Thèses sur le sujet « Forest biomass- Wood market »
Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres
Consultez les 50 meilleures thèses pour votre recherche sur le sujet « Forest biomass- Wood market ».
À côté de chaque source dans la liste de références il y a un bouton « Ajouter à la bibliographie ». Cliquez sur ce bouton, et nous générerons automatiquement la référence bibliographique pour la source choisie selon votre style de citation préféré : APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
Vous pouvez aussi télécharger le texte intégral de la publication scolaire au format pdf et consulter son résumé en ligne lorsque ces informations sont inclues dans les métadonnées.
Parcourez les thèses sur diverses disciplines et organisez correctement votre bibliographie.
Paula, Ana Luiza de Campos Bailey Conner Morse Wayde C. « The willingness of non-industrial private forest landowners to supply wood biomass for a prospective wood-based bioenergy industry a case study from Lee County, Alabama / ». Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1801.
Texte intégralMalatji, Pholoso. « Processing of wood and agricultural biomass for gasification ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2937.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wood waste, when used for gasification is commonly pressed into briquettes, especially if no uniform particle size is available. This densification reduces problems of handling, storage and transportation and improves the combustion performance because of a more uniform fuel size. Briquettes have to be mechanically strong enough to be handled. Cohesive strength is provided by residual moisture and lignin present in the wood. The lignin acts as a natural binder. However, the briquetting process becomes more complicated if one wants to add other agricultural waste products that do not necessarily contain lignin as binders,, In this study we have investigated various briquetting process parameters, such as mixing ratios of briquettes containing wood chips, grape skins and chicken litter, moisture content and press time. The aim was to determine the optimum process parameters that allow the production of briquettes, containing a blend of biomaterials that are mechanically stable to allow further handling but yield high energy content at the same time.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer houtafval vir vergassing gebruik word en die partikelgrootte daarvan varieer, word die materiaal normaalweg in ’n brikket gedruk. Brikketvorming vergemaklik opberging, hantering en vervoer. Weens die meer uniforme grootte en vorm van die brikkette is verbranding daarvan heelwat meer doeltreffend. Brikkette moet egter meganies sterk genoeg wees om hanteer te kan word. Die kohesiewe sterkte word deur residuele vog en lignien, wat as natuurlike bindmiddel in hout aanwesig is, verskaf. Indien ander materiale soos landbouafval, wat noodwendig geen lignien bevat nie egter gebruik word, word die brikketvormingsproses meer kompleks. In hierdie ondersoek is verskeie brikketvormingsparameters evalueer. Mengverhoudings van brikkette wat houtspaanders, druiwedoppe en hoendermis bevat, asook invloed van materiaalvoggehalte en druktyd is bestudeer. Die doel was om die optimale materiaal- en prosesparameters vas te stel wanneer ’n mengsel van biomateriale gebruik word om brikkette te lewer wat meganies sterk genoeg is maar steeds die hoogste energieopbrengs lewer.
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies
Shaw, Jasmine Diane. « Landowners' Knowledge, Attitude, and Aspirations towards Woody Biomass Markets in North Carolina ». NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11062009-141236/.
Texte intégralMutakela, Patrick Silishebo. « Biomass prediction models for Colophospermum Mopane (Mopane) in Botswana ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2167.
Texte intégralThe aim of this study was to develop biomass prediction models for the determination of total aboveground biomass for mopane at three (3) study sites in Botswana. Thereafter, based on the pooled data from the three (3) study sites, recommend one cross-site biomass prediction model that could be used for the indirect estimation of the total aboveground biomass for mopane in Botswana. All the data were collected by destructive sampling from three (3) study sites in Botswana. Stratified random sampling was based on the stem diameter at breast height (1.3 m from the ground). A total of 30 sample trees at each study site were measured, felled and weighed. The 30 sample trees were distributed equally between six DBH classes (Five sample trees per DBH class). Thereafter, using the data from these sample trees, site-specific biomass prediction models for the indirect estimation of total aboveground biomass for mopane were developed as a function of the following independent variables: stem diameter at 0.15 m from the ground; stem diameter at 1.3 m from the ground; stem diameter at 3 m from the ground; crown diameter; and total tree height. The data from the sites were pooled together to develop cross-site biomass prediction models as a function of the given independent variables. The biomass prediction model that provided the best fit at Serule was a linear equation estimated by means of the stem diameter at 1.3 m, while in Sexaxa the biomass prediction model that provided the best fit was estimated by means of the stem diameter at 0.15 m. The biomass prediction model that provided the best fit at the Tamacha site was estimated by means of the stem diameter at 1.3 m. On the basis of the collected data, cross-site biomass prediction models were developed. The cross-site biomass prediction model that provided the best fit was developed from the stem diameter at 1.3 m. This relationship was adopted as the prediction model for the indirect biomass estimation of Colophospermum mopane (mopane) in Botswana.
Conrad, Joseph Locke IV. « Anticipated Impact of a Vibrant Wood-to-Energy Market on the U.S. South's Wood Supply Chain ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28738.
Texte intégralPh. D.
Phiri, Darius. « Biomass modelling of selected drought tolerant Eucalypt species in South Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85739.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study aims at developing models for predicting aboveground biomass for selected drought tolerant Eucalyptus (E) species (E. cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala and E. grandis x camaldulensis) from the dry west coast. Biomass models were fit for each of the species and a cross-species model was parameterised based on pooled data for all the three species. Data was based on destructive sampling of 28 eucalypt trees which were 20 years of age and additional five five-year old E. gomphocephala trees. Preliminary measurements on diameter at breast height (dbh), height (h) and crown height were recorded in the field. The sampled trees were then felled and samples of discs, branches and foliage were collected. Density of the wood discs and the bark was determined by a water displacement method and computer tomography scanning (CT-scanner). Stem biomass was reconstructed using Smalian’s formula for volume determination and the calculated densities. Upscaling of the crown was carried out by regression equations formulated by employing the sampled branches. Further assessment was carried out on a sub-sample by subjecting the samples to different drying temperatures in a series between 60 and 105ºC. Linear models were parameterised by a simultaneous regression approach based on Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) using the “Systemfit” R statistical package. The predictor variables employed in the study were dbh, d2h and h in which the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Standard Error (MSE) and Root Mean Standard Error (RMSE) were used to determine the goodness of fit for the models. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) was also used in the selection of the best fitting model. A system of equations consisting of five models was formulated for each Eucalyptus species. The biomass prediction models had degrees of determination (R2) ranging from 0.65 to 0.98 in which dbh and d2h were the main predictor variable while h improved the model fit. The total biomass models were the best fitting models in most cases while foliage biomass had the least good fit when compared to other models. When the samples were subjected to different drying temperatures, stem wood had the largest percentage change of 6% when drying from 60ºC to 105ºC while foliage had the lowest percentage change of less than 2%.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel met hierdie studie is om modelle vir die voorspelling van die bogrondse biomassa van drie droogte-bestande Eucalyptus (E) spesies (E. cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala en E. grandis x camaldulensis), gekweek op die droë kusvlakte in Wes-Kaapland, te ontwikkel. Biomassa modelle vir elk van die spesies is gepas en ’n model gegrond op die gekombineerde data van al drie die spesies, is geparameteriseer. Verder is die biomassa variasie onder verskeie droogingstemperature vasgestel. Die data versameling is uitgevoer gegrond op die destruktiewe mostering van 28 Eucalyptus bome wat 20 jaar oud was en ’n bykomende vyf vyfjarige E. gomphocephala bome. Die aanvanklike mates, naamlik deursnee op borshoogte (dbh), boomhoogte (h) en kroonhoogte is in die veld opgemeet. Die gemonsterde bome is afgesaag en monsters van stamhout skywe, takke en die bas is versamel. Die digtheid van die skywe en die bas is deur die waterverplasing metode, en Rekenaar Tomografie skandering (“CT-scanning”) vasgestel. Stam biomassa is rekonstrukteer deur gebruik te maak van Smalian se formule vir die vasstelling van volume en berekende digtheid. Die opskaal van die kroon biomassa is gedoen met behulp van regressie vergelykings van gekose takmonsters. Submonsters is onderwerp aan ’n reeks van verskillende drogingstemperature tussen 60 en 105ºC. Lineêre modelle is deur ’n gelyktydige regressie benadering gegrond op die Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) wat ’n“Systemfit” R statistiese pakket gebruik, parameteriseer. Die voorspeller veranderlikes wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, is dbh, d2h en h waarin die koëffisient van bepaling (R2), gemiddelde standaardfout (MSE) en vierkantswortel van die gemiddelde standaardfout (RMSE) gebruik is om vas te stel hoe goed die model pas. Akaike Inligting Kriteria is gebruik vir die seleksie van die gepaste model. ’n Reeks vergelykings wat bestaan uit vyf modelle is vir elke Eucalyptus spesie geformuleer. Die biomassa voorspelling model het waardes vir die koëffisiente van bepaling (R2) opgelewer wat strek van 0.65 to 0.98% en waarin dbh en d2h die hoof voorspelling veranderlikes is, terwyl h die pas van die model verbeter. Die totale biomassa model het in die meeste gevalle die beste gepas en die blaarbiomassa die swakste as dit met die ander modelle vergelyk word. Tydens droging vind die grootste persentasie verandering van 6% by stamhout plaas tussen temperature van 60ºC tot 105ºC, en die kleinste persentasie verandering van minder as 2% by blare.
