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Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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1

Vagnoni, Mirko. « Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (1208–1250) ». Encyclopedia 1, no 3 (3 août 2021) : 710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030055.

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Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, King of Sicily (1208–1250). Frederick II of Hohenstaufen was the second king of the Swabian dynasty to sit on the throne of Sicily. He was crowned in 1198, but, in consideration of his young age, he only ruled independently from 1208 to 1250 (the year of his death). He not only held the title of King of Sicily but also was the King of Germany (or of the Romans), the King of Jerusalem, and, above all, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. His most relevant and innovative iconographic representations were in Southern Italy. For this reason, we focus on the images in this geographical context. In particular, we have nine official (that is, those commissioned directly by him or his entourage) representations of him: the bull (in three main versions), the seal (in three main versions), five coins (four denari and one augustale), the statue of the Capua Gate, and the lost image of the imperial palace in Naples.
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Pane, A., R. Catuogno, M. Facchini et L. Morano. « A FORTRESS BETWEEN ARTIFICE AND NATURE : THE LASER SCANNING SURVEY OF THE CASTLE OF PESCOPAGANO AS AN INSTRUMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (24 juillet 2020) : 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-405-2020.

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Abstract. The castle of Pescopagano, a small village located on the border between Basilicata and Campania, is a complex of great historical and landscape value, for the inseparable combination that binds its stones to the rock where it stands. Founded perhaps in the Byzantine times, but certainly renovated and built in its current forms between the 11th and 12th century, the castle had considerable military importance under Frederick II of Swabia. Seriously damaged by the earthquake of 1694, the fortress underwent a partial reconstruction, but ended up suffering further collapses caused by the Irpinia earthquake of 1980, such as to motivate the first interventions of securing and, above all, the application of the listing process. Today the castle is still largely in ruins and is only partially accessible thanks to a limited intervention on the paths. The present research aims at deepening the knowledge of the state of conservation, the damage mechanisms and the previous restoration interventions of the castle, in order to define possible strategies for its restoration and enhancement. The analysis work uses the most advanced laser scanning and drone detection systems, in order to document, as accurately as possible, the complex patrimonial system of the castle. Thanks to the combined use of these techniques, the objective is also to define methods that can be replicated in other contexts where the relationship between geomorphology and construction is so relevant that it jeopardizes the use of any other traditional survey system.
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Mangone, Annarosa, Maria Cristina Caggiani, Tiziana Forleo, Lorena Carla Giannossa et Pasquale Acquafredda. « A Possible Natural and Inexpensive Substitute for Lapis Lazuli in the Frederick II Era : The Finding of Haüyne in Blue Lead-Tin Glazed Pottery from Melfi Castle (Italy) ». Molecules 28, no 4 (6 février 2023) : 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041546.

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The blue color of glass and ceramic glazes produced in Apulia and Basilicata (Southern Italy) between the 13th and 14th centuries and connected to the Norman-Swabian Emperor Frederick II, has been, for a long time, under archaeometric investigation. On the one hand, it has usually been associated with lapis lazuli, due to the finding of the polysulphide blue chromophores typical of lazurite. Moreover, the observation that the mineral haüyne, which belongs to the sodalite group as well as lazurite, can be blue and/or can gain a blue color after heating, due to the same chromophores, has caused this automatic attribution to be questioned, and also considering that the mineral is characteristic of the rock haüynophyre of Melfi (Potenza, Southern Italy), a location of interest for glass and pottery findings. In this paper, for the first time, several haüyne crystals were found in the blue glaze of a ceramic dish found at Melfi Castle, leading to the hypothesis that, in this case, the local haüyne-bearing source could have been used as the coloring raw material. The discovery was possible thanks to SEM-EDS and Raman analyses that, respectively, highlighted the typical numerous presence of very fine sulphur-based inclusions in the crystals and the characteristic Raman signal of blue haüyne. This study was also focused on the composition of the crystals inclusions, aided by SEM-EDS and Raman maps, since the original very fine pyrrhotite was transformed into Cu and Pb phases (copper sulphates, copper sulphides, and lead oxide) due to reactions with cations that had mobilized from the glaze, while the migration of Si from the glass allowed the transformation of the rim of the haüyne, a silica-undersaturated mineral, into a corona of small euhedral and neomorphic Pb-rich feldspars, a silica-saturated phase.
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Anufrieva, Anastasia. « Swabia and the Swabian Nobility during the Ottonian Age : in the Center of Europe, on the Fringe of an Empire ». ISTORIYA 13, no 11 (121) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023136-8.

