Thèses sur le sujet « France. Bureau des péages »
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Souche, Stéphanie. « Economie du bien-être et liberté : le cas du péage urbain et de son acceptabilité ». Lyon 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2002/souche_s.
Texte intégralConchon, Anne. « Le péage en France au XVIIIe siècle ». Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010520.
Texte intégralLahaie, Olivier. « Renseignements et services de renseignements en France pendant la guerre de 1914-1918 : 2ème bureau et 5ème bureau de l'Etat Major de l'Armée. ; 2ème bureau du G.Q.G. (section de renseignement, section de centralisation des renseignements) : évolutions et adaptations ». Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040032.
Texte intégralOn August, 1914, the French Intelligence Services knew German war plans, but intelligence specialists went against Joffre's scepticism. With the beginning of Trench Warfare, the French High Commander wished to inquire about enemy casualties, but also economic and political situation or morale in Germany. New techniques helped to control information gathered by Human Intelligence. The Secret Service imposed Telegraphic then Postal control, initiated an allied cooperation dealing with Intelligence Warfare. On 1915, new spying methods appeared, including use of planes to shake off enemy defences. Cooperation with Belgian and British Intelligence Services created preference conditions for spying. The Great War, which was a Total War, developed new kind of services dealing with Economic Intelligence. Propaganda and Psychological Warfare were developed as well, both on frontline and inside Germany. Counter-Intelligence was strengthened too, but the mutiny crisis of 1917 showed the danger of it when used against Brothers of Arms. At the end of World War I, implication of some officers belonging to the Secret Service in high treason trials tarnished their reputation. French Intelligence gathered many independent and rival services, but working all together to facilitate military victory on Germany and its Allies. Two distinct but complementary branches coexisted in France: one created by the “Etat-Major de l'Armée”, and the other by the “Grand Quartier General”. Among the three French High Commanders, Pétain was remarkable by the clever use of intelligence he made, in order to spare soldiers' blood. Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, Foch used it as well to lay Ludendorff low. From 1914 to 1918, French Intelligence proved its high capacity to innovate. W. W. I created favourable conditions to experiment new techniques, which were used after 1918 to develop the future “Special Services” of W. W. II. Thanks to a skilful mixing of consideration and improvisation, but also with the wish of gathering clever and firm individualities, French Secret Services really contributed to defeat Imperial Germany
Darles, Alain. « Le centre communal d'action sociale : le bureau d'aide sociale dans la décentralisation ». Tours, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOUR1001.
Texte intégralFrom its origin the former structure of a social background was basically constitued on a solidarity of neighbourhood. The communal center of social action comes from this human event and it appears as an up-to-date sign of something that exist no more. The communal center of social action presents itself since both the decentralization and the pertaining l aw taken in 1986 as an organisation which comes up-to-date in term of juridical settlement through a wide heteregenous legislation. The own effects of this legislation taken altogether make a reform as important as the one which, in 1953, had given birth to its predecessor, le "bureau d'aide sociale" (social welfare office). Therefore the communal center of social action is the result of a process giving rise to a deep mutation of its institutional conditioning. In add, a re novation of its juridical system and the widening of its field of intervention make it open from now to the "local socia l development". From this topic, the reform has given to the communal center of social action the juridical context with out efficient means (financials and dimensionals). Therefore the reform leaves the communal center of social action a li ttle poorer than before it took place. So that on the institutional survey, this public establishment status confers it an autonomy, that is more than ever a juridical front having for only function to allow the individualization and the di versification of some aspects of the social communal politic
Rosset, Philippe. « Les officiers du Bureau des finances de Lille : 1691-1790 / ». Genève : [Paris] ([diff. Champion]), Droz, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35482179f.
Texte intégralVosgien, Sébastien. « Gouverner le commerce au XVIIIe siècle. Conseil et Bureau de commerce ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020071.
Texte intégralThe Council and Bureau of commerce formed the major body of the royal administration of commerce in the XVIIIth century. Although the king never attended the weekly assemblies, this institution, created in 1700 and abolished in 1791, contributed to shape the French economy at the time. Placed at the top of an institutional pyramid, this organization is narrowly associated with the elaboration and enforcement of the economic right. One of its most prominent features is the very influential presence of Deputies of commerce. These Deputies, at least, constituted a third party liable to give credit to the institution in relation to the forces of the economy. In addition, a strong institutional integration tended to bring together almost organically the Chambres de commerce, the corporations and the manufactures with the central body. Contrary to a somewhat shortview vision of “dirigisme”, the Council/Bureau of commerce operated a deeply conventional economy throughout the first half of the century. This institution allows for the meeting of all the entities interested in commerce, and shapes the relationship between central power and private operators, which was seemingly ambiguous. During the second half of the century, the Bureau of commerce dramatically switches its politics, in order to build a “first” economic liberalism. The language and the appropriation of new economic and ideological concepts demonstrate the high degree of influence this liberalism enjoys
Liaroutzos, Olivier. « L'identité professionnelle des agents administratifs : métier et image de soi ». Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080889.
