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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Free enterprise – History »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Free enterprise – History"

Surdam, David George. « Lawrence B. Glickman, Free Enterprise : An American History ». History : Reviews of New Books 48, n^o 2 (3 mars 2020) : 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2020.1720477.

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Oreskes, Naomi. « Science, Technology and Free Enterprise ». Centaurus 52, n^o 4 (21 octobre 2010) : 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.2010.00193.x.

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Hirsch, Jean-Pierre. « Revolutionary France, Cradle of Free Enterprise ». American Historical Review 94, n^o 5 (décembre 1989) : 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906351.

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Clarke, Sally, et Stuart Bruchey. « Enterprise : The Dynamic Economy of a Free People. » Journal of Southern History 57, n^o 4 (novembre 1991) : 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2210656.

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Goldin, Claudia, et Stuart Bruchey. « Enterprise : The Dynamic Economy of a Free People ». Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, n^o 2 (1991) : 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205899.

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Kyung-Ran Lee. « America “Free Enterprise” Narratives and the Production of History : George Lamming’s The Pleasures of Exile and Michelle Cliff’s Free Enterprise ». English & ; American Cultural Studies 12, n^o 2 (août 2012) : 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15839/eacs.12.2.201208.181.

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Qiu, Rongguo, Yutong Wang et Tingqiang Chen. « The Intertemporal Evolution Model of Enterprise R&D Cooperative Network ». Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2019 (15 décembre 2019) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9241817.

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Cooperation plays an irreplaceable role in knowledge creation and innovation. Innovation cooperation among enterprises forms a complex network of enterprise R&D. Given the intertemporal R&D network evolution and the complex influence between stock knowledge, this study constructs a discrete indefinitely intertemporal evolution model of an enterprise R&D cooperation network. The model consists of two main parts, that is, first is how technological innovation depends on the structure of enterprise R&D cooperation network and the second is how the enterprise R&D cooperation network evolves according to the level of technological innovation. This work uses calculation experiment and simulation method to study the evolution characteristics of enterprise R&D network in different initial R&D network topology structures, such as Erdos–Renyi random graph, WS small-world network, and BA scale-free network, and determine how previous history, attractiveness, and reputation for enterprise influence the steady-state characteristics of R&D network evolution. Results show that (1) when the R&D network evolution reaches a stable state, the joint distribution of stock knowledge and the number of cooperative enterprises do not affect the initial R&D network topology. However, the evolution path of the enterprise R&D network is complicated by the initial R&D network topology. (2) Among the three factors through which enterprises make decisions, if the enterprise values previous history highly, then the stock knowledge in a steady state will dissipate; if the enterprise values reputation highly, then the stock knowledge in a steady state will decrease but always above a threshold; if the enterprise values attractiveness highly, then the stock knowledge in a steady state can rise to a high level. These conclusions have important theoretical values and practical significance for the promotion of enterprise scientific and technological innovation and cooperative research.

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Erickson, Charlotte, et Stuart Bruchey. « Enterprise : The Dynamic Economy of a Free People. » Economic History Review 44, n^o 4 (novembre 1991) : 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597841.

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Oldham, Sam. « “To think in enterprising ways” : enterprise education and enterprise culture in New Zealand ». History of Education Review 47, n^o 1 (4 juin 2018) : 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-10-2017-0017.