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The article explores what was a place of the Swabian duchy and the swabian nobility in the state of the Saxon royal and imperial Ottonian dynasty. There are considered the notions about Swabia in three narrative sources of the Ottonian age (the historical work of Adalbert of Magdeburg, and two biographies of the Swabian church hierarchs — Ulrich, the bishop of Augsburg and Witigowo, the abbot of Reichenau). There are traced the specifics of the representation of this topic during the reigns of Otto I (936—973), Otto II (973—983) and Otto III (983—1002) and the gradual transformation of Swabia from a position on the periphery of the empire to deeper integration into the Ottonian state. Such an “incomplete integration” of Swabia into the Ottonian state may be explained not so much by the rulers’ disinterest in this territory as by concrete historical circumstances (first of all, by the dynastical troubles). The integration of the Swabian clerical elite into the Ottonian court environment began primarily with monasteries, not with episcopal centers. This shows that it was the Carolingian tradition that in large part continued to influence the strategy of the German emperors in Swabia.
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5

Srodecki, Paul. « Einige Bemerkungen zur gescheiterten Kronkandidatur Bertholds V. von Zähringen im März 1198 ». Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis 8 (7 mai 2022) : 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2015.08.04.

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Following the death of Emperor Henry VI on September 28th 1197 in Messina, Sicily, a dispute arose over the accession to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. A large opposition to the Staufer dynasty, centred around the “kingmaker” Adolf I of Altena, the Archbishop of Cologne, refused to accept Frederick, the deceased emperor`s two-year-old son, as successor. As a result of this resistance, Philip, Henry VI’s brother and Duke of Swabia, declared his candidacy for the Roman-German throne. His election by the pro-Staufer party in Mühlhausen on March 8th 1198 finally led to his coronation in Mainz half a year later. Meanwhile, the anti-Staufer group of nobles searched for their own suitable counter-candidate. Before the election in Cologne on June 9th 1198 of Otto of Poitou, the son of the Welf Henry the Lion and the nephew of English king Richard Lionheart, Adolf of Altena looked for other alternatives. Besides Duke Bernhard of Saxony, who relinquished his candidacy fairly early on, another who took on this role was Berthold of Zähringen. The following essay will explore his candidacy.
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Classen, Albrecht. « Frederick II : The Last Emperor ». Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German 36, no 1 (2003) : 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3531714.

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7

Powell, James M., et David Abulafia. « Frederick II : A Medieval Emperor. » American Historical Review 95, no 5 (décembre 1990) : 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2162735.

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Matthew, D. J. A. « Frederick II : A Medieval Emperor ». English Historical Review 118, no 476 (1 avril 2003) : 426–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.476.426.

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9

Arnold, B. « Frederick II : A Medieval Emperor ». German History 7, no 3 (1 juillet 1989) : 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/7.3.378.

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10

Katainen, V. Louise, et David Abulafia. « Frederick II : A Medieval Emperor ». Italica 72, no 1 (1995) : 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/479973.

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11

Nagodkina, S. A. « Urban Policy Of Frederick II ». Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no 4 (2012) : 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-4-20-24.

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The article examines urban policy of Prussian king Frederick II and determines the direction of his actions. The author makes a conclusion that the main components of Frederick’s II policy were attraction of immigrants-professionals to the city and fire-safety security.
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12

Westbrook, Max. « Winter Count II by Frederick Manfred ». Western American Literature 23, no 3 (1988) : 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.1988.0138.

