Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Forest policy – Portugal – History »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Forest policy – Portugal – History"
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Hearn, Kyle P., et Jesús Álvarez-Mozos. « A Diachronic Analysis of a Changing Landscape on the Duero River Borderlands of Spain and Portugal Combining Remote Sensing and Ethnographic Approaches ». Sustainability 13, no 24 (17 décembre 2021) : 13962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413962.
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The Arribes del Duero region spans the border of both Spain and Portugal along the Duero River. On both sides of the border, the region boasts unique human-influenced ecosystems. The borderland landscape is dotted with numerous villages that have a history of maintaining and managing an agrosilvopastoral use of the land. Unfortunately, the region in recent decades has suffered from massive outmigration, resulting in significant rural abandonment. Consequently, the once-maintained landscape is evolving into a more homogenous vegetative one, resulting in a greater propensity for wildfires. This study utilizes an interdisciplinary, integrated approach of “bottom up” ethnography and “top down” remote sensing data from Landsat imagery, to characterize and document the diachronic vegetative changes on the landscape, as they are perceived by stakeholders and satellite spectral analysis. In both countries, stakeholders perceived the current changes and threats facing the landscape. Remote sensing analysis revealed an increase in forest cover throughout the region, and more advanced, drastic change on the Spanish side of the study area marked by wildfire and a rapidly declining population. Understanding the evolution and history of this rural landscape can provide more effective management and its sustainability.
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García-Pereda, Ignacio. « The Emergence of Forest Genetics in Portugal ». Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 47, no 1 (1 février 2017) : 76–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2017.47.1.76.
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This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the history of biology and forestry in Portugal. It will focus on the one state-owned cork oak station devoted to forestry research, showing how its foresters and scientists shaped, and relied on, the state-controlled unions, both for producing and distributing varieties of cork oak and for controlling the seeds and plants forest owners used. Portugal played a very special role in the international development of Mediterranean forest genetics during the first half of the twentieth century. Forestry genetics were decisive for the Estado Novo government, and the Alcobaça Station became a model for the future organization of other countries’ applied forestry research centers. The paper shows how the milieu of forestry scientists and breeders played an important role in the development and institutionalization of genetics in Portugal. The paper will explore how these relationships made it possible for the scientists to test, multiply, and distribute the seeds and plants they produced at the laboratory throughout the Portuguese landscape, thus demonstrating the role of scientists as active agents of state formation and landscape transformation within a corporate political economy. The history of the Alcobaça Forest Station is an important example of fascist institution building.
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Friesen, Gerald, R. Peter Gillis et Thomas R. Roach. « Lost Initiatives : Canada's Forest Industries, Forest Policy and Forest Conservation ». Journal of American History 74, no 4 (mars 1988) : 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1894458.
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Nelles, H. V., R. Peter Gillis et Thomas R. Roach. « Lost Iniatives : Canada's Forest Industries, Forest Policy, and Forest Conservation ». American Historical Review 93, no 2 (avril 1988) : 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860117.
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Bugalho, L., B. Café, L. Pessanha, J. Sanches, A. V. Sousa et R. Tavares. « Assessment of forest fire risk in Portugal combining meteorological and vegetation information ». Forest Ecology and Management 234 (novembre 2006) : S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.097.
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Mathews, Andrew Salvador. « Mexican Forest History ». Journal of Sustainable Forestry 15, no 1 (janvier 2002) : 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v15n01_02.
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Catry, Filipe X., Francisco Moreira, Rui Tujeira et Joaquim S. Silva. « Post-fire survival and regeneration of Eucalyptus globulus in forest plantations in Portugal ». Forest Ecology and Management 310 (décembre 2013) : 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.036.
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de Almeida, António Pereira, et Hans Riekerk. « Water balance of Eucalyptus globulus and Quercus suber forest stands in south Portugal ». Forest Ecology and Management 38, no 1-2 (décembre 1990) : 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90085-p.
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Hines, Sally, et Ana Cristina Santos. « Trans* policy, politics and research : The UK and Portugal ». Critical Social Policy 38, no 1 (30 octobre 2017) : 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018317732880.
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This article explores law and social policy regarding trans* activism amongst trans* and non-binary social movements, and academic research addressing trans* in the UK and Portugal. In considering different possibilities for theorising gender diversity, this article positions a politics of difference and embodied citizenship as fruitful for synergising the issues under discussion. The authors consider recent law and policy shifts around gender recognition in each country and examine the gaps and the connections between policy developments, activism and research around trans*. Though each country has divergence in terms of the history of trans* activism and research, the article identifies significant similarities in the claims of activist groups in the UK and Portugal and the issues and questions under consideration in academic research on trans* and non-binary.
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Harrell, Stevan, Yang Qingxia, Sara Jo Viraldo, R. Keala Hagmann, Amanda H. Schmidt et Thomas Hinckley. « Forest is Forest and Meadows are Meadows ». Archiv orientální 84, no 3 (16 décembre 2016) : 595–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.84.3.595-623.
