die gebruik van die terme "Port" en "Sjerrie" as die vernaamste struikelblok tot die sluiting van die TOG-ooreenkoms word ook deegliker ontleed. Die laaste gedeelte, naamlik Hoofstuk ses, bied 'n opsomming van die resultate van die ondersoek. Verder word 'n gevolgtrekking voorsien ten opsigte van vraag of die TOGA as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere handelsverwantskappe tussen die EU en ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-eilande beskou kan word.

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Cisse, Ousmane. "L’assistance administrative, en matière fiscale, dans l’union européenne." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131045.

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La libération complète des mouvements de capitaux, devenue tangible depuis le 1er juillet 1990, autorise les ressortissants d'un EM à placer leur épargne dans un autre EM sans aucun obstacle. En l'absence de réglementation européenne, les EM ont toute latitude pour adopter toutes les règles qu'ils jugent nécessaires et souhaitables pour « appâter » les contribuables. Dès lors, les finalités recherchées par la libre circulation des capitaux ne sont pas nécessairement celles produites : certains contribuables sont tentés de placer leurs actifs non pas selon des particularités des différentes offres de placement, mais seulement pour éluder l'impôt. Dans ces conditions, l’assistance administrative « peut » permettre de lutter contre la fraude et l’évasion fiscales en accordant à une administration fiscale la possibilité de réaliser certains actes à l’extérieur de ses frontières nationales sans être entravée par les limites qu’impose la souveraineté d'autres Etats. Toutefois, une question subsiste : l’assistance ainsi accordée repose-t-elle sur une obligation consentie ou sur une obligation imposée ? De cette réponse procède l’efficacité de la procédure d’entraide administrative. En effet, l’intensité de l’assistance administrative dépend des moyens mis en oeuvre pour sa réalisation. Ainsi, le mécanisme d’assistance administrative de l’UE se caractérise, dans sa forme, par une adjonction d’exceptions, de restrictions et de toutes sortes de limitations à l’application des différentes mesures. Ainsi, tantôt dans leur totalité, tantôt sur des dispositions particulières, ces mesures ont été amputées de leur substance. Dès lors, les causes de refus sont multiples et parfois discrétionnaires. Aujourd’hui, on se retrouve avec des textes qui éclairent davantage sur ce qu’ils ne font pas que sur ce qu’ils font. En définitive, les dispositions de l’assistance administrative de l’UE laissent beaucoup à désirer : les mesures qu’elles ne proposent pas sont bien plus nombreuses et bien plus importantes que celles qu’elles préconisent. En réalité, ces dispositions servent surtout d’instrument de coordination et non un outil de coopération ou de rapprochement des législations. En sommes, si l’assistance administrative en droit européen « fait souvent double emploi avec les conventions fiscales internationales », elle n’impose pas aux EM un dispositif plus contraignant. Dans ces conditions, on est en droit de se demander si en l’état de la construction européenne, il est judicieux de garder un dispositif qui ne se démarque pas du droit conventionnel ? C’est ainsi qu’à défaut d’une intégration positive juridique qui renforcerait l’efficacité du mécanisme d’assistance administrative de l’UE, il pourrait être envisagé d’autres voies pour en optimiser le fonctionnement : une européanisation du modèle d’assistance OCDE The administrative assistance, in tax matters, in the European Union

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Young, Allison Marie. "Liberalization and regulation of the movement of service suppliers, comparing the provisions for labour mobility in the General Agreement on Trade Services, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the European Union." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66674.pdf.

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Trabergas, Vadimas. "Laisvo darbo jėgos judėjimo ES principo įgyvendinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080625_140902-20260.