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Purpose Enterprise education (EE) is a growing educational phenomenon. Despite its proliferation globally, there is little critical research on the field. In particular, the ideological potential of EE has been ignored by education scholars. This paper is the first to review the history of the Enterprise New Zealand Trust (ENZT) (known as the Young Enterprise Trust from 2009), as the largest and oldest organisation for the delivery of EE in New Zealand. It examines the activities of the ENZT and its networks in the context of the ascent of neoliberalism including its cultural manifestation in the form of a national “enterprise culture”. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the precise nature of the proximity between the ENZT and neoliberal ideology. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses document analysis, internet searches and interviews to reconstruct aspects of the history of the ENZT. Historical examination of the ENZT is in part obstructed by a lack of access to direct source material prior to the 1990s, as publications and materials of the ENZT are only available in archives from the early 1990s. The ENZT was, however, important to broader historical networks and actors, such as employer associations and think tanks, who left behind more robust records. Unlike the ENZT itself, these actors are given significant attention in literature which can be drawn upon to further enhance understandings of the ENZT and its relationship to neoliberalism. Findings This paper reveals that the ENZT has been a major conduit for enterprise culture and neoliberalism since its inception. It has been explicitly concerned with the development of enterprise culture through activities targeting both school students and the general public. Its educational activities, though presented in non-ideological terms, were designed to inculcate students in neoliberal or free market capitalist principles, including amenability towards private ownership of goods and services, private investment, private finance of public projects, free markets and free trade. These findings might serve to encourage critical attitudes among researchers and policy actors as to the broader ideological role of EE on a general scale. Research limitations/implications EE on the whole requires closer examination by critical education researchers. The overwhelmingly majority of existing research is concerned with enhancing the practices of EE, while deeper questions regarding its ideological implications are ignored. Perhaps as a result, EE as a conceptual category lacks definitional clarity, as researchers and policy actors grapple with its meaning. If it can be established that EE schemes are not merely “neutral” or non-ideological educational projects, but rather are serious purveyors of ideology, this should have implications for future research and particularly for policy actors involved in the field. A review of the history of the ENZT may be illuminative in this respect, as it reveals the organisation’s record of deliberate political or ideological messaging. Originality/value This paper is the first to review the history of the ENZT as the largest provider of EE in New Zealand. EE has become a global phenomenon in recent decades. Non-existent in New Zealand before the 1970s, it is now a staple of the school system, its principles enshrined in the national curriculum document. Within a decade of the ENZT’s inauguration in 1986, eight out of ten secondary schools were using its services. Despite this, the ENZT is all but absent from existing historical literature. Analysing the history of the ENZT allows for enhanced understanding of an important actor within New Zealand education, whose history has been overlooked, as well as provides insight into the broader ideological implications of EE.

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Walker, Juliet E. K. « Racism, Slavery, and Free Enterprise : Black Entrepreneurship in the United States before the Civil War ». Business History Review 60, n^o 3 (1986) : 343–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115882.

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In reconstructing the early business history of black America, Professor Walker emphasizes the diversity and complexity of antebellum black entrepreneurship, both slave and free. With few exceptions, prevailing historical assessments have confined their analyses of pre-Civil War black business participation to marginal enterprises, concentrated primarily in craft and service industries. In America's preindustrial mercantile business community, however, blacks established a wide variety of enterprises, some of them remarkably successful. The business activities of antebellum blacks not only offer insights into the multiplicity of responses to the constraints of racism and slavery, but also highlight relatively unexplored areas in the historical development of the free enterprise system in the United States.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Free enterprise – History"

Dughi, William Christian. « Shabashniks : a history of the USSR's dissenting protagonists of free enterprise ». Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36764.

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Shabashniks, as dissenting protagonists of free enterprise within the Soviet economic system did as much or more to undermine the political and economic security and control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) than many of the more well known political dissidents of the Soviet era. While it was never the conscious or primary motivation of those Soviet citizens working as shabashniks to challenge the political primacy of the CPSU in their self proclaimed position as the vanguard of the development of communism in the Soviet Union, the scope and the scale of the private economic activities engaged in by shabashniks represented a significant source of the impetus for the eventual decline in the Party's monopoly on political and economic power.
This study investigates the place of shabashniks within the Soviet system, their contributions to that system and their part in its eventual decline. The narrative created as a result of this study relied primarily on Soviet newspaper, journal and magazine articles to describe the lifestyles of shabashniks. There were no Russian language monographs available on the subject at the time of this study. This study then combined the existing Soviet discussions concerning the private economic activities of shabashniks and the effects of those activities on the Soviet system, as reflected in the Soviet press, with the information gleaned from conversations the author had while working with and interviewing former shabashniks and Soviet citizens in Russia during the fall of 1994 and the winter 1997.

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Mallarangeng, Rizal. « Liberalizing New Order Indonesia ideas, epistemic community, and economic policy change, 1986-1992 / ». The Ohio State University, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50013641.html.

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Chan, Anita, et 陳寶琳. « The Changing positive non-interventionism of the government in the economy of Hong Kong ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575205.

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Esno, Tyler P. « For Freedom and Free Enterprise : The Origins, Development, and Legacies of Ronald Reagan's Caribbean Basin Initiative ». Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1337810351.

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Spring, Dawn. « Selling Brand America : The Advertising Council and the ‘Invisible Hand’ of Free Enterprise, 1941-1961 ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1235745009.

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Camus, Anaïs. « La nation chez Alexis de Tocqueville : à la recherche d'un libéralisme d'esprit au XIXè siècle ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209527.

