Articles de revues : « Fouling interaction »

1

Sun, Chunyi, Na Zhang, Fazhan Li, Guoyi Ke, Lianfa Song, Xiaoqian Liu et Shuang Liang. « Quantitative Analysis of Membrane Fouling Mechanisms Involved in Microfiltration of Humic Acid–Protein Mixtures at Different Solution Conditions ». Water 10, n^o 10 (22 septembre 2018) : 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101306.

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A systematical quantitative understanding of different mechanisms, though of fundamental importance for better fouling control, is still unavailable for the microfiltration (MF) of humic acid (HA) and protein mixtures. Based on extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (xDLVO) theory, the major fouling mechanisms, i.e., Lifshitz–van der Waals (LW), electrostatic (EL), and acid–base (AB) interactions, were for the first time quantitatively analyzed for model HA–bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures at different solution conditions. Results indicated that the pH, ionic strength, and calcium ion concentration of the solution significantly affected the physicochemical properties and the interaction energy between the polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and HA–BSA mixtures. The free energy of cohesion of the HA–BSA mixtures was minimum at pH = 3.0, ionic strength = 100 mM, and c(Ca2+) = 1.0 mM. The AB interaction energy was a key contributor to the total interaction energy when the separation distance between the membrane surface and HA–BSA mixtures was less than 3 nm, while the influence of EL interaction energy was of less importance to the total interaction energy. The attractive interaction energies of membrane–foulant and foulant–foulant increased at low pH, high ionic strength, and calcium ion concentration, thus aggravating membrane fouling, which was supported by the fouling experimental results. The obtained findings would provide valuable insights for the quantitative understanding of membrane fouling mechanisms of mixed organics during MF.

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Gray, S. R., C. B. Ritchie et B. A. Bolto. « Effect of fractionated NOM on low-pressure membrane flux declines ». Water Supply 4, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2004) : 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0077.

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The membrane fouling characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) were assessed using single polypropylene hollow fibre membranes of pore size 0.2 μm. The membranes were liquid backwashed every 30 minutes and filtration runs of up to 48 hours (≤8 litres) were conducted. The NOM samples were fractionated into different chemical classes based on their adsorption properties. For the two waters investigated, the hydrophobic components were the major foulant for one water, and the hydrophilics were the major foulant for the other. Interaction between the strongly hydrophobic and weakly hydrophobic fractions was significant for one water, but the extent of interaction between these fractions was minor for the other. The long term membrane fouling characteristics could not always be deduced from short term fouling trials.

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Yan, Linlin, Ruixue Li, Yu Song, Yanping Jia, Zheng Li, Lianfa Song et Haifeng Zhang. « Characterization of the Fouling Layer on the Membrane Surface in a Membrane Bioreactor : Evolution of the Foulants’ Composition and Aggregation Ability ». Membranes 9, n^o 7 (16 juillet 2019) : 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9070085.

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In this study, the characteristics of membrane foulants were analyzed with regard to morphology, composition, and aggregation ability during the three stages of transmembrane pressure (TMP) development (fast–slow–fast rise in TMP) in a steady operational membrane bioreactor (MBR). The results obtained show that the fouling layer at the slow TMP-increase stage possessed a higher average roughness (71.27 nm) and increased fractal dimension (2.33), which resulted in a low membrane fouling rate (0.87 kPa/d). A higher extracellular DNA (eDNA) proportion (26.12%) in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) resulted in both higher zeta potential (-23.3 mV) and higher hydrophobicity (82.3%) for initial foulants, which induced and increased the protein proportion in the subsequent fouling layer (74.11%). Furthermore, the main composition of the EPS shifted from protein toward polysaccharide dominance in the final fouling layer. The aggregation test confirmed that eDNA was essential for foulant aggregation in the initial fouling layer, whereas ion interaction significantly affected foulant aggregation in the final fouling layer.

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Mahlangu, Oranso Themba, et Bhekie Brilliance Mamba. « Interdependence of Contributing Factors Governing Dead-End Fouling of Nanofiltration Membranes ». Membranes 11, n^o 1 (12 janvier 2021) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010047.

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Cake-enhanced concentration polarization (CECP) has been ascribed as the main cause of flux decline in dead-end filtration. An unfamiliar approach was used to investigate the role of CECP effects in the fouling of a nanofiltration membrane (NF-270) that poorly reject salts. Membrane–foulant affinity interaction energies were calculated from measured contact angles of foulants and membrane coupons based on the van der Waals/acid–base approach, and linked to resistance due to adsorption (Ra). In addition, other fouling mechanisms and resistance parameters were investigated using model organic and colloidal foulants. After selection, the foulants and membranes were characterized for various properties, and fouling experiments were conducted under controlled conditions. The fouled membranes were further characterized to gain more understanding of the fouling layer properties and flux decline mechanisms. Sodium alginate and latex greatly reduced membrane permeate flux as the flux declined by 86% and 59%, respectively, while there was minor flux decline when aluminum oxide was used as model foulant (<15% flux decline). More flux decline was noted when fouling was conducted with a combination of organic and colloidal foulants. Contrary to other studies, the addition of calcium did not seem to influence individual and combined fouling trends. Foulants adsorbed more on the membrane surface as the membrane–foulant affinity interactions became more attractive and pore blocking by the foulants was not important for these experiments. Hydraulic resistance due to cake formation (Rc) had a higher contributing effect on flux decline, while CECP effects were not substantial.

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Li, Zihe, Chongde Wu, Jun Huang, Rongqing Zhou et Yao Jin. « Membrane Fouling Behavior of Forward Osmosis for Fruit Juice Concentration ». Membranes 11, n^o 8 (11 août 2021) : 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080611.