Johnson, Brittany Anne. « Acidic deposition effects on above- and belowground wood biomass and nutrient status in a young hardwood forest ». Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10704.
Texte intégralTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 119 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
Corradini, Giulia. « MARKET BASED INSTRUMENTS APPLICATIONS TO NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427112.
Texte intégralLe foreste hanno fondamentale importanza per i servizi ecosistemici che forniscono alla società. Molti servizi ecosistemici derivanti dalle foreste ricadono nelle cosiddette esternalità positive e nella classe dei beni pubblici. Ciò implica che molti possano beneficiare da tali servizi ecosistemici, senza però contribuire al loro sostentamento. Tale fallimento nell’attribuzione del giusto valore può comportare una degradazione degli ecosistemi forestali, o l’abbandono della gestione forestale, con un conseguente sotto approvvigionamento del servizio ecosistemico stesso. Ne derivano conseguentemente perdite anche dal punto di vista socio-economico. Al fine di preservare, conservare e sostenere i servizi ecosistemici, compresi quelli generati dalle foreste, c’è un crescente accordo circa l’effettività dell’uso degli strumenti basati sul mercato (Market Based Instruments- MBI). I MBI sono strumenti che incoraggiano le azioni tramite segnali di mercato, invece che tramite norme. Essi costituiscono un gruppo eterogeneo di strumenti, il cui maggiore comune denominatore è l’uso di valori monetari, in svariati modi, attraverso un processo di commodificazione. Diversi autori hanno classificato i MBI, in modi differenti. La presente ricerca adotta la classificazione di Pirard (2012), il quale ha definito sei tipi di MBI: scambi diretti (direct deals), permessi commercializzabili (tradable permits), segnali di prezzo su base normativa (regulatory price signals), segnali di prezzo su base volontaria (voluntary price signals), accordi basati sul modello di Coase (Coasean types agreements), aste al contrario (reverse auctions). Tra i tanti servizi ecosistemici forniti dalle foreste, alcuni, più di altri, hanno esperito un processo di commodificazione, testimoniato da molti esempi nel mondo. E’ il caos dei Prodotti Forestali Non Legnosi (PFNL) e del servizio di regolazione che deriva dalla funzione di sequestro del carbonio operato dalle foreste. La presente ricerca ha avuto i seguenti obiettivi: i) determinare quali siano i più importanti MBI applicati ai PFNL e al servizio di regolazione che deriva dalla funzione di sequestro del carbonio operato dalle foreste, secondo la letteratura scientifica; ii) analizzare l’applicazione di tali MBI ai PFNL e al servizio di regolazione che deriva dalla funzione di sequestro del carbonio operato dalle foreste, a diverse scale; iii) valutare se sia probabile che l’applicazione dei MBI ai PFNL e al servizio di regolazione che deriva dalla funzione di sequestro del carbonio operato dalle foreste, negli esempi selezionati, porti co-benefici o aspetti di sostenibilità. Per determinare quali siano i più importanti MBI, è stato utilizzato il database Scopus, tramite una ricerca con parole chiave. Secondo la letteratura, i più citati MBI per i PFNL sono i “direct deals”. Sono stati determinati due livelli di analisi per la ricerca di tale applicazione del meccanismo: la prima internazionale, con focus sul commercio internazionale dei PFNL in cui l’Italia è coinvolta (utilizzando il database UNComtrade); la seconda regionale, con l’analisi delle filiere di funghi selvatici e castagne in Trentino-Alto Adige, condotta tramite interviste dirette; l’indagine si è anche avvalsa di ulteriori ricerche, la prima concernente il servizio di raccolta dei permessi dei funghi in val di Fiemme (TN), la seconda un’associazione di produttori di castagne a Castione (TN). L’altro MBI di maggiore importanza per i PFNL, come riportato in letteratura, è “regulatory price signals”, e specificatamente la certificazione e l’uso di standards. L’analisi dell’applicazione di questo meccanismo si è svolta tramite ricerca bibliografica. Lo studio sul servizio di regolazione che deriva dalla funzione di sequestro del carbonio operato dalle foreste è stato condotto a due livelli: i) il mercato regolamentare del carbonio forestale, nell’esempio dei progetti forestali sviluppati nell’ambito del Clean Development Mechanism del Protocollo di Kyoto (studio avvenuto tramite ricerca nei database ufficiali); ii) il mercato volontario del carbonio forestale, avvenuto tramite questionari inviati agli attori del settore. L’analisi dei “direct deals” applicati ai PFNL conferma che la commodificazione dei PFNL è tale che oggi molti di questi prodotti sono commercializzati in mercati con scala globale. In questo contesto, l’Italia riveste una posizione di leader globale tra i maggiori importatori o esportatori di alcuni prodotti: tannini di origine vegetale, tappi di sughero, castagne e funghi selvatici. Il commercio internazionale di PFNL è in crescita. Ciò può rappresentare un’opportunità per l’Italia, e per l’Unione Europea in generale, per promuovere una gestione forestale sostenibile e multifunzionale, basata anche sui PFNL. L’indagine condotta in Trentino-Alto Adige per i funghi selvatici e le castagne mostra la presenza di diversi tipi di mercati e filiere, basate sia su prodotti locali che non locali, i secondi largamente eccedenti i primi. Le dinamiche che muovono tali mercati sono basate su logiche similari a quelle di tanti altri prodotti, quali i minori costi di produzione che susistono in alcuni paesi esteri. Tuttavia, nella regione ci sono anche filiere basate su PFNL locali. Il commercio imperniato sulla produzione locale è basato su quantità molto minori e la quasi totalità rimane all’interno dei confini regionali. La commercializzazione avviene tramite filiere corte (Short Food Supply Chains), la cui applicazione è considerata ono dei più importanti strumenti per rafforzare lo sviluppo rurale, fornendo diversi benefici sociali, economici e ambientali. Nella regione esistono anche altri MBI applicati ai PFNL. Di particolare importanza sono gli incentivi pubblici per la revitalizzazione del settore castanicolo e i permessi per la raccolta dei funghi. L’analisi circa l’applicazione dei tradable permits al servizio di regolazione che deriva dalla funzione di sequestro del carbonio operato dalle foreste, nell’esempio CDM italiano, mostra che il Governo Italiano partecipa ad un numero relativamente alto di progetti forestali nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Ciò produce un ammontare rilevante di benefici climatici. Tuttavia, la connessione “progetto di carbonio forestale- conservazione delle foreste native” nonè automatica, visto che circa il 55% di queste foreste è stat piantata con specie non native. L’analisi condotta sulle dichiarazioni contenute nei documenti di progetto CDM mostra che tutti i progetti sostengono di aver stimolato l’economia locale, inclusa la generazione di impiego a lungo e breve termine, e di aver coinvolto la popolazione locale. Tuttavia, il sistema di indicatori fornito dall’ United Nation Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) non procura un metodo per valutare quanto un progeto contribuisca allo sviluppo sostenibile. Sarebbero a questo proposito utili integrazioni informative da parte del Governo Italiano, anche considerando il coinvolgimento finanziario rilevante che l’Italia ha in queste attività. Ciò in vista dello sviluppo delle future negoziazioni in ambito UNFCCC. L’analisi dei tradable permits nell’esempio del mercato volontario italiano mostra come il mercato italiano sia un piccolo mercato, che ha mostrato un declino negli anni recenti. I prezzi dei crediti di carbonio, invece, risultano essere in controtendenza. Il mercato italiano è caratterizzato da una presenza