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Close, Christopher W. « Augsburg, Zurich, and the Transfer of Preachers during the Schmalkaldic War ». Central European History 42, no 4 (16 novembre 2009) : 595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938909991002.

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In summer 1546, armed conflict erupted in the Holy Roman Empire. The war pitted the Catholic Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Protestant imperial estates led by Landgrave Philip of Hesse and Prince-Elector John Frederick of Saxony. While the conflict's most famous and final battle took place in Thuringia at Mühlberg, the Schmalkaldic War's first military action occurred in southern Germany in the Danube River basin. This area housed numerous evangelical imperial cities, several of which sat south of the Danube in eastern Swabia. When hostilities began in July 1546, magistrates throughout the region ordered their forces to occupy the local countryside. With their soldiers came the Reformation, as city councils sent preachers to reform the seized parishes. For councilors in Augsburg, Ulm, and elsewhere, evangelization complemented the general war effort, since true believers must “first and foremost consider God's word and honor … and let God's word be preached. … Such a thing should not be delayed until after the war, for if one undertakes the Christian work of improving the corrupted churches of these poor subjects now, God will grant us victory more quickly and allow the newly won Christians to remain with us.” Closely tied to the religious goals of this wartime program of reform, therefore, was the concrete political objective of spreading urban jurisdiction to areas formerly controlled by Catholic lords.
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Niemelä, Pekka, Timo Vuorisalo et Simo Örmä. « Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and modern ecology ». Natural History Sciences 8, no 2 (28 octobre 2021) : 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2021.539.

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Emperor Frederick II’s early thirteenth-century book on falconry, De arte venandi cum avibus, is probably the most famous single source for scholars who survey the state-of-the-art in natural sciences in medieval times. Most of the research on his book has focused on the marginal illustrations featuring about 80 bird species. However, the book contains a large amount of ethological, ecological, morphological and faunistic knowledge about bird fauna. Frederick was also one of the first to conduct experiments with birds. Here, we describe the ornithological experiments and observations of Frederick and evaluate them from the perspective of modern ecology. In many contexts, Frederick expressed criticism of Aristotle and his work Liber Animalium. Frederick’s observation upon the geographical variation of species was partially in contrast to the Aristotelian typological or essentialist species concept. This is an important finding from the point of view of the western history of biology. De arte venandi cum avibus demonstrates Frederick’s deep knowledge of the ecology, morphology and behaviour of birds. This knowledge he gained via his long practice with falconry. The love of falconry made Frederick an early proponent of empiricism, and De arte venandi cum avibus was actually the most important achievement of empirical zoology in the thirteenth century.
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15

Gomi, Tohru, M. Sigrist, D. I. Owen et G. D. Young. « The John Frederick Lewis Collection, Part II ». Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, no 1 (janvier 1987) : 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/602978.

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16

Fišerová, Lenka. « The ornithology and Frederick II of Hohenstaufen ». Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 50, no 2-3 (juin 2010) : 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aant.50.2020.2-3.9.

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Schramm, Matthias. « Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and Arabic Science ». Science in Context 14, no 1-2 (juin 2001) : 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889701000102.

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The article argues that Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and his court played a unique role in the transfer and diffusion of Arabic science (with its Greek, Hebrew and Christian elements). Scientists at the court translated and elaborated upon it. Moreover, there existed a two-way traffic of scientific knowledge between Frederick and his court scholars, on the one hand, and several oriental courts and their scientists on the other hand. Thus the reader gains a view of Frederick's scientific activities from the Arab perspective, too.Frederick's contribution to the existing biological sciences of his time was his “Book of Falconry”, which was exceptional in the then contemporary approach and methods employed in those fields. Even in this treatise on falconry, Frederick drew upon the fund of knowledge of Arab practitioners. This chain of arguments concerning Arabic science is situated within the setup of Frederick's oriental political practice and sumptuous court life.
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18

Dubbini, Rachele. « Museo Federico II Stupor Mundi. Palazzo Ghislieri. » Ex Novo : Journal of Archaeology 2 (31 décembre 2017) : 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.392.

