Articles de revues : « Forest biomass- Wood market »

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Conrad, Joseph L., et M. Chad Bolding. « Virginia's Woody Biomass Market : Opportunities and Implications ». Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 35, n^o 2 (1 mai 2011) : 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/35.2.67.

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Abstract Recent interest in producing energy from woody biomass has raised questions about the coexistence of wood-to-energy markets and the traditional forest products industry in Virginia. This study examined recent trends in the forest products industry and the wood-to-energy market, as well as the potential for competition between the two industries. Results indicate that the forest products industry has struggled recently, whereas wood-to-energy markets have expanded. Current opinion varies as to whether or not the wood-to-energy market will negatively affect the forest products industry. At present, 75% of Virginia's pulpmills are located within 50 miles of a wood-to-energy facility, and all pulpmills are within 75 miles. Recent trends in pulpwood prices, fuel chip prices, and Virginia law indicate that competition for raw material is unlikely in the short term. However, this research indicates that in the longer term, depending on government policies and technological progress in conversion technologies, competition between forest industry and wood-to-energy companies is possible.

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Dudek, Tomasz. « The Impacts of the Energy Potential of Forest Biomass on the Local Market : An Example of South-Eastern Poland ». Energies 13, n^o 18 (22 septembre 2020) : 4985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184985.

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Forest biomass is and will remain a primary source of renewable energy in many EU countries in the coming years. The aim of this study was to determine the energy potential of forest biomass on a regional scale with regard to the needs of its inhabitants in terms of electricity and heat consumption. The study was carried out in south-eastern Poland. Energy potential was calculated based on the determined wood mass and calorific value of wood. The current level of forest biomass acquisition satisfies 4.2% of the needs of the local market in terms of electricity and heat consumption. Taking into account high forest cover of the region (40%), the 60% annual increment of total harvesting, and obtaining biomass at the level of 30% of the total harvesting, waste wood from the forest can meet 58.1% of the needs of the local market in terms of electricity consumption and 14.4% of the need for thermal energy consumption. There is a certain niche in the fuel wood market that is currently unused, presenting the opportunity to develop this sector and generate additional jobs in local markets. However, the increase in obtained forest biomass must be in accordance with the principles of sustainable development.

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Jonsson, Ragnar. « How to cope with changing demand conditions — The Swedish forest sector as a case study : an analysis of major drivers of change in the use of wood resources ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, n^o 4 (avril 2013) : 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0139.

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Promotion of renewable energy sources in Europe is foreseen to result in a dramatic increase in the demand for woody biomass. This paper assesses whether wood resources in the European Union (EU) will support future demand. Possible implications for countries with ample forest resources and a well-developed forest industry, such as Sweden, of an expected mounting demand pressure are discussed. Other drivers of change in global wood product markets posing challenges for the forest sector in general are also addressed. These drivers are reviewed and, together with the results from the EUwood project and econometric wood market models, analyzed as to their impacts on the Swedish forest sector. Demand is foreseen to vastly exceed the potential supply of woody biomass in Europe, putting a tremendous pressure on the Swedish forest resource and necessitating trade-offs between different ecosystem services. Further, projections suggest that Sweden will decrease in importance in production as well as consumption terms for all wood products.

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Charvet, Felix, Felipe Silva, Luís Ruivo, Luís Tarelho, Arlindo Matos, José Figueiredo da Silva et Daniel Neves. « Pyrolysis Characteristics of Undervalued Wood Varieties in the Portuguese Charcoal Sector ». Energies 14, n^o 9 (28 avril 2021) : 2537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092537.

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Charcoal production in Portugal is mostly based on the valorization of woody residues from cork oak and holm oak, the latter being considered a reference feedstock in the market. Nevertheless, since wildfire prevention became a priority in Portugal, after the recent dramatic wildfires, urgent actions are being conducted to reduce the fuel load in the forests, which is increasing the amount of biomass that is available for valorization. Additionally, biomass residues from agriculture, forest management, control of invasive species, partially burnt wood from post-fire recovery actions, and waste wood from storm devastated forests need also to be considered within the national biomass valorization policies. This has motivated the present work on whether the carbonization process can be used to valorize alternative woody biomasses not currently used on a large scale. For this purpose, slow pyrolysis experiments were carried out with ten types of wood, using a fixed bed reactor allowing the controlled heating of large fuel particles at 0.1 to 5 °C/min and final temperatures within 300–450 °C. Apart from an evaluation of the mass balance of the process, emphasis was given to the properties of the resulting charcoals considering its major market in Portugal—barbecue charcoal for both recreational and professional purposes.

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Swezy, Camille, John Bailey et Woodam Chung. « Linking Federal Forest Restoration with Wood Utilization : Modeling Biomass Prices and Analyzing Forest Restoration Costs in the Northern Sierra Nevada ». Energies 14, n^o 9 (8 mai 2021) : 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092696.

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Over half of California’s forestland is managed by the US Forest Service, and the agency has identified a need to scale up forest restoration treatments in the state to one million acres per year by 2025. However, the high costs of mechanical fuel reduction and lack of markets for biomass pose significant barriers to accomplishing this target. The objectives of this case study were: (1) to identify costs of forest restoration treatments on federally-managed land in the Northern Sierra under a variety of harvesting scenarios and haul distances to biomass facilities, and (2) to understand what market prices for biomass must be offered to support such efforts. We modeled silvicultural prescription and harvesting options, machine productivity and costs, and transportation costs to assess economic thresholds. Biomass harvest, chip, and haul costs ranged from $55/bone dry ton to $118/bone dry ton, depending on the harvesting system scenario and distance from the biomass disposal site. Results suggest that the cost of forest restoration far exceeds current market prices for biomass, and additional investment is needed to adequately pay for federal forest restoration in California. Additional takeaways include that biomass outlets closer to supply sources can reduce both haul costs and production costs, and local wood utilization campuses can play a key role in supporting forest restoration.

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Trung, Thanh, et Brigitte Leblon. « The role of sensors in the new forest products industry and forest bioeconomy ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, n^o 11 (novembre 2011) : 2097–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-148.

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Forests are a natural resource of major economic significance to Canada, contributing $13.5 billion (2006) to the Canadian economy. However, the forest products industry is essentially an export industry and must compete locally and globally. The development of new and emerging products including biofuel and biomaterial derived from woody biomass will further drive up wood costs. As such, new products and process innovation are required to reduce production costs and gain market share. In this editorial, we summarize the role of sensors and how the use of sensors could provide means for cost reduction and new product development.

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Sukhanov, Yuri, Alexander Seliverstov et Yuri Gerasimov. « Efficiency of Forest Chip Supply Systems in Northwest Russia ». Advanced Materials Research 740 (août 2013) : 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.799.

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Northwest Russia has significant volumes of woody biomass of different origins that are available for energy, butwoodis not widely used as fuel.Four alternatives of forest chip supply systems were compared in the Republic of Kareliawith the support systemand the most favorable methods of wood chip production were determined by the local market conditions. The collection of logging residues for chipping is cost-effective if the distance to the customer is less than 100 km. The use of round energy wood for the production of forest chips compared with the use of logging residues is more economically feasible. In this case, forest chips can be transported up to 150 km. The availability of logging residues largely depends on the load-bearing capacity of the soil at harvesting sites. When considering the local market, a production method based on chipping energy wood at the end user facility has the best economic efficiency.

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Wieruszewski, Marek, Aleksandra Górna, Katarzyna Mydlarz et Krzysztof Adamowicz. « Wood Biomass Resources in Poland Depending on Forest Structure and Industrial Processing of Wood Raw Material ». Energies 15, n^o 13 (4 juillet 2022) : 4897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134897.

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(1) Wood is a widely available raw material on the market, which satisfies the industrial demand and which is used both as a source of biomass for the wood materials industry in a broad sense and for energy-supplying purposes. These areas prove the functional values and the possibilities of the directional use of low-quality wood products. One of the factors influencing the overall balance of the wood biomass is the form and quality of the wood material that cannot be further processed mechanically. This study was conducted to determine the influence of this material by presenting the dependence between the level of wood biomass resources and the conditions of wood acquisition and processing in Poland. (2) The basic directions of biomass acquisition were verified in correlation with the level of its acquisition from forest areas and with the form of by-products generated by sawmills. The research was based on the data from reference publications and analysis of the processing of raw wood in sawmills. The research was conducted on raw hardwood and softwood from coniferous and deciduous forests in Poland. (3) The research confirmed the influence of the processing method on the form and share of by-products. It also showed that the form of the wood biomass obtained was influenced by the region of Poland. (4) The research showed that the regionalisation and wood processing directions were correlated with the structure of the wood biomass acquired.