bilanciata di associazioni profit e non profit, le quali sviluppano sempre più progetti a piccola e micro scala. Al contrario di quanto accade internazionalmente, si riscontra che la maggior parte dei progetti opera in assenza di certificazione e di standard che assicurino la bontà dei calcoli sulla quantità di carbonio immagazzinato e la generazione di co-benefici. Tuttavia molti progetti utilizzano linee guida e standard interni, strategia messa in atto per contenere i costi dei piccoli progetti, i quali hanno difficoltà a sostenere i costi di certificazione. Tuttavia, tale scelta può essere da molti criticata. Un buon indicatore è invece dato dall’uso quasi esclusivo di specie native nei progetti. Dato che problemi di doppia rendicontazione con il Protocollo di Kyoto possono minare lo sviluppo del settore, esssendoci ora una vacanza legislativa, gli attori del mercato volontario sono in attesa da segnali chiari dal Governo. Con precise direttive potrebbe essere designata una strategia più stabile, anche considerando gli esempi positivi di alcuni mercati domestici in altri paesi europei. La ricerca sui “voluntary price signals” mostra come esistano molti schemi di certificazione che sono applicabili ai PFNL. Hanno obiettivi differenti, ascrivibili con diversa intensità alle sfere di sostenibilità socio-economica, ambientale, e di assicurazione di qualità. Tuttavia, solo due standard (gestione forestale sostenibile e certificazione “wild”) includono specificazioni dettagliate circa la raccolta sostenibile dei PFNL. Essendo l’intera filiera basata sulla presenza della risorsa PFNL, queste specificazioni sono di fondamentale importanza. I MBI sono meccanismi che possono fornire valore economico agli ecosistemi forestali, dando anche maggiore flessibilità di gestione delle risorse e maggior resilienza a situazioni dinamiche. La ricerca mostra che l’applicazione di MBI ai servizi ecosistemici derivanti dalle foreste può essere applicata a scale diverse, dalla locale alla globale. Tuttavia, l’applicazione di MBI non deve essere idealisticamente vista come “la soluzione”; è piuttosto, se attentamente sviluppata e messa in atto, di complemento alle norme esistenti. La definizione dell’opzione migliore dovresse essere designata caso per caso, specialmente mirando ad includere la generazione di aspetti di sostenibilità, con riferimento particolare al luogo dove sono site le risorse forestali. Allo stesso modo, data l’eterogeneità dei MBI e dei contesti a cui sono applicati, l’effettività dei MBI nella gestione e conservazione degli ecosistemi non può essere valutata a priori e dovrebbero essere utilizzati altri indicatori, applicati a scala specifica.
Leitch, Zachary John. « PRIVATE LANDOWNER INTENT TO SUPPLY FOREST BIOMASS FOR ENERGY IN KENTUCKY ». UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/3.
Texte intégralRobertson, Kimberly Ann. « Estimating regional supply and delivered cost of forest and wood processing biomass available for bioenergy ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1106.
Texte intégralStalling, Edward C. Jr. « The competitive position of wood products in the residential siding market ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43863.
Texte intégralMaster of Science
Braff, Pamela Hope. « Not All Biomass is Created Equal : An Assessment of Social and Biophysical Factors Constraining Wood Availability in Virginia ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/63997.
Texte intégralMaster of Science
Kash, Aaron Elliott. « The use of roll-off bins and a hook-lift equipped harwarder and truck for forest biomass utilization ». Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-10132009-080722.
Texte intégralDuran, Rodriguez Jorge Luis. « Market prospects for wood products certified for forest management and/or legality in Japan ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/616.
Texte intégralTrinka, Mark W. « Product-market opportunities for FPL spaceboard II molded structural products ». Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10312009-020141/.
Texte intégralSmit, Hendrik Christiaan. « Development of a time/temperature logging device to characterise the burning characteristics of biofuels ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6616.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: A lab scale combustion unit was designed, in order to characterise the performance of various woody and wood-based biofuels commonly used for energy production, cooking and heating. The unit was constructed in a way that it could be repeatedly reused and provide similar testing conditions, such as airflow for all samples. The requirements were that it was big enough to contain a fire large enough to yield good time/temperature profiles and at the same time easy to handle, operate and clean. It also had to allow the insertion of the thermocouples and flue gas probe. Time / temperature profiles were obtained and O2, CO2 and CO levels in the flue gas determined for each biofuel. The samples consisted of the five most commonly used fuel wood species in the Western Cape, namely Rooikrans, Camelthorn, Bluegum, Black wattle and vine stumps and five processed products, namely wood pellets, wood briquettes, commercial charcoal, commercial briquettes and handmade briquettes. Combustion time/temperature profiles were obtained for all samples and characteristic values, such as the maximum temperature and coal temperature compared. This allowed an indication of which product performed better than others in the different combustion phases and is more suitable for different requirements, such as industrial heating, or domestic cooking. Even though Bluegum and Camelthorn performed best overall they were not necessarily suited, for example, for large scale industrial use. It was found that wood pellets and charcoal were the best biofuel for industrial purposes, whereas Rooikrans was found to be the best option for small scale use.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Laboratoriumskaal verbrandingseenheid was ontwerp vir die toets en karakterisering van verskeie houtgebaseerde biomassa soorte algemeen in gebruik vir energie opwekking, kook en verhitting. Daar was besluit om ‘n eenheid te bou vir herhaalde gebruik wat die omstandinghede vir elke toets konstant kan hou, bv. ‘n damper om lugvloei deur die sisteem the beheer. Die eenheid moet groot genoeg wees om veilig ‘n groot genoeg vuur the bevat waarmee ‘n goeie tyd/temperatuur profiel verkry kan word, maar terselfdetyd klein genoeg wees om te hanteer, operateer en skoon te maak. Die eenheid moes ook voorsiening maak vir die insteek van die termostate en gas peilstif. Tyd/temperatuur profiele is verkry en O2, CO2 en CO vlakke in die uitlaatgas is bepaal vir elke bio-brandstof. Die monsters was saamgestel uit vyf van die mees algemeen gebruikte brandhout spesies in die Wes Kaap, naamlik Rooikrans, Kameeldoring, Bloekom, Swartwattel en wingerdstompies, asook vyf geprosesseerde produkte naamlik houtpille, houtbrikette, kommersiële steenkool, kommersiële brikette and handgemaakte brikette. Verbranding tyd/temperatuur profiele is verkry vir al die monsters en verteenwoord waardes is daarvan afgelees, bv. die maksimum temperatuur wat bereik is of die temperatuur waar die vlamme uitgesterf het en slegs koolhitte gemeet word. Hierdie profiele het dit moontlik gemaak om te identifiseer watter produk het beter gevaar as ander gedurende die verskillende verbrandingsfases en is beter gepas vir verskillende gebruike, bv. huishoudelike kook en verhitting. Resultate het gedui dat die Bloekom en Kameeldoring die beste gevaar het oor all die toetse heen, maar was nie noodwendig ideaal vir elke spesifieke doel nie. Dit was bevind dat die steenkool en houtpille die beste gepas is vir industriele gebruik en dat die Rooikrans beter geskik is vir huishoudelike en kleinskaalse gebruik.