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In July 2017 opened in Jesi (Ancona, Italy) an “experience museum” dedicated to the figure of the imperator Frederick II. According to tradition, indeed, Frederick II was born in the city center of Jesi: here his mother decided to give birth to the royal son, in a tent placed in the middle of the public square. This expedient was necessary to prove the royal lineage of the new born. Based on this famous tale, the city of Jesi has seen in Frederick II an icon of the local cultural identity since the Middle Age. Yet the collective memory seemed not strong enough to remember to the inhabitants so as to the tourists, who crowd into the region during summer, the importance of such historical figure. For this reason, a local entrepreneur decided to invest in the creation of a museum on Frederick II, which could properly present life and deeds of the imperator, even if in Jesi there was no material traces of his passage, but only the memory of the royal tent. The museum has an innovative approach, especially as concerns the communication of the historical value of the imperator, having been designed as an “immersive and multisensorial trip” across the life of Frederick II. Moreover, it is also a pioneering undertaking - in comparison to most Italian museums - since it has been conceived as a “cultural enterprise”, having as one of its main aim the social and economic development of the local territory. The massive presence of private investors has probably influenced such a choice and the result is an interesting experiment that does live up to the visitors’ expectations.
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Weiler, Björn. « Gregory IX, Frederick II, and the Liberation of the Holy Land, 1230-9 ». Studies in Church History 36 (2000) : 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400014418.

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Gregory IX is rarely associated with the affairs of the Holy Land. In fact, he is most widely known for initiating the conflict between imperial and papal authority which was to occupy European society for most of the thirteenth century. After all, the conflict with Emperor Frederick II had been among the defining features of Gregory’s pontificate. In September 1227, barely six months into office, he excommunicated Frederick, and in 1241 he died after a failed attempt to try Frederick before a general council. Consequently, the period of concord between 1230, when peace was made with Frederick in the Treaty of San Germano, and March 1239, when the Emperor was excommunicated for a second time, has been described as an interlude, a breathing space, allowing both Frederick and Gregory to muster the means and arguments for their final show-down.
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Dragonetti, Roger. « Dante and Frederick II : the poetry of history ». Exemplaria 1, no 1 (janvier 1989) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/exm.1989.1.1.1.

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Powell, James M. « Church and Crusade : Frederick II and Louis IX ». Catholic Historical Review 93, no 2 (2007) : 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2007.0201.

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Dziembowski, Edmond. « Frederick P. Lock, Edmund Burke. Volume II : 1784-1797 ». Annales historiques de la Révolution française, no 352 (1 juin 2008) : 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.11056.

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Ross, Linda. « Frederick II : Tyrant or Benefactor of the Latin East ? » Al-Masaq 15, no 2 (septembre 2003) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/779971239.

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Powell, James M. « Patriarch Gerold and Frederick II : the Matthew Paris letter ». Journal of Medieval History 25, no 1 (mars 1999) : 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4181(98)00015-3.

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ROSS, LINDA. « Frederick II : Tyrant or Benefactor of the Latin East ? » Al-Masāq 15, no 2 (septembre 2003) : 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0950311032000117458.

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Nagodkina, S. A. « Frederiсk II by Eyes of Foreigners Contemporaries ». Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no 3 (2012) : 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-3-41-46.

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The article describes the image of Prussian king Frederick II in perception Saxon, English and French ambassadors examined their estimations of internal and military policy of monarch, defined the role of stereotype presentations in forming of image of king.
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RACCAGNI, GIANLUCA. « The Crusade Against Frederick II : A Neglected Piece of Evidence ». Journal of Ecclesiastical History 67, no 4 (28 septembre 2016) : 721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204691600066x.

