Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « France Government ownership »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "France Government ownership"
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Willemot, Charlotte. « A Comparative Analysis of Recent Modifications to Several Legal Regimes for Apartment Co-ownership ». European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 2 (1 mai 2020) : 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020020.
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On 5 February 2018, the Belgian government submitted a draft bill to the Chamber of Representatives for a Law containing various provisions on civil law and amending the Judicial Code in view of promoting alternative forms of dispute resolution. This bill, referred to hereafter as the ‘Law of 18 June 2018’ was approved by the Belgian Parliament on 7 June 2018 and published in the Belgian Official Gazette on 2 July 2018 (Law containing various provisions on civil law and amending the Judicial Code in view of promoting alternative forms of dispute resolution, 18 June 2018, Belgian Official Gazette, 2 July 2018, p 53455.). The Law of 18 June 2018 has introduced numerous changes to the Belgian Civil Code (BCC), in particular to the section on apartment co-ownership (Arts 577-3 to 577- 14 BCC). Most of these amendments came into force on 1 January 2019 (For the transitional provisions, see Art. 179 Law of 18 June 2018.). In France, the Apartment Ownership Law of 10 July 1965 has also recently been amended by the Law Loi portant Evolution du Logement, de l'Aménagement et du Numérique (ELAN) of 23 November 2018 (Law ‘ELAN’ on the evolution of housing, development and digital technology, 23 November 2018, French Official Gazette, 24 November 2018.). Meanwhile, the French Ministry of Justice has been planning a structural reform of the regime for apartment co-ownership by resolution (‘par ordonnance’) since 2017. As a result, the French government now faces a very complex legislative situation, since in the next few months, it intends to carry out a major reform of the apartment co-ownership regime while at the same time having to amend the existing Apartment Ownership Act in order to implement the ELAN Law (D. TOMASIN, ‘Les dispositions de la loi ELAN relatives à la copropriété’, (1) AJDI 2019, p 40.). Finally, the Dutch apartment legislation has also been subject to some interesting modifications in the last few years, such as the obligation for apartment owners to contribute a fixed amount to the reserve fund (Law amending Book 5 of the Civil Code in connection with improving the functioning of owners’ associations, 29 May 2017, Stb. 2017, p 241.). By no means is this contribution intended as an exhaustive analysis of the recent changes to these three different legislations. The main objective of this publication is to give a general overview of some interesting developments regarding apartment co-ownership legislation in Belgium, France and the Netherlands, using the recent Belgian reform as a starting point for the comparative analysis.
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Drohobetskyі, Ivan. « Management of municipal property in Ukraine and some countries : the essence, tools ». Herald of Economics, no 1 (1 juin 2022) : 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2022.01.203.
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Introduction. Unfortunately, municipal property, like private property in Ukraine, is not a reliable source of stable local budget revenues because, mainly, the form of ownership is not the leading factor in the high efficiency of the economic system, and the conditions in which it can be created to any of the forms of ownership, including municipal, could reveal its own potential, which will increase the economic efficiency of business entities and improve the living standards of community members.The aim of the article is to clarify the essence of municipal property and to establish tools for municipal property management in Ukraine and some countries around the world for comparison and improvement.Research methods. In the process of research to achieve the goal of the article used a number of methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, induction, deduction, synthesis, generalization, comparison of systems and tools of municipal property management in Ukraine and some countries).Results. In the scientific literature, there is mainly a classification of world-famous models of municipal government organization, which provide for the formation of relations between local governments and relevant authorities in the center. According to this approach, it is expedient to distinguish three such fundamental models of local self-government, as: Anglo-Saxon (classical), continental and mixed. The Anglo-Saxon (classical) model is common, mainly in the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia, India and others, where the eponymous legal system. The continental (or French) model of local government organization is quite different, common not only in European countries, including France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, but also in many Latin American countries, the Middle East, and France. It is clear that the analysis of the current state of affairs abroad can play a leading role in solving the problems of improving the management of Ukrainian municipal property. Generalization and popularization of the positive practice of individual countries with developed democracies in the subject area studied by us is expedient for the improvement of the Ukrainian legislation of Ukraine. For example, in order to form several sources of financial resources that are objects of the current municipal property of any country.Discussion. The analysis of the positive practice of local self-government in Ukraine and some countries of the world allows to draw a number of conclusions: granting local governments some state powers increases the authority of these bodies, promotes their “merging” and mutual enrichment; There is a need to develop the necessary future steps to develop the system and tools of local self-government of Ukraine and consolidate them at the regulatory level, taking into account the different types and forms of business entities, and subject to new laws continue to work in, lack of sufficient necessary financial and economic base, incomplete economic and legal regulation. We should not expect a one-time creation of the basis of local self-government throughout Ukraine, but move in this direction step by step and so on.Perspectives. In the future, more attention should be paid to the study of the principles and methods of collecting and disseminating positive experience in municipal property management both in Ukraine and in some countries around the world, which were discussed in this publication. It would also be worthwhile to deepen research on areas for improving the efficiency of operational management of municipal property and indicators of its evaluation.