Ofoegbu, Chidiebere. « An evaluation of the socio-economic impact of timber production with and without the inclusion of biomass energy production ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4111.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: The discussion on climate change is leading to a re-evaluation of tree plantations in South Africa; prompting the adoption of forest bioenergy system as one of the cost effective ‘carbon mitigation options’. In an analysis of this changing paradigm, emphasis was placed on the socio-economic aspects of integrated commercial tree plantations and forest bioenergy systems with special attention to harvest residues recovery for bioelectricity production and construction and operation of a bioelectricity plant. The study also explored the direct and indirect benefits that adjacent communities derive from tree plantations in South Africa in order to determine the potential impact of integrated timber and bioelectricity production on rural livelihood and conventional forestry operations. Structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used in randomly sampling twelve villages on Mondi tree plantations in the Piet Retief and Iswepe areas of South Africa. Six villages from each area were selected; and a systematic random sampling of ten households per village was carried out. The possibility of using harvest residues from final clear felling from these plantations for bioelectricity production was examined. The study developed and described a scenario for a five megawatt bioelectricity generation facility, requiring an annual volume of 19,569.85 dry tonnes of residues as feedstock for its operation. The study revealed that adjacent rural communities to Mondi plantations in Piet Retief and Iswepe areas enjoy direct benefits such as employment opportunities, utilization of harvest residues, utilization of non-timber resources, and free accommodation. Indirect benefits that these communities enjoy include: free farmland and graze-land and various social benefits. Issues of concern and dislike such as: lack of electricity; poor health and sanitation and transportation problems were also identified. Using NPV and IRR, the study estimated the economic impacts of integrated pulpwood and bioelectricity production, compared to conventional pulpwood production operation. The study concluded that integrated pulpwood and harvest residue recovery for bioelectricity production is a profitable means of producing renewable energy. The approach was found to increase the profitability of conventional forest operations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besprekings rondom klimaatsverandering lei tot ‘n her-evaluasie van boom plantasies in Suid Afrika wat aanleiding gee tot die aanvaarding van bio-energie stelsels as een van die koste effektiewe “koolstof versagtende opsies”. In ‘n ontleding van hierdie paradigma verandering, is klem geplaas op die sosio-ekonomiese aspekte van die integrasie van boom plantasies en bos bio-energie stelsels. Spesiale aandag is gegee aan onginningsafval herwinning vir bio-energie produksie en die konstruksie en werking van ‘n bio-elektriese kragsentrale. Die studie ondersoek ook die direkte en indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe, aangrensend aan boom plantasies in Suid Afrika verkry, om sodoende die potensiële effek van geintegreerde hout en bio-elektriese produksie op landelike lewensbestaan en konvensionele bosbou operasies te bepaal. Gestruktureerde vraelyste en indiepte onderhoude is gebruik om ‘n lukraakte steekproef van twaalf dorpies op Mondi boom plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas van Suid Afrika uit te voer. Ses dorpies in elke area is gekies en ‘n sistematiese lukraakte steekproef van tien huishoudings per dorpie is uitgevoer. Die moontlikheid om ontginningsafval van finale kaalkap van hierdie plantasies vir bio-elektrisiteit te gebruik is ook ondersoek. Die studie het ‘n senario ontwikkel en beskryf van ‘n vyf megawatt bio-elektriese kragsentrale wat ‘n jaarlikse volume van 11,708 droë ton ontginningsafval benodig as voermateriaal vir kragopwekking. Die studie het getoon dat aangrensende landelike gemeenskappe langs Mondi plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas direkte voordele soos werksgeleenthede, gebruik van ontginningsafval, gebruik van nie-hout hulpbronne en gratis akkommodasie geniet. Indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe geniet sluit in gratis toegang to landbou grond en weiding, sowel as sosiale voordele. Probleemfaktore waarmee hulle saamleef is ‘n gebrek aan elektrisiteit, swak gesondheids en sanitasie dienste en vervoerprobleme. Deur die gebruik van NPV en IRR analitiese metodes is die ekonomiese impak van geintegreerde pulphout en bio-elektrisiteits produksie bepaal en vergelyk met konfensionele pulphout produksie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat geintegreerde pulphout en ontginningsafval herwinning vir bio-elektrisiteit produksie ‘n winsgewende manier van hernubare energie produksie is. Die benadering kan die winsgewendheid van konfensionele bosbou operasies verbeter.
Botman, Ilse. « Production potential of Eucalypt woodlots for bioenergy in the Winelands region of the Western Cape ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4281.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential tree taxa that could be grown as a source of biomass in the Cape Winelands region. The trials comprises of two different aspects. The first being the estimation of potential volume, density and biomass of a pair of six year-old stands of E. gomphocephala and E. cladocalyx families at two climatically different sites within the study region. The second part of the study was the early growth assessment of alternative taxa that could be planted in the region compared to the regional mainstay E. cladocalyx. The volume of families was estimated using appropriate volume equations and using the form height were none were available. The best volume yield varied from 4.6 to 11.2 m3 ha-1a-1, at the dry and sub-humid sites, respectively. Wood density, estimated from non-destructive samples at both sites, varied from 620 (sub-humid) to 588 kg m-3 (dry site). The estimated biomass production rate of the top producing families yielded 2.7 and 6.9 t ha -1a -1 at the dry and sub-humid sites, respectively. In terms of estimated biomass and survival, E. gomphocephala was more suited to the dry site, while E. cladocalyx displayed superior yield than E. gomphocephala on the sub-humid site, but not significantly so. Early growth assessment of the trial of alternative taxa found that the hybrid E. grandis × camldulensis and E. grandis × urophylla had superior biomass indices, but were more susceptible to infestation by Thaumastocoris peregrinus and Gonipterus scuttelatus.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om potensiële boom taksa vir gebruik as ’n bron van biomassa in die Kaapse Wynlandstreek te ondersoek. Die proewe behels twee aspekte: eerstens die beraming van die potensiële volume, digtheid en biomassa van sesjaaroue opstande met families van E. gomphocephala en E. cladocalyx by twee klimatologies verskillende groeiplekke in die studiegebied; tweedens die beoordeling van die vroeë groei van alternatiewe taksa wat in die streek geplant kan word in vergelyking met die streek se historiese staatmaker-spesie E. cladocalyx. Die volume van die families is beraam deur gebruik te maak van toepaslike volumevergelykings, en met behulp van ’n vormfaktor waar vergelykings nie beskikbaar was nie. Die volume aanwas by die droë en sub-humiede groeiplekke was onderskeidelik 4.6 en 11.2 m3 ha-1j-1. Houtdigtheid is beraam deur nie-destruktiewe monsters uit die opstand te neem. Gemiddelde digthede het variëer van 588 (sub-humied) tot 620 kg m-3 (droë groeiplek). Die beraamde biomassaproduksie van die top-families beloop onderskeidelik 2.7 en 6.9 t ha -1j -1 vir die droë en sub-humiede groeiplekke. In terme van beraamde biomassa en oorlewing, is E. gomphocephala meer geskik vir droër groeiplekke , terwyl E. cladocalyx by die sub-humiede groeiplek ’n hoër opbrengs as E. gomphocephala getoon het, hoewel nie betekenisvol nie. Beramings van die vroeë groei by die proef met alternatiewe taksa het getoon dat die basters E. grandis × camldulensis en E. grandis × urophylla hoër biomassa-indekse het, maar meer vatbaar is vir besmetting deur Thaumastocoris peregrinus en Gonipterus scuttelatus.