Texte intégralCan we content ourselves with the lack of objective data on a population as numerous in france as the administrative personnel? this is the issue of professional recognition which is here dealt with under the assumption that administrative personnel possesses craftsmanship. First, a brief historical sketch of the representations of administrat work and those that carry it out leads to the observation that, ever since the beginning of criticism against bureaucrac office clerks have always been disparaged by the public opinion complaining about the excessive power of administrations, for instance in popular literature and theater in the 19th century. As a matter of fact, even today, th administrative personnel remains tributary to this social representation. The 1960s and 70s are another important period of time, when the sociology of organizations and the movement of reflection on the social classes started to deal with t place of this rising category in the society. The first part of this research ends with a presentation of the administra personnel's search for an identity through the exteriorization of their professional experiences. A three-year field stu in a big public organization led to the reconstruction of the professionalcurriculum of abourt 50 office clerks ; the ce part of this thesis concerns the transformation of jobs into a crait. The concept of craft is here defined as a hard cor expertise, a common reference for secretaries and office clerks. As for the nature of administrative work, it is here defined through the obstacles encountered by the employes wehn describe their activity : an intangible material (information), indirect objectifes (the administration is a support for production), an uncertain ratio of work hours to yield, a definition of the professional specialty that is hardly operative in its traditional sense etc. This method, wh proper to the specificities of administrative work, leads to the more general issue of the sociologist's mode of intervention in an organization that is dealt with in the third part. At which stages of his approach is it necessary t0
Deharbe, Karine. « Le bureau des finances de la généralité de Lyon du XVIe au XVIIIe siècles ». Lyon 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO33023.
Texte intégralLe, Quentrec Yannick. « Les employés de bureau et le syndicalisme : héritage culturel, identités socio-professionnelles et pratiques d'action collective ». Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20017.
Texte intégralThe object of our research is to study the workings of white-collar workers trades union activity as pertains to their cultural heritage and biographical development on the one hand and, on the other hand, the identity patterns characterising professional categories and the different types of trades union activity encoutered. Statistical figures were obtained by interviews conducted from a series of open questions to forty six white-collar workers in Cahors : the Banque populaire du Quercy et de l'Agenais, and the Centre départemental des impôts, and in Toulouse, the Caisse primaire d'assurance maladie. Workers trades union activity develops from a reappropriation process of political and union family traditions. However opinions are frequently modifies as a result of grouped and often contradictory first and professional experience. Motivations behind the union action of white-collar workers are characterised by their evolution and their complexity even if certain individuals tend towards one specific type of union action. Work perception as seen by white-collar workers is strongly affected by the important feminization of this professional group but is marked by a common desire for both sexes to personally invest more into their work
Viela, Cécile. « Le bureau de bienfaisance de Bordeaux (1806-1940) ». Bordeaux 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR40028.
Texte intégralCharity office are public institutions created by law of 1796 in order to distribute aid to poor people staying at home. Within the competence the district ot the town, they have ween established with more or less succes after 1796. In bordeaux the governement has to reoganise this etablisment in 1806. This institution is autonomus , administrated by a commission and has a proper budget. However the administrative control is restricting and financial possibilities are limited. Our establishment collects its fund appealing to the generosity of bordeaux and its habitants with rising resources it develops a preventive action on top of the distribution of aid. The limits of its legal role are in fact fuzzy and pose a lot of questions
Gardey, Delphine. « Un monde en mutation : les employés de bureau en France, 1890-1930 : féminisation, mécanisation, rationalisation ». Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA070026.
Texte intégralThis thesis relates the history of the group of clerical workers in france from the end of the 19th. Century to the 1930s. It emphasizes the issue of the feminization and therefore tells the "sexed" history of a social group. Besides, it seeks to relate the social, economic, technical and organizational evolutions wich compose in france what a canadian historian has termed the "administrative revolution". With focusing on the various job carried on in office, on professional practices and on "job-based identities", this study also encompasses a history of the office and its technical artefacts. Successively using various level of observation, it consists of four parts. The first is a general description of the status and conditions of clerical workers during the period examined. Ii emphasizes the diversity of jobs carried on in offices, the growth of the number of clerical workers and the "democratization" of office work, as well as the reasons for its feminization. The second part studies the emergence, development and feminization of typing and shorthand typing. It also describes the introduction of the typewriter in france. The third part is a monography of white collars at renault car manufactures in boulogne-billancourt from their creation in 1899 till 1930s. It describes the growth of office work, the diversity of jobs carried on in the offices of a large industrial company, as well a the geographic, social and professional origins of 1000 women and 500 men working on renault offices in the 1920s. The last part is interested in the general history of offices : the hygienization and modernization of the buildings ; the growth of mechanization ; the rationalization of clerical work
Lonchambon, Catherine. « Les bacs de la Durance du Moyen-Age au XIXe siècle ». Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX10034.