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Present-day landscapes are shaped by historical forces that combine natural change (generated by climate, geological processes etc.) with anthropogenic change (locally generated in interaction with larger political and economic forces). In the Jiuzhaigou region of Northern Sichuan, humans have shaped landscapes to their needs for at least 3,500 years. In recent centuries, landscape change has probably accelerated, particularly in response to changes in the political economy of the region since the late 19th century. At present, Amdo and Baima Tibetan communities in the region are faced with generally similar but locally differing political and economic pressures, including economic development, tourism, and policies of conservation and reforestation. The communities have reacted to these pressures in diverse ways that produce different landscape outcomes, demonstrating that neither local cultural landscape ideals alone nor policy prescriptions alone can explain current landscape configurations or predict the precise future impact of policies. However, constraints imposed by bureaucratic planning may lead to landscapes with diminished biodiversity and reduced adaptive capacity.
Thèses sur le sujet "Forest policy – Portugal – History"
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Clark, Glen David. « Timber allocation policy in British Columbia to 1972 ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25366.
Texte intégralRésumé :
According to several recent studies, the future of the forest industry in British Columbia is in jeopardy. If present forestry management practices are continued, it is conceivable that within the next decade the timber harvest will decline, employment will be severely reduced, and government revenue from the forest resource will be significantly less than in previous decades. Public ownership of the vast majority of provincial forest land means that government policies are largely responsible for this state of affairs. However, there are relatively few academic studies of the history of those policies.
The purpose of this thesis is to review the evolution one aspect of forest policy, the way in which timber is allocated in British Columbia, and to analyze the dynamics of this evolution in light of six alternative theories of the policy-making process. Forest policy in British Columbia is extremely complicated and is the result of decisions made to meet various demands at different times in history. It is only through a detailed understanding of the history of forest policy and the nature of the provincial state that planners, resource managers, and public policy-makers can attempt to resolve the current crisis in the forest industry.
Public timber is allocated to private forest companies in British Columbia by a variety of tenures. The form of these tenures has changed dramatically over time. Prior to 1912, access to the forest resource was granted primarily by leases and licenses which carried few restrictions and relatively low royalties and rents. These tenures were perpetually renewable until the merchantable timber was removed.
Between 1912 and 1947 the primary method of disposing crown timber was through competitive bidding on short-term timber sales. The crown not only received royalties and rental fees from these Timber Sale Licenses, but also a bid price. The Forest Branch established a minimum bid price based on the value of the end product minus the costs of production and an allowance for profit and risk.
After 1947, the government attempted to regulate the harvest of timber in such a way as to guarantee a perpetual supply of timber. They did this by awarding huge tracts of public land to owners of private forest land and perpetual tenures in order for them to manage the whole property on a sustained yield basis. On the remaining majority of forest land the government set aside large areas which were to be managed by the public sector on sustained yield principles. Over time, as a result of these policies, competition for the resource was virtually eliminated and, as one consequence, the government always received the appraised upset price for timber. It appears that this has undervalued the crown's share of the resource rent. The combined effect of timber allocation policies after 1947 was to accommodate, if not encourage, the consolidation of timber rights.
In order to explain the evolution of timber policy in British Columbia and to guide future policy development, the thesis examines six broad theories of how the state operates. These are categorized as follows: rationalist, pluralist, neo-conservative, neo-marxist instrumentalist, neo-marxist structuralist, and Canadian.
After reviewing these theories the thesis concludes that elements of each theory can be employed to explain different policy changes over time. No single theoretical model is totally adequate to answer the question of why B.C. governments' acted the way they did. Nevertheless, the neo-marxist structuralist and Canadian theories provide the fullest explanation of the role of the state in British Columbia.
It is apparent that large forest companies have had a disproportionate influence on public forest policies. Over time, the provincial state has become increasingly dependent on those companies to carry out many forest policy objectives, to provide employment arid generate tax revenues. New resource policies designed to meet the current crisis in the forest industry must recognize these two important facts.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Woldegiorgis, Birhanu. « A history and policy analysis of Forest Governance in Ethiopia and REDD+ ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413637.
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Collins, Ross D. (Ross Daniel). « Forest fire management in Portugal : developing system insights through models of social and physical dynamics ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72651.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)-- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2012.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-135).
Managing forest fires is a serious national problem in Portugal. Burned area has increased steadily over the past several decades, with particularly devastating years in 2003 and 2005. Ignitions also spike dramatically in summer, which greatly strains firefighting resources and leads to fires that are insufficiently extinguished and later may rekindle. The response of policymakers and fire managers to these problems has largely been to increase fire suppression capacity and technology deployment. This research asks, what are the side effects or unintended consequences of policies dedicated to large and aggressive suppression forces? Much of the previous work in forest fire management focuses on narrowly-defined, static problems solved using optimization analysis. This research uses dynamic analysis, specifically System Dynamics, to explore how self-regulating feedback loops affect the outcomes of forest fire management decisions over time. Two models are developed. The strategic model explores the dynamic between suppression and prevention expenditure and its effect on long-term burned area. The operational model explores the dynamics through which rekindled fires occur. The results from both models show that interactions between relevant social and physical systems, in the form of public or institutional pressure, can force aggressive suppression decisions into practice. Furthermore, strict adherence to these policies can trap each system in a state of long-run worse behavior due to the overwhelming effects of negative feedback loops. Policy recommendations based on the results, and informed by an in-depth analysis of relevant stakeholders and impediments to implementation, are also presented.
by Ross D. Collins.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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April, Brian R. « The Sousa Coutinho family and the influence of Portugal on British policy, 1808-1812 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272564.