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Magistriniame darbe, naudojant mokslinės literatūros, aprašomąjį analitinį, teisės aktų ir dokumentų analizės metodus, analizuojamas ES Laisvo darbo jėgos judėjimo principo įgyvendinimas, apibrėžiama laisvo darbo jėgos judėjimo sąvoka, jos taikymo sritis, išskiriami pagrindiniai trukdžiai laisvam asmenų judėjimui ir įsteigimo laisvės įgyvendinimui. Siekiant atsakyti į iškeltus uždavinius pirmoje darbo dalyje pristatomos Europos integracijos teorijos: neofunkcionalizmas, liberalusis ir realistinis tarpvyriausybiškumas, taip pat paaiškinamos viršvalstybiškumo ir tarpvyriausybiškumo sąvokos. Antroje darbo dalyje supažindinama su sąvokos “darbuotojas” taikymo sritimi, jos apibrėžimu ir apžvelgiama kaip laisvas darbo jėgos principas apibrėžtas Europos Sąjungos teisės aktuose. Šioje darbo dalyje taip pat plačiau pristatoma Bosmano byla, kuri panaikino visas kliūtis profesionalių sportininkų iš Europos Sąjungos narių valstybių judėjimui bei taip pakeitė profesionalų sportą. Trečioje darbo dalyje apžvelgiami Europos Teisingumo Teismo sprendimai bylose, kuriose buvo įvardinamos pagrindines laisvės veikimo sritį pažeidžiančios, diskriminuojamosios priemonės, neutralios priemonės, apskritai trukdančios patekti į rinką, pristatomos problemos, kylančios iš valstybių teisės skirtybių. Ketvirtoje darbo dalyje apžvelgiamos socialinės apsaugos nuostatos, jų taikymas ir veikimo sritys. Pristatomi pereinamieji laikotarpiai naujoms Europos Sąjungos valstybėms narėms, jų taikymo sąlygos, taip... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The master thesis, using the scientific literature, descriptive analytical and document analysis methods analyses the implementation of the principle of free movement of workers in the EU, describes „free movement“ notion, its fields of action, excepts the most important disturbances for its implementation. Seeking to fulfill the set tasks, in the first part of the theoretical part are presented theories of European integration: neofunctionalism, liberal and realistic intergovernmental theories. In the second part is discribed „employee“ notion and its use, also is presented legislation of the EU, which controls the implementation of the principle of free movement of workers. In this part also is presented Bosman case. This case changed football transfer markets, because football players from the EU members are allowed play where they want without any limitation. In the third part are presented verdicts of the European Court of Justice which related with discrimination of workers from others members of the EU. In the fourth part are discribed social policy of the EU, its use and fields of action. In this part also are presented the National measures to new members of the EU, its fields of action and mechanism how contries can instal the National measures, its terms. Regulation of free movement of workers in the EU is very specific, because are important verdicts of the European Court of Justice, Treaty of Rome and other legislation of the EU.

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Jaeger, Guilherme Pederneiras. "A liberdade de circulação de capitais e a coordenação de políticas econômicas na União Européia e no Mercosul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/142889.

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A presente tese aborda o tema da livre circulação de capitais e da coordenação de políticas econômicas na União Européia e no Mercosul. Objetiva-se demonstrar em que consiste essa liberdade de fluxo de capitais e expor a maneira pela qual ela se desenvolveu nos processos de integração europeu e sulino, trazendo-se em seguida as medidas de coordenação econômica adotadas por cada um desses blocos, como demonstração de que tal coordenação é fundamental para a criação de um ambiente propício à circulação segura do capital. Numa parte introdutória, expõe-se a teoria da formação dos blocos de integração, bem como apresentam-se os contextos históricos em que cada um dos blocos objeto deste estudo foi criado. Após, na Parte I, desenvolve-se uma análise detalhada a respeito da circulação de capitais na União Européia, desde as primeiras previsões do Tratado e as medidas de implementação, até a mais recente reforma de Lisboa. E, em seguida, ainda na mesma Parte, faz-se a pesquisa de tal liberdade no âmbito do Mercosul, mas esta numa sistemática setorial diferenciada. Já na Parte II, o foco é dado ao regime de coordenação e unificação das políticas econômicas européias voltadas à estabilidade monetária e cambial, as quais são responsáveis por criar um cenário efetivo de livre circulação de capital. E, na mesma linha, analisam-se os intentos mercosulinos de coordenar no seio do bloco a condução de tais políticas adstritas ao capital. Por fim, finaliza-se a pesquisa com a aferição da liberdade de capitais de cada bloco frente às estruturas de coordenação econômica por cada qual desenvolvidas. This monographic work concerns the free movement of capital and the coordination of economic policies within the European Union and Mercosul. It seeks to present an approach of the freedom of capital and its development throughout the European and Southern American integration processes, as well as of the system of economic coordination, so that to demonstrate the need of a coordinated scenario for a safe free movement of capital. To introduce the subject matter, it presents the theory of economic integration process and the historical basis for the establishment of each union. Then, in Part I, it comes a deep analysis about the monetary movement within the European Union, embracing the first provisions set forth in the Treaty and the implementation measures, as well as the most recent Lisbon reform. In addition, still in Part I, such an analysis is made within Mercosul, through a different sector method for explaining the measures to establish the free movement of capital. Achieving Part II, it focuses on the coordination and unification of European economic policies concerning the monetary and exchange stability, which are the ones responsible for a real free movement of capital scenario. Then, by the same token, it analyses the Mercosul attempts to coordinate its capital related policies. At the end, this paper evaluates the freedom of capital movement of each union before the framework of economic coordination developed by each one.