Texte intégralThe present research is justified by the important part played by the "durance" in the old provence and, furthermore, by the lack of extensive studies about ferries which were established there and it takes its place into growing interest taken by archaelogists in rivers and, especially, in crossings. Informations delivered by the sources (which are mostly archives from middle ages to xixth century) have allowed us to consider ferries located between avignon and manosque according to three aspects : - their location, for which general caracteristics have been possibly determinated from studies of monographs, taking also into consideration the influence of ferries on network of communication - their functioning enlighten by the identification of means and systems set up for the crossing and by their development over the centuries, in addition to their level of adaptability to natural conditions - their method of operating with, on the one hand, the deal of the owners and the status of the "right of ferries" and, on the other hand, the deal of tenants and, finally, of their both relationships, also displaying the economic working of ferries. These various aspects have showed clearly the importance, the originality and the value of durance'ferries. Indeed, considered as essential means of communication, these ferries represented real stakes on a regional scale as well as a local one. Moreover, the necessary adaptation to its natural environment caused the installation of a crossing system with many and varied constituents. Finally, these crossings, for people who get involved in, represented a great interest as the numerous disputes and fights for domination which have existed about them show. More generally, this study enlights the interest and the necessity of doing researchs on these ancient types of crossings
Caillou, François. « Une administration royale d'Ancien régime : le Bureau des finances de Tours : [1577-1790] / ». Tours : Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39979964h.
Texte intégralAlbertelli, Sébastien. « Les services secrets de la France Libre : le Bureau central de renseignement et d'action (BCRA), 1940-1944 ». Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0037.
Texte intégralFrom 1940 to 1944, the Bureau Central de Renseignement et d’Action (BCRA) was the link between the Free French – in London and Algiers – and those who, in France, committed themselves in the resistance against the occupying forces. This service of a new type was created and managed by André Dewavrin (Passy). Throughout the war, an important and successful part of its activities has been to collaborate with the Intelligence Service to create intelligence networks. In 1941, it started to collaborate with the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in order to create a Secret Army under the orders of general de Gaulle as well as to conceive and to implement destruction plans so that the reaction of the enemy would be delayed when the allied landing happens. After June 1942, the BCRA was also in charge of implementing the political missions that the Commissariat National à l’Intérieur was working out. A service with so wide functions was subject to covetousness and criticisms. It was accused by de Gaulle’s enemies to be a powerful instrument that served the political ambitions of the Free French leader. It is a fact that de Gaulle has always been anxious to keep his control on the BCRA, consequently on action in France. This service served his will to assert French sovereignty towards the Allies and to assert the state authority towards the leaders of resistance organisations in France. Among de Gaulle’s followers, some accused the BCRA to turn into a law under itself. It is a fact that the activities of this service were so important for the success of de Gaulle’s political plans that its leaders could secure themselves an important position in the gaullist state
Mavoungou, Aloïse Christian. « Le bureau des finances de la généralité de Metz et Alsace (1701-1790) : aspects institutionnels ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0216/document.
Texte intégralThe Administration of the Old Regime embodied services that contributed to its management. Today, those services still continue questioning the responsibilities and competencies of the people in charge of it. The Finance office of the administrative area of Metz and Alsace is one of these services. This study is entirely dedicated to its mechanism, trials and tribulations that it had faced during the Enlightenment period. The Finance office is a financial structure created right after the signature of the Edict of Poitiers, in July 1577, and played two fundamental roles: administrative and legal. It was precisely established in the city of Metz, in November 1661 during the reign of Louis XIV. Louis XIV assigned to this office the same functions, responsibilities and duties than the other Kingdom offices. The current archives of the administrative county of Moselle highlight the key active role played by the Finance Office throughout the eighteenth century, despite the difficulties and challenges set by some others administrative institutions, especially the Judiciary Body. After a deep analysis of the archives documents, it is clear that the Finance Office was determined to overcome all possible challenges and put its duties in place. It played indeed an essential role in establishing the tax & financial system in the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Alsace. Through the study of the Finance office, we also examine the social class of the Finance Officers; A group of people that stood out from the other administrative bodies of the County area
Desclaux, Vanessa Planchon Olivier. « La diffusion du Livre français et francophone en Allemagne la coopération entre le Bureau du Livre et le réseau des médiathèques françaises / ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque/documents/dcb/desclaux.pdf.