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Forward osmosis (FO) technology has a broad application prospect in the field of liquid food concentration because of the complete retention of flavor components and bioactive substances. Membrane fouling is the main obstacle affecting the FO performance and concentration efficiency. This work systematically investigated the membrane fouling behavior of the FO process for fruit juice concentration elucidated by the models of resistance-in-series, xDLVO theory and FTIR analysis. The results show that the AL-FS mode was more suitable for concentrating orange juice. Increasing the cross-flow rate and pretreatment of feed solutions can effectively improve the water flux and reduce the fouling resistance. The ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that the fouling layer of orange juice was mainly composed of proteins and polysaccharides, and the pretreatment of microfiltration can greatly reduce the content of the major foulant. There was an attractive interaction between the FO membrane and orange juice foulants; by eliminating those foulants, the microfiltration pretreatment then weakened such an attractive interaction and effectively prevented the fouling layer from growing, leading to a lower process resistance and, finally, resulting in a great improvement of concentration efficiency.

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Wang, Qiaoying, Zhiwei Wang, Chaowei Zhu, Xiaojie Mei et Zhichao Wu. « Assessment of SMP fouling by foulant–membrane interaction energy analysis ». Journal of Membrane Science 446 (novembre 2013) : 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.06.011.

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Liu, Yaolin, et Baoxia Mi. « Combined fouling of forward osmosis membranes : Synergistic foulant interaction and direct observation of fouling layer formation ». Journal of Membrane Science 407-408 (juillet 2012) : 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.03.028.

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Han, Soo-Jin, et Jin-Soo Park. « Understanding Membrane Fouling in Electrically Driven Energy Conversion Devices ». Energies 14, n^o 1 (3 janvier 2021) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010212.

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Positively charged (cetylpyridinium chloride), negatively charged (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and non-charged (polyethylene glycol) surfactants are used as potential foulant in reverse electrodialysis systems supplying seawater and river freshwater. Fouling tendency of the foulants to ion-exchange membranes is investigated in terms of the adsorption by electromigration, electrostatic attraction, and macromolecule interaction in reverse electrodialysis systems. According to theoretical prediction of fouling tendency, charged foulants in seawater streams could foul ion-exchange membranes significantly. However, the worst fouling behavior is observed when the charged foulants are present in river streams. As a result of zeta potential measurement, it is found that the Debye length of the charged foulants decreases due to the higher ionic strength of seawater streams and causes to lower net electrostatic effect. It finally results in less fouling tendency in reverse electrodialysis.

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Halvey, Alex Kate, Brian Macdonald, Abhishek Dhyani et Anish Tuteja. « Design of surfaces for controlling hard and soft fouling ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, n^o 2138 (24 décembre 2018) : 20180266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0266.

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In this review, we present a framework to guide the design of surfaces which are resistant to solid fouling, based on the modulus and length scale of the fouling material. Solid fouling is defined as the undesired attachment of solid contaminants including ice, clathrates, waxes, inorganic scale, polymers, proteins, dust and biological materials. We first provide an overview of the surface design approaches typically applied across the scope of solid fouling and explain how these disparate research efforts can be united to an extent under a single framework. We discuss how the elastic modulus and the operating length scale of a foulant determine its ability or inability to elastically deform surfaces. When surface deformation occurs, minimization of the substrate elastic modulus is critical for the facile de-bonding of a solid contaminant. Foulants with low modulus or small deposition sizes cannot deform an elastic bulk material and instead de-bond more readily from surfaces with chemistries that minimize their interfacial free energy or induce a particular repellant interaction with the foulant. Overall, we review reported surface design strategies for the reduction in solid fouling, and provide perspective regarding how our framework, together with the modulus and length scale of a foulant, can guide future antifouling surface designs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology’.

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Xiao, Ping, Weijun Zhang, Feng Xiao, Zhe Bi et Dongsheng Wang. « A novel approach using a fouling index to evaluate NOM fouling behavior in a low pressure ultrafiltration process ». Water Supply 14, n^o 2 (13 septembre 2013) : 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.189.

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A fouling index (FI) was introduced as a novel approach to investigate natural organic matter (NOM) fouling behavior in a low pressure membrane ultrafiltration process. Humic acid (HA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sodium alginate (SA), were used in the experiments. According to FI values, fouling was caused by NOM in two steps: a fast fouling process followed by a slow one. FI of the fast stage (FIF) was much greater than that of the slow one (FIS), showing the initial interaction would play a significant role in the fouling process over a short time. The results of mass balance suggested that a small fraction of DOC was responsible for membrane fouling caused by adsorption. Furthermore, both hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction between NOM and the membrane determined the fouling behavior. Only a portion of foulants was removed after hydraulic washing. The sequence of NOM causing irreversible fouling was BSA > HA > SA, and the sequence of irreversible fouling after alkaline cleaning was SA > BSA > HA. The variations of FI values were consistent with the results of mass balances and flux recovery, which confirmed the FI was a simple and effective tool to describe the membrane fouling process.

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Liu, Bin, Meng Wang, Kaihan Yang, Guangchao Li et Zhou Shi. « Alleviation of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling by ClO2 Pre-Oxidation : Fouling Mechanism and Interface Characteristics ». Membranes 12, n^o 1 (10 janvier 2022) : 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010078.