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Mempontel, Jean Baptiste. "Le marché unique bancaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0322.

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Composante essentielle du secteur financier, l’activité de banque est aussi ancienne que la notion de monnaie elle-même et désigne, au sens économique, ce que désigne sous le terme d’intermédiation financière. Entretenant des liens étroits avec les flux de capitaux, qui constituent ainsi la matière première de leur activité, l’activité de banques a nécessairement été affectée par la réalisation du marché intérieur européen, en particulier dans sa dimension financière, qui implique la réalisation totale de la libre circulation des capitaux et des services financiers. Pourtant, bien que ces derniers circulent sans entraves depuis environ une trentaine d’années, les avancées dans la réalisation des libertés de circulation ont longtemps été timides. Mais même après la mise en œuvre complète de ces dernières, l’intégration a continué d’être jugée insuffisante. C’est la raison pour laquelle celle ci a été renforcée, en particulier suite à la crise financière de 2008, qui trouve son origine dans la chute du marché immobilier américain.La réalisation du marché bancaire européen nécessitera toutefois pour les Etats membres d’aller au-delà de la seule mise en œuvre des libertés de circulation communautaires et d’instituer une « Union économique et monétaire » (UEM). La mise en place de cette UEM a toutefois connu des difficultés et a été effectuée avec retard. Comme pour l’intégration du secteur bancaire, l’intégration économique et monétaire sera également jugée insuffisante suite à la crise financière. A partir de l’examen des réformes opérées, il sera nécessaire de se demander si les mesures de renforcement dans ces différents domaines demeurent suffisantes. L’enjeu est important, car il s’agit pour les institutions de l’Union, mais aussi pour les Etats membres, d’éviter la survenance d’une nouvelle crise Essential component of the financial sector, banking activities are as old as the notion of money itself and refers, in economic sense, to the notion of financial intermediation. Maintaining close links with the flow of capital, which constitutes the raw material of their activity, the activity of banks has necessarily been affected by the realization of the single european market, in particular in its financial dimension, which implies the total realization of free movement of capital and financial services. Yet, although these funds and services have been moving freely for about thirty years, progress in achieving those freedoms has long been timid. But even after the full implementation of these, integration continued to be considered insufficient. This is why it has been strengthe-ned, especially following the 2008 financial crisis, which has its roots in the collapse of the US real estate market.However, the realization of the European banking market will require the members States to go beyond the implementation of the Community's freedom of movement and to establish an "Economic and Monetary Union" (EMU). The establishment of this EMU, however, has been difficult and has been delayed. As with the integration of the banking sector, economic and monetary integration will also be considered insufficient following the financial crisis. From the examination of the reforms made, it will be necessary to ask whether the reinforcement measures in these different areas remain sufficient. The stakes are high, because it is for the institutions of the Union, but also for the Member States, to avoid the occurrence of a new crisis

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Juma, Nyabinda Richard. "An Inquiry into the Compatibility of the Demo-Conditionality with State Sovereignty in International law : With Special Focus on The European Union and the African, the Caribbean and the Pacific Countries Relations." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-136109.