Texte intégralSegonne, Cécile. « Comportements de choix d'itinéraires, le cas des automobilistes marseillais confrontés au péage urbain de financement ». Lyon 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO22003.
Texte intégralAfter recalling theoretical statements of willingness to pay, and presenting the different survey methods, our novel study develops into three parts. Firstly, the purpose of this thesis is to calibrate a disaggregated behavioural model of route choice in a situation of an urban toll. This model is assessed by using stated preference data provided by a 1995 survey on potential users of the marseilles prado-carenage road tunnel (france). Numerous behavioural assumptions likely to account for individual intentions of choices were tested. They allow to segment the potential customers into homogeneous behaviour groups, while deciding route choice factors were identified. Secondly, we compared stated willingness to pay with revealed values of time. Obviously, these values are appreciably different since informations used to assess these monetary equivalents for time savings (losses) are not homogeneous. We attempt to identify a relation between both these types of monetary equivalents. Eventually, these results are used to assess some elements of a posteriori evaluation of the tunnel prado-carenage, without making any social and economical assessment. Optimum tolls are set both in the case we maximize the private concessionary's receipts or the user's surplus, and in the case we valorize time savings referred to either with stated monetary values or an average -tutelary- value of time. Impacts of a fare differentiation policy on those factors are also considered
Costes, Nicolas. « Choix de localisation des entreprises, intervention publique et efficacité urbaine : Une analyse théorique et empirique de la réglementation des choix de localisation des activités de bureau en Île-de-France ». Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363846.
Texte intégralLe recours aux techniques de l'économétrie spatiale me permet de tester l'influence des dispositifs réglementaires et fiscaux instaurés dans le cadre de la politique régionale d'aménagement et d'identifier les déterminants de la répartition spatiale de l'offre nouvelle de bureaux. Les résultats obtenus me permettent d'affirmer que les instruments mobilisés ont un impact très limité.
J'en conclus que, contrairement aux objectifs qu'elle s'est fixés, la réglementation des choix de localisation des activités de bureau n'a permis ni de mettre fin aux clivages existants dans le développement économique et urbain, ni de corriger les disparités en matière d'accès à l'emploi...ni d'améliorer l'efficacité économique de la région Île-de-France
Doibani, Maria. « Processus de bureaucratisation et disqualification humaine : le cas des agents du bureau des étrangers sous le regard croisé de la sociologie et psychosociologie ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC060.
Texte intégralThe thesis analyzes the consequences of bureaucratic processes at work in public institutions such as ‘’prefectures’’. The survey was conducted with the State agents of the "Foreign office", who welcome and face administrative requests from users (foreigners). How do these agents invest the bureaucratic organization? What are the dynamics of the encounter with alterity? From a multidisciplinary perspective that privileges the sociological and psychosociological approach, the thesis sought to elucidate the experience of the agents based on their personal experiences and their words. It appears that agents live institutional contradictions between relations of domination and affective disinvestment. Another result of the research is the discovery of social and human disqualification at work under the influence of the bureaucratization processes that are studied
Leroux, Denis. « Une armée révolutionnaire : la guerre d'Algérie du 5e bureau ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H077.
Texte intégralDuring the Algerian War, French officers considered the army and its action as revolutionary. They aimed to radically reform military institutions, adapting them to a conflict perceived as a revolutionary war led by communism whose goal was the political control of the population. This revolutionary army had to participate in the modernization of Algeria, integrating Algerians into the French social body, allowing the emergence of an "Algérie nouvelle". In order to achieve this goal, these officers advocated an authoritarian hardening of the state capable of countering communist subversion. This thesis explores the roots, content and consequences of this revolutionary army through the study of the 5th bureau : the staff officers responsible for conducting psychological action from 1955 to 1960, as well the propagandists, political commissars and theoreticians of politico-military action. It employs a prospography of the individual and collective career trajectories of these officers, and analyzes the institutional logics; discourses, and the practices of the 5th bureaus. Tt highlights the political action of the army during the crisis of May and June 1958 through the authoritarian mobilization of Algerians for fraternization demonstrations that aimed to evince Algerians' commitment to a renovated colonial order. This project was defeated by the cleat opposition of the Gaullist state, which dissolved the 5th Bureaus in February 1960 following the week of the barricades uprising, but particularly by its systematic misunderstanding of the Algerian political situation
Lemaître, Sophie. « La question de l'information des adolescents sur les activités professionnelles : le cas des fonctions du secrétariat ». Paris 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA030004.