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In order to alleviate membrane fouling and improve removal efficiency, a series of pretreatment technologies were applied to the ultrafiltration process. In this study, ClO2 was used as a pre-oxidation strategy for the ultrafiltration (UF) process. Humic acid (HA), sodium alginate (SA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used as three typical organic model foulants, and the mixture of the three substances was used as a representation of simulated natural water. The dosages of ClO2 were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L, with 90 min pre-oxidation. The results showed that ClO2 pre-oxidation at low doses (1–2 mg/L) could alleviate the membrane flux decline caused by humus, polysaccharides, and simulated natural water, but had a limited alleviating effect on the irreversible resistance of the membrane. The interfacial free energy analysis showed that the interaction force between the membrane and the simulated natural water was also repulsive after the pre-oxidation, indicating that ClO2 pre-oxidation was an effective way to alleviate cake layer fouling by reducing the interaction between the foulant and the membrane. In addition, ClO2 oxidation activated the hidden functional groups in the raw water, resulting in an increase in the fluorescence value of humic analogs, but had a good removal effect on the fluorescence intensity of BSA. Furthermore, the membrane fouling fitting model showed that ClO2, at a low dose (1 mg/L), could change the mechanism of membrane fouling induced by simulated natural water from standard blocking and cake layer blocking to critical blocking. Overall, ClO2 pre-oxidation was an efficient pretreatment strategy for UF membrane fouling alleviation, especially for the fouling control of HA and SA at low dosages.

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Le, Minh Hoang, Kyung-Jo Kim et Am Jang. « Foulant–foulant Interaction of Combined Micro-particulate and Organic Fouling on a Ceramic Membrane ». KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 22, n^o 12 (25 octobre 2018) : 4814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-0611-8.

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Ma, Zhun, Lu Zhang, Ying Liu, Xiaosheng Ji, Yuting Xu, Qun Wang, Yongchao Sun et al. « Influential Mechanism of Natural Organic Matters with Calcium Ion on the Anion Exchange Membrane Fouling Behavior via xDLVO Theory ». Membranes 11, n^o 12 (9 décembre 2021) : 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120968.

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The fouling mechanism of the anion exchange membrane (AEM) induced by natural organic matter (NOM) in the absence and presence of calcium ions was systematically investigated via the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (xDLVO) approach. Sodium alginate (SA), humic acid (HA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were utilized as model NOM fractions. The results indicated that the presence of calcium ions tremendously aggravated the NOM fouling on the anion exchange membrane because of Ca-NOM complex formation. Furthermore, analysis of the interaction energy between the membrane surface and foulants via xDLVO revealed that short-range acid–base (AB) interaction energy played a significant role in the compositions of interaction energy during the electrodialysis (ED) process. The influence of NOM fractions in the presence of calcium ions on membrane fouling followed the order: SA > BSA > HA. This study demonstrated that the interaction energy was a dominating indicator for evaluating the tendency of anion exchange membranes fouling by natural organic matter.

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Wang, Yuan, Chao Shen, Zhenbo Tang, Yang Yao, Xinlei Wang et Benjamin Park. « Interaction between particulate fouling and precipitation fouling : Sticking probability and deposit bond strength ». International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 144 (décembre 2019) : 118700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118700.

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Shen, Chao, Yuan Wang, Zhenbo Tang, Yang Yao, Yudong Huang et Xinlei Wang. « Experimental study on the interaction between particulate fouling and precipitation fouling in the fouling process on heat transfer tubes ». International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 138 (août 2019) : 1238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.04.136.

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Reißig, Martin, Antje Hoppe, Bert Buchholz et Egon Hassel. « Condensation-Fouling Interaction in Low-Temperature EGR-Coolers ». MATEC Web of Conferences 18 (2014) : 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20141803004.

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Liu, Junxia, Tianyi Huang, Ruibo Ji, Zhihong Wang, Chuyang Y. Tang et James O. Leckie. « Stochastic Collision–Attachment-Based Monte Carlo Simulation of Colloidal Fouling : Transition from Foulant–Clean-Membrane Interaction to Foulant–Fouled-Membrane Interaction ». Environmental Science & ; Technology 54, n^o 19 (2 septembre 2020) : 12703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04165.

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Yi, Xiawen, Meng Zhang, Weilong Song et Xinhua Wang. « Effect of Initial Water Flux on the Performance of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor : Constant Flux Mode versus Varying Flux Mode ». Membranes 11, n^o 3 (13 mars 2021) : 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030203.

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Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have aroused growing interest in wastewater treatment and energy recovery. However, serious membrane fouling remains a critical hindrance to AnMBRs. Here, a novel membrane fouling mitigation via optimizing initial water flux is proposed, and its feasibility was evaluated by comparing the membrane performance in AnMBRs between constant flux and varying flux modes. Results indicated that, compared with the constant flux mode, varying flux mode significantly prolonged the membrane operating time by mitigating membrane fouling. Through the analyses of fouled membranes under two operating modes, the mechanism of membrane fouling mitigation was revealed as follows: A low water flux was applied in stage 1 which slowed down the interaction between foulants and membrane surface, especially reduced the deposition of proteins on the membrane surface and formed a thin and loose fouling layer. Correspondingly, the interaction between foulants was weakened in the following stage 2 with a high water flux and, subsequently, the foulants absorbed on the membrane surface was further reduced. In addition, flux operating mode had no impact on the contaminant removal in an AnMBR. This study provides a new way of improving membrane performance in AnMBRs via a varying flux operating mode.

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Bouris, D., et G. Bergeles. « Particle-Surface Interactions in Heat Exchanger Fouling ». Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, n^o 3 (1 septembre 1996) : 574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817797.

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The problem of fouling is of vital importance to heat exchanger efficiency and should be considered during the design phase of the heat exchanger. The purpose of the present paper is to introduce a novel method to aid in the evaluation of the various parameters that affect the fouling phenomenon. The method considers the particle-surface interaction from the energy balance at the point of impaction and takes into consideration the material properties of the particle and surface as well as the effect of the surrounding flow field on the particle movement and impaction. The calculated deposition flux is used to form the deposit evolution in time considering the removal mechanisms resulting from fluid shear stress and the eroding impacts of the particles. The model is validated against experimental measurements of particle deposition from a two phase flow of hot gases around a circular cylinder. The experimentally measured flow field around a staggered tube bundle is also predicted and a fouling analysis is performed regarding the validity of fouling studies in scaled down model configurations. It is concluded that the actual dimensions of the heat exchanger configuration are of vital importance to its fouling behavior and scaling laws are difficult to apply.