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This study argues that contemporary historical works are an unparalleled source for charting the neglected subject of the implementation and impact in northern Italy of the crusade that was launched against Frederick II in 1240; and that a mostly uncritical acceptance of that crusade became a topos in works by laymen as well as clerics across the region. Above all, those works reveal that, while pro-papal factions are a fixture of scholarship on the Italian cities during the central and late Middle Ages, adherence to the Church actually became an explicit and distinguishing feature of Lombard factions only when the crusade was launched against Frederick II.
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Molnar, Aleksandar. « Enlightenment and militarism in the social thought of Frederick II ». Socioloski pregled 33, no 3-4 (1999) : 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg9903217m.

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Gaenschalz, Erich. « Frederick II of Prussia. His Changing Image Over Two Centuries ». Philosophy and History 21, no 2 (1988) : 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philhist1988212111.

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Noelli, Francisco Silva. « Charles Frederick Hartt, um naturalista no império de Pedro II. » Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, no 13 (23 décembre 2003) : 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2003.109497.

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Lusher, Andrew. « Greek Statues, Roman Cults and European Aristocracy : Examining the Progression of Ancient Sculpture Interpretation ». Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, no 12 (31 décembre 2017) : 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i12.1313.

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<p>In 1747 Frederick II of Prussia acquired a rare and highly valuable statue from antiquity and gave it the description of Antinous (the ill-fated lover of the Roman Emperor Hadrian). Although the bronze statue had always been accepted as an original from ancient Greece, the statue eventually assumed the identity of the Roman Antinous. How could Frederick II, an accomplished collector, ignore the blatant style and chronological discrepancies to interpret a Greek statue as a later Roman deity? This article will use the portraiture of Antinous to facilitate an examination of the progression of classical art interpretation and diagnose the freedom between the art historian and the dilettante. It will expose the necessary partition between the obligations of the art historian to provide technical interpretations of a work within the purview of the discipline with that of the unique interpretation made by individual viewers. This article confirms that although Frederick II lived before the transformative scholarship of Winckelmann, the freedom of interpreting a work is an abiding and intrinsic right of every individual viewer. </p>
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Gerstein, Anna. « The Retinue Plays The King : Peculiarities of Impostors’ Communication With Society ». Odysseus. Man in History 28, no 1 (28 octobre 2022) : 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1607-6184-2022-28-1-50-73.

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The article examines the importance of the retinue in representing a medieval self-appointed ruler’s power. The paper shows this group of people to be the main link in the symbolic, epistolary and ceremonial communication between the impostor and his subjects. Using the examples of impostors who pretended to be Frederick II Hohenstaufen in Sicily and in Germany during the second half of the 13th century, the author finds out what public everyday royal practices were reenacted by the impostors’ assistants to make various social groups believe they were the real monarchs. These practices included sending fake letters on behalf of Frederick II, imitating activities of the imperial curia, and the ceremony of entering the city. In the course of the study, the author arrives at a conclusion that the (re)constructed representations of power were closely associated with memories of emperor Frederick II that the 1260-1280s generation still kept. The impostor's retinue made a point of imitating the modus imperandi of the last Hohenstaufen emperor, actualizing the most vivid and typical images of his power performance.
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Bühler, Rudolf. « Sprachalltag II : Sprachatlas – Digitalisierung – Nachhaltigkeit und das Arno-Ruoff-Archiv am Ludwig-Uhland-Institut für Empirische Kulturwissenschaft der Universität Tübingen. » Linguistik Online 98, no 5 (8 novembre 2019) : 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.98.5946.