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This study examines the issue of compatibility of demo-conditionality with state sovereignty in international law. From a practical perspective, it examines the state of the science with respect to the enforcement of demo-conditionality, in the context of the unique relationship between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. The practicality of any argument declaring certain norms to be compatible with state sovereignty rests on an assumption that it is possible to distinguish which norms are compatible from those which are not. The validity of such an assumption depends on whether a universal workable test with which to draw this distinction, and its accompanying requirements, has been or can be developed. Therefore, the starting point of this study is to investigate whether such a universal test exists, and if so, what its requirements are. The author reaches a legally appropriate conclusion as to which norms are compatible with the principle of state sovereignty and which not in the international legal system. Thereafter, an investigation is undertaken with regard to the legal premises invoked to justify the compatibility of the demo-conditionality with state sovereignty. To this end, two levels of analysis (also referred to here as two paths) are followed. The first level of investigation concerns the proposition for demo-conditionality’s being premised upon adherence to new treaty obligations governing the parties’ observance of democratic norms. In this context, the examination focuses on Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 as the relevant provision. Other single-issue human rights instruments are also examined to establish whether they compliment Article 25. The second level of investigation explores the possibility for demo-conditionality's compatibility being premised upon obligations of State parties, which arise from the various development co-operation instruments adopted over the years. Here, emphasis is placed upon the question of whether or not these instruments advocate the inclusion of demo-conditionality in development co-operation between donors and recipients of aid. This study ultimately reaches a legally appropriate conclusion, at both levels of analysis, concerning demo-conditionality's compatibility with the principle of state sovereignty. At this juncture, a recommendation is made as to which of the two paths is the legally safer one for the pursuit of the demo-conditionality in development co-operation. On the question of what constitutes a more successful international approach to the establishment of democratic governments in the South, this study has undertaken a comparative analysis, making suggestions with respect to two models: the "Enforcement Model", based upon coercive enforcement measures, and the "Managerial Model", based upon an approach of co-operative dialogue. Finally, the study examines the state of the science with respect to enforcement of demo-conditionality, with a focus on the special relationships between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. This is designed to provide a degree of insight into the practical aspects associated with the enforcement of demo-conditionality.

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Pešicová, Zuzana. "Trh práce a volný pohyb pracovníků (aplikační studie Evropské unie a Velké Británie)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76680.

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The graduation thesis Labour Market and Free Movement of Labour (European Union and Great Britain case study) describes the recent situation in the European and British labour markets. It concentrates on impact of financial crisis on labour markets. Then, it monitors the trends of free movement of labour in the European Union and assesses the impact of opening of labour markets on individual economies. Finally, the British migration system is analysed. The changes in migration to Great Britain after 2004 are outlined and new points based system is introduced. The impact of migrant workers on british economy is evaluated.

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Mulunga, Immanuel. "The impact of the SA-EU FTA and the Cotonou Agreement on the economy of Namibia with particular emphasis on the fisheries and meat sectors." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51982.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. On October 1999 South Africa signed a historic TDCA with the European Union. The main objective of this agreement is to liberalise most trade between the two parties over time through a free trade agreement. Namibia as a member of SACU became automatically a de facto member of the SA-EU FTA. At the same time the EU concluded another 20-year agreement with the ACP countries effectively changing its traditional trade relationship with these countries. Namibia also being a member of the ACP group of countries finds itself in the middle of these two agreements. South Africa and the EU however opted to leave some of the sectors that are considered sensitive out of the free trade agreement in order to mitigate some of the adjustment costs likely to be faced by lesser-developed partners in SACU such as Namibia. Beef is one of those sensitive sectors as it is the main Namibian agricultural export to both the EU and South Africa. The fisheries sector likewise contributes a lot to Namibia's export earnings and the fact South Africa and the EU are negotiating for a fisheries agreement could mean a change in Namibia's competitive position in this sector. The impact that these two agreements will have on the beef sector is not very significant or at least manageable at this stage. The impact on the fisheries sector is mainly uncertain at this stage in the absence of an EU-SA fisheries agreement. The major impact of the SA-EU FTA will be on government revenues, which rely heavily on receipts from the SACU common revenue pool. The SADC has also started its regional economic integration process, which the EU hopes to be a move towards a REPA with which it hopes to do business as part of the new Cotonou Agreement. However the vast disparities in economic development between the EU and SADC does not favour such a move. The benefits will most probably accrue to the EU and the costs to SADC countries, especially those countries that are not part of SACU. It is important that if the new Cotonou Agreement is to be mutually beneficial steps need to be taken to strengthen the industrial and export capacities of the ACP countries. Otherwise this wave of globalisation will be nothing but a zero sum game.

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Haag, Gustaf. "Currency Transaction Tax and the European Union : An analysis on the conformity between the EU treaties and the concept of a Currency Transaction Tax." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14026.