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Schrader, G. A., A. Zwijnenburg et M. Wessling. « The effect of colloid stability of wastewater treatment plants effluent on nanofiltration performance ». Water Science and Technology 52, n^o 10-11 (1 novembre 2005) : 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0711.

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Laboratory-scale filtration tests utilizing wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluent were conducted to investigate fouling and filtration behaviour, especially the influence of colloidal stability on nanofiltration performance. Acidification and coagulant dosage were used to create unstable colloidal conditions. Colloidal stability of the effluent was analysed on by zeta potential measurements. A statistical design method, full factorial design with blocking, has been used to account for effluent composition variations and to account for interaction between experimental parameters. The results show a high correlation between unstable colloidal natural organic matter and the formation of dense fouling layers. The reversibility of the fouling process was shown to be independent from colloidal stability. Irreversible fouling was show to be promoted by mild acidic (pH 5) effluent conditions, whereas coagulant addition showed an increase in the reversibility of the fouling.

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Cai, Ming, Chunfang Xie, Huazhao Zhong, Baoming Tian et Kai Yang. « Identification of Anthocyanins and Their Fouling Mechanisms during Non-Thermal Nanofiltration of Blueberry Aqueous Extracts ». Membranes 11, n^o 3 (12 mars 2021) : 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030200.

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Organic fouling in the nanofiltration (NF) process, which is a non-thermal technology to recover active components, is a critical problem limiting its applications. This study seeks to identify the anthocyanins on the NF membrane and explore their fouling mechanisms during concentration of blueberry extracts. Seven kinds of monomeric anthocyanins in foulants—delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, petunidin-3-O-galactoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, and malvidin-3-O-glucoside—were identified. Moreover, chalcone, myricetin derivative, and an unknown substance with [M+H]+ at m/z 261.1309, which is the fragment ion corresponding to the break of glycoside bond of anthocyanins, were obtained. Interactions between anthocyanins and membrane made from polyamide were principally governed by the CH-π and π-π stacking of aromatic rings, the establishment of hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interaction. This study will be helpful to further control fouling and choice of cleaning agents in concentration of anthocyanins-rich extracts.

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Fan, L., J. Harris, F. Roddick et N. Booker. « Fouling of microfiltration membranes by the fractional components of natural organic matter in surface water ». Water Supply 2, n^o 5-6 (1 décembre 2002) : 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0185.

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This paper examines the effect of the fractional components of natural organic matter (NOM) in surface water on the fouling of microfiltration membranes. The results are shown for the NOM derived from the Mt. Zero drinking water reservoir located in the state of Victoria, but they are representative of the other two water reservoirs investigated in the full study. The NOM was concentrated and isolated into four fractions according to hydrophobicity and charge using non-functionalised and anionic resins. Filtration experiments were conducted in a stirred cell using 0.22 μm hydrophobic and surface-modified hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes to examine the fouling effects by the NOM fractions on membranes of different hydrophobicity. The fouling rate and extent of fouling were considerably less for the hydrophilic membrane compared to the hydrophobic membrane, which was due to the reduced organic interactions (i.e., hydrophobic adsorption, charge interaction) between the NOM and the hydrophilic membrane. However, for both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes, the order of the fouling potential of the four fractions was the same, namely hydrophilic neutral > hydrophobic acids > transphilic acids > hydrophilic charged. The explanation for the high fouling potential of the hydrophilic neutral fraction was attributed to the calcium and carbohydrates (mainly polysaccharides) in the NOM, which were found to concentrate in the hydrophilic neutral fraction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra for the fouled hydrophobic PVDF and polypropylene membranes revealed some visible changes in the regions of Ar-O-Ar, C-C, C-N stretching and C-H rocking vibrations, indicating polysaccharides and aromatics being the important foulants on the hydrophobic membranes. The mechanism by which the hydrophilic neutral fraction caused severe membrane fouling was a combination of adsorption of polysaccharides on the membrane structure due to hydrophobic bonding of the non-polar segments of the polysaccharides, and electrostatic attraction interactions between the polysaccharide-Ca2+ complexes and the negatively charged membrane.

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Golgoli, M., M. Khiadani, A. Shafieian, T. K. Sen, Y. Hartanto, M. L. Johns et M. Zargar. « Microplastics fouling and interaction with polymeric membranes : A review ». Chemosphere 283 (novembre 2021) : 131185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131185.

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Wen, Xianghua, Pengzhe Sui et Xia Huang. « Exerting ultrasound to control the membrane fouling in filtration of anaerobic activated sludge—mechanism and membrane damage ». Water Science and Technology 57, n^o 5 (1 avril 2008) : 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.120.

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In this study, ultrasound was applied to control membrane fouling development online in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR). Experimental results showed that membrane fouling could be controlled effectively by ultrasound although membrane damage may occur under some operational conditions. Based upon the observation on the damaged membrane surface via SEM, two mechanisms causing membrane damage by exerting ultrasound are inferred as micro particle collide on the membrane surface and chemical interaction between membrane materials and hydroxyl radicals produced by acoustic cavitations. Not only membrane damage but also membrane fouling control and membrane fouling cleaning were resulted from these mechanisms. Properly selecting ultrasonic intensity and working time, and keeping a certain thickness of cake layer on membrane surface could be effective ways to protect membrane against damage.

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Wang, Da Cheng, Cai Fu Qian, Sheng Xian Cao, Yang Liu et Jia Wei Sun. « Dynamic Simulation and Influencing Factors Analysis of Biofouling ». Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (août 2013) : 1276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1276.

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The formation of fouling in stainless steel tube was simulated in the existence of both sulfate-reducing bacteria and iron bacteria under the experimental conditions of the water temperature 30±0.2°C and velocity of 0.4m/s with the dynamic simulation apparatus of shell-and-tube circulating cooling water. The paper studied the relation between water quality parameters and formation of fouling, such as Fe2+ concentration, CODcr and the total number of bacteria. The experimental results showed that: the main reason of the fouling resistance increase was the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria and iron bacteria. The interaction between iron bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria accelerated the formation of biofouling. The influence of each parameter codetermined the formation of microbial fouling.