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Since 2015, the project Sprachalltag II has been running at the Institute of Historical and Cultural Anthropology in Tübingen. In addition to the final processing of the Sprachatlas von Nord Baden-Württemberg (SNBW), begun in 2009, and the creation of a popular, online Sprechender Sprachatlas von Baden-Württemberg, the goal is to research and digitize the extensive material of the Arno-Ruoff archive for further linguistic and ethnologic studies. This project in particular includes the transcription and alignment of the dialect recordings collected by Ruoff and Bausinger since 1955 for the so called Zwirner corpus as well as the publication of the edited texts in a database in cooperation with the IDS Mannheim. After researching mainly on the morphological and syntactic level of the corpus, the project now also enables phonological examinations of the spoken language throughout the federal state of Baden-Württemberg and the area of Bavarian Swabia via the database. This report will introduce the nature and extent of the hitherto edited recordings in more detail and show how, in the sense of a cross-disciplinary collaboration, Empirical Cultural Studies can benefit from the content development of the Tübingen corpus. In the course of editing, the transcripted dialect recordings are assigned to thematic categories by using keywords such as leisure or modernization. This includes the means of enquiry of the corpus to a content-related level that can serve the research fields of Historical and Cultural Anthropology.
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Smith, Thomas W. « Honorius III and the Crusade : Responsive Papal Government Versus the Memory of his Predecessors ». Studies in Church History 49 (2013) : 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400002059.

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The medieval papacy was an institution steeped in its own history and traditions, but how far did the popes’ recollection of their predecessors’ ‘blessed memory’ influence their own political decision-making? Through access to earlier letter registers, combined with their memories of experiences at the curia before election to the papal throne, popes could potentially delve into their own institutional history when making contemporary political decisions. In 1977 James Powell suggested that, in negotiations with Emperor Frederick II (1220–50) over his Holy Land crusade vow, Pope Honorius III (1216–27) had reached decisions based on his memory of the negotiations between Pope Clement III (1187–91) and Frederick II’s grandfather, Emperor Frederick I (1155–90).
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George, Carol V. R., John W. Blassingame, Richard G. Carlson et Clarence L. Mohr. « The Frederick Douglass Papers. Series One : Speeches, Debates, and Interviews. Vol. II ». Journal of American History 74, no 1 (juin 1987) : 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908553.

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HONG, Yong-Jin. « Realpolitik for Restoration of Holy Land : The Sixth Crusade of Frederick II ». Korean Society for European Integration 11, no 3 (30 novembre 2020) : 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2020.22.29.

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BIRD, JESSALYNN LEA. « PROPHECY, ESCHATOLOGY, GLOBAL NETWORKS, AND THE CRUSADES, FROM HATTIN TO FREDERICK II ». Traditio 77 (2022) : 31–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2022.3.

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Although interest in the influence of prophecy and eschatology on the crusade movement and on cross-cultural conceptions of righteous conflict has recently revived, to date there has been little consideration of the reception, transmission, and reinterpretation of multifarious prophecies by networks of individuals involved in the promotion of various crusades from roughly 1187 to 1240. This study tracks the circulation, adaptation, and impact of influential prophecies publicized by papal legates, by crusade recruiters trained in Paris, and by their colleagues in the Victorine, Praemonstratensian, and Cistercian orders, culminating in the crusades of Frederick II (1213–1229). Royal, imperial, noble, episcopal, and papal courts, as well as visionaries, regular religious, secular clergy, preachers, and prelates, played key roles in validating and publicizing predictions. The preservation and reinterpretation of prophecies by scholars, clerics, scribes, and historians working across Latin Christendom (and in the wider Mediterranean region and Central Asia) testifies to the cross-cultural transmission and reception of specific prognostications adapted to speak to local needs and concerns and changing circumstances. This article identifies manuscripts of prophecies which circulated both independently and in association with the crusading histories of Jacques de Vitry and Oliver of Paderborn, written during and used for the promotion of Frederick II's crusades. It concludes that prophecies and their promoters played essential roles in facilitating cross-cultural diplomatic negotiations, religious debates and conversion attempts, and in the fostering, contextualization, and commemoration of the act of pious warfare. Functioning as a common language, prophetic and eschatological expectations enabled Muslims, Eastern Christians, Jewish communities, and Latin Christians to justify their theoretical or actual roles on the orbis terrarum and to define and negotiate with other cultures. Moreover, they could be endlessly adapted both to fit and to shape existing past, present, or future circumstances. Prophecy and eschatology were not fringe phenomena or praxes, but presented holistic methods of making sense of and adapting to events and negotiating between one's own and other cultures, methods that both competed with and complemented historical and theological interpretations of the world (and texts) and rational, scientific, and philosophical modes of thought.
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Delle Donne, Fulvio. « The University of Naples and the Organisation of Official Culture = La Universidad de Nápoles y la organización de la cultura oficial ». CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades 21, no 1 (1 juin 2018) : 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cian.2018.4191.