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies
Wilkes, Justin A. « Ultra stiff wood composite a comparison of strength properties against existing products in the forest products market / ». Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07092009-112040.
Texte intégralMoombe, Kaala Bweembelo. « Analysis of the market structures and systems for indigenous fruit trees : the case for Uapaca Kirkiana in Zambia ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2652.
Texte intégralThis study is about marketing of Uapaca kirkiana fruit in Zambia, a fruit that has great economic value especially among the rural and urban poor. It contributes to general food security. In southern Africa, farmers and other stakeholders have identified Uapaca as a priority species for domestication. Current agroforestry initiatives are promoting integration of indigenous trees into farming systems to provide marketable products for income generation. Domestication of trees however, depends on expanding the market demand for tree products. There is considerable evidence that expanding market opportunities is critical for the success of domestication innovations but farmers have been introduced to domestication with little consideration for marketing. The existing market potential can be achieved through sound knowledge on markets and marketing. Information on the marketing of Uapaca fruit is inadequate. This study, therefore, aimed at generating information on the marketing of Uapaca kirkiana fruit, including the basic conditions of demand and supply of the fruit. The main study was conducted in Chipata and Ndola districts in the Eastern and Copperbelt provinces respectively, while fruit pricing was conducted in Lusaka district in Lusaka Province. Questionnaires and participatory research methods were used to collect the data. A total of 37 markets involving 49 collectors, 59 retailers, 189 consumers and 20 government forest workers are included in the study. The study reveals that there is demand for the fresh and secondary products of the fruit and hence substantial fruit trading exists in Zambia. However, the marketing system is characterised by underdevelopment. There is insufficient capacity to satisfy the demand for the fruit and institutional /policy support to Uapaca fruit market expansion. Currently, only basic technology for product development exists. The results suggest a need to address policy and capacity development for expansion of Uapaca kirkiana fruit industry. To improve the Uapaca trade industry, the study proposes developing and scaling up policy strategies, fruit processing sector, research-extension-trader-agribusiness linkages, infrastructure development and knowledge generation for improved understanding of the Uapaca fruit markets.
Brinckman, Matthew Douglas. « A Biosocial Case Evaluation of Wood Biomass Availability Using Silvicultural Simulations and Owner Intentions on Family Forests in Virginia and North Carolina ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76782.
Texte intégralMaster of Science
Greene, Sarah Marsden. « Non-Timber Forest Products Marketing Systems and Market Players in Southwest Virginia : A Case Study of Craft, Medicinal and Herbal, Specialty Wood, and Edible Forest Products ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36523.
Texte intégralMaster of Science
González, Alejandro Danilo Venegas. « Tree growth response to climate change in two threatened South American Biomes : Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Chilean Mediterranean Forest ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-22032018-154156/.
Texte intégralOs biomas classificados como Mata Atlancia Brasileira (MAB) e da Floresta Mediterrânea Chilena (FMC) têm sido afetados pela pressão antrópica que tem causado uma diminuição considerável de sua superfície florestal. No entanto são ricas em biodiversidade e providenciam muitos serviços ecossistêmicos, pelo que foram classificadas como hotspot (florestas em risco). Portanto, é fundamental estudar a dinâmica natural e a resposta climática das árvores dessas florestas para incluir em projetos de conservação. Para atingir esses objetivos, a literatura científica reporta que os anéis de crescimento das árvores são os únicos indicadores ecológicos com resolução anual que podem ser eficientes e de elevada precisão para obter essas informações. Neste contexto, o projeto de pesquisa tem como objetivo geral a analise retrospectivo de crescimento radial de espécies florestais em diferentes comunidades vegetacionais da MAB e FMC em resposta às mudanças climaticas. Para atingir esse objetivo foram elaboradas quatro perguntas-chave: 1) Que variable explica melhor a variabilidade do crescimento radial a diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais? 2) Qual é a resiliência em crescimento das árvores às mudanças climáticas recentes? 3) Há alguma população mais vulnerável respeito às mudanças climaticas esperadas?. Foram coletadas amostras de lenho, através de método não destrutivo, de cinco sitios (sete populações) de Cedrela odorata e C. fissilis na MAB no estado de São Paulo em Brasil, e cinco sitios (10 populações) de Nothofagus macrocarpa na FMC na região central do Chile, para aplicação de tecnicas dendrocronologicas. Para responder essas questões foram desenvolvidos quatro capitulos. O capitulo I busca analisar a resiliência em crescimento radial às mudanças na variabilidade climática regional e secas, em escala temporal e espacial, em florestas remanentes da região biogeográfica Serra do Mar da Mata Atlântica, usando as especies bioindicadoras Cedrela fissilis and C. odorata. Os resultados mostram que o crescimento radial dos sítios mais úmidos (chuvas no inverno superam os 240 mm) dependem das condições hidricas da estação seca, enquanto que a população mais alta é mais sensível à condição hídrica favorável do verão, qual seria explicado porque essa população recebi uma menor temperatura respeito às outras populações de cedrela estudadas. No capitulo II analisou-se como a variabilidade climática recente estaria afeitando o crescimento radial in N. macrocarpa populations. Observa-se que todas as populações estão estreitamente ligadas às precipitações de Maio-Novembro (fim de outono/fim de primaveira) e temperatura média de Outubro-Dezembro (mediados de primaveira/inicios do verão). Especificamente, há uma tendencia negativa significativa no crescimento radial apartir de 1980 que esta associada a uma variação do clima regional. No capitulo III, continuo-se explorando as respostas do crescimento radial ao clima nas populações da FMC com objetivo de encontrar diferencias biogeográficas. Neste sentido, foi avaliado se essa diminuição significativa de crescimento é diferenciada entre populações e classes de idade, e analisar se o efeito positivo da fertilização de CO2 compensa a diminuição da precipitação e aumento da temperatura nas ultimas decadas no crescimento de árvores velhos, maduros e jovens. Os resultados mostram uma tendencia negativa significativa em todas as clases apartir do ano 2000, qual estaria associada a diminuição da precipitação em todas as populações enquanto a temperatura teve mais associada às populações do sul. Não foi encontrado um efeito positivo do aumento de CO2. Finalmente, o capitulo IV integrou os resultados dos dois biomas comparando as proyeções de biomasa arborea sob dois escenarios climáticos do projeto CMIP5 (leve e severo), com objetivo de conocer quais populações são mais vulneraveis ao aumento da temperature previsto para o ano 2100, usando crescimento radial, densidade de madeira e ecuações alométricas. Os resultados mostram que a população com maior influencia urbana e a mais seca são as mais vulneráveis ao aumento exarcerbado de temperatura nas regiões de MAB and FMC, respectivamente. O presente estudo permitiu-nos apresentar uma visão da adaptação às mudanças climáticas recentes e projetadas de dois biomas hotspot. Embora sejam diferentes em estrutura-biodiversidade-clima estão em risco. Assim, podemos entender a vulnerabilidade de florestas neotropicais ao aquecimento global, embora estejam em áreas protegidas, não garante sua persistência.