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Tan, Shiliang (Johnathan), Chisiang Ong et Jiawei Chew. « Atomistic-Scale Energetic Heterogeneity on a Membrane Surface ». Membranes 12, n^o 10 (7 octobre 2022) : 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12100977.

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Knowing the energetic topology of a surface is important, especially with regard to membrane fouling. In this study, molecular computations were carried out to determine the energetic topology of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with different surface wettability and three representative probe molecules (namely argon, carbon dioxide and water) of different sizes and natures. Among the probe molecules, water has the strongest interaction with the PVDF surface, followed by carbon dioxide and then argon. Argon, which only has van der Waals interactions with PVDF, is a good probing molecule to identify crevices and the molecular profile of a surface. Carbon dioxide, which is the largest probing molecule and does not have dipole moment, exhibits similar van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. As for water, the dominant attractive interactions are electrostatics with fluorine atoms of the intrinsically hydrophobic PVDF membrane, but the electrostatic interactions are much stronger for the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the hydrophilic PVDF due to strong dipole moment. PVDF only becomes hydrophilic when the interaction energy is approximately doubled when grafted with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The energetic heterogeneity and the effect of different probe molecules revealed here are expected to be valuable in guiding membrane modifications to mitigate fouling.

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Kulesha, Olga, et Harsha Ratnaweera. « Computational Thermodynamic Analysis of the Interaction between Coagulants and Monosaccharides as a Tool to Quantify the Fouling Potential Reduction in the Biofilm Membrane Bioreactor ». Water 11, n^o 6 (18 juin 2019) : 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061275.

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The membrane bioreactor (MBR) and the biofilm membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR) are among key solutions to water scarcity; however, membrane fouling is the major bottleneck for any expansion of these technologies. Prepolymerized aluminum coagulants tend to exhibit the greatest extent of fouling alleviation, with the reduction of soluble microbial products (SMPs) being among the governing mechanisms, which, nevertheless, has been poorly understood. This current study demonstrates that the investigation of the chemical coordination of monosaccharides, which are the major foulants in MBR and BF-MBR, to the main hydrolysis species of the prepolymerized aluminum coagulant, is among the key approaches to the comprehension of the fouling mitigation mechanisms in BF-MBR. Quantum chemical and thermodynamic calculations, together with the multivariate chemometric analysis, allowed the team to determine the principal mechanisms of the SMPs removal, understand the thermodynamic patterns of fouling mitigation, develop the model for the prediction of the fouling mitigation based on the thermodynamic stability of the inorganic-organic complexes, and classify these complexes into thermodynamically stable and less stable species. The results of the study are practically significant for the development of plant surveillance and automated process control with regard to MBR and BF-MBR systems.

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Srisukphun, Thirdpong, Chart Chiemchaisri, Taro Urase et Kazuo Yamamoto. « Experimentation and modeling of foulant interaction and reverse osmosis membrane fouling during textile wastewater reclamation ». Separation and Purification Technology 68, n^o 1 (juin 2009) : 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.04.006.

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Zhao, B. Q., C. P. Huang, S. Y. Chen, D. S. Wang, T. Li et J. H. Qu. « Fouling analysis of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes used for drinking water treatment ». Water Supply 11, n^o 6 (1 décembre 2011) : 668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.094.

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Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a significant role in the fouling of ultrafiltration membranes in drinking water treatment processes. For a better understanding of the interaction between fractional components of NOM and polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes used for drinking water treatment, fouling and especially the physically irreversible fouling of natural organic matter were investigated. Resin fractionation, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to identify the potential foulants. The results showed that humic acid and fulvic acid of small size were likely to permeate the membrane, while the hydrophobic fraction of humic and fulvic acid and aromatic proteins tended to be rejected and retained. Organic compounds such as proteins, humic substances, and polysaccharide-like materials, were all detected in the fouling layer. The physically irreversible fouling of the PS membrane seemed to be mainly attributed to the hydrophobic fraction of humic substances.

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Choudhury, Rikarani R., Jaydevsinh M. Gohil, Smita Mohanty et Sanjay K. Nayak. « Antifouling, fouling release and antimicrobial materials for surface modification of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes ». Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, n^o 2 (2018) : 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta08627j.

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Piluharto, Bambang, Achmad Sjaifullah, Istiqomah Rahmawati et Maryanto Maryanto. « Polysulfone Membrane with UV-Photografting Technique and it Application at Soya Milk Filtration Processing ». Jurnal ILMU DASAR 14, n^o 1 (8 janvier 2013) : 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v14i1.480.

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In the separation process of solution containing protein, interaction between membrane surface and protein can cause fouling irreversibely. So, efficiency of filtration process will decline. In this research, to improve the effeciency of filtration was done by modification of membrane using UV-photografting technique. Acrylic acid had been introduced topolysulphone membrane via this technique. The hydrophylic membrane was obtained. The membrane performance was evaluated in soymilk fouling test. The first step of research had obtained PSF membrane optimation about PSF 18%. In second step, the research was focused on the modification and characterization of PSF membrane by UV-Fotografting tehchnique. In this technique, monomer concentration and radiation time was used as variable. As the result, PSF membrane had been modificated succesfully by UV- photografting tehchnique with optimum condition in 15 minutes time radiation and concentration of acrylic acid 5%. Performance of modified membranes (flux and permselectivity) were better than unmodified membranes. The fouling test showed that the modified membranes have reduced fouling degree significantly. Keywords : Ultrafiltration membrane, UV-photografting, flux and permselectivity, fouling

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Fujioka, Takahiro, Nagayasu Oshima, Ryoichi Suzuki, Michael Higgins, William E. Price, Rita K. Henderson et Long D. Nghiem. « Effect of heat treatment on fouling resistance and the rejection of small and neutral solutes by reverse osmosis membranes ». Water Supply 15, n^o 3 (24 décembre 2014) : 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.135.