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Never before in history has the amount of international trade been higher or more efficient than it is today. The fastest growing type of trade is the speculative currency trading, searching for instant profit based only on the anticipation of the variations in currency exchange rates. When currency speculation becomes an influential part of the capital flows it becomes harmful and creates instability of currency systems. Exchange rates starts to fluctuate due to the will and anticipation of speculators rather than the economic health of the country associated with the currency. This has led to recurring currency crises all over the world and an increased interest in regulatory mechanisms. One of the most discussed mechanisms proposed to handle this harmful evolution of the foreign exchange markets is the Currency Transaction Tax (CTT). The CTT stipulates a low tax (0.1 per cent) on all currency transaction to curb the incitement of short-term speculation based on a large amount of smaller transactions. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether an implementation of a CTT is compatible with the EU treaties. This purpose consists of two research questions; whether the CTT is in conformity with the substantive law of the EU, more precisely the free movements of capital, and if the CTT is in conformity with the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the exclusive power of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) over monetary policy. Since this thesis aims to identify if the CTT is in conformity with existing legislation, the traditional doctrinal method is used for identifying and analysing potential difficulties with the CTT and to interpret these provisions in the light of ECJ case law and literature. The thesis concludes that the CTT is in conformity with the EU treaties. It does however require the full cooperation of the ESCB and ECB to achieve the objectives; to create a more stable currency market. The CTT is ready to implement.

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Fedorčáková, Jana. "Vonkajšie vzťahy EÚ voči rozvojovým krajinám: posun k recipročnej spolupráci?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81345.

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The thesis provides a multidimensional view of the development of the external relations of the European Communities and the European Union (EU) with the developing countries divided into four geographic regions -- the Mediterranean; the Africa, Caribbean, Pacific Group; Latin America and Asia. The thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, the thesis aims to examine the importance and efficiency of the external relations of the EU and the difference between non-reciprocal and reciprocal approach in trade relations between countries on a theoretical level. The second chapter consequently demonstrates differences between non-reciprocal and reciprocal approach on the development of the external relations of the EU towards developing countries and on the latest changes carried out within the external relations of the EU as well where the 90s of the 20th century are considered as the decisive period in this sense. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of the shift towards reciprocal cooperation and on the main causes of this process. Moreover, it analyzes the existence of the potential analogy in the approach of the EU towards developing regions in particular and perspectives of the external relations of the EU towards developing countries in the future.

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Zhang, Chenchen. "Territory, rights and mobility: theorising the citizenship/migration nexus in the context of europeanisation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209346.

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The overarching objective of this dissertation is to conceptualise the spatiality of citizenship through an exposure to its various others – especially to mobile subjectivity. In particular, it examines the changing patterns of territorialising space, distributing rights and regulating mobility in the intertwined politics of citizenship and that of migration in the EU. Building on the approach of critical citizenship studies, it assumes that the practices and discourses of othering have been constituent of the very foundation of modern citizenship, and understands citizenship at the interface between the governing structure and the acts of the governed that rupture, resist or appropriate it. In this framework, the thesis first of all looks at the spatial configurations of national citizenship by analysing the trajectories in which the interrelated concepts of territory, rights and mobility participate, and are reshaped, in the project of making the citizen and her various others. The main part of the thesis investigates the ways in which the interrelations between these spatial dimensions of citizenship are reconfigured in a multiplied citizenship-migration nexus under the process of Europeanisation. It first looks at two different notions of territory – a statist one and a networked one – that are visible in the official discourses, yet it highlights the fact that the technologies that are supposed to produce each type of territoriality often converge. Thus I read the politics of Eurostar and the Channel Tunnel project as one that involves competing patterns of territoriality and manifests the dynamics between facilitated and obstructed mobilities at a moving border. However, the permeability of this border is partly enabled by the uneven and ambiguous configurations of Schengenland itself, and draws attention to the excessive forms of mobility that challenge and break with the official formulation of free movement rights. Thus we turn to the intricate relationship between mobility and citizenship in Europe following our dialogical approach: focusing on the rationalities implied in the government of free movement on one hand, and the paths through which to redefine the right to mobility on the other. In the light of Rancière’s reconceptualisation of rights and democracy, I present two examples each employing different strategies to politicise and mobilise mobility: one is through appealing to the universal, the other legitimating the particular. The politics of mobility is also seen as an endeavour of producing alternative spaces against the territorialised state-centric space to which the imagination of citizenship is usually limited. In discussing a possible global ethics, however, I argue that the dynamics between rights and citizenship are not bound to an emancipatory end. While the juridical system of differentiated rights is constantly challenged by those who claim that they have the rights they are denied to, once the ‘achievements’ of rights-claims are re-appropriated in the juridico-political form of citizenship, this form continues to reproduce boundaries and differential inclusions which shall again be contested. A self-critical global ethics therefore should be conscious about the imperfectability of citizenship and the impossibility of community. Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Самойленко, Євген Анатолійович, Евгений Анатольевич Самойленко та Yevhen Anatoliiovych Samoilenko. "Залучення третіх країн до процесу лібералізації руху капіталу в Європейському Союзі через функціонування суверенних інвестиційних фондів". Thesis, Асоціація аспірантів-юристів, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/59496.