Texte intégralWhat does informing adolescents about professions mean ? Using applied research presenting secretarial functions, our purpose is to define the most pertinent professional information to set up for adolescents, according to informative intentions, which underlie it. After portraying the concept of a profession, we have presented a historical overview and a definition of secretarial professions. Then, taking into account the informative intentions concerning the occupation of a secretary ; occupational representations of the teenagers regarding these activities ; existing shift between these representations and current professional information, we propose a study of the information which is cognitively relevant for the targeted public. Our research is based on A. Rufino and A. Tricot and ONISEP's studies to create an occupational auto-documentation CD-Rom's collection, Itinéraire pour un métier (translation : Route to a profession). The CD-Rom concerning secretarial occupations will be used to study the occupational representations of four classes of pupils ages between 15 and 16
Lamy, Christophe A. « The technical boards of aircraft accident investigation in the United States of America & ; France / ». Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33065.
Texte intégralTo fulfil their complex mission in the best possible conditions and despite eventual pecuniary constraints, the pressure of the media, or the occasional tensions which may arise in case of concomitance with other investigations, the NTSB and the BEA rely on the renowned professionalism and high technical skills of their employees as well as on the participation in the investigation of members of the aeronautical industry who bring their expertise and contribute to the improvement of air safety.
Bureau, Benjamin. « Analyse des effets distributifs de différentes politiques de transport ». Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005694.
Texte intégralMazauric, Simone. « Savoirs et philosophie à Paris dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle : les conférences du Bureau d'adresse de Théophraste Renaudot (1633-1642) ». Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010697.
Texte intégralThe subject of this doctoral dissertation is the study of "the conferences du bureau d'adresse of Théophraste Renaudot". It aims to determine the role these conferences played in the intellectual life from a philosophic and scientific view point during the first half of 17th century france. The first part studies how the "conferences du bureau d'adresse", re placed within the context of a movement of academic sociability distinctive of that time, functioned as a particular structure of learned sociability. The second part analyses the relation between the "conferences du bureau d'adresse", and modernity using their sources of knowledge and their intellectual forms of exchange which they put to work and diffu sed. The third part apprehends these sources of knowledge from an apistemological point of view and highlights the original way the members of this academy, all issued from a cultivated fring of french society, were situated in relatio n to the scientific and philosophic revolution that was taking place at that time and aims to evaluate the extent of their participation. Finally to determine the specific way they have accomplished a slow, difficult, and chaotic intellectual mutaion, in the margin of the elite
Bourlet, Michaël. « Les officiers français des 2e et 5e bureaux de l’état-major de l’armée (août 1919-juin 1919) ». Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040172.
Texte intégralAt the beginning of the 20th century, the “2e bureau” embodied military intelligence at the headquarters of the War Office in Paris. Between August 1914 and June 1919, 366 officers served in this secret administration of the War Office. Through individual files and with the aim of relating the history of services known as special services, this thesis is made up of three main lines: first, an institutional study, then a prosopographic study and finally a biographical dictionary. In less than four years, the intelligence plan set up at the EMA (État-major de l’armée) opened to new fields (economy, politics, diplomacy, inter-allied cooperation). This development went through deep structural reforms. In order to bring its activities to a successful conclusion, the “2e bureau” increased personnel and recruitment, which applied to reserve officers in particular. The intellectual and economic elites of the Nation would then occupy a place of choice in this organisation. Once the war was over, the “2e bureau” was back in charge of purely military matters
Regnaud, Mathilde. « Contribution à l'étude du processus décisionnel au PCF : les notes de bureau politique de Maurice Thorez (1947-1964) ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010647.
Texte intégralBetween 1947 and 1964, Maurice Thorez, general secretary of the French Communist Party (PCF), attended 381 meetings of the Politburo and took notes during most of them. This work reports commented notes of five crucial years for the PCF and defines the role of the Politburo as the directing organ in the decision-making process of the PCF. Relying on Maurice Thorez' notes and relating them to other available sources, the purpose was to demonstrate how the Politburo played a mediation role at the direction of the party. Composed of leaders selected on precise criteria, specific to communist organizations, faithful to the USSR and to their general secretary, the Politburo used to meet at least once a week for talking mainly about the political context - national and international, but also for discussing the international communist movement and brother parties, as well as favourite subjects of the communist party, i.e. the movement for peace, union struggles or social classes for instance. Even if the guidelines were often drawn by the USSR, Maurice Thorez used 10 adapt them to the French context, with the help of the Politburo. The latter fed and enriched the general secretary's thoughts and acted as a transmission vehicle. It was an essential intermediary between the general secretary, representing the international communist movement, and the grassroots represented by the Central Committee
Bourlet, Michaël. « Les officiers français des 2e et 5e bureaux de l’état-major de l’armée (août 1919-juin 1919) ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040172.