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The effects of heat treatment on membrane fouling resistance and the rejection of small and neutral solutes by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were elucidated. RO membrane modification by heat treatment reduced fouling and improved boron rejection. However, heat treatment also caused a decrease in the water permeability of RO membranes. Significant improvement on fouling resistance by heat treatment was observed when RO concentrate was used to simulate a feed solution with high fouling propensity. The improved fouling resistance is likely to be due to changes in the hydrophobic interaction between the membrane surface and foulants. Boron rejection by the ESPA2 membrane was enhanced by heat treatment from 26 to 68% (when evaluated at the permeate flux of 20 L/m2 h). Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy revealed that heat treatment did not significantly influence the free-volume hole-radius of the membrane active skin layer. The results reported in this study suggested that changes in the other membrane properties such as free-volume fraction and thickness may be the main cause improving boron rejection.

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Speights, Cori J., et Michael W. McCoy. « Range expansion of a fouling species indirectly impacts local species interactions ». PeerJ 5 (19 octobre 2017) : e3911. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3911.

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We investigated how recent changes in the distribution and abundance of a fouling organism affected the strength of interactions between a commercially important foundation species and a common predator. Increases in the abundance of boring sponges that bioerode the calcified shells of oysters and other shelled organisms have been attributed to increased salinization of estuarine ecosystems. We tested the hypothesis that fouling by boring sponges will change the interaction strength between oysters and a common predator (stone crabs). We generated five oyster density treatments crossed with two sponge treatments (sponge and no sponge). We contrasted the interaction strength between stone crabs and fouled and non-fouled oysters by comparing the parameters of fitted functional response curves based on Rogers random predation model. We found that fouled oysters suffered higher predation from stone crabs, and that the increased predation risk stemmed from a reduction in the handling time needed to consume the fouled oysters. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the effects of abiotic changes on both the composition of ecological communities, and on the strengths of direct and indirect interactions among species. Global climate change is altering local ecosystems in complex ways, and the success of restoration, management, and mitigation strategies for important species requires a better appreciation for how these effects cascade through ecosystems.

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Palanna, Manjunatha, Imadadulla Mohammed, Shambhulinga Aralekallu, Manjunatha Nemakal et Lokesh Koodlur Sannegowda. « Simultaneous detection of paracetamol and 4-aminophenol at nanomolar levels using biocompatible cysteine-substituted phthalocyanine ». New Journal of Chemistry 44, n^o 4 (2020) : 1294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj05252f.

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Wright, S., J. Ranville et G. Amy. « Relating complex solute mixture characteristics to membrane fouling ». Water Supply 1, n^o 5-6 (1 juin 2001) : 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0097.

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This paper presents a concept for relating complex solute mixture characteristics to membrane fouling using field flow fractionation. Field flow fractionation has traditionally been used in separation science as a tool for characterizing aquatic system components in terms of size based on Stokes-Einstein theory. This work begins to assess the possibility of using flow field flow fractionation (FlFFF) as a tool for ‘fingerprinting’ complex solute mixtures and obtaining effective mixture properties, such as effective size, effective diffusion coefficient, and interaction potential between solutes and ultrafiltration membrane materials. The effect of applied field and changes in solute ionic strength are demonstrated for polystyrene sulfonate latex colloids. Quantitative analysis is also considered for the residence time distribution (commonly referred to as a fractogram) of solutes from FlFFF measurements. The results here suggest that FlFFF may effectively fingerprint a complex solute mixture based on solute characteristics and membrane solute interactions.

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Tanudjaja, Henry J., et Jia Wei Chew. « Assessment of oil fouling by oil-membrane interaction energy analysis ». Journal of Membrane Science 560 (août 2018) : 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.05.008.

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Challa, Ravi, David Johnston, Vijay Singh, Mike Tumbleson et Kent Rausch. « Fouling characteristics of model carbohydrate mixtures and their interaction effects ». Food and Bioproducts Processing 93 (janvier 2015) : 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2014.09.008.

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Ma, Shi De, Xia Zhao, Hong Ren Wang et Ji Zhou Duan. « Research on the Antifouling Mechanisms of Copper and its Alloys ». Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (août 2009) : 2179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.2179.

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In this paper, the in-situ exposure tests of 15 kinds of copper and its alloys were carried out in seawater at Zhanjiang Harbor for 12 months in order to study their anti-fouling abilities and anti-corrosion properties. In the same way, the in-situ anti-fouling tests of copper and bronze were performed in Qingdao for 8 years. Successively, the anti-fouling properties were analyzed combining with the electrochemical process of copper alloy corrosion and biology process of the adhesion. The chemical, physical and biological factors influencing the fouling properties of copper alloys were also investigated. The results showed that the coppers can equip themselves with antifouling performance by producing some toxic substances during the processes of chemical and electrochemical reaction. In addition, the antifouling ability was proved to relate to the exfoliation effect, which was the result of interaction between stain layer adhesion and spalling force of the attachments.

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Tanis-Kanbur, Melike Begum, Navin Raj Tamilselvam, Hsiao Yu Lai et Jia Wei Chew. « Impact of Particle Shape and Surface Group on Membrane Fouling ». Membranes 12, n^o 4 (4 avril 2022) : 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12040403.

