Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Forschungsgesellschaft Joanneum »

The current work focuses on the materials science aspects of the growth phenomena of titanium-based coatings TiN, (Ti,Al)N and (Ti,Al)(C,N) with face-centered cubic lattice structure, deposited by the industrially-styled Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique at room temperature. hese coating materials are widely spread in mechanical, tribological and decorative applications due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties. Recently, the trend of using temperaturesensitive materials like polymers and tool steels of the highest hardness demands new lowtemperature coating techniques for protective surface finishing as well as for functionalization of the surfaces. These titanium-based compounds can fulfill a wide range of these demands, but up to now there is a lack of industrially designed vacuum coating techniques operating at temperatures lower than 50 °C necessary for these materials. The PLD process is known as one of the most promising candidates for such coating demands. But up to now PLD is only a well-established laboratory coating technology and has not become a standard industrial coating technique despite its outstanding process features. The missing of PLD coating systems, which fulfill the requirements for industrial applications like high-rate deposition and adequate sizes of deposition chambers, is considered as one of the main obstacles for a breakthrough of the PLD technique. To overcome this problem an industrially designed PLD coating system has been developed and built at the Laser Center Leoben of JOANNEUM Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH.

Airborne LiDAR data have been collected for the city of Istanbul using Riegl laser scanner Q680i with 400&amp;thinsp;kHz and an average flight height of 600&amp;thinsp;m. The flight campaign was performed by a helicopter and covers an area of 5400&amp;thinsp;km². According to a flight speed of 80 knot a point density of more than 16 points/m² and a laser footprint size of 30&amp;thinsp;cm could be achieved. As a result of bundle adjustment, in total, approximately 17,000 LAS files with the file size of 500&amp;thinsp;m by 700&amp;thinsp;m have been generated for the whole city. The main object classes Ground, Building, Vegetation (medium, high) were derived from these LAS files using the macros in Terrasolid software. The forest area under investigation is located northwest of the city of Istanbul, main tree species occurring in the test site are pine (pinus pinaster), oak (quercus) and beech (fagus). In total, 120 LAS tiles covering the investigation area have been analysed using the software IMPACT of Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft, Graz, Austria. First of all, the digital terrain model (DTM) and the digital surface models (DSM) were imported and converted into a raster file from the original laser point clouds with a spatial resolution of 50&amp;thinsp;cm. Then, a normalized digital surface model (nDSM) was derived as the difference between DSM and the DTM. Tree top detection was performed by multi – resolution filter operations and tree crowns were segmented by a region growing algorithms develop specifically for this purpose. Breast Height Diameter (BHD) was calculated on the base of tree height and crown areas derived from image segmentation applying allometric functions found in literature. The assessment of stem volume was then calculated as a function of tree height and BHD. A comparison of timber volume estimated from the LiDAR data and field plots measured by the Forest Department of Istanbul showed R2 of 0.46. The low correlation might arise either from the low quality of the field plots or from the inadequacy of the allometric functions used for BHD and stem volume modelling. Further investigations therefore will concentrate both on improving the quality of field measurements and the adoption of the allometric functions to the specific site condition of the forests under investigation. Finally stand boundaries of the forest area made available by the forest department of Istanbul were superimposed to the LiDAR data and the single tree measurements aggregated to the stand level. <br><br> Aside from the LiDAR data, a Pleiades multispectral image characterized by four spectral bands (blue, green, red and near infrared) and a GSD of 2.8&amp;thinsp;m has been used for the classification of different tree species. For this purpose the near infrared band covering the spectral range of 0.75&amp;thinsp;μm to 0.90&amp;thinsp;μm has been utilized and the IMPACT software used.