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POSNER, RICHARD A. « From the new institutional economics to organization economics : with applications to corporate governance, government agencies, and legal institutions ». Journal of Institutional Economics 6, no 1 (25 janvier 2010) : 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137409990270.
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Abstract:This paper applies the principles of organization economics (an offshoot of organization theory and a cousin of the New Institutional Economics) to a variety of organizations, mainly public ones. Organization economics seeks to understand and improve the ways in which organizations overcome agency costs, information costs, and other obstacles to efficiency. The private organization discussed in the paper is the modern publicly held (that is, dispersed ownership) business corporation, and the particular problem on which I focus is excessive executive compensation as a symptom of weaknesses in corporate governance. I then discuss two public organizations involved in national security – the US intelligence ‘community’ (a kind of mega-organization) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation in its role as the nation's principal domestic intelligence service. Both exhibit significant dysfunction that organization economics can help us to understand and overcome. I then discuss two types of public organization that have been more successful in overcoming obstacles to organizational efficiency: the judiciary of common law nations, such as the United States, and the very differently structured judiciary of civil law nations, such as France, Germany, and Japan.
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Tataryn, N. B., et I. M. Yurchenko. « The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the IGLBs Market in Ukraine : State, Problems, and Development Perspectives ». PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 2, no 48 (2021) : 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2021-2-210-216.
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The article aims at analyzing the Ukrainian market of domestic government bonds (IGLBs) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; determining its state, problems and development perspectives. The development of the domestic government bonds market during the coronavirus crisis is considered; the essence and purpose of IGLBs in Ukraine are revealed; IGLBs are classified by type of use. The differences between domestic and external government bonds are determined, and the advantages of the former are indicated; peculiarities of purchasing such securities by individuals and legal entities are revealed; requirements for issuing IGLBs by issuers are indicated, and the most reliable banks engaged in this activity are enumerated; the state of the government bond market during 2018–2020 is studied; the amount of ownership, the share of buyers of securities and the purpose of their purchase for each of the entities are given; the rate and yield of domestic government bonds in Ukraine are analyzed and compared with other countries, such as the United States, Germany, France and others. The study identifies the following problems: the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the inadequate legal framework on IGLBs, the low level of public awareness of these securities, and others. To overcome these problems, the following actions are suggested: counteracting the coronavirus crisis by combining the efforts of the state and local authorities, business, and the population; directing most of the financial resources in this direction; spreading economic education among the population; introducing a simplified procedure for purchasing IGLBs; and working with banks to increase the availability of bonds purchasing. Statistical data obtained from the official website of the National Bank of Ukraine make up the basis for the study.
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Hargrove, Erwin C. « Introduction ». Journal of Policy History 15, no 1 (janvier 2003) : 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2003.0004.