Texte intégralAt the beginning of the 20th century, the “2e bureau” embodied military intelligence at the headquarters of the War Office in Paris. Between August 1914 and June 1919, 366 officers served in this secret administration of the War Office. Through individual files and with the aim of relating the history of services known as special services, this thesis is made up of three main lines: first, an institutional study, then a prosopographic study and finally a biographical dictionary. In less than four years, the intelligence plan set up at the EMA (État-major de l’armée) opened to new fields (economy, politics, diplomacy, inter-allied cooperation). This development went through deep structural reforms. In order to bring its activities to a successful conclusion, the “2e bureau” increased personnel and recruitment, which applied to reserve officers in particular. The intellectual and economic elites of the Nation would then occupy a place of choice in this organisation. Once the war was over, the “2e bureau” was back in charge of purely military matters
Grimanelli, de Besses Marie. « Contribution à l'analyse des qualifications : le cas des ETAM comptables ». Grenoble 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE21016.
Texte intégralThe study's purpose is an analyse, in a dynamic view, of law and intermediate qualifications in accounting job. The approach is empirical in the main part. The first part presents the concepts used: dynamic system of sualifications, relations between technology and qualifications, qualifications in the firms. The second part analysis the general evolution of accounting qualifications with three viewpoint: - an analysis of tasks, - employment statistics (divide by economics branches, by qualification level, by school level - transformation in the school system. The third part is the report of directs observations in 8 firms, with differents characters. We can summarize the main results inthree points: - the dynamic approach of qualifications allows to understand some paradoxals cases in matter of employment: as the conjunction between high level of unemployment with lack of qualifications. - the accounting job desing is in a deep transformation. In the same time, and in an interactive way, the firms'demand in internal and specific accounting increase fastly and the news information's technologies allow this increasing with decreasing units costs. - instead, the differents ways of qualifications'management inthe firms have an high responsability in the results of this transformations in the matter of qualifications
Jarry, Maud. « La France, les Français et les armes de représailles allemandes V1-V2, 1943-1945 ». Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0012.
Texte intégralThe A4 / V2 rocket and the Fi 103 / V1 flying bomb were developed at the end of 1942, at the time when the Allies began defeating the Axis Powers and when the RAF began to bombard Germany cities. These raids fed a desire for revenge against England, which these weapons made possible. From 1943 to 1945, because of the choice of the target and the range of the rockets, France and the French found themselves caught in the middle of the battle that the Germans and the Allies fought over the implementing of the V weapons. The French helped each side. They helped the Germans, whether under constraint or as volunteers, economically, socially and militarily, to build their launch ramps and to produce their weapons. On the other hand, other French fought on the side of the Allies to make the German plan fail. The French Resistance, in the front lines, informed secret services based in London, including the BCRA, providing information concerning the sites and the description of the arms. The sites were then bombarded by the RAF, which was supported by the USAAF and the FAFL. Although these attacks slowed the use of the V weapons, they also destroyed the surrounding countryside. After the D-Day, the Germans succeeded in firing their rockets. The French bases were then even more intensively bombed until the allied troops captured them at the end of the summer. Their inspection, carried out sometimes with French interested by this new technology, as well as the discovery of the rockets themselves, provided the technical basis of modern rocket science, which in turn led to the exploration of outer space
Souamaa, Nadjib. « La France et l’OIT (1890-1953) : vers une « Europe sociale » ? » Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040061.
Texte intégralThe year 1919 was decisive in the social history. Indeed, it was marked by the creation of the International Labour Organization (ILO), resulting from part XIII of the treaty of Versailles. This institution with universal vocation placed itself in continuity of experiments and of carried out reflections, since the 19th century, on the Old continent. The objective of the European powers was to define an international framework of common rules for States, to prevent at the same time excesses of some managers, the conflicts with the workers, while fighting the practice of the social dumping and guaranteeing a fair competition, not only between them but also on an international scale. France played a major role in the writing of these texts and the creation of the ILO, charged to continue this work. So this institution had to reconcile the europeocentrism dominating the International Labour Office and its universal vocation. The solution appeared, during the Second World War, through the interregionalism developed by Paul van Zeeland, and that the institution tried to implement during the post-war period and the cold war. It was a question of creating regional regroupings and of making them cooperate in the policy fields, economic and social to guarantee peace in the world; Western Europe had to be the laboratory about it. This region, in particular France, thus influenced durably the reflections of the ILO
Souamaa, Nadjib. « La France et l’OIT (1890-1953) : vers une « Europe sociale » ? » Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040061.