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Abstract: The emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen created the University of Naples in 1224, but we do not have the foundation charter; we have only a circular letter in which he invites students to come to Naples. We do not know, in fact, if there was a formal institutional act or if certain statutes or decrees were issued. In any case, the circular letter of invitation is particularly important for two reasons. The first is that Frederick declares in an absolutely new way that culture generates riches and nobility. The second is that the circular letter is transmitted from the collection of epistles attributed to Petrus de Vinea, the protonotary, head of the imperial chancery. The epistles attributed to Petrus de Vinea were a formidable instrument of propaganda not only because of their vigorously effective ideological content, but also because of their extraordinary style. This style was an impressive “symbol of power” demonstrating to the world Frederick’s renewed imperial authority. At the same time, the University of Naples was able to provide monarchs with a wide choice of people of excellent education, essential for the administration of the state, which was being organized more and more centrally.Keywords: University of Naples, Frederick II of de Hohenstaufen, Petrus de Vinea, medieval epistolography, ars dictaminis.Resumen: El emperador Frederick II de Hohenstaufen creó la Universidad de Nápoles en 1224, pero no tenemos el documento fundacional; sólo conservamos una misiva en la que se invita a los estudiantes a ir a Nápoles. No sabemos, de hecho, si hubo un acto institucional o si determinados estatutos o decretos fueron establecidos. En cualquier caso, la carta de invitación es particularmente importante por dos razones. La primera es que Frederick declaró, de forma novedosa, que la cultura generaba riqueza y nobleza. La segunda es que la circular se transmitió desde la colección de epístolas atribuidas a Petrus de Vinea, el protonotario, cabeza de la cancillería imperial. Estas epístolas fueron formidables instrumentos de propaganda no sólo por su vigoroso contenido ideológico, sino también por su extraordinario estilo. Este estilo fue un impresionante “símbolo de poder” que mostró al mundo la renovada autoridad imperial de Frederick. Al mismo tiempo, la Universidad de Nápoles pudo proveer a la monarquía con un amplio abanico de personas de excelente educación, esencial para la administración del estado, que fue administrándose cada vez de manera más centralizada.Palabras clave: Universidad de Montpellier, medicina, profesiones médicas, herejía, traducciones árabes, Edad Media.
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Loud, G. A. « The Case of the Missing Martyrs : Frederick II’S War with the Church 1239–1250 ». Studies in Church History 30 (1993) : 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400011670.

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The Emperor Frederick II was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX on Palm Sunday (20 March) 1239. Over the next six years a number of peace negotiations and offers took place, all of which ultimately failed, despite a belief at the imperial court in the spring of 1244 that success had been achieved. Finally, at the Council of Lyons, on 17 July 1245, Frederick was declared deposed and ‘deprived of all honour and dignity’ by Pope Innocent IV, and his subjects’ oaths of fealty made null and void.
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Winkel, Carmen. « The King and His Army : A New Perspective on the Military in 18th Century Brandenburg-Prussia ». International Journal of Military History and Historiography 39, no 1 (30 avril 2019) : 34–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03901003.