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Gołos, Piotr, et Adam Kaliszewski. « Aspects of using wood biomass for energy production ». Forest Research Papers 76, n^o 1 (1 mars 2015) : 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2015-0009.

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Abstract This article presents the most important aspects relevant to forest-derived biomass utilization for the purposes of energy production by professional energy providers. The issues discussed here are divided into four groups: environmental, social, economic and technological aspects of biomass utilization in energy production. The environmental part focuses on the effects of intensive use of leftovers from timber harvest on forest ecosystems as well as the problem of ash utilization. Economic and social problems include the costs of energy production from timber, consequences of intensified fuel wood demand for the state of the timber and paper industry as well as the impact on the labor market. The technology section of the article covers questions related to the harvest and transport of forest-derived biomass. We conclude that, before regarding it as an energy source, wood should be mainly used for the production of timber due to the necessity and difficulty of considering all of the above-mentioned diverse aspects of energy production. Wood should be used for the production of energy only after its usage as timber products and their recycling.

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Paulson, Jeffrey Steven, Anil Raj Kizha et Han-Sup Han. « Integrating Biomass Conversion Technologies with Recovery Operations In-Woods : Modeling Supply Chain ». Logistics 3, n^o 3 (1 juillet 2019) : 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics3030016.

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Economic potential of feedstock generated low-valued forest residue can be enhanced by emerging biomass conversion technologies (BCT), such as torrefaction, briquetting, and gasification. However, for implementing these emerging processes within the woods, several hurdles are to be overcome, among which a balanced supply chain is pivotal. Centralized biomass recovery operation (CBRO) could be an economically viable solution in accessing harvesting sites and allows integration of BCT into forest management. The goal of this study was to examine the logistic effects of integrating a BCT into a CBRO, under different in-wood scenarios based on variations in travel time between the facility locations, amount of raw materials handled, intermediate storage capacity, and duration (number of days) of annual operations. Specific objectives included analyzing the effects of forest residue recoverability (BDMT, bone dry metric ton/ha), total transportation time from the harvest unit to the market, and the annual number of in-woods production sites on the overall efficiency of the BCT operations. Concurrently, this study examined the forest managerial impacts due to such an integration. Location-allocation tool (maximize market share problem type) within the ArcGIS Network Analyst platform was utilized to model the scenarios and generate one-way travel times from the harvest site to final markets. Results from geospatial analysis showed that there were 89–159 and 64–136 suitable locations for the BCT for logistics model (LM) I and II, respectively. Total one-way travel time for all the models ranged between 1.0–1.7 h. Additionally, the annual numbers of BCT sites was inversely proportional to the total one-way travel time (i.e., harvest unit to market). Arranging CBRO and BCT operations to occur at the same in-woods site returned shorter total and average travel times than arranging the two activities at separate in-woods sites. The model developed for this study can be used by forest managers and entrepreneurs to identify sites for placing BCTs in the forest that minimizes transportation times.

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Sasatani, Daisuke, et Ivan L. Eastin. « Demand Curve Estimation of Locally Produced Woody Biomass Products ». Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, n^o 1 (2018) : 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12392.

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Abstract. The goal of the Waste-to-Wisdom project is to produce and sell value-added products derived from post-harvest forest residues including wood briquettes, torrefied briquettes, and biochar. The consumer demand for these products (i.e., market size) determines the success of manufacturers especially when the location of production is far away from a population center and the producer is a price taker. Consumers are often scattered and transportation costs from the factory to retail stores lower the net sales revenue at the plant. The objective of this study was to estimate the demand curves and the associated revenue functions of the bioenergy products in five case locations applying a market-based analysis. We first estimated the size of the potential market for the products in each location and then assumed a market penetration rate to estimate consumer demand. This information was used to develop a set of mathematical functions based on deductive logic. Plugging presumable values based on scenario assumptions into the models contributes to the economic feasibility studies. Keywords: Biochar, Forest products marketing, Market penetration rate, Price skimming strategy, Wood briquette.

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Benjamin, Jeffrey G., Robert J. Lilieholm et Charles E. Coup. « Forest Biomass Harvesting in the Northeast : A Special-Needs Operation ? » Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, n^o 2 (1 juin 2010) : 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/27.2.45.

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Abstract There is growing interest in harvesting forest biomass to meet the needs of bioenergy and bioproducts facilities in the Northeast. This interest is accompanied by increased concern over the potential impacts of biomass removals on forest ecosystems. Debates over biomass proposals have revealed a considerable level of confusion over the term biomass harvest, much of which stems from ambiguity surrounding the term forest biomass. Indeed, all forest material removed during harvest is forest biomass, yet many view only a small portion of this—typically low-value chipped material—as biomass. Since much of this material is destined for use as energy, we feel that communication among the public, foresters, academics, and industry representatives would improve by referring to forest biomass of this nature as what it really is: energy wood. Once terms are clarified, it is easier to understand how concerns with market dynamics, soil productivity, water quality, and forest biodiversity can be addressed through forest policy development.

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Elias, Micah, John Dees, Bodie Cabiyo, Phil Saksa et Daniel L. Sanchez. « Financial Analysis of Innovative Wood Products and Carbon Finance to Support Forest Restoration in California ». Forest Products Journal 73, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2023) : 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00049.

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Abstract Traditional funding strategies of grants, congressional appropriations, and income from timber sales are insufficient to complete the level of forest restoration necessary throughout California. Stimulating investment into markets for low-value biomass—such as tops and branches of trees, small trees, and dead trees—will add value to forest raw materials and provide additional revenue streams to pay for forest restoration. We evaluate the investment potential of products made from low-value biomass using a discounted cash-flow analysis of several possible forest products including fuels and nonfuels under various climate policy and market scenarios. We demonstrate the carbon benefits provided by these products, attributed to their substitution for fossil-fuel feedstocks and long-term carbon storage. Our work finds that there is an opportunity to develop several highly profitable products, most notably fuels, many of which are eligible for energy and climate policy programs such as California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard and the federal Renewable Fuel Standard. Nonfuel products have an average internal rate of return (IRR) of 13 percent, whereas fuels have an average IRR of 19 percent in our baseline scenario. Although products ineligible for government incentives are generally less profitable, income from the voluntary carbon market greatly increases the IRR. Fostering investment into these products can encourage critically needed funding for forest management while developing a high-impact carbon removal solution enabled by state, federal, and voluntary climate initiatives. On this basis, we conclude that climate policy can support forest restoration in California.

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Nepal, Prakash, Craig M. T. Johnston et Indroneil Ganguly. « Effects on Global Forests and Wood Product Markets of Increased Demand for Mass Timber ». Sustainability 13, n^o 24 (17 décembre 2021) : 13943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413943.

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This study evaluated the effects on forest resources and forest product markets of three contrasting mass timber demand scenarios (Conservative, Optimistic, and Extreme), up to 2060, in twelve selected countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Analyses were carried out by utilizing the FOrest Resource Outlook Model, a partial market equilibrium model of the global forest sector. The findings suggest increases in global softwood lumber production of 8, 23, and 53 million m3 per year by 2060, under the Conservative, Optimistic, and Extreme scenarios, respectively, leading to world price increases of 2%, 7%, and 23%, respectively. This projected price increase is relative to the projected price in the reference scenario, altering prices, production, consumption, trade of forest products, timber harvest, forest growth, and forest stock in individual countries. An increase in softwood lumber prices due to increased mass timber demand would lead to the reduced consumption of softwood lumber for traditional end-use (e.g., light-frame construction), suggesting a likely strong market competition for softwood lumber between the mass timber and traditional construction industries. In contrast, the projected effect on global forest stock was relatively small based on the relatively fast projected biomass growth in stands assumed to be regenerated after harvest.

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Parajuli, Manisha, Patrick Hiesl, Mathew Smidt et Dana Mitchell. « An Evaluation of Woody Biomass and Pulpwood Market Competition within a Range of Procurement Distances ». Forest Products Journal 71, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2021) : 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00032.