Maphiri, Stella. « Forest biomass energy use and perceptions on tree planting and community woodlots in households of two rural communities in Keiskammahoek, Eastern Cape, South Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1503.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: Access to secure energy supplies is widely acknowledged as a critical foundation for sustainable development. Rural households are highly dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods including energy needs. Fuelwood is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) that accounts for one of the main uses of forests and woodlands. Despite substantial household electrification programmes in South Africa, the use of fuelwood as a source of energy continues. This study aimed to analyze fuelwood use patterns of two rural villages situated in Keiskammahoek in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in order to understand the perceptions of the community members regarding communal tree planting. The study was conducted in two rural villages, namely, Cata and Tshoxa. A total of 120 respondents from both villages were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires to collect data on the use of fuelwood and evaluate their perception on tree planting. The study revealed that up to 77% of the people living in Keiskammahoek used fuelwood as a major source of energy and that women were the main collectors and users of fuelwood. In the rural Cata, food is cooked in three-legged pots over open fires while in Tshoxa food is mainly cooked over paraffin and electric stoves. The respondents from both villages did not have energy conservation measures in place and improved wood stoves have not been introduced in this region. The local community of Cata was also involved in tree planting on a community level, while both villages were also involved in tree planting at a household level. The study concluded that fuelwood was the most important product from the forests in both rural areas and natural forests were a valuable source of other NTFPs; most notably indigenous fruit products. In addition most of the fuelwood was used for cooking and heating purposes but that there was no deliberate use of energy efficient methods. On tree planting, the study showed that communities from both rural villages have an interest in planting trees around their households; with preference for fruit and shade trees.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toegang tot betroubare energieverskaffing word algemeen erken as 'n uiters belangrike grondslag vir volhoubare ontwikkeling. Plattelandse huishoudings is hoogs afhanklik van bosbronne vir hul bestaan, met inbegrip van energiebehoeftes. Brandhout is 'n nie-hout bosproduk (NHBP) wat beskou word as een van die hoofgebruike van woude en boslande. Nieteenstaande wesenlike elektrifiseringsprogramme vir huishoudings in Suid-Afrika, duur die gebruik van brandhout as 'n bron van energie voort. Hierdie studie het beoog om die gebruikspatrone van brandhout van twee plattelandse dorpe in Keiskammahoek in die Oos-Kaapse Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te ontleed en om die begrip van die gemeenskap aangaande die gemeenskaplike plant van bome te verstaan. Die studie is in twee plattelandse dorpe, naamlik Cata en Tshoxa, uitgevoer. Onderhoude is gevoer met 'n totaal van 120 respondente van beide dorpe deur die gebruik van halfgestruktureerde vraelyste om gegewens oor die gebruik van brandhout in te samel en die respondente se begrip van die plant van bome te evalueer. Die studie het aan die lig gebring dat tot 77% van die mense wat in Keiskammahoek woon, brandhout as 'n hoofbron van energie gebruik en dat vrouens die hoofgaarders en gebruikers van brandhout is. In die landelike Cata word kos in driepootpotte op oop vure gekook terwyl kos in Tshoxa hoofsaaklik op paraffien- en elektriese stowe gekook word. Die respondente van beide dorpe het nie energiebesparingsmaatreëls in plek gehad nie en verbeterde houtstowe is nog nie in hierdie streek ingebring nie. Die plaaslike gemeenskap van Cata was ook betrokke by die plant van bome op 'n gemeenskapsvlak, terwyl beide dorpe ook betrokke was by die plant van bome op 'n huishoudelike vlak. Die studie het tot ’n gevolgtrekking gekom dat brandhout die belangrikste produk van die woude in beide plattelandse gebiede is en dat die natuurlike woude 'n belangrike bron van ander NHBP’s is; veral inheemse vrugteprodukte. Daarbenewens is meeste van die brandhout gebruik vir kook- en verhittingsdoeleindes, maar daar was geen doelbewuste gebruik van energiedoeltreffende metodes nie. Op die gebied van die plant van bome het die studie getoon dat die gemeenskappe van beide plattelandse dorpe belange het in die plant van bome rondom hulle huishoudings; met voorkeur aan vrugte- en skadubome.
NONINI, LUCA. « ASSESSMENT OF WOOD BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK AND EVALUATION OF MACHINERY CHAINS PERFORMANCES IN ALPINE FORESTRY CONDITIONS : AN INNOVATIVE MODELLING APPROACH ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/846415.
Texte intégralBastin, Jean-François. « Estimating the aboveground biomass of central African tropical forests at the tree, canopy and region level ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209006.
Texte intégralIn the present work, we propose to address these issues by using a multi-scale approach in order to improve our global understanding of AGB variations in dense tropical forests of Central Africa. In particular, we studied (i) forest AGB prediction from remote-sensing textural analysis, (ii) the potential role of largest trees as predictor of the entire forest-stand AGB and (iii) intra- and inter-individual radial variation of wood specific gravity (WSG, i.e. oven-dry mass divided by its green volume) and its potential consequences on the estimation of the AGB of the tree.
First, we analyzed the potential use of textural analysis to predict AGB distribution based on very high spatial resolution satellite scenes. In particular, we used the Fast Fourier Transform Ordination (FOTO) method to predict AGB from heterogeneous forest stands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Here, based on 26 ground plots of 1-ha gathered from the field, plus a successful combination of Geoeye and Quickbird contrasted scenes, we were able to predict and to map AGB with a robust model (R² = 0.85; RMSE = 15%) based on textural gradients.
Secondly, the research of AGB indicators was focused on the dissection of the role played by largest trees. Here we found largest trees not only hold large share of forest carbon stock but they contain the print of most of forest-stand structure and diversity. Using a large dataset from western Cameroon to eastern DRC, we developed a non-linear model to predict forest carbon stock from the measurement of only a few large trees. We found the AGB of the 5 % largest stems allow to predict the AGB of the entire forest-stand yielding an R² of 0.87 at a regional scale. Focusing on largest trees species composition, we also showed only 5 % of species account for 50 % of total AGB.
In the end, we investigated inter- and intra-individual WSG variations. Despite recognized inter- and intra-specific variations along the radial axis, their ecological determinants and their consequences on trees aboveground biomass assessments remain understudied in tropical regions. To our knowledge, it has never been investigated in Africa. Using a 3-D X-Ray scanner, we studied the radial WSG variation of 14 canopy species of DRC tropical forests. Wood specific gravity variance along the radial profile was dominated by differences between species intercepts (~76%), followed by the differences between their slope (~11%) and between individual cores intercept (~10%). Residual variance was minimal (~3%). Interestingly, no differences were found in the comparison of mean WSG observed on the entire core and the mean WSG at 1-cm under the bark (intercept ~0; coefficient = 1.03). In addition, local values of WSG are strongly correlated with mean value in the global data base at species level.