Texte intégralThe year 1919 was decisive in the social history. Indeed, it was marked by the creation of the International Labour Organization (ILO), resulting from part XIII of the treaty of Versailles. This institution with universal vocation placed itself in continuity of experiments and of carried out reflections, since the 19th century, on the Old continent. The objective of the European powers was to define an international framework of common rules for States, to prevent at the same time excesses of some managers, the conflicts with the workers, while fighting the practice of the social dumping and guaranteeing a fair competition, not only between them but also on an international scale. France played a major role in the writing of these texts and the creation of the ILO, charged to continue this work. So this institution had to reconcile the europeocentrism dominating the International Labour Office and its universal vocation. The solution appeared, during the Second World War, through the interregionalism developed by Paul van Zeeland, and that the institution tried to implement during the post-war period and the cold war. It was a question of creating regional regroupings and of making them cooperate in the policy fields, economic and social to guarantee peace in the world; Western Europe had to be the laboratory about it. This region, in particular France, thus influenced durably the reflections of the ILO
Maillet, Thierry. « Histoire de la médiation entre textile et mode en France : des échantillonneurs aux bureaux de style (1825-1975) ». Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0063.
Texte intégralThe development of several forms of mediation between textile and fashion over a century and a haIf is a little-known sources of success of fashion and ready-to-wear in France. As of 1825 a designer from the Vosges mountains, Jean Claude, moved to Paris where he made sketches of proposals on behalf of its clients in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. He also sends samples of novelties that he identifies in Paris. In 1834 sampling becomes its activity. Established in the Sentier district in Paris, Jean Claude develops its activities toward industrials and from 1855 to schools (Roubaix) and associations of designers (Mulhouse). With a medal at the Exposition Universelle of 1878 in Paris Jean Claude's success bolsters new competition: sampling mediates the latest fashion trends towards professional textile in France and abroad. From 1920 the increased presence in Paris of buyers' offices for the department stores from New York drives the emergence of a new profession: the styling within the brand new 'bureaus of stylists ". It is also the beginning of a history in conversation between Paris and New York in the fashion world. After World War II American influence through women's magazines and productivity missions facilitates the development of women designers in Paris. In the late 1950s a first bureau of stylist is created and three others in the 1960s. Bureaus of stylist gain increasing influence thus confirming the role of mediation in the development of fashion
Leplat, Mélody. « La congestion de sites récréatifs : modélisation économique des choix et application au littoral ». Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES6002.
Texte intégralOpen-access is probably the main cause of crowding on recreational sites. Then visitation equilibrium is not optimal because of an externality of congestion. Although, most or recreation demand models omit this explanatory variable or introduce it as exogenous whereas it is me result or a Nash equilibrium. We develop a theoretical framework to derive visitation equilibrium and visitation optimum in a two sites random utility model with participation. We find that congestion leads to two external effects: a first effect due to the repartition of visits and a second linked to participation. At equilibrium, we show that participation is too high and that the high quality site is too much visited. To apply this framework, a survey on visitation of 43 recreational sites has been conducted. 1079 tourists and. Residents have been interviewed. Random utility models have been estimated to explain participation and site choice. When models are estimated at the Nash equilibrium, congestion has a negative impact on utility. Finally, we simulate the impact of different kinds of taxes, on participation, on the repartition of visits and welfare. Only the simultaneous taxation of a sufficient number of sites increases the welfare by dropping participation
Chancerel, Pierre. « Le marché du charbon en France pendant la Première Guerre mondiale (1914-1921) ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100142/document.
Texte intégralDuring the First World War, France loses some coalmines in Nord and Pas-de-Calais, a large number of miners and German and Belgian imports. Despite the liberal principles of the Third Republic, the French State intervenes more and more into the production, the transport and the commercialization of coal to fix the shortage. From summer 1917, the Minister of Armament Louis Loucheur settles a specific administration, the Bureau national des Charbons, which controls the whole market: it gathers producers and consumers, fixes prices and rules the repartition. After the Armistice, increased English prices and insufficient German deliveries impose on the administration to keep controlling the market. The Bureau national des Charbons aims to unify the national market with single sales price for the whole country. It also becomes an instrument of economic policy since it can give some advantages to specific categories of consumer. At the beginning of 1921, this war system is suddenly dismantled. France faces then an industrial overproduction crisis which gives an end to the shortage and questions the State’s market intervention
Palmas, Joël de. « L'émigration réunionnaise à la Sakay ou L'ultime aventure coloniale française : 1952-1977 ». La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_20_Palmas.pdf.