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Abstract In the Southern United States, a rising number of biomass facilities have created new market opportunities for forest landowners, consulting foresters, and loggers, which could increase the competition between the biomass market and pulpwood market for forest biomass. Thus, comparing the profits from conventional roundwood harvesting and biomass harvesting within a range of procurement distances could be crucial to make a harvest decision. In this study, we considered two harvesting systems: conventional and biomass. We developed a decision support tool to predict and compare the final stumpage value from both harvesting systems based on the stand and site conditions, market conditions, and distance to the nearest market. We grew (simulated) loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations to six different thinning ages (12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 yr) at five different site indices (17, 20, 23, 26, and 29 m at a base age of 25 yr) using the PTAEDA4.0 software. Different models were fitted and evaluated for certain training and validating criteria. In both harvesting systems, we select the cube root-transformed model as the best model. Using the models, we predict that the utilization of logging residues and pulpwood as wood chips may yield a higher return to the landowner when the delivered price of the wood chips is comparable to the delivered price of the pulpwood and within the same procurement distance. The selected models thus serve as a decision support tool to inform stakeholders to further maximize their economic return from timber harvesting operations by selecting the most profitable option.

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Rabbi, Fazli. « WHY LOCAL RESIDENTS HARVEST NATURAL FOREST ? DETERMINANTS FACTORS IN THE MOUNTAINS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA ». IBT Journal of Business Studies 13, n^o 1 (2017) : 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2017.13.01.05.

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Purpose- - This paper empirically examines households’ forest biomass extraction behavior in three forests areas of Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Pakistan. It further identifies the determinant factors of three types of resources that have implications for forest cover. These include the extraction of fuel wood, cutting of timber and free grazing of goats in the forests. Methodology- - We use primary date collected from 180 households in three forest areas (Miandam, Lalkoo, and Bamburet in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The data was gathered in three Miandam, Lalkoo, and Bamburet using two stage sampling technique. Findings- - The results showed that as insecurity of forest ownerships, family size and age of the households increases, households are more likely to opt for fuel wood harvesting from the forests. On the contrary, as education of the household head, no of crops grown in a season distance to market, use of substitute fuel, and plantation on private land outside forest and livestock assets increases, households are less likely to harvest fuel wood from the natural forests. We also find that there cross regional variation in tendency to harvest fuel wood from the forests. The results also reveal that, households tendency to graze in the forest decreases as households’ off-farm income share increases in total households annual income. Practical Implication- - The government forest policy and conservation efforts need to prioritize the provision of alternative fuel sources, community plantation. Policy strategies are needed to regulate free grazing of goats socially in the state owned natural forests in the province. The areas in the periphery of the natural forests should be supplied with sources of energy from substitute sources such as hydroelectric powers, launch community plantation programs vis-à-vis legislate to resolve the issue of dispute of forest ownership to realize the goal of sustainable utilization of forest and socioeconomic development of the mountains regions.

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Kowalczyk-Juśko, Alina, Agnieszka Listosz, Klaudia Mazur, Michał Maciąg, Patrycja Pochwatka et Andrzej Mazur. « The state and the perspectives of the eco-energy infrastructure development in Biała Podlaska County (Poland). Part II Estimation of solid biomass resources for energy purposes ». E3S Web of Conferences 171 (2020) : 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017101005.

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The paper estimates the possibility of obtaining solid biomass for energy purposes in the Biała Podlaska County (Lublin Voivodeship, Poland). The estimates were based on data on: forest area, orchards and tree stands, land use, crop structure, animal population, and marginal land area in the County. It was found that in most communes, there are great possibilities of obtaining biomass for energy purposes. The largest resource is straw (243,501 Mg per year), which should first be used in agriculture as animal litter and organic fertilizer. Only its surplus can be intended for the combustion and production of pellets and briquettes. In the County, large areas of poor quality land were inventoried, on which perennial energy plants with low requirements can be grown. Up to 113,595 Mg of biomass can be obtained there. The basic condition for the development of targeted energy crops is the emergence of a biomass market: installations that convert biomass into fuels or produce energy on a local scale and sell it to power plants. Currently, a commonly used resource is wood biomass from forests and wood processing, which is used as fuel in domestic boilers, as well as for the production of pellets and briquettes.

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Hassegawa, Mariana, Anna Karlberg, Magnus Hertzberg et Pieter Johannes Verkerk. « Innovative forest products in the circular bioeconomy ». Open Research Europe 2 (16 juin 2022) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14413.2.

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Background: The forest-based industry has been moving towards the manufacture of bio-based products in response to the increasing concern by consumers and governments regarding the use of non-renewable materials and the generation of residues. Various innovative technologies geared towards reducing the environmental footprint of products and processes are currently being developed and applied in the forest-based industry. This study presents some innovative wood-based products that are about to enter the market or that are already being commercialized but have the potential to expand in market size. Methods: We collected data from interviews and a survey with organisations working with product development and manufacturing, and from the literature. Results: Many innovative products that are already produced at an industrial scale, such as cross-laminated timber, wood-based composites, and lyocell, can still increase their market share in the coming years. Some of the up-and-coming products with high potential to substitute fossil-based materials and will likely enter the market in the near future are wood foam, lignin-based adhesives, glycols, bioplastics, and textile fibres. Our study indicates that, although biomass demand is expected to increase, stakeholders do not consider future supply a limiting factor. Conclusions: The ease of market introduction of innovative products relies heavily on the products’ ability to take advantage of existing value chains. Overall, many of the reviewed products have the advantage of being ‘drop-in’. This is because products that require adjustments to production lines are less likely to get into the market without strong external drivers that push for bio-based alternatives. According to stakeholders, the economic viability and the market expansion of these products could be encouraged to a certain extent by EU policies, and certain barriers could be alleviated by reducing bureaucracy, increasing the support for pilot-scale to full-scale production, and increasing subsidies for bio-based alternatives.

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Hassegawa, Mariana, Anna Karlberg, Magnus Hertzberg et Pieter Johannes Verkerk. « Innovative forest products in the circular bioeconomy ». Open Research Europe 2 (9 février 2022) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14413.1.

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Background: The forest-based industry has been moving towards the manufacture of bio-based products in response to the increasing concern by consumers and governments regarding the use of non-renewable materials and the generation of residues. Various innovative technologies geared towards reducing the environmental footprint of products and processes are currently being developed and applied in the forest-based industry. This study presents some innovative wood-based products that are about to enter the market or that are already being commercialized but have the potential to expand in market size. Methods: We collected data from interviews and a survey with organisations working with product development and manufacturing, and from the literature. Results: Many innovative products that are already produced at an industrial scale, such as cross-laminated timber, wood-based composites, and lyocell, can still increase their market share in the coming years. Some of the up-and-coming products with high potential to substitute fossil-based materials and will likely enter the market in the near future are wood foam, lignin-based adhesives, glycols, bioplastics, and textile fibres. Our study indicates that, although biomass demand is expected to increase, stakeholders do not consider future supply a limiting factor. Conclusions: The ease of market introduction of innovative products relies heavily on the products’ ability to take advantage of existing value chains. Overall, many of the reviewed products have the advantage of being ‘drop-in’. This is because products that require adjustments to production lines are less likely to get into the market without strong external drivers that push for bio-based alternatives. According to stakeholders, the economic viability and the market expansion of these products could be encouraged to a certain extent by EU policies, and certain barriers could be alleviated by reducing bureaucracy, increasing the support for pilot-scale to full-scale production, and increasing subsidies for bio-based alternatives.

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Berry, Michael David, et John Sessions. « A Forest-to-Product Biomass Supply Chain in the Pacific Northwest, USA : A Multi-Product Approach ». Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, n^o 1 (2018) : 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12384.

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Abstract. A comprehensive biomass supply chain landscape model is presented to provide an analysis of transportable biomass conversion facility design and evaluate its potential economic viability. This study focuses on the generation of a tactical-based landscape model to optimize biomass extraction, transportation, conversion and product production within a market system. The model considers various pathways including supply options at landings (burn, grind, chip, bale), centralized landings (grind/chip), biomass conversion facilities (biochar, briquettes, torrefied wood) and delivery to final market. The model solves a multi-period, multi commodity, multi-echelon combinatorial problem to maximize net present value using a genetic algorithm. The landscape is evaluated over a one year planning horizon with monthly time steps simulating a transportable conversion facility mobilization cycle. A hypothetical biochar facility located in Lakeview, Oregon was used as a case study. A sequence of scenarios are used to vary system inputs (logistics, product pricing and moisture management strategies) to put bounds around system viability. The results provide an economic framework to view the Pacific Northwest forest harvest residues processing, conversion and transportation supply chain options. System viability is largely dependent on market pricing, plant assumptions and conversion estimates while processing and transportation logistics are smaller, but important contributors for small scale biomass conversion faculty design configurations. Keywords: Biomass supply, Biomass products, Facility location, Tactical planning, Transportable plants.