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The purpose of this issue is to explore the possible political futures of parties and movements of the “democratic left” in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the European Union, Poland, and Russia. The task could not proceed without clear definition, or definitions, of the “democratic left” because of national variations. There is “liberalism” or “progressivism” in the United States of many hues, but with no “social democracy” or politically viable socialism to the left. Socialism, in the old sense, of ownership of the means of production, has died in Britain, and the present government of “New Labour” refers to itself as the “Third Way” between capitalism and socialism. But there is much controversy at home whether “social democracy” has been also jettisoned in favor of a kind of “neoliberalism” that has embraced markets and trimmed social security. The large, democratic parties of the left in France and Germany derive from traditions of “social democracy” that have challenged many capitalist values and institutions, whether from Marxist or non-Marxist perspectives, and sought to establish a state and society organized around principles of social justice. These parties may win national elections but are torn between old left politics and the need to form larger coalitions in order to win. One might ask, Why include Poland and Russia? The purpose was to ask if new democratic forms of “social democracy” could be discerned in the ashes of defunct communist systems that might bear some resemblance to the politics of Western Europe.
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Mahajan, Varun. « Structural changes and trade competitiveness in the Indian pharmaceutical industry in product patent regime ». International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 13, no 1 (1 avril 2019) : 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-12-2016-0066.
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Purpose This paper aims to present structural changes and trade competitiveness in Indian pharmaceutical industry in pre and post product patent regime. The study shows the impact of product patent on market structure, ownership, trade, revealed comparative advantage, R&D and mergers and acquisitions. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on secondary data and extensive relevant conceptual and empirical literature review. Findings The study finds that this oligopoly Indian dominant pharmaceutical industry has many challenges ahead such as in R&D expenditure, patent expiration of many major drugs manufactured in Ireland, growing competition in generic global market, bulk drugs dependence on China, rise in the number of M&As, rising costs of new drug discovery and tightening safety and efficacy testing requirements. The smaller firms are likely to act as the contract manufacturers for medium and bigger companies at a lower value chain. The Normalised Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index was calculated for top exporters of pharmaceutical. It was found that NRCA index of IPI has shown deterioration from 1996 to 2005 and thereafter, improvement except in the year 2009. Switzerland, Belgium and Ireland are the top three countries in NRCA index, which are followed by Germany, the UK and France. Originality/value It attempts to capture recent trends in market structure, comparative advantage indices, R&D, trade, M&A and ownership, especially in new IPR regime. There is a dearth of studies providing detailed analyses of India’s comparative advantage vis-a-vis other leading exporters of pharmaceutical products in the world. The paper would be of value to practitioners and scholars interested in structural changes of IPI, especially in product patent regime. The findings have significant implications for managers and government for future policymaking.
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Shchevelev, S. S. « THE BRITISH MANDATE AND THE UPRISING OF 1920 IN IRAQ ». Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), no 1 (2021) : 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-1-140-153.
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The article examines the initial period of the mandate administration of Iraq by Great Britain, the anti-British uprising of 1920. The chronological framework covers the period from May 1916 to October 1921 and includes an analysis of events in the Middle East from May 1916, when the secret agreement on the division of the territories of the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War I (the Sykes-Picot agreement) was concluded before the proclamation of Faisal as king of Iraq and from the formation of the country՚s government. This period is a key one in the Iraqi-British relations at the turn of the 10-20s of the ХХ century. The author focuses on the Anglo-French negotiations during the First World War, on the eve and during the Paris Peace Conference on the division of the territory of the Ottoman Empire and the ownership of the territories in the Arab zone. During these negotiations, it was decided to transfer the mandates for Syria (with Lebanon) to the France, and Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to Great Britain. The British in Iraq immediately faced strong opposition from both Sunnis and Shiites, resulting in an anti-English uprising in 1920. The author describes the causes, course and consequences of this uprising.
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Grabowski, Artur. « Risk in the activities of football companies on the example of Olympique Lyonnais and GKS Katowice ». Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no 5 (23 mai 2022) : 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.05.021.
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Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present the economic situation of two publicly listed companies: GKS Katowice (Poland) and Olympique Lyonnais (France). Both enterprises have different ownership models: Olympique Lyonnnais is a privately owned club, and GKS Katowice belongs to a municipal government. However, both clubs operate in the realities of different market economic system (Poland and France) and also at a different level of economic development. It is common that football companies function under uncertainty and risk. This is heightened by additional characteristic factors for this type of activity such as uncertainty of outcome in sports competition. The adoption of professional sport activities also automatically runs to the risk, but this is not the only problem that the company has to face. In addition, both clubs had to deal with new challenges: COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. The paper presented the functioning of both football companies during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns.