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Hirt, Paul Wayne. « A conspiracy of optimism : Sustained yield, multiple use, and intensive management on the national forests, 1945-1991 ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185680.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This is a historical study of the intersection of political economy with natural resources management, as played out on the national forests between 1945-1991. Specifically, it focuses on two core national forest management policies; sustained yield and multiple use. These two policy directives represent an attempt by the public and elected officials to apply principles of sustainable development to publicly-owned forest lands, and to ensure that a wide variety of both market and nonmarket forest values are preserved for the benefit of present and future generations. Interest groups, the Forest Service, and policy makers have conceived of sustained yield and multiple use in different and evolving ways over the years. This study explores how these principles have been variously defined and either implemented or thwarted. After World War Two, with escalating demands on national forest resources, the U.S. Forest Service turned to "intensive management" as a technological method of enhancing natural forest productivity and mitigating the environmental effects of increased use. But the agency's optimistic vision of efficient, sustained production of forest commodities through technical mastery over nature has met overwhelming fiscal, environmental, technical, and political obstacles. Nevertheless, agency leaders, industry advocates, and politicians have consistently promulgated an optimistic faith that intensive applications of labor, capital, and technology can maximize and harmonize multiple uses, rehabilitate damaged resources, and sustain high levels of outputs in perpetuity--despite repeated failures to achieve balanced multiple use management and to manage grazing and timber extraction at sustainable levels. The conspiracy of optimism ideologically justifies continued unsustainably high levels of resource extraction. Changing public values since the 1960s and the popularization of ecology have initiated a growing skepticism toward the premises of intensive management. At the same time, field level forest managers have grown frustrated with top-down imposition of resource production quotas and the lack of adequate political, fiscal, and organizational support for sound forest management. As the last old growth forests fall to the chainsaw, and as the federal subsidies required to access these remote timber stands on the national forests escalate, public controversy deepens. In this decade of the national forest centennial a revolt of conscience has erupted among grassroots Forest Service personnel, and a strong challenge from the environmental community has gained momentum. Another major period of policy evaluation and revision appears to be taking place. Whether the conspiracy of optimism can continue to sustain the old status quo is questionable.
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Bennett, Cathy. « The U.S. Forest Service : business as usual ». Scholarly Commons, 2003. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/583.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There are two prevailing views today about our forests and natural resources. Both views are considered the "right" view, each position comprising a set of values by which we make decisions and choices about using our natural resources. The "dominant world view," is anthropocentric and agriculturally based, with a strong belief that we can "fix" environmental problems through the use of technology. The key result of this view is a belief in the efficiency of economic expansion and its continued growth. The second view maintains we are part of nature, not masters of it, and that we have developed an arrogant attitude toward nature, believing we have the right to do as we wish regardless of the consequences. The result of this view is a belief in the interconnectedness of all life, thus all life has rights.
This work argues that the "dominant" worldview shaped the policies of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS). Consistent with this worldview, the USFS management. paradigm was to provide the greatest return, a commodity-driven focus. However, when public values changed towards a more ecocentric view, the USFS should have reevaluated its method of doing business. Instead, it remained entrenched in its management objective- timber production.
After the courts enjoined the USFS against cutting in the Pacific Northwest, aftet struggling with confrontational environmentalists and increased activism within the agency, the USFS attempted to re-write its management paradigm. However even though the policy sounds eco-friendly, the USFS is still mandated by Congress, and forced by appropriations approved by Congress, to cut trees. Different ideologies are accommodated only when they do not conflict with economics. Thus, in spite of changing values, it is still business as usual.
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Bennett, Cathy. « The U.S. Forest Service : business as usual : a thesis ». Scholarly Commons, 2001. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/583.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There are two prevailing views today about our forests and natural resources. Both views are considered the "right" view, each position comprising a set of values by which we make decisions and choices about using our natural resources. The "dominant world view," is anthropocentric and agriculturally based, with a strong belief that we can "fix" environmental problems through the use of technology. The key result of this view is a belief in the efficiency of economic expansion and its continued growth. The second view maintains we are part of nature, not masters of it, and that we have developed an arrogant attitude toward nature, believing we have the right to do as we wish regardless of the consequences. The result of this view is a belief in the interconnectedness of all life, thus all life has rights.