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Paula, Ana Luiza, Conner Bailey, Rebecca J. Barlow et Wayde Morse. « Landowner Willingness to Supply Timber for Biofuel : Results of an Alabama Survey of Family Forest Landowners ». Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 35, n^o 2 (1 mai 2011) : 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/35.2.93.

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Abstract A key factor determining the potential for development of cellulosic bioenergy in the southeastern United States (the South) will be the availability of feedstock, which in turn depends on landowner willingness to direct timber production to biomass rather than existing markets or nonmarket uses. Most timberland in this region is owned by family forest landowners whose forest management objectives are varied. This study evaluates the conditions under which family forest landowners from Lee County, Alabama, would be willing to supply wood biomass energy feedstock for a prospective local biofuel industry. Using standard survey methodology, a questionnaire was mailed to every family forest landowner of 20 or more acres of forestland in Lee County, resulting in 363 valid responses and a response rate of 41%. Results indicate that most family forest landowners are willing to supply both timber and harvest residues for production of biofuels and that such willingness is positively correlated with the number of acres owned, the existence of an effective market, and the opportunity to contribute to local economic development and global climate change. Three-quarters of all respondents indicated willingness to manage their land for biomass production, compared with 43% of respondents who actively manage their land at present.

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Ronquillo-Gorgúa, Noé, Ramón Razo-Zárate, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Laguna, Otilio A. Acevedo-Sandoval, Juan Hernández-Ortiz et Nancy Manzur-Chávez. « Carbon storage during the development stages of Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & ; Cham. in the Sierra Alta of Hidalgo ». Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 28, n^o 3 (30 août 2022) : 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2022.02.009.

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Introduction: Forests provide environmental goods and services associated with the forest ecosystem, such as carbon sequestration, which has market potential to contribute to profitability and sustainability of forestry activities. Objective: To estimate biomass and aboveground carbon during the development stages of a Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. forest, cultivated in the ejido Atopixco, Zacualtipán, Hidalgo, to know the potential of the species for climate change mitigation. Materials and methods: Aerial biomass was estimated by non-destructive method, using direct measurement of height and diameter at breast height. The volume estimated for the trees sampled, at each stage of development, was multiplied by the basic wood density and the carbon coefficient of 50 % was used. Results and discussion: The average biomass of mature trees was 294.8 kg. Estimates of aboveground carbon at the developmental stages of P. patula were as follows: brinzal (0.94 Mg C·ha-1), monte bravo (3.73 Mg C·ha-1), vardascal (5.05 Mg C·ha-1), latizal (18.18 Mg C·ha-1) and fustal (81.40 Mg C·ha-1). The non-destructive method allowed reliable estimates of carbon content of this species. Conclusion: Carbon storage quantification by stages of development of P. patula is useful marketing strategies of environmental services for carbon sequestration, which has imminent market potential to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

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Klepacka, Anna Maria. « THE POTENTIAL USE OF PELLETS MADE FROM WOOD BIOMASS : RENEWABLE ENERGY AS SUSTA INABLE DEVELOPMENT ELEMENT ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, n^o 6 (10 décembre 2018) : 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7742.

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The paper’s purpose was the recognition of the use of pellets as a source of renewable energy in sustainable development concept. The scope of work covered pellet production volume and consumption in Poland as compared to the selected EU countries in 2011 and 2017. Moreover, the presentation tracks the changes in the number of pellet producers in Poland taking into account their spatial distribution across voivodships in 2018. To determine the potential of wood pellets as a renewable energy source, on the calculations of Pearson's correlation coefficient, confirmed a significant relationship between the volume of pellet production and forest cover (r = 0.94, p-value 0.002), and another relationship between the share of private forests and rural population (r = 0.59, p-value 0.017). The domestic and the EU wood pellet market is expected to continue to grow in the coming years due to the new targeted share of energy from renewable sources from 20% in 2020 to 32% in 2030. However, further expansion of use of wood pellets in individual EU country-members may be limited by their individual requirements of sustainable development.

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Malico, Isabel, A. C. Gonçalves et A. Sousa. « Assessment of the Availability of Forest Biomass for Biofuels Production in Southwestern Portugal ». Defect and Diffusion Forum 371 (février 2017) : 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.371.121.

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In 2014, Portugal was the seventh largest pellets producer in the World. Since the shortage of raw material is one of the major obstacles that the Portuguese pellets market faces, the need for a good assessment of biomass availability for energy purposes at both country and regional levels is reinforced. This work uses a Geographical Information System environment and remote sensing data to assess the availability and sustainability of forest biomass residues in a management unit with around 940 ha of maritime pine forest. The period considered goes from 2004 to 2015. The study area is located in Southwestern Portugal, close to a pellets factory; therefore the potential contribution of the residual biomass generated in the management unit to the production of pellets is evaluated. An allometric function is used for the estimation of maritime pine above ground biomass. With this estimate, and considering several forest operations, the residual biomass available was assessed, according to stand composition and structure. This study shows that, when maritime pine forests are managed to produce wood, the amount of residues available for energy production is small (an average of 0.37 t ha-1 year-1 were generated in the study area between 2004 and 2015). As a contribution to the sustainability of the Portuguese pellets industries, new management models for maritime pine forests may be developed. The effect of the pinewood nematode on the availability of residual biomass can be clearly seen in this study. In the management unit considered, cuts were made to prevent dissemination of the disease. This contributes to a higher availability of forest residues in a specific period of time, but, in the medium term, they lead to a decrease in the amount of residues that can be used for energy purposes.

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Béland, Mathieu, Evelyne Thiffault, Julie Barrette et Warren Mabee. « Degraded Trees from Spruce Budworm Epidemics as Bioenergy Feedstock : A Profitability Analysis of Forest Operations ». Energies 13, n^o 18 (4 septembre 2020) : 4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184609.

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Natural disturbances are common in Canadian boreal managed forests. For example, during and after insect epidemics, foresters must deal with significant amounts of degraded or dead wood that cannot be processed into sawn timber or pulp. Bioenergy could be an alternative pathway for this wood. A case study in Quebec (Canada) was used to evaluate the profitability of pellet production for bioenergy using degraded trees from insect epidemics. A bioenergy scenario was simulated in which degraded trees were harvested for bioenergy alongside sound wood for timber and pulp. This scenario was compared to a reference scenario in which degraded trees were left on cutovers. Using wood pellets as a case study, the results showed that at current market prices, harvesting degraded trees for pellet production is not as profitable as leaving them in the forest. Nevertheless, the overall forest operations for procuring wood for timber and pulp were still profitable, even with very high degradation levels. Procuring degraded trees reduced the overall fixed costs per harvested m3 and allowed average savings of C$2.83/harvested m3. The silvicultural savings associated with lower site preparation needs following procurement of degraded trees ranged from C$0/ha to C$500/ha, resulting in average savings of C$2.31/harvested m3. Depending on the stand conditions, the distribution of fixed costs and silvicultural savings of biomass procurement could be either low or significant.

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Scott, D. Andrew, et Allan Tiarks. « Dual-Cropping Loblolly Pine for Biomass Energy and Conventional Wood Products ». Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 32, n^o 1 (1 février 2008) : 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/32.1.33.

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Abstract Southern pine stands have the potential to provide significant feedstocks for the growing biomass energy and biofuel markets. Although initial feedstocks likely will come from low-value small-diameter trees, understory vegetation, and slash, a sustainable and continuous supply of biomass is necessary to support and grow a wood bioenergy market. As long as solidwood products are more valuable, bioenergy production will not be the primary market for southern pine. A study exploring a dual-cropping system for southern pine bioenergy and solidwood products was begun in 1982 in Louisiana to determine the phosphorus (P) nutritional requirements of the system. Fertilization of 60 kg ha−1 of P was required to produce 90% of the maximum volume at the age of 22 years. Direct-seeding pine in the interrows of a traditional pine plantation produced about 10.2 Mg ha−1 of biomass for energy at the age of 5 years but had no lasting effect on the planted pine height, diameter, or standing volume. The system is a viable method to produce both bioenergy and solidwood products. Herbaceous competition control and nitrogen (N) fertilization likely would make the system even more productive and profitable.