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Le but de cette recherche doctorale est de mettre au jour une conception spécifique du libéralisme au XIXè siècle qui rendait possible la cohabitation des exigences libérales de respect de l’individu et de ses droits ainsi que des exigences nationales de vie en communauté et d’identité. Partant du principe que de nombreux auteurs ne considéraient pas que le concept de nationalité entrait en contradiction avec les valeurs libérales à cette époque, nous estimons qu’Alexis de Tocqueville, ainsi que John Stuart Mill, proposent la forme la plus cohérente et aboutie de réflexion en la matière, et ce à travers un libéralisme dit « d’esprit » que nous extrairons de leur pensée commune. En effet, alors qu’ils cherchent à contrecarrer les effets néfastes du matérialisme qui aurait comme principale conséquence d’abaisser l’âme des individus et de les priver de liberté, ils mettent au point une approche qui empêche la matérialisation ou la cristallisation complète des références proposées comme point de repère aux citoyens.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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GLASMAN, Maurice. « Unnecessary suffering : a study in applied ethics ». Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5126.

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Defence date: 19 May 1995
Examining board: Prof. Dr. Klaus Eder (Co-supervisor, Humboldt University Berlin and EUI) ; Prof. John Gray (Oxford University) ; Prof. Tadeusz Kowalik (Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw) ; Prof. Steven Lukes (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Dr. Claus Offe (University of Bremen)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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Livres sur le sujet "Free enterprise – History"

Cliff, Michelle. Free enterprise. London : Viking, 1993.

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Free enterprise. New York, N.Y : Plume, 1994.

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Free Enterprise. London, United Kingdom : Penguin Books Ltd., 1995.

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Free enterprise. New York, N.Y., U.S.A : Dutton, 1993.

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Cliff, Michelle. Free Enterprise : A Novel. New York, USA : Dutton, 1993.

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Bruchey, Stuart Weems. Enterprise : The dynamic economy of a free people. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press, 1990.

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Bruchey, Stuart Weems. Enterprise : The dynamic economy of a free people. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press, 1990.

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Russell, Keat, et Abercrombie Nicholas, dir. Enterprise culture. New York : Routledge, 1991.

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1944-, Poole Robert W., et Postrel Virginia I. 1960-, dir. Free minds & free markets : Twenty-five years of Reason. San Francisco, Calif : Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1993.

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Gollan, Robin. The myth of the level playing field. Sydney : Catalyst Press, 1993.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Free enterprise – History"

Villalta Puig, Gonzalo. « The Judicial History of the Federal Market of Australia : Free Trade Versus Free Enterprise ». Dans World Trade and Local Public Interest, 155–72. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41920-2_9.

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Sutterlütti, Simon, et Stefan Meretz. « Commonism ». Dans Make Capitalism History, 141–89. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14645-9_6.

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AbstractCommonism is an alternative to market economy and real socialism because it goes beyond their common basis of wage labour, money and private or state property. Products are not produced in the form of commodities that are sold for money, but as commons for the direct satisfaction of needs. The chapter discusses common questions such as “Who cares about waste disposal?” and focuses on the question of coordination and mediation through commoning. Stigmergy, a signal-based coordination mechanism that communicates needs, can be used to create ex-ante planning of re/production. Conflicts are an important part of a free society and are not resolved by a central institution as envisioned by the followers of council theory, but in many places in a polycentric coordination mechanism. This polycentric coordination allows for planning and aggregation as long as the needs of the (care-) workers involved and their (commons-) enterprises are included. It builds on meta-structures providing information such as CO2 emissions or expected shortages or helps negotiate conflicts. It creates a society that can overcome ethics as the basis of solidarity and create a logic of inclusion that makes the inclusion of others the best selfish option.

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« “A Memo That Changed the Course of History” ». Dans Free Enterprise, 22–54. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd85bc.5.

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« 1. “A Memo That Changed the Course of History” ». Dans Free Enterprise, 22–54. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300249002-003.

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Scanlan, Melissa K. « Social Enterprise Design ». Dans Prosperity in the Fossil-Free Economy, 39–57. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300253993.003.0004.

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This chapter cites the corporate reform proposal that develops social enterprises further and deeply explores emerging and enduring forms. It explains the third-party B Corp certification and design of a business as a benefit corporation, which directly challenges shareholder primacy and provides an alternative enterprise design for multi-stakeholder businesses. It also analyzes scholarship from a variety of disciplines, which brings out the strengths and weaknesses of alternative to investor-owned corporations. The chapter mentions the emerging and most enduring values-based business form: cooperatives. It provides a broad introduction to the history, theories, economic impact, and values and principles of cooperatives as a form of enterprise, which could be utilized to address the most pressing sustainable development issues of the twenty-first century.

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LAMOREAUX, NAOMI R., et KENNETH L. SOKOLOFF. « The Market for Technology and the Organization of Invention in U.S. History ». Dans Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and the Growth Mechanism of the Free-Enterprise Economies, 213–44. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ddczmv.18.