Methodology: The first part of this research study discusses some particular points of the business strategy and risk management in the context of football companies’ management. The economic and financial situation of two football companies is presented, namely: Olympique Lyonnais and GKS Katowice. The focus is on sports, economic and financial criteria to assess the standing of football companies. This paper combines the conclusions from secondary data analysis, content analysis of websites as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis. The study also employs a comparative analysis.
Research and practical limitations: Football companies are in the need to take several actions: a) continuously search for new sources of financing and diversification of activities, b) conclude long sponsorship agreements. Building a solid financial foundation and looking into the future can help football companies get through times of various crises and the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Kholyavitska, K. S. « Foreign experience of decentralization of power and prospects for Ukraine ». Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no 99 (22 décembre 2021) : 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2021-99-2-94-103.
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The author of the article has outlined the problem of finding the most optimal model of the state for of government, because the necessary condition for stable development of society and effective functioning of the state is to ensure the balance between national interests and the interests of the population of regions and territorial communities. The preconditions, political history and periods of the formation of decentralized power in most European medieval states, scientific positions of national and foreign legal scholars on the expediency of implementing decentralization have been analyzed. It has been found out that the vast majority of Western European countries abdicate the unitary state model by introducing decentralization. The leading idea of reforming is to move the center of solving local issues to the local and, in particular regional level that is achieved by optimizing relations between different levels of territorial organization of power. National traditions, formation and functioning of public agencie in the past, specific features of administrative and territorial structure of the state, existence of autonomous territories, multiethnic population have a significant influence on the formation of the constitutional system on the basis of decentralization in the EU countries. The positive experience Poland, France, Italy, Latvia, Germany and Denmark has been studied. The author has theoretically substantiated that the principle of decentralization has been successfully implemented in the practice of the European Union countries. It has been indicated that the prerequisite for the successful implementation of decentralization processes to create an effective model of governance within the system of decentralized government of Ukraine is: the establishment of the rule of law principle; recognition and guarantees of local self-government; equal legal protection of all forms of ownership; democratic and effective electoral legislation; independence, efficiency, accessibility and transparency of the judicial system, functioning of administrative justice institutions; perfect budget process and high financial discipline; availability of adequate social standards; developed public sector and stable tendency towards its development.
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Sparrow, Bartholomew H. « The Other Point of Departure : Tocqueville, the South, Equality, and the Lessons of Democracy ». Studies in American Political Development 33, no 02 (10 septembre 2019) : 178–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x19000099.
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Democracy in America has greatly influenced not only how political scientists think of democratic government, political equality, and liberalism in general, but also how we think of the United States as a whole. This article questions Tocqueville's interpretations of Americans’ habits and beliefs, given how little time Tocqueville actually spent in the South and the near West and given that he all but ignored the founding of Virginia and the other colonies not settled by the Puritans and for religious reasons. Contrary to Tocqueville's emphasis on the Puritan “point of departure,” I use historical evidence from the U.S. Census, state constitutions, and historical scholarship on slave ownership, tenant farming, political participation, and the American colonies and the early United States to show the existence of hierarchy among white Americans, rather than the ubiquitous social and political equality among European Americans described by Tocqueville. His writings actually indicate an awareness of another American culture in the South and near West—one that disregards education, condones coarse manners, tolerates aggressive behavior, and exhibits unrestrained greed—but Tocqueville does not integrate these observations into his larger conclusions about Americans’ mœurs and institutions. Because of the existence of these important, non-Puritan habits, the political institutions Tocqueville sees as facilitating democracy in America and hopes to apply to France and Europe may not have the effects he believes they will have.
Thèses sur le sujet "France Government ownership"
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Vaz, Céline. « Le franquisme et la production de la ville : politiques du logement et de l’urbanisme, mondes professionnels et savoirs urbains en Espagne des années 1930 aux années 1970 ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100196.