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Pérez-Rodríguez, Fernando, et João C. Azevedo. « Evaluation of Forest Industry Scenarios to Increase Sustainable Forest Mobilization in Regions of Low Biomass Demand ». Applied Sciences 10, n^o 18 (10 septembre 2020) : 6297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186297.

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There is an increasing interest in forest biomass for energy throughout Europe, which is seen as a way of promoting forest mobilization and economic development locally, in particular in regions where forest biomass is available but its use is limited by lack of demand. This study was conducted to define, evaluate and select viable forest industry scenarios to increasing forest mobilisation in the North of Portugal using AppTitude®, a Forest Management Decision Support Systems (FMDSS) considering spatially explicitly supply (biomass growth and yield), demand (industry), and supply–demand interactions (markets). The protocol followed combined a set of indicators of sustainable forest management to guide the selection of the best industry solutions in terms of location, dimension, forest biomass and other variables defined as objectives. The simulations allowed the selection of a small set of industry scenarios compatible with an existing plant outside the study area, increasing wood mobilization, preventing overexploitation and competition among industries but increasing value and price of forest biomass. The results of the application of this FMDSS showed that introducing new biomass plants in the region will increase sustainable forest mobilization and related local development. AppTitude® revealed to be a powerful and reliable tool to assist forest planning.

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Niquidet, Kurt, et Devon Friesen. « Bioenergy potential from wood residuals in Alberta : a positive mathematical programming approach ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, n^o 12 (décembre 2014) : 1586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0205.

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A major risk for many existing and planned wood-based bioenergy facilities is the uncertainty regarding future feedstock supply. Many bioenergy projects use waste generated from primary sectors such as lumber, and, therefore, carry the inherent risk of supply fluctuations if these industries change. To assess the long-term viability of a wood-based bioenergy facility, it is necessary to understand how biomass feedstock fluctuates with other sectors and at what cost supply can be made available. We address these issues by constructing a positive mathematical programming (PMP) model of the Alberta forest sector that focuses on optimizing fibre transfer routes. Through the use of PMP, we derive a marginal cost function for harvesting and hauling fibre to each processing facility. The results indicate that woody residual supply is quite sensitive to market conditions in the primary sector. For the most part, to support bioenergy expansion, feedstock will need to be sourced from the forest, as very few surplus mill residues are available even at high lumber prices. However, we estimate the marginal cost of delivering harvesting residues to be significant, which suggests that policy support will be needed for further bioenergy development.

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Nicholls, David, Damon Vaughan, Dana Mitchell, Han-Sup Han, Mathew Smidt et John Sessions. « Forest Bio-Hubs to Enhance Forest Health While Supporting the Emerging Bioeconomy—A Comparison between Three U.S. Regions ». Energies 15, n^o 3 (27 janvier 2022) : 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030931.

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The emerging bioeconomy requires new supply chain paradigms for biomass materials to reach processing centers. Forest bio-hubs can be thought of as networks of collection points to facilitate biomass supply chains that feed from forest to central processing facilities. The design and functionality of forest bio-hubs depends on the form (e.g., vertically and horizontally integrated), and the quality and volume of feedstocks. In this paper we conceptually develop the potential role of forest bio-hubs. We then compare current bio-hub development in three U.S. regions—the Pacific Northwest, the southwest region, and the southeastern U.S. We use a “SWOT” framework to compare strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for each region. We consider transportation distances, topography, proximity to markets, harvesting methods, and wood products development. Innovation and adaptability would play key roles in forest bio-hub development, especially with dynamic conditions related to markets, wildfire risks, biomass utilization policy, and community socioeconomic factors.

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Berry, Michael David, John Sessions et Rene Zamora-Cristales. « Subregional Comparison for Forest- to-Product Biomass Supply Chains on the Pacific West Coast, USA ». Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, n^o 1 (2018) : 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12526.

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Abstract. Transportable biomass conversion facilities producing biochar, briquettes, and torrefied wood are modeled and optimized for five different sub-regions within the Pacific Northwest. Subregional case studies in Quincy, California; Lakeview, Oregon; Oakridge, Oregon; Port Angeles, Washington; and Warm Springs, Oregon, are evaluated to characterize the potential economic viability of these novel transportable designs. A mixed integer program is used to characterize the supply chain from residue extraction to market optimizing transportation, production, and plant mobility in order to minimize the supply chain costs. Regional variations including log specifications, energy rates, trucking, and logistic capacities are considered within the model and supporting analyses to differentiate regional costs and market viabilities. It was found that the optimal transportable design included facility movement on a 1 to 2.5 year frequency depending on product and region with biochar being the most likely to be economically viable. Regional feedstock composition and availability was the biggest indicator of lower cost production. Supply chain costs varied by 5%-10% depending on product and region being produced. Transportation and mobilization were found to account for 15%-30% of the overall supply chain cost. Quincy, California, and torrefied wood were found to have the lowest of these costs due to low move frequency and high wood availability while Port Angeles, Washington, with briquettes was the highest. With regards to fuel price sensitivity, torrefied wood was the most sensitive as its conversion process was most energy intensive (±12%-13%) and biochar least sensitive (±3-5%).Transportation accounted for 5% to 30% of the fuel price variation due to diesel prices depending on product and region. When including grid-connectivity, cost reductions were approximately 6%-7% for biochar, 27%-29% for briquettes and 33%-38% for torrefied wood. These findings indicate biochar as the most likely candidate for a transportable conversion system given its relatively low power consumption, high allowable moisture content, and low product transportation cost. Quincy, California, was found to be the most desirable sub region with the lowest overall production costs attributed to its high input quality feedstock and relative accessibility; its higher grid-connected power cost also makes transportable options relatively more attractive than other off-grid locations. Port Angeles, WA had the highest production costs and lowest grid-energy costs. Our results indicate that a rise in diesel price, while incentivizing transportable conversion facilities due to more cost effective transportation, would be more than offset by the higher cost energy consumption during the conversion process when compared with grid-power with the potential exception of biochar. Overall, we see a transportable operation with grid-power would likely be the difference between an economically viable supply chain and one that is not. Keywords: Biomass supply, Biomass products, Facility location, Mixed integer programming, Strategic planning, Transportable plants.

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Nordström, Eva-Maria, Nicklas Forsell, Anders Lundström, Anu Korosuo, Johan Bergh, Petr Havlík, Florian Kraxner et al. « Impacts of global climate change mitigation scenarios on forests and harvesting in Sweden ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, n^o 12 (décembre 2016) : 1427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0122.

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Under climate change, the importance of biomass resources is likely to increase and new approaches are needed to analyze future material and energy use of biomass globally and locally. Using Sweden as an example, we present an approach that combines global and national land-use and forest models to analyze impacts of climate change mitigation ambitions on forest management and harvesting in a specific country. National forest impact analyses in Sweden have traditionally focused on supply potential with little reference to international market developments. In this study, we use the global greenhouse gas concentration scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change to estimate global biomass demand and assess potential implications on harvesting and biodiversity in Sweden. The results show that the short-term demand for wood is close to the full harvesting potential in Sweden in all scenarios. Under high bioenergy demand, harvest levels are projected to stay high over a longer time and particularly impact the harvest levels of pulpwood. The area of old forest in the managed landscape may decrease. This study highlights the importance of global scenarios when discussing national-level analysis and pinpoints trade-offs that policy making in Sweden may need to tackle in the near future.

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Lehner, Ludwig. « Stoffliche versus energetische Nutzung von Holz – wohin geht die Reise ? (Essay) ». Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, n^o 9 (1 septembre 2013) : 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0256.

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Material or energy use for wood: which way forward? (Essay) Wood as a renewable raw material plays an increasing role in the debate about developing renewable energies. Energy use of wood is often in competition with material use. In 2010, in Germany, for the first time more wood was used for energy than as raw material. Rising demand for energy wood is leading to steeply upward price trends for all wood assortments put on the market. In this respect, Germany is not alone. By 2020, in Europe the average share of renewable energies in primary energy consumption should reach 20%. Higher demand for wood biomass from European forests will pose major challenges for countries. One way of covering the rising demand for wood is imports from other continents. European energy companies are constructing pellet plants overseas and transporting the pellets to be burnt as biomass in Europe. In the final analysis, whether to follow the energy or the raw material path for wood in the medium to long term is a choice for society as a whole. However, increased energy use of wood does not necessarily lead to the elimination of traditional material uses. It can also be a bridge for new processes and products to enter the markets. Wood has much potential which has not yet been developed. A new definition of the value chain for wood offers the possibility to unite the ecological and economic approaches and brings the vision of a sustainable society one step nearer.