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Lamoreaux, Naomi R., et Kenneth L. Sokoloff. « Chapter 10 The Market for Technology and the Organization of Invention in U.S. History ». Dans Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and the Growth Mechanism of the Free-Enterprise Economies, 213–44. Princeton University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691227641-016.

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Harvey, David. « The Neoliberal State ». Dans A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199283262.003.0007.

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The role of the state in neoliberal theory is reasonably easy to define. The practice of neoliberalization has, however, evolved in such a way as to depart significantly from the template that theory provides. The somewhat chaotic evolution and uneven geographical development of state institutions, powers, and functions over the last thirty years suggests, furthermore, that the neoliberal state may be an unstable and contradictory political form. According to theory, the neoliberal state should favour strong individual private property rights, the rule of law, and the institutions of freely functioning markets and free trade. These are the institutional arrangements considered essential to guarantee individual freedoms. The legal framework is that of freely negotiated contractual obligations between juridical individuals in the marketplace. The sanctity of contracts and the individual right to freedom of action, expression, and choice must be protected. The state must therefore use its monopoly of the means of violence to preserve these freedoms at all costs. By extension, the freedom of businesses and corporations (legally regarded as individuals) to operate within this institutional framework of free markets and free trade is regarded as a fundamental good. Private enterprise and entrepreneurial initiative are seen as the keys to innovation and wealth creation. Intellectual property rights are protected (for example through patents) so as to encourage technological changes. Continuous increases in productivity should then deliver higher living standards to everyone. Under the assumption that ‘a rising tide lifts all boats’, or of ‘trickle down’, neoliberal theory holds that the elimination of poverty (both domestically and worldwide) can best be secured through free markets and free trade. Neoliberals are particularly assiduous in seeking the privatization of assets. The absence of clear private property rights––as in many developing countries––is seen as one of the greatest of all institutional barriers to economic development and the improvement of human welfare. Enclosure and the assignment of private property rights is considered the best way to protect against the socalled ‘tragedy of the commons’ (the tendency for individuals to irresponsibly super-exploit common property resources such as land and water).

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Harvey, David. « Freedom’s Prospect ». Dans A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199283262.003.0011.

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In his annual message to Congress in 1935, President Roosevelt made clear his view that excessive market freedoms lay at the root of the economic and social problems of the 1930s Depression. Americans, he said, ‘must forswear that conception of the acquisition of wealth which, through excessive profits, creates undue private power’. Necessitous men are not free men. Everywhere, he argued, social justice had become a definite goal rather than a distant ideal. The primary obligation of the state and its civil society was to use its powers and allocate its resources to eradicate poverty and hunger and to assure security of livelihood, security against the major hazards and vicissitudes of life, and the security of decent homes.1 Freedom from want was one of the cardinal four freedoms he later articulated as grounding his political vision for the future. These broad themes contrast with the far narrower neoliberal freedoms that President Bush places at the centre of his political rhetoric. The only way to confront our problems, Bush argues, is for the state to cease to regulate private enterprise, for the state to withdraw from social provision, and for the state to foster the universalization of market freedoms and of market ethics. This neoliberal debasement of the concept of freedom ‘into a mere advocacy of free enterprise’ can only mean, as Karl Polanyi points out, ‘the fullness of freedom for those whose income, leisure and security need no enhancing, and a mere pittance of liberty for the people, who may in vain attempt to make use of their democratic rights to gain shelter from the power of the owners of property’. What is so astonishing about the impoverished condition of contemporary public discourse in the US, as well as elsewhere, is the lack of any serious debate as to which of several divergent concepts of freedom might be appropriate to our times. If it is indeed the case that the US public can be persuaded to support almost anything in the name of freedom, then surely the meaning of this word should be subjected to the deepest scrutiny.

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Tuffnell, Stephen. « Engineering Gold Rushes ». Dans Global History of Gold Rushes, 229–51. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520294547.003.0010.

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This chapter, “Engineering Gold Rushes,” by Stephen Tuffnell, examines the mechanics of late nineteenth-century global connectivity through the development of “mine engineering” as a global profession and the manifold interactions between the global and the national that contributed to that process. Internationally mobile mine engineers developed the mechanisms for transporting and maintaining the technologies of empire and extraction that converged on the goldfields. Nongovernmental mining institutes founded across the world, international congresses, and widely circulating technical journals acted as mechanisms for knowledge exchange and forums for cooperation. Underlying the emergence of specialist engineers were higher education systems that aimed at developing rival national or imperial professional identities that existed in tension with their global roles. Mine engineers were therefore key protagonists in the shifts discussed in this volume: from individual placer mining to highly capitalized corporate mining, from simple technologies to complex chemical extraction, and from free enterprise to wage labor.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Free enterprise – History"

Lazonick, William, Philip Moss et Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.

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