This work argues that the "dominant" worldview shaped the policies of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS). Consistent with this worldview, the USFS management. paradigm was to provide the greatest return, a commodity-driven focus. However, when public values changed towards a more ecocentric view, the USFS should have reevaluated its method of doing business. Instead, it remained entrenched in its management objective- timber production.
After the courts enjoined the USFS against cutting in the Pacific Northwest, aftet struggling with confrontational environmentalists and increased activism within the agency, the USFS attempted to re-write its management paradigm. However even though the policy sounds eco-friendly, the USFS is still mandated by Congress, and forced by appropriations approved by Congress, to cut trees. Different ideologies are accommodated only when they do not conflict with economics. Thus, in spite of changing values, it is still business as usual.
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Urbano, Andrea Rose. « Long-term forest carbon storage and structural development as influenced by land-use history and reforestation approach ». ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/448.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Temperate forests are an important carbon sink, yet there is uncertainty regarding land-use history effects on biomass accumulation and carbon storage potential in secondary forests. Understanding long-term biomass dynamics is important for managing forests as carbon sinks and for co-benefits such as watershed protection and biodiversity. However there are many unanswered questions regarding these dynamics in northeastern U.S. forests: How have secondary forests of the U.S. Northeast recovered post nineteenth century agricultural abandonment? How has the region's extensive land-use history influenced long-term structural development and aboveground carbon storage? To answer these questions, we employed a longitudinal study based on twelve years of empirical data (2001-2013) from the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller (MBR) National Historical Park in Woodstock, VT. MBR Park was the first parcel of land to actively be reforested in the eastern U.S., and as such, its diverse forest mosaic reflects a history of alternate reforestation approaches and varied successional trajectories indicative of secondary forest recovery occurring across the broader northeastern forest landscape. We also used 150 years of documentary data from park management records. This research evaluates the effects of reforestation approaches (planting vs. natural regeneration), management regimes (long-term low-to-intermediate harvest intensities at varied harvest frequencies), and stand development pathways on biomass outcomes. We generated biometrics representative of stand structural complexity, including the H' structural diversity index, and aboveground biomass (live trees, snags, and downed coarse woody debris pools) estimates. Multivariate analyses evaluated the predictive strength of reforestation approach, management history, and site characteristics relative to aboveground carbon pools and stand structural complexity.
Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis ranked reforestation approach (plantation or natural regeneration) as the strongest predictor of long-term mean total aboveground carbon storage, while harvest frequency, and stand age were selected as secondary variables. CART ranked forest percent conifer (a metric closely associated with reforestation approach) as the strongest predictor of H' index, while harvest intensity, and harvest frequency were selected as secondary variables. Increases in harvest intensity can significantly reduce aboveground carbon storage. Our results suggest that a variety of long-term recovery pathways converge on high levels of aboveground carbon storage, including both conifer plantations and naturally regenerated hardwood stands, but choice of silvicultural management approach can dramatically alter those trajectories. Importantly, total aboveground biomass (i.e., carbon) co-varied with H' (r2 = 0.25), and thus, our dataset showed a positive relationship between forest carbon storage and structural complexity, supporting the concept of multifunctional forestry emphasizing late-successional habitats.
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Köllner, Kristin. « Provträdsfördelning bland marktyper i Östergötland : En analys av ålder och grovlek ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166729.
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Old and coarse trees implement vital functions for humans, animals, and nature. Swedish forests have for a long time been affected by man, which affects the trees’ age and size distribution. The proportion of old-trees is currently low and it is desirable to increase it. Using data on sample trees’ from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, I analysed old-tree distribution in different land-use types and age-distribution, as well as coarse trees in Östergötland under the years 1983-2017. Furthermore, I analysed the sample trees form the year 1927 to compare with the sample trees in period 1983-2017. The defined age of an old-tree 5% older trees in the data was used while the coarse trees were defined by “miljömålets” definition. The tree sample data involved Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Quercus robur, Populus tremula, and Alnus glutinosa. Their occurrence in four different land-use types were considered: (i) productive woodland, (ii) arable land and natural pasture, (iii) mountains and other wastelands, and (iv) peatland. The results shows that a higher percentage of old and coarse trees occur in (i) productive woodland during the years 1983-2017. The coarse trees had similar distribution in the different land-use types during the years 1983-2017 and over time. Comparison with 1927 showed that the number of old-trees has decreased while the coarse trees had increased. Thus, the land-use types, except (i), do not constitute a reservoir for old and coarse trees and that the coarse trees individuals overlap with the old trees.Gamla träd och grova träd utför livsviktiga funktioner för både människa, djur och natur. Sveriges skogar har länge påverkats av människan och det har påverkat trädens ålders- och storleksfördelning. Idag är andelen gamla träd låg i Sverige och det manifesteras åtgärder för att öka andelen äldre och grövre träd i skogarna. Genom att använda riksskogstaxeringens provträdsdata kan vi veta hur gamla och grova träd är fördelade bland marktyper. Denna studie undersökte hur gamla provträd var fördelade bland marktyper och deras åldersfördelning, samt motsvarande för grova träd i Östergötlands län. Dessutom jämfördes perioderna 1983–2017 och 1927. Gamla träd utgjorde per definition 5% av de äldre träden, medan grova träd definierades utifrån miljömålet levande skogar. Provträdsdata var på trädslagen; Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Quercus robur, Populus tremula och Alnus glutinosa som fanns inom marktyperna; (i) produktiv skogsmark, (ii) åkermark och naturbete, (iii) berg och vissa andra impediment, och (iv) myr. Resultaten visar att en hög andel gamla liksom grova provträd fanns inom produktiv skogsmark i Östergötlands län under 1983–2017. Bland marktyperna hade de grova provträd liknande odds och en liknande grovleksfördelning för båda perioderna. Dock sedan 1927 har andelen gamla träd minskat, medan andelen grova provträd har ökat. Därmed utgör marktyperna utöver (i) inte en reservoar för gamla som grova träd samt att de grova träden kan spegla de gamla trädens förekomst.