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Erni, Matthias, Vanessa Burg, Leo Bont, Oliver Thees, Marco Ferretti, Golo Stadelmann et Janine Schweier. « Current (2020) and Long-Term (2035 and 2050) Sustainable Potentials of Wood Fuel in Switzerland ». Sustainability 12, n^o 22 (23 novembre 2020) : 9749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229749.

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Wood fuel has become central in environmental policy and decision-making processes in cross-sectoral areas. Proper consideration of different types of woody biomass is fundamental in forming energy transition and decarbonization strategies. We quantified the development of theoretical (TPs) and sustainable (SPs) potentials of wood fuel from forests, trees outside forests, wood residues and waste wood in Switzerland for 2020, 2035 and 2050. Ecological and economic restrictions, timber market situations and drivers of future developments (area size, tree growth, wood characteristics, population growth, exporting/importing (waste wood)) were considered. We estimated a SP of wood fuel between 26.5 and 77.8 PJ/a during the three time points. Results demonstrate that the SP of wood fuel could be significantly increased already in the short term. This, as a moderate stock reduction (MSR) strategy in forests, can lead to large surpluses in SPs compared to the wood fuel already used today (~36 PJ/a), with values higher by 51% (+18.2 PJ) in 2020 and by 59% (+21.3 PJ) in 2035. To implement these surpluses (e.g., with a cascade approach), a more circular economy with sufficient processing capacities of the subsequent timber industries and the energy plants to convert the resources is required.

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Sullivan, Thomas P., Druscilla S. Sullivan et Walt Klenner. « Fate of Postharvest Woody Debris, Mammal Habitat, and Alternative Management of Forest Residues on Clearcuts : A Synthesis ». Forests 12, n^o 5 (28 avril 2021) : 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050551.

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Coarse woody debris on the forest floor contributes to maintenance of forest biodiversity and long-term ecosystem productivity. Down wood is often dispersed over harvested sites during logging activities, thereby leaving piles of postharvest debris as “excess” material at landings and roadsides. These wood residues may be burned in most jurisdictions in North America to reduce a perceived fire hazard. The fire hazard debate needs to acknowledge the documented benefits of woody debris retention while striking a balance among biodiversity, bioenergy, and alternative uses for debris, while reducing ignitions by humans. The burning of excess woody debris also creates smoke, causes the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and creates human health issues, particularly for vulnerable individuals. The relationship of wildfire smoke to human health problems is well documented. However, there is no scientific evidence showing that postharvest debris piles are ignition points for forest fires, other than those caused by humans. Wood residues from forest harvesting or natural disturbance wood from wildfire and insect outbreaks may be used as renewable biomass “feedstocks” that could help improve energy supplies and reduce GHG emissions. If not marketable, the management of postharvest debris should seek alternative outlets that do not dispose of debris by burning, but still meet fire hazard abatement requirements. The construction of woody debris structures (e.g., piles and windrows) built at the time of forest harvesting and log processing, or later at the site preparation stages, has positive benefits for wildlife habitat and forest biodiversity. A windrow or series of piles may connect patches and reserves of mature forest and riparian areas on clearcut openings. Piles and windrows have consistently provided habitat on new clearcuts for southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) and Microtus voles, as well as a host of other forest-floor small mammal species, at least up to 12 years postconstruction. Woody debris provides important habitat for foraging and cover attributes for marten (Martes americana), weasels (Mustela spp.), and other furbearers. A list of “What to do?” and “When and Where?” with options for construction of woody debris habitats: poorest, good, better, and best are given. In the cases where fire risk from humans is minimized and there are no marketable wood products, eight alternative management scenarios for postharvest woody debris are provided. These include: (1) piles for wildlife habitat; (2) distribution of debris in partial cut forests; (3) machinery to break up and crush debris; (4) protection of riparian zones with barriers for cattle; (5) construction of range fencing; (6) reclamation of landings and skid-trails; (7) soil fertility and reduction in weed competition and drought for planted conifers; and (8) slope stabilization and revegetation. Advantages and disadvantages (if known) are given for each alternative. A flow chart for the fate of excess postharvest woody debris with respect to fire hazard abatement and markets or nonmarkets is given.

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Jensen, Torben. « The economic impacts of woodchip storage optimization : Reducing material and energy loss during transportation and storage ». Forestry Chronicle 97, n^o 3 (septembre 2021) : 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2021-028.

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The use of woody biomass for domestic bioenergy provides many benefits and opportunities, but also presents a challenge regarding the supply chain required for maintaining the high quality feedstock for sustained bioenergy production. This article focuses on one aspect of that supply chain – woodchip storage. To encourage the establishment of a bioenergy market and to help ensure a safe and stable fuel source, Suzanne Wetzel and Christopher Helmeste from the Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre (CFS/CWFC) and collaborators contributed their scientific expertise to the development of a solid biofuels guide based on existing national standards from the Canadian Standard Association’s (CSA). This paper explores the potential economic impacts for bioenergy producers of implementing the CSA guidelines. These impacts include reducing material and energy loss during transportation and storage. Potential benefits were determined by cost-benefit analysis. The results of this economic impact study have significant potential implications for bioenergy producers, including the integration of economic considerations in the development of policies for biomass feedstock optimization for the Canadian bioenergy industry.

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PRATES, GLAUCIA APARECIDA, et ERICH GOMES SCHAITZA. « Wood gasification energy micro-generation system in Brazil- a Monte Carlo viability simulation ». Independent Journal of Management & ; Production 9, n^o 1 (2 mars 2018) : 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v9i1.678.

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The penetration of renewable energy into the electricity supply in Brazil is high, one of the highest in the World. Centralized hydroelectric generation is the main source of energy, followed by biomass and wind. Surprisingly, mini and micro-generation are negligible, with less than 2,000 connections to the national grid. In 2015, a new regulatory framework was put in place to change this situation. In the agricultural sector, the framework was complemented by the offer of low interest rate loans to in-farm renewable generation. Brazil proposed to more than double its area of planted forests as part of its INDC- Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to the UNFCCC-U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This is an ambitious target which will be achieved only if forests are attractive to farmers. Therefore, this paper analyses whether planting forests for in-farm energy generation with a with a woodchip gasifier is economically viable for microgeneration under the new framework and at if they could be an economic driver for forest plantation. At first, a static case was analyzed with data from Eucalyptus plantations in five farms. Then, a broader analysis developed with the use of Monte Carlo technique. Planting short rotation forests to generate energy could be a viable alternative and the low interest loans contribute to that. There are some barriers to such systems such as the inexistence of a mature market for small scale equipment and of a reference network of good practices and examples.

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Rodrigues, Fábio, João Fradinho, Miguel Cavique, António Gabriel-Santos et António Mourão. « An axiomatic approach to the design and operation of a wood pellet production line ». MATEC Web of Conferences 301 (2019) : 00003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930100003.

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With the recent search for sustainable energies, the use of forest residues has never been so important and profitable. Biomass production companies are in a constant search for new methods to reuse what is otherwise seen as waste. In this context, wooden pellets have been a booming market. In Portugal, its production increased from 400 000 to 1 200 000 metric tons per year in the period 2008-2014. This production represents a growth of 300% in 6 years, most of it used for exportation. The manufacturing process is empiric and lacks a scientific approach. In this paper, Axiomatic Design is used to analyse a production line of wooden pellets aiming to identify couplings, both in the equipment and in the production process, and to propose solutions that follow the independence axiom.

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Nepal, Prakash, Karen L. Abt, Kenneth E. Skog, Jeffrey P. Prestemon et Robert C. Abt. « Projected Market Competition for Wood Biomass between Traditional Products and Energy : A Simulated Interaction of US Regional, National, and Global Forest Product Markets ». Forest Science 65, n^o 1 (19 septembre 2018) : 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxy031.

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Górna, Aleksandra, Marek Wieruszewski, Alicja Szabelska-Beręsewicz, Zygmunt Stanula et Krzysztof Adamowicz. « Biomass Price Prediction Based on the Example of Poland ». Forests 13, n^o 12 (19 décembre 2022) : 2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122179.