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Membrane fouling remains one of the most critical drawbacks in membrane filtration processes. Although the effect of various operating parameters—such as flow velocity, concentration, and foulant size—are well-studied, the impact of particle shape is not well understood. To bridge this gap, this study investigated the effect of polystyrene particle sphericity (sphere, peanut and pear) on external membrane fouling, along with the effect of particle charge (unmodified, carboxylated, and aminated). The results indicate that the non-spherical particles produce higher critical fluxes than the spherical particles (i.e., respectively 24% and 13% higher for peanut and pear), which is caused by the looser packing in the cake due to the varied particle orientations. Although higher crossflow velocities diminished the differences in the critical flux values among the particles of different surface charges, the differences among the particle shapes remained distinct. In dead-end filtration, non-spherical particles also produced lower flux declines. The shear-induced diffusion model predicts all five particle types well. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and extended DLVO (XDLVO) models were used to quantify the interaction energies, and the latter agreed with the relative critical flux trends of all of the PS particles. As for the flux decline trends, both the DLVO and XDLVO results are in good agreement.

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Suárez, Francisco, María B. del Río et Jazmín E. Aravena. « Water Flux Prediction in Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Subject to Inorganic Fouling ». Membranes 12, n^o 2 (28 janvier 2022) : 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020157.

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Freshwater is a limited resource, which has driven the development of new purification and water-reuse technologies. One promising technology for water treatment is membrane distillation (MD). One of the main problems of MD, and of many desalination technologies, is membrane fouling, which reduces the performance of the membrane. This work presents a mathematical model that aims to predict distillate fluxes in direct-contact MD when fouling occurs as salts are deposited onto the membrane surface, forming an inorganic fouling layer. The mathematical model uses a heat- and mass-transfer formulation for prediction of the distillate flux under steady state conditions, and it is combined with the cake-filtration theory to represent the distillate fluxes after the onset of membrane fouling. Model results agree well with experimental observation of distillate fluxes, both before (~12–14 kg m−2 h−1) and after the onset of membrane fouling, with root-mean-square errors smaller than 1.4 kg m−2 h−1 in all the experiments. These results suggest that the cake-filtration theory can be used to represent water flux decline in MD membranes prone to inorganic fouling. From our experiments and from the modelling exercise, we found that the onset of membrane failure was relatively constant; the precipitation reaction constant is conditioned by the physicochemical interaction between the feed solution and the membrane; and the rate of flux decline after membrane fouling depends on flow conditions as well as on the precipitation compound. However, the proposed model has limitations that must be addressed in future investigations to validate it under a wider range of operating conditions, for membranes composed by other materials and with different feed solutions to address organic, biological, and/or colloidal fouling, which typically occur under real conditions.

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Sridang, P., P. Wanichapichart et A. Grasmick. « Influence of water compositions on fouling of plane organic membrane in frontal filtration : application to water and wastewater clarification ». Water Science and Technology 61, n^o 9 (1 mai 2010) : 2283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.120.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the filterability of suspended/soluble organic and suspended inorganic matter in a condition without and with chemical conditioning on membrane fouling using cake filtration model. The experiments were conducted with different feed water concentrations under a given TMP (0.2 to 0.5 bar). The fouling potential was examined and described in terms of resistance coefficient (α·W) and specific resistance (α). The results showed an increase of α·W and α within the concentration of wastewater samples tested. The soluble fractions in wastewater induced fouling and its mechanism was due both to the interaction of soluble organic components and also some of the particular colloids in MLSS, causing irreversible fouling, followed by thin film formation on membrane surfaces with low porosity, dense structure and also internal fouling. This phenomenon promoted the values of α·W and α from final treated wastewater 5–20 times higher than in bentonite suspension and on reservoir surface water. Higher pressure than 0.2 bar induced greater hydraulic resistance values than lower applied pressure. The pore size of the porous membrane did not show any difference in the values of α·W and α obtained, but they mostly depended on the water composition tested. The hydraulic resistance values appeared largely to minimise when using chemical conditioning because of cake forming as a dynamic membrane that reduced the irreversible fouling phenomena giving a constant filtration rate.

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Ma, Baiwen, Gongzheng Wu, Wenjiang Li, Rui Miao, Xingfei Li et Pei Wang. « Roles of membrane–foulant and inter/intrafoulant species interaction forces in combined fouling of an ultrafiltration membrane ». Science of The Total Environment 652 (février 2019) : 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.229.

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Tang, Yu Pan, Jing Xiong Chan, Tai Shung Chung, Martin Weber, Claudia Staudt et Christian Maletzko. « Simultaneously covalent and ionic bridging towards antifouling of GO-imbedded nanocomposite hollow fiber membranes ». Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, n^o 19 (2015) : 10573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta01715g.

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GO-imbedded nanocomposite hollow fiber membranes were investigated for oily water treatment, with the aim to improve GO-polymer interfacial interaction and membrane anti-fouling properties via the formation of a simultaneously covalent and ionic inter-network.

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Zhou, Ying, Zhen-liang Xu, Shahda Munib, Gui-e. Chen et Qiong Lu. « Sustainable membrane operation design for the treatment of the synthetic coke wastewater in SMBR ». Water Science and Technology 60, n^o 8 (1 octobre 2009) : 2115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.540.

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Membrane fouling in the membrane bioreactor (MBR) is typically caused by the interaction of microbial characteristics, hydrodynamic behavior, operation environment, wastewater characteristics and membrane properties, which result in the deterioration of performance and increasing energy consumption and cost of membrane replacement. The effect of the crucial MBR parameters (the microbial loading and characteristics, dissolved oxygen (DO), hydraulic retention time (HRT), backwashing conditions and membrane characteristics) on membrane fouling was investigated in a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) during the long term treatment of synthetic coke wastewater. Also the optimum operation strategies were further utilized in order to satisfy the minimal membrane fouling operation through a long-term evaluation of the MBR performance. It has been demonstrated that with application of these optimal designed conditions, significant membrane fouling improvements were achieved over a long operating time, so it was possible to perform in sustainable operation for MBR. In this study, the upper limit of the sustainable flux is found to be as much as 18.6 L/m2 h and the optimum sustainable flux value should be 50 ∼ 75% of critical flux to satisfy the desired sustainable operation period.