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Brandenburg-Prussia has always occupied a special place in the German-speaking historiography. However, this has not resulted in a particularly differentiated state of research. Rather, the Prussian military of the 18th century is still characterized by attributes such as ‘monarchic’ and ‘absolutist, which unreflectively continues the narratives of 19th-century historiography. This article is explicitly challenging this image by assuming a differentiated concept of rulership as well as of the military in the 18th century. Using the aristocratic elites, it will examine how Frederick William I (1713–1740) and Frederick II (1740–1786) ruled the army, and ruled using the army.
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SCHUI, FLORIAN. « TAXPAYER OPPOSITION AND FISCAL REFORM IN PRUSSIA, c. 1766–1787 ». Historical Journal 54, no 2 (11 mai 2011) : 371–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x11000069.

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ABSTRACTIn 1787, Frederick William II of Prussia made substantial changes to the urban excise. These changes were largely the result of public pressure. Urban tax-payers had resisted the tax in different ways since Frederick II had reformed it in 1766 in order to extract more revenue from Prussia's towns. The article explores the motives that led to tax-payer criticism and resistance and the ways in which urban tax-payers opposed the state's growing fiscal appetite. The success of urban tax-payers in this political conflict with the Prussian state suggests that Prussia's burghers were important actors within the Hohenzollern polity and that they wielded considerable political power. The events described here resembled not only other contemporary conflicts over fiscal matters in the Atlantic world, but were also interconnected with debates and events outside Prussia through exchanges of individuals, arguments, and publications.
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Gray, Marion W., et Charles W. Ingrao. « The Hessian Mercenary State : Ideas, Institutions, and Reform under Frederick II 1760-1785. » Military Affairs 52, no 4 (octobre 1988) : 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1988465.

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Fritz, Robert K. « Bad Moon Rising : Coded Critique of Frederick II in the Libro de Alexandre ». La corónica : A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and Cultures 49, no 1 (2020) : 13–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cor.2020.0027.

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Gagliardo, John G., et Charles W. Ingrao. « The Hessian Mercenary State : Ideas, Institutions, and Reform under Frederick II, 1760-1785 ». American Historical Review 94, no 1 (février 1989) : 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862166.

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Blanning, T. C. W. « The Hessian Mercenary State : Ideas, Institutions and Reform under Frederick II 1760-1785 ». German History 6, no 2 (1 avril 1988) : 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/6.2.191.

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Dunphy, Graeme. « IMAGES OF THE EMPEROR FREDERICK II IN THE UNIVERSAL CHRONICLE OF JANSEN ENIKEL ». AMSTERDAMER BEITRÄGE ZUR ÄLTEREN GERMANISTIK 40, no 1 (17 novembre 1994) : 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-040-01-90000011.

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Arnold, Benjamin. « Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250) and the political particularism of the German princes ». Journal of Medieval History 26, no 3 (septembre 2000) : 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4181(00)00005-1.

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Weatherall, Mark W., et Harmke Kamminga. « The making of a biochemist II : The construction of Frederick Gowland Hopkins' reputation ». Medical History 40, no 4 (octobre 1996) : 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300061676.

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McGrath, Alister. « The Hessian Mercenary State : Ideas, institutions and reforms under Frederick II 1760–1785 ». History of European Ideas 9, no 6 (janvier 1988) : 755–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(88)90127-1.

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Kovalev, А. А. « On the question of the relevance of German Military-strategic Thought (Frederick the Great and Hans Delbruck) ». Economic and Socio-Humanitarian Studies 32, no 4(32) (31 décembre 2021) : 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24151/2409-1073-2021-4-56-64.

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The main strategic principles of Frederick II are considered, which, having absorbed all the best from the strategic thought from the strategic thought of antiquity, from the treatise of the commander Sun Tzu, were a new word in New Age military strategy. The role of the German military historian Hans Delbrück in the study of Frederick II’s strategy, in comparison with the concepts of Karl Clausewitz, is shown. It is noted that the legacy of military strategists and scientists who studied their experience is applied not only in military, but also in public administration and in international relations. A comparative approach was used, as well as components of historicallogical, political-science and sociological methods of analysis.
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