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The aim of the study was to test the applicability of forecasting in the analysis of the variability of prices and supply of wood in Poland. It relies on the autoregressive integrated model (ARIMA) that takes into account the level of cyclic, seasonal, and irregular fluctuations and the long-term trend as tools for the assessment of the predictions of the prices of selected medium-sized wood assortments. Elements of the time series were determined taking into account the cyclical character of the quarterly distribution. The data included quarterly information about the supply (amount) and prices (value) of wood sold by state forests in the years 2018–2022. The analysis was conducted for the most popular assortments: logging slash (M2, M2ZE), firewood S4, and medium-sized wood S2AP. In the period studied (years 2018–2022), the average rate of price variation was widely scattered. The average rate of price variation for the M2ZE assortment amounted to 7%. The average rate for M2 assortment was 1%, while the medium-sized S2AP assortment displayed the greatest variation of 99%. This means that between 2018 and the present, the price increased by nearly 100%. No major fluctuations were observed for the S4 assortment and its average rate of variation amounted to 0%. The analysis found seasonal variation was observed only for S4 firewood, the price of which went up each year in October, November, and December. For this reason, the forecast was made with the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) version of the model. It is difficult to forecast the price of wood due to variations in the market and the impact of global factors related to fluctuations in supply.

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Vance, Eric D., Ben H. Cazell, H. Nick Chappell, Howard W. Duzan, Marshall A. Jacobson, John R. Johnson et James L. Rakestraw. « Enhancing Forest Technology : Research Priorities of the Southern Forest Sector ». Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 34, n^o 1 (1 février 2010) : 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.1.38.

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Abstract The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts in land ownership (from integrated forest product companies to organizations with different objectives and time horizons) and losses of forestland to development. The ability to support sustainable biomass production for traditional and emerging markets is at risk because of a decline in industry research infrastructure and because of dilution of government agency and university forest productivity research with other priorities. To assess forest productivity research priorities, a survey was distributed to integrated forest products companies, real estate investment trusts, timber investment management organizations, and consulting organizations based in the South. Environmental services were a top priority for all organization types, cited as a high or very high priority by 74% of respondents, followed by forest management (64%), improving wood quality delivered to mills (57%), and biotechnology and tree improvement (39%). The highest priority individual research needs were to quantify the potential of managed forests to sequester carbon and sustain water quality and biodiversity and to update growth and yield models to account for changing stand, genetic, management, and environmental factors. Respondents rely mostly on university cooperatives and industrial research organizations for both basic and applied/technology transfer research.

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Novalanty Ohara Daulay, Dini, et Jafron Wasiq Hidayat. « Carbon Value Analysis of Batang Gadis National Park, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia ». E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018) : 08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183108010.

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Global warming is an important issue in the world which it gives a negative effect on human life. One indicator of global warming is increasing greenhouse gas i.e. carbondioxide from human activities. Deforestation and forest degradation are the second largest contributor of carbon into the atmosphere, after the use of fossil fuels by industry and transportation. As lungs of the world, forest is enable to produce renewable energy sources i.e. biomass. Forest carbon stock in above ground biomass (AGB) is the greatest effect source on deforestation and forest degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a study the potential of carbon in forest. The purpose of this research is to determine carbon stock value in Batang Gadis National Park, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The carbon potential stored in this forest vegetation is calculated using AGB allometric equation by using data in diameter at breast height (dbh = 1.3 m), height, and density of the wood for trees. Data obtained from secondary data is Asset Assessment Report which State Controlled Forest Natural Resources Batang Gadis National Park, 2016. Study locations were Pagar Gunung and Sopo Tinjak Villages. Carbon stock values were calculated and analyzed with assumption that a half of biomass part is carbon stock which using Australian carbon price about AUD $ 11.82 Australia (Australian dollars) and EU € 5 (US $ 6). The results showed that the total biomass in Pagar Gunung and Sopo Tinjak Villages amounted to 259.83 tonnes and 160.89 tonnes. From the results of the total biomass, the total carbon stocks (C) and CO2 stocks in both villages are 210.36 tonnes (129.92 tonnes in Pagar Gunung Village and 80.45 tonnes in Sopo Tinjak Village) and 772.03 tonnes (476.79 tonnes in Pagar Gunung Village and 295.24 tonnes in Sopo Tinjak Village). By using the carbon price prevailing in the market place Australia Emission Trading System (ETS) and the EU ETS (AUD $ 11.82/t CO2e and € 5 (US $ 6)/t CO2e), the value of carbon stock that can be produced from Batang Gadis National Park (Pagar Gunung and Sopo Tinjak Villages) is about Rp. 92,499,921.72 (in AUD $) or Rp. 61,654,433.67 (in US $).

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Jabłoński, Krzysztof, et Włodzimierz Stempski. « An attempt to assess the monetary value of carbon absorbed in the Polish forest sector ». Folia Forestalia Polonica 60, n^o 1 (1 mars 2018) : 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2018-0001.

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Abstract Forests and forest management play a vital role in capture and storage of carbon dioxide, which contributes to mitigation of climate change. Forests are not only a natural carbon sink. Proper forest management can enhance biomass production, providing wood to be converted into e.g. construction timber, paper and furniture as well as wood fuels and, as a result, considerably enlarge this carbon sink. Poland, being a party of the Climate Convention and Kyoto Protocol and a member of the EU is obliged to provide yearly reports on carbon emissions and sequestration, including the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector, of which forestry is the leading constituent. Forests, with the sequestration rate at a level of 3.93 t CO2·ha−1 form practically the only important carbon sink in the LULUCF category. Unfortunately the LULUCF sector has not been yet included in the current climate policy framework. The purpose of the study was an attempt to estimate the hypothetical value of carbon stored in forestry, resulting from the reported quantities of the emitted and sequestered carbon. The calculations were based on figures included in the National Inventory Report for Poland, reported yearly to the Secretariat of the Climate Convention. Among the forestry carbon sources/sinks, reported annually, the sequestration resulting from forest management significantly exceeds the net sequestration from afforestation/deforestation activities. Average data from recent years show that forest management is a net CO2 sink, with 12 Mt CO2·y−1 (above the forest management reference level, FMRL), and when combined with the carbon pool change resulting from afforestation/deforestation activities, it can be regarded as a net carbon sink sequestering nearly 15 Mt CO2·y−1. That value, when multiplied by the price of carbon emission allowance (e.g. EUA), could be a source of over 80 mill Euros per year, if used as a commodity on the emissions market. Due to high price volatility of CO2 emission allowances, the calculated profits are hypothetical, and the EU Emissions Trading System does not include forestry. These potential gains can become realistic after the LULUCF sector has been included in the emissions trading system.

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She, Chung et Han. « Economic and Environmental Optimization of the Forest Supply Chain for Timber and Bioenergy Production from Beetle-Killed Forests in Northern Colorado ». Forests 10, n^o 8 (14 août 2019) : 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080689.

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Harvesting mountain pine beetle-infested forest stands in the northern Colorado Rocky Mountains provides an opportunity to utilize otherwise wasted resources, generate net revenues, and minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Timber and bioenergy production are commonly managed separately, and their integration is seldom considered. Yet, degraded wood and logging residues can provide a feedstock for bioenergy, while the sound wood from beetle-killed stands can still be used for traditional timber products. In addition, beneficial greenhouse gas emission (GHG) savings are often realized only by compromising net revenues during salvage harvest where beetle-killed wood has a relatively low market value and high harvesting cost. In this study we compared Sequential and Integrated decision-making scenarios for managing the supply chain from beetle-killed forest salvage operations. In the Sequential scenario, timber and bioenergy production was managed sequentially in two separate processes, where salvage harvest was conducted without considering influences on or from bioenergy production. Biomass availability was assessed next as an outcome from timber production managed to produce bioenergy products. In the Integrated scenario, timber and bioenergy production were managed jointly, where collective decisions were made regarding tree salvage harvest, residue treatment, and bioenergy product selection and production. We applied a multi-objective optimization approach to integrate the economic and environmental objectives of producing timber and bioenergy, and measured results by total net revenues and total net GHG emission savings, respectively. The optimization model results show that distinctively different decisions are made in selecting the harvesting system and residue treatment under the two scenarios. When the optimization is fully economic-oriented, 49.6% more forest areas are harvested under the Integrated scenario than the Sequential scenario, generating 12.3% more net revenues and 50.5% more net GHG emission savings. Comparison of modelled Pareto fronts also indicate the Integrated decision scenario provides more efficient trade-offs between the two objectives and performs better than the Sequential scenario in both objectives.