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Urbanisation désordonnée, manque d’équipements urbains, prééminence de la promotion privée dans la production de logements, domination de la propriété d’occupation, telles sont les caractéristiques du développement urbain et immobilier sous le régime franquiste, qui ont perduré jusqu’à aujourd’hui pour certaines d’entre elles. Cette ville « sans qualité » constitue un objet de préoccupation sociale majeur et une voie de contestation du régime dans les dernières années de la dictature franquiste. Le mode de production de la ville qui se met en place durant l’époque franquiste, et la question urbaine sur lequel il débouche, constituent l’objet de cette thèse. Cette recherche repose sur l’analyse conjointe des politiques nationales d’urbanisme et du logement, et du groupe professionnel des architectes. Ce choix a été guidé par un double constat. L’interventionnisme du régime franquiste s’est en effet aussi concrétisé dans les domaines du logement et de l’urbanisme : un ensemble d’organismes centraux, de dispositions et de dispositifs officiels ont ainsi encadré et déterminé le mode de production urbaine. Les architectes, par la position particulièrement privilégiée qu’ils occupent dans le secteur de la construction en Espagne, jouent un rôle clé dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces politiques. Des membres du groupe professionnel sont par ailleurs les fers de la critique urbaine à la fin de la dictature. Ce dispositif de recherche permet d’étudier la constitution de l’espace urbain et immobilier en catégorie de l’action publique et les effets de ce processus sur les champs professionnel et scientifique sur l’ensemble de la période franquiste. Il offre les bases d’une histoire sociale des politiques urbaines qui éclaire à la fois l’histoire du régime franquiste, l’histoire des sciences sociales de la ville, ainsi que la sociologie de l’action publique et des groupes professionnelsFrancoism and urban production. Housing and urban policies, professionals and urban sciences in Spain from the 1930's to the 1970's.An urban model oriented towards growth, lack of public facilities and infrastructure, high proportion of owner-tenancy, shortage of public housing, or the relevance of real state in the national economy are some of the characteristics of Spain’s urban development during Franco’s dictatorship. It became a main social concern and way to criticize Franco’s regime at the end of the dictatorship. The aim of this PhD thesis is to study the mode of production of Spanish cities during the dictatorship and the social urban movement at the end of the regime. This research is based on the double analysis of national urban planning and housing policies and of the role of one of their principal actors: the architects. During the Franco’s era, State’s intervention was indeed reflected on housing and town-planning through a set of central institutions or bodies, of legal provisions and official measures. Theses decisions determined the mode of urban development. Owing to their privileged position in the building sector in Spain, architects play a key role in the definition and implementation of these policies. Moreover, some architects were years later the leaders of urban criticism and urban social movement. This set-up brings into light the development, if not the constitution, of the urban space as a category of public action during the Franco years, as well as its effects on the professional and scientific fields. This PhD thesis intends to constitute a social history of urban policies during the Franco’s era (1939-1975). Through this approach, it contributes to a better knowledge of the history of this period, of the history of urban social sciences and public action and of the sociology of professions
Livres sur le sujet "France Government ownership"
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Jacquillat, Bertrand. Nationalization and privatization in contemporary France. Stanford, Calif : Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1988.
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Hamdouch, Abdelilah. L' État d'influence : Nationalisations et privatisations en France. [Paris] : Presses du CNRS, 1989.
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Feigenbaum, Harvey B. The politics of public enterprise : Oil and the French state. Princeton, N.J : University of Princeton Press, 1985.
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Colloque de l'AHEF (11th 1996 Paris, France). La nationalisation de l'électricité en France : Nécessité technique ou logique politique ? : actes du 11e colloque de l'AHEF, 3-5 avril 1996, Paris, Cité des sciences et de l'industrie. Paris : Association pour l'histoire de l'électricité en France, 1996.
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M, Brown Meredith, et Ridley Giles, dir. Privatisation, current issues : A study of recent privatisation in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela and, by way of comparison, the current programmes underway in France, Italy and the United Kingdom. London : Graham & Trotman, 1994.
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Colloque, Association pour l'histoire de l'électricité en France. La nationalisation de l'électricité en France : Nécessité technique ou logique politique ? : actes du 11e colloque de l'AHEF, 3-5 avril 1996. Paris : Association pour l'histoire de l'électricité en France, 1996.