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Ekströmer, Karin. « Produktion och miljötänk - då och nu : Introduktion och utveckling av miljöhänsyn i svenskt skogsbruk ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65439.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Sveriges natur förknippas mer än något annat med skog. Två tredjedelar av landets drygt 40 miljoner hektar landareal täcks av skog. Av 27,1 miljoner hektar skogsmark (inklusive skyddad mark) är 23,3 miljoner hektar produktiv skogsmark. Andelen privata skogsägare uppgår till ca 330 000 personer och äger hälften av all skogsmark i Sverige samt levererar drygt 60 % av den totala råvaran till skogsindustrin. Skogsstyrelsens, och skogsvårdstyrelsernas, främsta roll har alltsedan bemyndigandet 1903 varit rådgivning till skogsägarna, ett viktigt styrmedel för att kunna förebygga lagingripanden och mildra lagstiftningen. I början av 1960-talet väcktes det diskussioner, som sedan dess har varit aktuella, om: att jordens resurser är ändliga och hur vi förvaltar dem. Det mest turbulenta årtiondet för svensk skogsvårdpolitik var 1970-talet och den tidiga miljörelaterade kritiken mot skogsbruket var inte underbyggd av forskning om miljötillståndet i skogen, utan skapades av en allmän opinion i samhället. Flertalet av de intervjuade skogsägarna uppgav att rådgivning varit viktiga vägledare för dem i deras skogsvårdsbeslut, även om det i enstaka fall fått negativa konsekvenser. Miljöhänsynens avtryck i den enskilda skogsägarens skogsvård följer i stort sett den historiska utvecklingen, det är dock inte entydigt om det i första hand berott på Skogsvårdsstyrelsens kampanjer och rådgivning. Resultatet visar att rådgivning i miljöhänsyn påverkar skogsägarnas beslut i sina val av beståndsåtgärder. Den viktigaste slutsatsen som kan dras av studien är att rådgivning, utbildning och kunskaper är de avgörande framgångsfaktorerna i det fortsatta miljövårdsarbetet. Större hänsyn till den enskilde skogsbrukarens äganderätt, erfarenheter och kännedom om sin mark är något som både myndigheter samt den allmänna opinionen bör iaktta och värdesätta.About two-thirds of Swedens land area is covered by forest. Half of the total forest land is owned by private forest owners.The purpose of this study was to describe the decades before and after the environmental concerns became self-evident in Swedish forestry, and from a forest policy perspective elucidate the introduction of environmental concerns in forest management. Interviews with private forest owners and field studys was conducted to identify specific occurences of conservation that could be linked to advisory service from The National Board of Forestry since the 1970´s. The result shows that guidance, education and skills are crucial success factors for the continuence of conservation and sustainable forestry, but also greater consideration and respect for the private forest owners property rights, experiences and knowledge.
Livres sur le sujet "Forest policy – Portugal – History"
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Brouwer, Roland. Planting power : The afforestation of the commons and state formation in Portugal = Het planten van macht : de bebossing van de gemeenschapsgronden en staatsvorming in Portugal. [Delft : Eburon, 1995.
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O estado e a ordem pública : As instituições militares portuguesas. Lisboa : Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 1999.
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O exército e a ruptura da ordem política em Portugal, 1820-1974. Lisboa : Prefácio, 2007.
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Lousada, Abílió Pires. O exército e a ruptura da ordem política em Portugal, 1820-1974. Lisboa : Prefácio, 2007.
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Arifalo, Ebenezer Ibukun. Understanding forest policy. Yola, Nigeria : Paraclete Publishers, 2005.
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British forest policy in Assam. New Delhi : Concept Pub. Co., 2004.
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Reis, Arthur Cézar Ferreira. A política de Portugal no valle amazônico. Belém, Pará : Secretaria de Estado da Cultura, 1993.
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Farooqui, Amar. Colonial forest policy in Uttarakhand, 1890-1928. New Delhi : Kitab Pub. House, 1997.
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Egboh, Edmund Onyemeke. Forestry policy in Nigeria, 1897-1960. Nsukka : University of Nigeria Press, 1985.