I deeply believe these results favor the development of promising tools to map and to estimate accurately the AGB of tropical forest-stands. The information provided by largest trees on the entire forest-stand is particularly interesting both for developing new sampling strategies for carbon stocks monitoring and to characterize tropical forest-stand structure. In particular, our results should provide the opportunity to decrease current sampling cost while decreasing its main related uncertainties, and might also favor an increase of the current sampling coverage.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Vidale, Enrico. « Payment for environmental services as economic tool to enhance the environmental service market : the case of non-wood forest products and services in the Veneto's mountain forests ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422984.
Texte intégralLa tesi esplora l'evoluzione della commercializzazione dei servizi ambientali nelle foreste montane del Veneto, attraverso l'adozione di schemi di pagamento per servizi ambientali (PES). Iniziando con la descrizione della teoria dei PES basata nei principi cardine della teoria dei contratti, si introduce lo sviluppo della commercializzazione dei sevizi ambientali attraverso lo sviluppo di attività forestali alternative basate sulla raccolta di funghi selvatici ai fini ricreativi (RWMP), diventata oggi una importante fonte di reddito per i gestori della foresta. Attraverso un caso studio multiplo si evidenzia il ruolo della gestione delle risorse fungine sostenendo la necessita, in politiche di commercializzazione degli ES, di creare un legame diret-to tra gestione delle risorse fungine e l'azione di coordinamento degli attori coinvolti. Il caso dei RWMP è stato utilizzato per introdurre i concetti di commercializzazione dei servizi ambientali e utilità diretta degli utilizzatori dei servizi ambientali; questi concetti sono stati scarsamente utilizzati in altri casi di commercializzazione degli ES, come per esempio nel settore idrico, dove prevale l'approccio di imposizione di vincoli dal governo centrale. Infine, la disponibilità a pagare da parte dei residenti del Veneto è stata stimata attraverso l'applicazione di un esperimento di scelta, per evidenziare i fattori determinanti che spingono le persone a esprimere una volontà di spendere per migliorare la produzione di servizi ambientali. I risultati confermano l'attitudine delle persone ad avere una maggiore WTP per i servizi ambientali utilizzati, anche se il ruolo della conoscenza delle persone gioca un ruolo chiave nella creazione della domanda di servizi ambientali.
Nepal, Sandhya. « MODELING SITE SUITABILITY FOR ESTABLISHING DEDICATED ENERGY CROPS IN NORTHERN KENTUCKY ». UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/17.
Texte intégralKitenge, Emile Museu. « Harvesting of invasive woody vegetation (Eucalyptus lehmanii, Leptospermum laevigatum, Acacia cyclops) as energy feedstock in the Cape Agulhas Plain of South Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17873.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is aimed at testing the possibility of using woody biomass from three invasive woody vegetation types (Spider Gum, Myrtle and Acacia) for production of bioenergy in the Cape Agulhas Plain. Physical recoverability of the woody biomass was studied by means of a semi-mechanized harvesting system to evaluate potential productivity, operational costs and the estimated yield energy gain. The system consisted of five components: manual harvesting, motor-manual harvesting, extraction, chipping and road transport. Data on the system productivity was obtained using activity sampling and time study techniques. Activity sampling was applied on manual and motor-manual harvesting in order to record harvesting time and standard time study techniques were used to obtain time data for extraction, chipping and road transport operations. Findings revealed benefits associated with the utilisation of invasive woody vegetation as energy feedstock. Therefore, the problem of exotic tree species can be dealt with by transforming them into energy feedstock, thus minimising the effect of invasive plants. At the same time essential biomass energy can be produced, while some of the cost of production could be offset by the benefits accruing from the biomass energy. The Acacia site, characterized by larger mature dense trees, had the highest amount of harvested biomass compared to the rest of the vegetation types (i.e. Myrtle and Spider Gum). The overall system productivity was found to be significantly influenced by a low equipment utilisation rate, estimated at 50%. This resulted in low production rates in general. The low supply rate of material to the chipper by the three-wheeled loader (1.5 – 5.3 oven-dry tonne per production machine hour) was found to be a major constraint in the chipping process, especially when considering that the chipper is potentially capable of chipping 4 – 9.4 ODT PMH-1 at the harvesting sites. This resulted in a significant energy balance of 463 GJ between output and input energy of the system. The overall total supply chain system costs based various road transport distances of species ranged from R 322.77 ODT-1 to R 689.76 ODT-1 with an average of R 509 ODT-1. This was found to be costly compare to the case where high machine utilisation rate and optimal productivity are used (average of R 410 ODT-1), biomass recoverability in this field trial had a higher total system cost due to low productivity, resulting from the low equipment utilisation rate applied.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie was gemik daarop om die moontlikheid van die gebruik van houtagtige biomassa, afkomstig van uitheemse plantegroei (Bloekom, Mirte en Akasias) op die Agulhasvlakte vir bio-energie te ondersoek. Potensiële produktiwiteit, bedryfskostes en die geskatte energie opbrengs toename is gebruik, om die fisiese opbrengs van houtagtige biomassa van ʼn semi-gemeganiseerde ontginningstelsel te evalueer. Die stelsel het uit vyf komponente bestaan: Handontginning, motor-handontginning, uitsleep, verspandering en padvervoer. Data oor die stelselproduktiwiteit is uit tydstudie en aktiwiteit steekproewe verkry. Aktiwiteit steekproewe is toegepas op hand- en motorhandontgining om ontginingstyd te verkry, terwyl tydstudie standaardtegnieke gebruik is om tyd data vir uitsleep, verspandering en padvervoer werksaamhede te verkry. Bevindings het die voordele met bettrekking tot die gebruik van uitheemse plantegroei as energiebron bevestig. Die uitdaging rondom die verspreiding van uitheemse plantegroei kan dus aangespreek word deur dit as energiebron te benut. Die produksiekoste vir die toegang tot die bruikbare biomassa kan moontlik voorsien word uit die voordele van die gebruik van die energie wat uit die benutting van die biomassa verkry word. Die groter meer volwasse en digte Akasia opstand het die meeste ontginde biomassa gelewer vergeleke met die ander opstande in die studie (d.i. Mirte en Bloekom). Die stelselproduktiwiteit is beduidend beïnvloed deur die lae toerustinggebruik wat minder as 50% beloop het. Dit het ook laer produksievermoë in die algemeen tot gevolg gehad. In die verspandering werksaamheid blyk die lae invoer tempo (1.5 – 5.3 oonddroog ton per produktiewe masjienuur) van die driewiellaaier die beperking op die proses te wees, veral as in ag geneem word dat die verspandering teen 4-9.4 ODT PMH-1 kan geskied. Die resultaat was ʼn beduidende energie balans van 463 GJ tussen uitset- en invoerenergie van die stelsel. Die totale toevoerketting kostes gegrond op verskeie padvervoer afstande van die spesies was tussen R 322.77 ODT-1 tot R 689.76 ODT-1, met ʼn gemiddelde rondom R 509 ODT-1. Die resultaat is duur gevind in vergeleke met gevalle waar hoë masjiengebruik en optimale produktiwiteit (gemiddeld van R 410 ODT-1), moontlik was. Die biomassaherwinning in die studie het ʼn hoër totale stelselkoste gehad veroorsaak deur lae produktiwiteit, wat verwant is aan die laer toerusting gebruikstempo wat verkry is.