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The battle for coal : Miners and the politics of nationalization in France, 1940-1950. DeKalb : Northern Illinois University Press, 1992.
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Die internationale Enteignung von Mitgliedschaftsrechten : Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der französischen Enteignungen 1982. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 1989.
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Conservatoire de l'espace littoral (France). Utiliser les politiques foncières pour la protection du littoral méditerranéen : Actes du colloque, Hyères, 21 et 22 avril 1995 = Making best use of land ownership and land-use policies for the protection of the Mediterranean Basin : minutes of the symposium, Hyères, France, 21-22 April 1995. Rochefort : Conservatoire du littoral, 1997.
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Office, General Accounting. Budget issues : Budgeting practices in West Germany, France, Sweden, and Great Britain : fact sheet for the chairman, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C : The Office, 1986.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "France Government ownership"
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Stone, Alec. « The Council Legislates : Nationalization and Privatization Policy ». Dans The Birth of Judicial Politics in France, 140–72. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195070347.003.0007.
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Abstract In the late spring of 1981, under the euphoric spell of electoral victory, the newly constituted Mauroy government began work to concretize in detail what had been the central priority of the Left for most of the century: the extensive nationalization of industry and commerce. The move was unprecedented. As Ross and Jenson write, this was “the first time in modern Europe that any government had moved to extend public ownership to the core of the profitable oligopoly sector”-an extension, by any standard, “far beyond the established boundaries set for European mixed economies.” 1 By the spring of 1982, the task largely completed, the State enjoyed a virtual monopoly over France’s finance and investment sectors. It owned every major bank, controlled more than 90 percent of all deposits, and more than 85 percent of all outstanding credit; it had purchased a dying iron and steel industry, but also leading giants in the modernized, strategic industries of the international economy. Of France’s largest twenty corporations, thirteen were now in public hands. Taken together, the public sector would henceforth account for or control three-fifths of all investment, one-half of all production in big industry, one-half of all exports, one-fifth of the domestic retail market, and one out of every three jobs.
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Karpat, Kemal H. « The New Middle Classes and the Nakşbandia ». Dans The Politicization of Islam, 89–116. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195136180.003.0005.
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Abstract The rise of the new middle classes played a key role in the recasting of Islamic thought, in the modernization of the Islamic societies, and in spurring the involvement of the community in political action. This rise was either accompanied or preceded by the gradual globalization of the capitalist economy and the spread of private land ownership, which undermined the economic foundations of two key Islamic institutions, the imaret and the vakif. In the wake of capitalism came the occupation of most peripheral Muslim lands by England, France, Russia, the Netherlands, and Italy, although the center—that is, the territorially reduced Ottoman Empire—maintained its political independence. Within Ottoman territory, the passage of state lands to private individuals diminished greatly the economic leverage of the government over the countryside and allowed the community to gain power under the leadership of the new classes—many of whom derived their power and influence from land ownership. By inadvertently contributing to the transformation of the community into an informal political constituency, European occupation and economic influence thus provided the middle classes with a political-economic foundation for promoting their vision of society, culture, and progress and recasting tradition, Islam, and community into a “modern” form.1
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Sorkin, David. « Repudiation ». Dans Jewish Emancipation, 289–308. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164946.003.0024.
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This chapter highlights how Nazi Germany stripped Jews of rights in a reversal of the emancipation process: first political rights, then the freedoms of occupation and property ownership, and finally residence itself. With deportation, the Nazis carefully deprived Jews of their inferior form of “state membership” as well as expropriating all remaining property. Nazi de-emancipation inspired governments across Europe to infringe on Jews' equality or demote them to a lesser status. The governments first expropriated Jews' property and then their labor. Poland did not pass blanket legislation: it excluded Jews from the economy in a piecemeal fashion. Meanwhile, Hungary enacted a series of “Jew Laws”; Romania and Italy attacked Jews' citizenship; and Vichy France aimed to reverse the equality of 1791. Ultimately, many governments were complicit in the roundups and deportations that ended in mass murder. In contrast, only Romania joined Germany in organizing systematic mass murder.