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O fim do euro em Portugal ? Coimbra : Conjuntura Actual Editora, 2012.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Forest policy – Portugal – History"
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Abrams, Jesse. « Late 20th-Century Forest History ». Dans Forest Policy and Governance in the United States, 51–71. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003043669-4.
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Wiersum, K. Freerk, Bas Arts et Jim van Laar. « From Practical Science to a Practice Based Approach : A Short History of Forest Policy Studies ». Dans Forest and Nature Governance, 23–46. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5113-2_2.
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Clar, Ernesto. « 9. Farm Policy under the Salazar and Franco Dictatorships in Portugal and Spain : Towards an Authoritarian Model of Intervention in Agriculture ? » Dans Rural History in Europe, 177–94. Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rurhe-eb.4.00055.
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Hetemäki, Lauri, et Jyri Seppälä. « Planetary Boundaries and the Role of the Forest-Based Sector ». Dans Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 19–31. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_2.
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Abstract‘Planetary boundaries’ is a concept that has been introduced by Earth system scientists to refer particularly to anthropogenic pressures on the Earth system that have reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. In the planetary boundaries discussion, climate change plays a central role due to its overarching impacts on all the other planetary boundaries. For example, climate change critically impacts biodiversity and land-use changes. Consequently, climate change shapes policies, strategies and actions at the global, continental, national, regional and individual levels. The main policy through which the EU is seeking to address climate change and direct the region to live within the planetary boundaries is the European Green Deal (EGD), launched in 2019. The EGD clearly acknowledges the role forests can play in sinking carbon and suggests measures to enhance forest restoration and conservation. However, it falls short of recognising the role that the forest-based bioeconomy can also play in achieving the EGD objectives. History shows that European forests can simultaneously increase the carbon sink, biodiversity and wood production.
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« Reframing forest history, reframing forest policy ». Dans Reframing Deforestation, 205–20. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203400340-16.
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Oliveira, Emanuel, Raquel Lobo-do-Vale et Conceição Colaço. « The last landscape gardeners : Incident analysis of traditional burns in Portugal ». Dans Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 792–95. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_120.
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In Portugal, there are countless historic and legislative references about fire use in rural areas. This popular use of fire to manage the huddled of agricultural and forestry leftovers and small burns to clean the farmed lands continues nowadays, to be used in rural environments. However, these environments are becoming depopulated, with aged populations which are often isolated. Every year, in the social media, there are news about fatalities or injuries from elder people when using fire in the landscape. In 2018 the number of incidents were much higher than usual. For that, the objective of this work was to identify which were the factors that could explain this anomaly. To obtain a systematic data of the incidents, a thorough analysis of the regional and national newspapers, both in paper and online, was performed from the years 2008 to 2020. Variables like date, place, sex, age and other were gathered. All the incidents variables were complemented with meteorological data associated with wildfire risk, sociodemographic variables and the legislative context. From 2008 to 2020 there were 44 incidents, with 89% of fatalities. The anomaly of incidents in 2018 corresponded to 45% of cases. Most of the incidents (from 2008 to 2020) happened with elder (75%) and male (82%) people. The predominant months of occurrence were April and October particularly in the year 2018. The majority of fatalities (69%) occurred when the victim was burning alone. Legislative, social and meteorological analysis showed that the most probable factor that lead to the incidents anomaly was the extreme pressure to manage the vegetation, held by police forces, legislation and fines value if you didn’t comply.
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« Agricultural Policy, Growth and Demise, 1930–2000 ». Dans An Agrarian History of Portugal, 1000-2000, 245–76. BRILL, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004311527_010.
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Rodrigues, Andreia, Domingos Xavier Viegas, José Zêzere, Aldina Santiago et Luís Laím. « Rural fires – Causes of human losses in Portugal ». Dans Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 757–66. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_116.
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Forest fires are the cause of many fatalities in Portugal and around the world. Extreme fire phenomena are increasingly, giving rise to intense and uncontrolled fires, with dimension and destructive potential greater than what is used to seeing and dealing with. The occupants of rural areas have a history of peaceful coexistence with fire, and they consider be prepared. However, with the abandonment of rural areas, abandonment of the agricultural activities that were carried out around the villages and the elderly populations, mean that villages are no longer naturally protected and fires get closer to the houses with greater intensity. It is crucial to protect rural populations that are vulnerable to wildfire threat. 2017 in Portugal comes with a milestone in history due to the high number of fatalities, in two different occurrences spaced in time, but geographically close: about 92% of deaths occurred in urban forest interface areas. Analysing the location of the mortal victims, it is possible to identify risk factors that lead to the death of civilians in the face of rural fires, such as the increase in demand for rurality, both for permanent and tourist housing, of inhabitants of urban areas, less used to the reality of rural fires, the false sensation of security that older populations will be able to due to changes in land use processes, making these populations even more vulnerable and, not least, the lack of preparation and awareness make the population wait for the fire to arrive at the homes. Population still has a poor perception of fire risk, making wrong last-minute decisions that sometimes lead to death. It is imperative to create models and protection mechanisms for populations in the urban-forest interface environments. This paper presents an analysis of the characteristics and causes of death of the victims of the June and October 2017 fires in Portugal, recognizing risk factors that led to their death.