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Wu, Haiyan, Ling Wang, Wentao Xu, Zehai Xu et Guoliang Zhang. « Preparation of a CAB−GO/PES Mixed Matrix Ultrafiltration Membrane and Its Antifouling Performance ». Membranes 13, n^o 2 (17 février 2023) : 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020241.

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Serious membrane fouling has limited the development of ultrafiltration membrane technology for water purification. Synthesis of an ultrafiltration membrane with prominent anti-fouling ability is of vital importance. In this study, CAB−GO composite nanosheets were prepared by grafting graphene oxide (GO) with a zwitterionic material cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) with strong antifouling properties. Anti-fouling CAB−GO/PES mixed matrix ultrafiltration membrane (CGM) was prepared by the phase inversion method with polyethersulfone (PES). Due to its electrostatic interaction, the interlayer distance between CAB−GO nanosheets was increased, and the dispersibility of GO was improved to large extent, thereby effectively avoiding the phenomenon of GO agglomeration in organic solvents. Based on the improvement of the surface porosity and surface hydrophilicity of the CAB−GO/PES mixed matrix membrane, the pure water flux of CGM−1.0 can reach 461 L/(m2·h), which was 2.5 times higher than that of the original PES membrane, and the rejection rates toward BSA and HA were above 96%. Moreover, when the content of CAB−GO was 0.1 wt%, the prepared CAB−GO/PES membrane exhibited very high BSA (99.1%) and HA (98.1%) rejection during long-term operation, indicating excellent anti-fouling ability.

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Tan, Yiwen, Tao Lin, Wei Chen et Dongju Zhou. « Effect of organic molecular weight distribution on membrane fouling in an ultrafiltration system with ozone oxidation from the perspective of interaction energy ». Environ. Sci. : Water Res. Technol. 3, n^o 6 (2017) : 1132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00212b.

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Wang, Yi-Ning, et Chuyang Y. Tang. « Fouling of Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis, and Ultrafiltration Membranes by Protein Mixtures : The Role of Inter-Foulant-Species Interaction ». Environmental Science & ; Technology 45, n^o 15 (août 2011) : 6373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2013177.

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Liu, Mingxiang, Lei Zhang, Le Han, Ying Zhang, Chengjun Gu et Jianbo Huang. « Mechanism Analysis of PFHxS Purification in Water Using Nanofiltration under the Coexistence of Sodium Alginate and Ca2+ Based on DFT ». Water 15, n^o 4 (17 février 2023) : 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15040792.

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Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) is considered a persistent and harmful substance to ecosystems and human health and should thus be necessarily removed. In this paper, the influence of working pressure, temperature, pH value, initial concentration, and the coexistence of sodium alginate (SA) and calcium ions on removing PFHxS using nanofiltration were hereby studied through a self-made hyaluronic acid-interlayered thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane (HA-TFCiNFM). When the substances SA or/and calcium ions (Ca2+) co-existed, the retention rate of the HA-TFCiNFM to PFHxS exceeded that in the single PFHxS system and increased with SA and Ca2+ concentrations. By filtering a single PFHxS, PFHxS/SA, and PFHxS/SA/Ca2+ water sample system, it was observed that the HA-TFCiNFM had the highest membrane fouling degree in the PFHxS/SA/Ca2+ system. The mechanisms of membrane separation and fouling when SA and Ca2+ co-existed were explored based on density functional theory (DFT). Building on DFT, the PFHxS structure was constructed, and when Ca2+ co-existed, Ca2+ complexed two PFHxS molecules to increase the complex compound size, making the sieving effect notable. When SA co-existed, although PFHxS and SA could not react with each other, the presence of SA would block the membrane pore and enhance the negative charge on the membrane surface, thereby strengthening the sieving and Donnan effects. When the substances Ca2+ and SA co-existed, Ca2+ complexed a PFHxS molecule and a SA molecule to form a larger complex compound so that the sieving effect could be enhanced. From the molecular perspective, the intermolecular interaction relationship between pollutants and the HA-TFCiNFM was explored based on DFT, and weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, were clarified as the main mechanisms to control the membrane fouling. These results provide insight into the purification mechanism of PFHxS in water using nanofiltration and highlight the usefulness of DFT in exploring membrane separation and fouling mechanisms.

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Wong, Hoi Ting, Alexander Romaschin, Sara Bjelobrk, Brian De La Franier et Michael Thompson. « Interaction of Lipopolysaccharide-Spiked Blood with Anti-Fouling Polymyxin B-Modified Glass ». Materials 15, n^o 4 (18 février 2022) : 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041551.

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Bacterial endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), plays a major role in the initiation of sepsis, a severe inflammatory condition. Removal of the toxin from blood is one accepted method of patient treatment. Polymyxin B (PMB)-modified columns have been employed successfully for this purpose via extra-corporeal blood-flow systems that incorporate a cartridge for toxin removal. Herein we demonstrate that PMB-modified glass beads are able to reduce the presence of LPS competitively with the equivalent fiber column used in a commercial cartridge. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ELISA of released fatty acids from the toxin indicates that PMB does not physically capture or significantly remove LPS from the blood samples. In reality, interaction between the surface-bound PMB and the toxin may lead to disaggregation or monomerization of LPS aggregates. As aggregates are the bioactive form of LPS, it is possible that the monomerization of these entities may be the mechanism by which their toxicity is reduced. Moreover, this work indicates that LPS monomers are stabilized subsequent to disaggregation induced by PMB.

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Heng, Zhang, Hu Li-mei, Lin Cun-guo, Wang Li et Yuan Shi-ling. « Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Interaction between Lysozyme and Non-fouling Polymer Membranes ». Acta Polymerica Sinica 014, n^o 1 (15 avril 2014) : 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2014.13164.

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