Texte intégralExperiment of colonisation supposed to bring a solution to Reunion island's overpopulation, Sakay starts in 1952 in a desert region of the Mid-West of Malagasy. Paid on national public funds and realised under the aegis of the Bureau of studies for agricultural production, it also represents a plan conceived in the context of the new after war French "colonial Pact" and aimed to promote the economic and social development of Malagasy. Sakay is soon pointed out for its dynamism. A village, Babetville, is built with religious, sanitary and school facilities. Lands famous for being unfarmable are worked with modern technics. Commercial cooperative structures are created. Paradoxically, Malagasy's independence proclaimed in 1960 does not challenge Sakay. It continues its economic growth and becomes the third world park centre of production, and one of Malagasy granaries. It becomes a "window society", a mirror of the French cooperation. The Malagasy authorities start making there a model of agricultural development. A "malagasy Sakay" the SOMASAK, is created according to the same terms as the "reunionese Sakay". In 1972, President Tsiranana leaves the power. The new authorities denounce the French neo-colonialism. A "malagasiazation" of the economy emerges. Sakay is threatened. The French ambassador Pierre Hunt, who wants to preserve friendly relationships with the new Malagasy government, offers to transfer Sakay in 1977. The Vazaha leave the region in a complete mess. A page of the history of the relationships between Reunion and Malagasy is turned
Pierre, Fanny. « La nature de l'écrit judiciaire devant les juridictions répressives françaises ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32020/document.
Texte intégralLegal writing can be analyzed both as a communication and an argumentation means before the French criminal courts. It is undoubtedly a useful and required way to a good rendering of justice, and moreover a deeply mutating one in our era of new technologies. Formal by essence, it is only through writing that the legal decision can be executed. If it mainly functions as way of proof within the institution, its nature is evolving. The access to databases consisting of these written records is easier through the internet. The legal writing is both more democratic through easier access, and hermetic as its authorized producers are limited in number. While present at every layer of the criminal procedure as it assures its secrecy (from the investigation to the deliberation), it is becoming less safe. Digitalized, it is coveted and sometimes penetrated from the outside, thwarting the obligation of confidentiality that binds the institution. Digital, it allows an unmatched archiving and data-processing. Some procedures, beyond their mere digitalization, are exclusively digital before the “Cour de cassation” criminal chamber, thanks to a tailored virtual desktop. This change in support is double-sided. Unprecedented progress as well as potential threats are to be expected. While the traditional paper writing no longer matches our modern needs, its digital counterpart has not grown enough in usage and authority to be accepted as such. The current dissertation thesis itself is a the crossroads of these trends, between an imperfect paper writing and a still struggling digital writing
Moffat, Éva. « La satisfaction environnementale au travail des employés français ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100166/document.
Texte intégralEnvironmental satisfaction is a key concept in environmental psychology. Surprisingly however, it has been little explored in the French-speaking organisational framework. Our research defines environmental satisfaction at work as an individual’s overall assessment of the workplace, regardless of the spatial scale (workstation, office, organization, neighbourhood). We have constructed a scale in order to better understand this concept and its links with concepts from both environmental psychology and occupational psychology. Our study has three objectives. The first is based on Churchill’s paradigm (1979) and involves the construction (study 1), and exploratory (study 2) and confirmatory (study 3) validation of the Environmental Satisfaction at Work Scale. Our second objective involves examining environmental satisfaction at work in relation to variables from environmental psychology (study 1) and occupational psychology (study 2). Finally, we examine the ESET from an intercultural perspective by comparing the environmental satisfaction of French and Italian office workers taking an emic (study 1) and an etic (study 2) approach.The ESET possesses satisfying psychometric characteristics that can be used both by researchers in social sciences and by human resource managers. This scale can help improve the quality of life in work environments
El, messnaoui Hamid. « La réadaptation à base communautaire - gouvernance et évaluation ». Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20103.
Texte intégralThe notion of Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR), promoted by the World Health Organisation (WHO), has as its main objective the integration of individuals living with a disability. This strategy arose from an acknowledgment of the necessity of pooling the efforts of people involved (people with disabilities and their families, the community, social services, health services, educational and training services) to ensure the success and sustainability of the actions undertaken.Developed in emerging countries, the concept of Community Based Rehabilitation also applies to industrialized countries, where it is often called "de-institutionalisation". The diversity of contexts, including geographical, economical, political as well as cultural, requires the adaptation of governance models and actions. This adaptation is carried out following a thorough evaluation and the evaluation may be ex ante, ongoing or ex post. This thesis presents evaluation tools and governance models adapted to the CBR. It also presents a study on the relevance and limits of this concept.So, is the CBR a relevant and efficient strategy, easily adaptable to every context? What are its limits?The present research will attempt to provide answers to these questions through the study of three different geographical contexts: France, Morocco and Cameroon