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Автор досліджує проблеми та перспективи залучення третіх країн до процесу лібералізації руху капіталу в Європейському Союзі через функціонування суверенних інвестиційних фондів The author explores the problems and perspectives of involvement of third countries in the process of capital movement liberalization in the European Union through the functioning sovereign wealth funds. Правовий режим переміщення інвестицій з / на внутрішній ринок Євросоюзу включає в себе не лише положення права ЄС про свободу руху капіталу та існуючі в даній сфері обмеження для третіх країн, а й механізм залучення цих країн до процесу лібералізації його руху. За цих умов дія відповідних правових норм екстериторіального характеру набуває свого значення та може стати ефективною, створюючи умови для рівноправного співробітництва з іншими державами в досягненні мети зняття обмежень на рух інвестицій.

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Durand, Étienne. "Électricité de source renouvelable et droit du marché interieur européen." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3072.

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L’Union européenne conduit une ambitieuse politique de développement des énergies renouvelables, visant à porter à 20 % la part de ces dernières dans la consommation énergétique européenne à l’horizon 2020. A cet effet, le législateur européen sollicite des Etats membres qu’ils mettent en œuvre des soutiens nationaux à la production d’électricité renouvelable, susceptibles de relever du champ de l’interdiction des entraves et des aides d’Etat. Parallèlement, la politique de réalisation du marché intérieur de l’énergie impose aux Etats membres de libéraliser le secteur économique dans lequel s’inscrit l’électricité renouvelable. Par l’observation des règles du marché intérieur, la thèse évalue l’articulation entre ces objectifs visiblement contradictoires. Si la finalité environnementale qui sous-tend le développement de l’électricité renouvelable justifie une inflexion des règles du marché intérieur, elle favorise les cloisonnements nationaux et fait naître une concurrence normative entre les Etats membres. Chacun d’eux use de l’attractivité de son droit pour inciter les opérateurs économiques à exploiter des sources d’énergie nationales, indépendamment de leur répartition naturelle à l’échelle européenne. L’observation empirique de ce phénomène met en évidence les risques qu’il fait peser sur la cohérence globale de l’action de l’Union dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables. En prenant appui sur certaines évolutions du droit positif et de la pratique des acteurs privés sur le marché, la thèse évalue les hypothèses de renouvellement des mécanismes du marché afin qu’il devienne un instrument à part entière de promotion de l’électricité renouvelable dans l’Union européenne The European Union is pursuing an ambitious policy to develop renewable energy aimed at increasing its share to 20% in the European energy consumption by 2020. To that extent, the European legislator requests from all Member States that they implement national support for the production of renewable electricity, which may fall within the scope of the ban on restrictions and State aids. In parallel, the policy of achieving the internal energy market requires the Member States to liberate the economic sector in which renewable electricity is used. By observing the rules of the internal market, the thesis evaluates the articulation between these objectives that seem contradictory. While the environmental goal underlying the development of renewable electricity justifies an inflexion of the rules of the internal market, it promotes national separation and gives rise to normative competition between the Member States. Each of them uses the attractiveness of its own laws to persuade the economic operators to exploit national energy sources, independently of their natural distribution on a European scale. The empirical observation of this phenomenon highlights the risks it poses to the overall coherence of the European Union’s action in the field of renewable energies. By using some developments of the positive law and the practice of private actors in the market, the thesis evaluates the hypotheses to renew the market mechanisms so that the market becomes a full instrument for promoting renewable electricity in the European Union

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De, Gaulmyn Louis. "Les mécanismes de soutien à la production d'électricité de source renouvelable." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED023.