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« Reading forest history backwards : a century of environmental policy ». Dans Misreading the African Landscape, 237–60. Cambridge University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139164023.011.
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Cardoso, Edna, Ilda Novo, Nuno Moreira, Pedro Silva, Álvaro Silva et Vanda Pires. « Clusters analysis applied to drought and forest fires in mainland Portugal (NUT III regions) from 1980 to 2019 ». Dans Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1054–61. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_159.
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The Australian Fire Danger Rating System (AFDRS) was launched on 1 September 2022, bringing a generational change to the way that Australia calculates and communicates fire danger. Its focus is improved public safety and reduced impacts of bushfires though: • Improving the science behind fire danger predictions. • Improving the way that fire danger is communicated. • Providing government and industry with better decision-making tools. • Reducing future costs associated with bushfire impacts. The previous fire danger rating system was introduced in the 1960’s by Australia’s first full-time bushfire researcher, Alan McArthur, based on extensive experimental fires. While useful, the system included only two fire behaviour models (dry sclerophyll forest and grassland), was not easily updateable and fires were being experienced that increasingly exceeded its design parameters. In July 2014, Senior Officers and Ministers agreed that the development of a new system was a national priority. The new system was developed by the New South Wales Rural Fire Service in collaboration with the Bureau of Meteorology, all Australian states and territories and the Commonwealth government. Program management and system implementation were coordinated by AFAC (Australia’s National Council for Fire and Emergency Services). The new AFDRS uses contemporary fire behaviour science, makes better use of available data and uses software infrastructure that can be continuously improved. The AFDRS starts with eight fire behaviour models representing a representative range of Australian vegetation types, it captures current fuel information, uses satellite data, integrates weather from the Bureau of Meteorology and calculates fire danger down to a 1.5km by 1.5-kilometer grid. These calculations are linked to tools that assist fire operational decision-making via a Fire Behaviour Index that is calibrated to operational implications for fire management. A separate arm of the project developed a public-facing Fire Danger Rating framework, guided by one of Australia’s largest social research projects. The research found that, while fire danger signage was well recognised, few acted on fire danger ratings to plan their activities. Focus groups and subsequent surveys found that the community preferred a simplified public-facing system where each fire danger rating had a distinct call to action. The implementation of the new system required an enormous effort from all levels of government across all States and Territories as well as the Commonwealth. It required updates to legislation, policy, procedures, web pages and other IT infrastructure, as well as replacement of physical signage. However, as a result, Australia has a significantly new way of calculating and communicating fire danger, that is continuously improvable and which will bring benefits for decades to come.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Forest policy – Portugal – History"
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Karnyshev, Alexander. « Psychologo-Economic and Environmental Assessment Baikal Resources in the Geopolitics of China and Russia ». Dans Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.37.
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In geopolitics, the concepts of geography and territory are reduced to the fundamental aspects of relations between States, they serve as a basic method of interpreting the past, they act as the main factors of human existence, organizing all other aspects of existence around them. It is in this perspective that the article examines the attitude to Baikal in the history of the mutually linked foreign policy of Russia and China. It is noted that the Mongols and Manchus, who once conquered China, not only found themselves largely assimilated by the defeated society, but over time, a large part of their ancestral territories began to be perceived as native Chinese. Far from being justified, this also applied to Baikal, although the Yakut etymology of its name, associated with the ethnic ancestors of the Yakuts — the Huns, has been clearly traced since ancient times. Since ancient times, Buryats and Evenks who voluntarily became part of Russia have lived around Baikal. Modern development is characterized by the “penetration” of the Chinese into the business of Asian Russia. In the Baikal region, this focus has basically three goals: forest, clean water, and ownership of land and other natural resources. In a special row, it is necessary to put projects for supplying the population of some Chinese territories with Baikal water, which is planned to be transported both in bottled form and in the future through pipes.
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Fu, Xingguo, Xiaohong Xu et Xuguang Zhou. « The New Lubrication Technology and China’s Sustained Development ». Dans World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63123.