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Zihare, Lauma, et Dagnija Blumberga. « Bioeconomy Investments : Market Considerations ». Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2020) : 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0056.

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AbstractThe introduction into the forestry sector of a bioeconomy has led to the search for new high value-added bio-products that can be produced using the woody biomass residue from timber harvesting. Any introduction of new bio-products must be justifiable from economic, socio-economic, and technological points of view. For successful commercialization, one important consideration is the market potential for such products. In this paper, a methodology for decision-making to evaluate three existing forest by-products for market potential in Latvia has been developed using the GE-McKinsey Nine-Box Matrix, considering market attractiveness and product competitive advantage. The methodological algorithm has been modified to include different factors such as process and product sustainability as well as competitive advantage. The analysis calculates the market attractiveness and competitive advantage of a specific product. As well, the application of this methodology makes a clear and presentable way of determining the viability of investing in new bio-products possible.

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Kizha, Anil Raj, Han-Sup Han, Jeffrey Paulson et Anil Koirala. « Strategies for Reducing Moisture Content in Forest Residues at the Harvest Site ». Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, n^o 1 (2018) : 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12427.

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Abstract. The moisture content (MC) of biomass derived from forest residues can pose a challenge to biomass utilization. It plays a significant role in determining the cost of transportation and subsequent market price. Additionally, emerging biomass conversion technologies, such as gasification, torrefaction, and briquetting, have very narrow specifications for the MC (e.g., <15%) in their feedstocks. The goal of this study was to develop strategies for reducing moisture content by evaluating different arrangement patterns of forest residues and its effect on MC reduction at the harvest site. The study compared four different arrangement patterns including criss-cross, teepees, traditional piling (processor piled), and scattered residues in three different timber harvest units in northern California. Two of the arrangement patterns (criss-cross and processor piled) were also covered with a plastic cover. Samples were collected from each treatment using a transect method and were recorded for 12 months. There was an overall drop of MC from 52% (freshly cut) to 12% between all arrangements over the study period. The cost of construction per pile, averaged $37, $41, and $48 for teepees, criss-cross, and processor piles, respectively. Even though, there was no significant difference in MC reduction between piles (except scattered), each pile arrangement of forest residues directly affected biomass feedstock operations, logistics, and costs. Keywords: Feedstock quality, Logging slash, Transect sampling method, Woody biomass energy.

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Borchers-Arriagada, Nicolas, Andrew J. Palmer, David M. J. S. Bowman, Grant J. Williamson et Fay H. Johnston. « Health Impacts of Ambient Biomass Smoke in Tasmania, Australia ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 9 (7 mai 2020) : 3264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093264.

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The island state of Tasmania has marked seasonal variations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations related to wood heating during winter, planned forest fires during autumn and spring, and bushfires during summer. Biomass smoke causes considerable health harms and associated costs. We estimated the historical health burden from PM2.5 attributable to wood heater smoke (WHS) and landscape fire smoke (LFS) in Tasmania between 2010 and 2019. We calculated the daily population level exposure to WHS- and LFS-related PM2.5 and estimated the number of cases and health costs due to premature mortality, cardiorespiratory hospital admissions, and asthma emergency department (ED) visits. We estimated 69 deaths, 86 hospital admissions, and 15 asthma ED visits, each year, with over 74% of impacts attributed to WHS. Average yearly costs associated with WHS were of AUD$ 293 million and AUD$ 16 million for LFS. The latter increased up to more than AUD$ 34 million during extreme bushfire seasons. This is the first study to quantify the health impacts attributable to biomass smoke for Tasmania. We estimated substantial impacts, which could be reduced through replacing heating technologies, improving fire management, and possibly implementing integrated strategies. This would most likely produce important and cost-effective health benefits.

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Menegon Bristot, Vilson, Mateus Alexandre Floriano, Julio Cesar Cota Alves, Joel Pereira Fernandes, Lucas Fogaça de Sousa, Lilian Tiscoski da Silva, Rodrigo Vieira, Leopoldo Pedro Guimarães Filho et Lenita Agostinetto. « Study of Scientific Production on Production of Wooden Doors ». International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2022) : 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss10.3913.

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The forest sector has a significant role for society reaching economic, social and environmental spheres. There is a range of products from reforestation, the most important are raw wood or logs, sawn wood, cellulose, wood panels, biomass and doors. The world door export market alone reached 3.84 billion dollars, considering an interval of ten years, it achieved an average growth of +3,3% per year. With the growing demand and the demand for quality from the external environment makes door manufacturers invest in innovation and studies on the subject. The present work used a bibliometric method in four databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, Scielo and Mendeley) and articles and publications were searched in conference proceedings until 1996, with the theme of wooden door production, in order to understand what is being disseminated in the academic environment regarding this theme. Data were compiled on the year, authors, journals, countries and database that obtained the most publications. In general, we deduce the low explanation of this content, as few articles were found, the non-appearance of an author who stands out in this theme, in addition to the lack of publications between the years 1999 to 2010 and the lack of studies from China. which in turn is more exporter of this product.

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Keränen, Juha, Jussi Peuhkurinen, Petteri Packalen et Matti Maltamo. « Effect of minimum diameter at breast height and standing dead wood field measurements on the accuracy of ALS-based forest inventory ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, n^o 10 (octobre 2015) : 1280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0103.

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Where airborne laser scanning (ALS) measures the entire aboveground vegetation, the target of a stand-level forest inventory is usually the living tree stock above a given diameter but excluding standing dead trees. The aim here was to investigate the effects of varying field-measured minimum diameters (3–10 cm) and standing dead wood on ALS-based forest inventories. The characteristics considered in this case were volume, basal area, number of stems, mean diameter, and mean height for each species, as well as the total growing stock and the total aboveground biomass. The field data comprised measurements of all trees that were ≥3 cm at breast height (1.3 m) on 601 sample plots located in pine-dominated managed forests in eastern Finland. The results showed that the minimum diameter had a significant effect on the estimates obtained in young forests, for which the three smallest minimum diameter datasets (3, 4, and 5 cm) gave the most accurate estimates. Minimum diameter had no marked influence in the case of middle-aged or mature forests. The inclusion of standing dead trees did not have any effect on the estimates of living tree characteristics. The effect of minimum diameter is minor where large-area inventory applications are concerned; however, especially from a silvicultural point of a view, a minimum diameter of 3 cm should be employed in young forests, for which a large proportion of the tree stock usually consists of small trees, i.e., with diameters of <5 cm.

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Yuldashev, Firuz, Prabodh Illukpitiya, Fisseha Tegegne et Enefiok Ekanem. « Techno-economic analysis of plantation biomass production and small-scale wood pellet processing for bioenergy market ». International Wood Products Journal 11, n^o 4 (8 septembre 2020) : 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1816766.

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Sierra Cornejo, Natalia, Christoph Leuschner, Joscha N. Becker, Andreas Hemp, David Schellenberger Costa et Dietrich Hertel. « Climate implications on forest above- and belowground carbon allocation patterns along a tropical elevation gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) ». Oecologia 195, n^o 3 (25 février 2021) : 797–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04860-8.

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AbstractTropical forests represent the largest store of terrestrial biomass carbon (C) on earth and contribute over-proportionally to global terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP). How climate change is affecting NPP and C allocation to tree components in forests is not well understood. This is true for tropical forests, but particularly for African tropical forests. Studying forest ecosystems along elevation and related temperature and moisture gradients is one possible approach to address this question. However, the inclusion of belowground productivity data in such studies is scarce. On Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), we studied aboveground (wood increment, litter fall) and belowground (fine and coarse root) NPP along three elevation transects (c. 1800–3900 m a.s.l.) across four tropical montane forest types to derive C allocation to the major tree components. Total NPP declined continuously with elevation from 8.5 to 2.8 Mg C ha−1 year−1 due to significant decline in aboveground NPP, while fine root productivity (sequential coring approach) remained unvaried with around 2 Mg C ha−1 year−1, indicating a marked shift in C allocation to belowground components with elevation. The C and N fluxes to the soil via root litter were far more important than leaf litter inputs in the subalpine Erica forest. Thus, the shift of C allocation to belowground organs with elevation at Mt. Kilimanjaro and other tropical forests suggests increasing nitrogen limitation of aboveground tree growth at higher elevations. Our results show that studying fine root productivity is crucial to understand climate effects on the carbon cycle in tropical forests.

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