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L’Union européenne conduit une importante politique de développement des énergies renouvelables, visant à porter à 20 % la part de ces dernières dans la consommation d’énergie totale en 2020. Dans ce cadre, la France a mis en place une politique de soutien à la production d’électricité renouvelable, au moyen de mécanismes de soutien consistant en un subventionnement direct de cette production. Cependant, ce mode de soutien fait face à plusieurs problématiques qui remettent en question sa pérennité. D’une part, l’évolution de la politique du marché intérieur de l’électricité renouvelle la question de la compatibilité des mécanismes de soutien avec les dispositions du droit de l’Union européenne relatives à la libre circulation et aux aides d’Etat. D’autre part, le développement important de la production d’électricité renouvelable risque de remettre en cause l’équilibre du système électrique français. Afin de faire face à ces obstacles, la France a adopté une importante réforme de ces mécanismes de soutien et a mis en place plusieurs dispositifs annexes visant à adapter la croissance de la production d’électricité renouvelable aux contraintes posées par le système électrique. En prenant appui sur les récentes évolutions du droit positif et sur les doctrines développées par les acteurs institutionnels du marché intérieur de l’électricité, la thèse évalue la capacité de cette réforme à adapter la politique de soutien à la production d’électricité renouvelable à ces différentes contraintes juridiques et systémiques The European Union is pursuing a major policy to develop renewable energy aimed at increasing its share to 20 % in total energy consumption in 2020. In this context, France has set up a policy to support renewable electricity generation, through support mechanisms that directly subsidize this generation. However, this mode of support faces several issues, which question its durability. On the one hand, the evolution of the internal electricity market policy renews the question of the compatibility of the support mechanisms with the provisions of European Union law on free movement of goods and State aid. On the other hand, the significant development of renewable electricity generation risks threatening the balance of the French electricity system. In order to cope with these obstacles, France has adopted a major reform of these support mechanisms and has set up several linked mechanisms aimed at adapting the growth of renewable electricity generation to the constraints posed by the electricity system. By using some recent developments of the positive law and the doctrines developed by the institutional players in the internal electricity market, the thesis evaluates the capacity of this reform to adapt the policy of support for renewable electricity generation to these legal and systemic constraints

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BOUCON, Lena. "EU free movement law and the powers retained by member states." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/34842.

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Defence date: 12 December 2014 Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute (Supervisor); Doctor Julio Baquero Cruz, European Commission; Professor Michael Dougan, Liverpool Law School; Professor Joseph H. H. Weiler, European University Institute. The intention of my thesis is to shed light on a technique of integration implemented by the European Court of Justice described as 'power-based approach.' Frequently neglected and overlooked, it is distinct from the ECJ traditional rights-based approach. It materializes in a specific range of free movement cases where Member States are suspected of having impinging on the free movement principle – understood as encompassing the four economic freedoms and EU citizenship – when they exercise what the Court deems as being their retained powers. A variety of fields are concerned, such as nationality, direct taxation, social security, or education. My overall claim is that the power-based approach contributes to defining and shaping the contours of the relationship between the European Union and its Member States, of EU interstate relations and, ultimately, of Union membership. I start with an attempt at deconstruction to identify the defining features of the cases concerned by this approach: (i) they revolve around the structural notion of power; (ii) the applicability of the free movement principle stems from the disjunction of the scope of application of EU law from the scope of EU powers; (iii) the settlement of the conflicts at hand amounts to a 'mutual adjustment resolution,' which consists in putting limitations on the exercise of the powers retained by Member States, while the Court itself tends to soften its own approach to protect national autonomy. I then proceed with an effort at reconstruction. First, I identify the jurisdictional implications of the power-based approach. Next, I look into its implications for membership of the Union. Lastly, I provide an overall critical and structural reassessment. I show that the silence of the Court regarding the rationale behind its approach has the effect of weakening its legitimacy and its authority. I finally identify its resulting structural model.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Free movement, European Union countries »

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