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The application of new lubrication technology has a close relationship with the industrial development of automobile, machinery and transportation. Energy saving and environment protection are main two factors to push lubricants upgrades. Lubricant quality and correct application directly influence the use-life of machine, consumption of energy and environment protection. All over the world, especially in Western developed countries people pay more attention to the research and application of new lubricant technology. The lubricant specifications were reviewed and upgraded continuously according to the requirements of machine, fuel economy and emission. China’s sustained development means the ability to satisfy current human’s requirement as well as not to destroy nature resources for next generation. That also means we must balance the fast development of economy, society, resources and environment, we must protect natural resources and environment such as water, ocean, lands and forest which we live on, which can keep our next generation developing. Research and application of new lubricant technology is basic issues to keep China’s economy continuously growing. China’s petroleum consumption increased rapidly during the recent decades. There are two rapid period within 25 years after China’s application of opening and reform policy. The first is from 1978 to 1990, the whole petroleum consumption increased from 913 million to 1.18 billion tons respectively, increasing rate is 2.0% per year. The second was from 1991 to 2003, petroleum consumption increased from 1.18 billion to 2.74 billion tons, increasing rate was up to 6.7% per year. If we compare 2003 with 2001, the net petroleum consumption amount had increased 42million tons, increase rate is 8.7% per year. China now becomes one of biggest petroleum consumption country. The efficiency of China’s petroleum consumption is low. According to world petroleum consumption level (ton per thousand U.S. Dollar, GDP), China consumes four times more petroleum than that of Japan, three times of that of European, two times of that of USA. The wide application of low-grade lubricating oil and the lack of new lubrication technology are the main cause of the low-efficient petroleum usage. In the future decades petroleum shortages will be more and more strict in China, and it will have an important role in the delay of economic development and national safety. It is our lubricants workers duty to develop and apply the new lubrication technology to enhance the use efficiency of petroleum, to prevent our reliable environment and to push the China’s sustainable development. The world total consumption quantity of lubricating oil keeps about 37 to 39 million tons per year. It shares about 1% of total crude refining amount. The lube consumption amount in North American keeps stable about 9.5 million tons which listed No.1 while European and previous Unit Soviet area decreased. Asia is the only increased area, mainly because of the fast economic growth in China and India. China has consumed 4.4million tons lubricating oil in 2003, take about 1.6% of total crude refining amount, shares about 11% of whole world consumption amount, values about 22 billion RMB [1]. The increased rate reaches the highest—10.56% compared to 2002. This was the first time China become the second lubricant consumer in the world, just after USA. In 2004, China’s lubricants consumption will reach over 5 million tons, reaches the top in history, the increased rate will reach 10% comparing with 2003. China’s Automobile industry develops rapidly in the recent years, at the same time fuel efficiency keeps a low level. In 2002 China’s automobile has consumed 2.28 ton fuel per automobile which is 110–120 percent of USA, 200 percent of Japan. There exists a wide market for the application of new lubrication technology. The application of those additives and lube oils such as environment-friend additives, friction modified agents, nano-lube additives, energy-conserving multi-grade lube oils can enhance lubrication efficiency of equipments, decrease fuel consumption and conserve the petroleum resources. In this paper the applications of Cu nano-lube additive are introduced. and 0.1% Cu nano-lube is added into passenger car motor oil 5W30 SJ. The four-ball test equipment, cam-tappet test equipment and MS VI engine test are used to evaluate the performance, the test results shows the application of Cu nano-additive can obviously decrease the friction coefficient and fuel consumption. China should establish its national lube oil evaluation system, this system can greatly push the warranty of the quality of lube oil. The standard and national principle for fuel-conserving should be acted to improve the application of multi-grade lube oil and energy-conserving lube oil and new technology.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Forest policy – Portugal – History"
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Alexander, Serena E., Ahoura Zandiatashbar et Branka Tatarevic. Fragmented or Aligned Climate Action : Assessing Linkages Between Regional and Local Planning Efforts to Meet Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Targets. Mineta Transportation Institute, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2146.
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Amid the rising climate change concerns, California enacted Senate Bill 375 (SB 375) to tackle transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. SB 375 requires Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) to develop a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS), a regional transportation and land use vision plan, to reduce GHG emissions. Meanwhile, a local government can develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP), a non-binding, voluntary plan to reduce GHG emissions that may align with the regional SCS. Recent progress reports indicate California is not making sufficient progress to meet SB 375 emissions reduction targets, which raises important questions: (1) Are the transportation and land use strategies and targets in SCS plans reflected in the local plans to build sustainable communities? (2) Does the alignment of regional and local transportation and land use strategies mitigate GHG emissions through vehicle trip reduction? (3) How different are the effects of independent local action and alignment of local and regional actions on vehicle trip reduction? Through an in-depth content analysis of plans and policies developed by five MPOs and 20 municipalities and a quantitative analysis of the impact of local and regional strategy alignment on vehicle trip reduction over time, this study shows that the patterns of local and regional climate policy are diverse across the state, but poor alignment is not necessarily a sign of limited climate action at the local level. Cities with a long climate-planning history and the capacity to act innovatively can lead regional efforts or adopt their own independent approach. Nonetheless, there are clear patterns of common strategies in local and regional plans, such as active transportation strategies and planning for densification and land use diversity. Well-aligned regional and local level climate-friendly infrastructure appear to have the most significant impact on vehicle-trip reduction, on average a 7% decrease in vehicle trips. Yet, many local-level strategies alone, such as for goods movement, urban forest strategies, parking requirements, and education and outreach programs, are effective in vehicle-trip reduction. A major takeaway from this research is that although local and regional climate policy alignment can be essential for reducing vehicle trips, local action is equally important.