Bylund, Anna-Ida. « Kolbalansen vid olika skötselstrategier för skogen på Tagels fastighet ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44539.
Texte intégralEloy, Elder. « QUANTIFICAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA BIOMASSA FLORESTAL EM PLANTIOS DE CURTA ROTAÇÃO ». Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4916.
Texte intégralThis study aimed to quantify and characterize forest biomass by determining the biomass production, the power calorific value, of basic density and energy productivity of species: Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Mimosa scabrella Benth and Ateleia glazioviana Baill, distributed in different planting space: 2.0x1.0 m; 2.0x1.5 m; 3.0x1.0 m and 3.0x1.5 m, the first and third year after planting. Therefore, it was considered an experiment located in the city of Frederico Westphalen-RS, installed in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a split-plot. After the felling of the trees were removed disks of 2.0 cm thick at positions Tree: 0% (base), 1.30 m (diameter at breast height - DBH), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the total height, for evaluations of wood biomass and bark, power calorific value and higher basic density. To determine the biomass and power calorific value upper branches and leaves, stratified samples were taken and determined its final weight. The determination of power calorific value of the trees was carried out from the weighting of the values obtained in each compartment (wood, bark, twig and leaf). The determination of basic density weighted was performed from the weight of the total shelled with values recorded discs collected at different positions along the stem. Since the energy productivity of biomass was determined from the values of aboveground biomass and power calorific value of each compartment. The results showed that different planting spacing produced different amounts of aboveground biomass and hence the energy productivity of four tree species studied in the first and third year after planting. Minors planting spacing led to an increase in biomass production per unit area in different species, and we found a systematic tendency negative to living space provided, mainly influenced by the number of trees in the different spacing. Thus, species that have excelled in the production of biomass were Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mearnsii. The basic density weighted of the wood did not show a variation of increase or decrease over time, and the species Acacia mearnsii and Ateleia glazioviana showed the highest values of this property. However, the different levels spacing did not induce the systematic variation of power calorific value and higher basic density in the studied species. The energy yields obtained in the third year, for all species are higher than those of the first year. The species Eucalyptus grandis has the greatest potential for energy productivity, followed by Acacia mearnsii, Mimosa scabrella, Ateleia glazioviana. It is recommended to use the lowest row spacing (2.0 x 1.0 m) for all studied forest species in short rotation plantations with greater production of biomass for energy purposes.
Esse estudo teve como objetivo quantificar e caracterizar a biomassa florestal através da determinação da produção de biomassa, do poder calorífico superior, da massa específica básica e da produtividade energética das espécies: Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Mimosa scabrella Benth e Ateleia glazioviana Baill, distribuídas em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio: 2,0x1,0 m; 2,0x1,5 m; 3,0x1,0 m e 3,0x1,5 m, no primeiro e terceiro ano após o plantio. Para tanto, foi analisado um experimento situado no município de Frederico Westphalen-RS, instalado em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Após a derrubada das árvores, foram retirados discos de 2,0 cm de espessura nas posições do tronco: 0% (base), 1,30 m (diâmetro à altura do peito - DAP), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da altura total, para as avaliações da biomassa de madeira e casca, poder calorífico superior e massa específica básica. Para a determinação da biomassa e poder calorífico superior dos galhos e folhas, foram retiradas amostras estratificadas e determinadas seu peso final. A determinação do poder calorífico superior das árvores foi realizada a partir da ponderação dos valores obtidos em cada compartimento (madeira, casca, galho e folha). A determinação da massa específica básica ponderada foi realizada a partir da ponderação do volume total sem casca com os valores verificados dos discos coletados em diferentes posições ao longo do tronco. Já a produtividade energética da biomassa foi determinada a partir dos valores de biomassa da parte aérea e do poder calorífico superior de cada compartimento. Os resultados indicaram que os diferentes espaçamentos de plantio proporcionaram diferentes quantidades de biomassa da parte aérea e, consequentemente, na produtividade energética das quatro espécies florestais estudadas, no primeiro e terceiro ano após o plantio. Os menores espaçamentos de plantio conduziram a um aumento na produção de biomassa por unidade de área nas diferentes espécies estudadas, sendo verificada uma tendência sistemática negativa em relação ao espaço vital proporcionado, influenciados principalmente pelo número de árvores presentes nos diferentes espaçamentos. Assim, as espécies que se destacaram na produção de biomassa foram o Eucalyptus grandis e Acacia mearnsii. A massa específica básica ponderada da madeira não apresentou uma variação de acréscimo ou decréscimo ao longo do tempo, sendo que as espécies Acacia mearnsii e Ateleia glazioviana apresentaram os maiores valores dessa propriedade. Todavia, os diferentes níveis de espaçamentos não induziram à variação sistemática do poder calorífico superior e da massa específica básica nas espécies estudadas. As produtividades energéticas obtidas no terceiro ano, para todas as espécies são superiores as do primeiro ano. A espécie Eucalyptus grandis apresentou as maiores potencialidades de produtividade energética, seguida da Acacia mearnsii, Mimosa scabrella e Ateleia glazioviana. Recomenda-se a utilização do menor espaçamento de plantio (2,0 x 1,0 m) para todas as espécies florestais estudadas, em plantios de curta rotação com uma maior produção de biomassa para fins energéticos.
MELIS, EMANUELA. « Life cycle assessment e water footprint assessment nella progettazione di una filiera bosco-energia in Sardegna ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266585.
Texte intégralMoreira, Andrea Bittencourt. « Estimation of volume, biomass, and carbon of coarse woody debris in native forests in São Paulo State, Brazil ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-19102017-110123/.
Texte intégralEste estudo buscou testar a metodologia de amostragem pela linha interceptadora (LIS), usando a inferência baseada no design, com amostragem sistemática estratificada em duas formas de transectos: linha reta e forma de cruz, ambos com três diferentes comprimentos de transectos: 100, 150 e 200 m para estimar o número de elementos, volume, biomassa e estoque de carbono de madeira morta; investigar a densidade da madeira e a concentração de carbono da madeira morta pela classe de decomposição; e, ajustar e selecionar modelos de biomassa e carbono de madeira morta, em dois tipos de floresta nativa no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (SSF) e um Cerrado sensu-stricto (CSS). Em cada tipo florestal foram selecionados dois estratos e localidas dez unidades de amostragem em cada. A unidade de amostragem é um transecto Norte-Sul, com 200 m, que sobrepõe os outros comprimentos (100 e 150 m), e três transectos (para cada comprimento) na direção Leste-Oeste, formando a cruz, totalizando 650m. Foram medidos todos os elementos de madeira morta grossa (CWD) que cruzaram o transecto com um diâmetro _10 cm. Foi medido o diâmetro na interseção, o comprimento, a largura perpendicular, o elemento foi classificado de acordo com a classe de decomposição e, quando possível, a espécie foi identificada. De cada elemento foi retirado um disco de amostra na interseção, este foi fotografado para o cálculo da área oca. De cada disco foram extraídos cilindros, secos em estufa para determinação da densidade, estes foram moídos e analisados para determinação do teor de carbono (%). O volume de cada elemento foi calculado pela diferença da área seccional e área oca, multiplicada pelo comprimento; a biomassa foi calculada multiplicando o volume pela densidade; e o estoque de carbono foi calculado multiplicando a biomassa pela concentração de carbono. Os estimadores do total foram calculados por área e por hectare para o número de elementos de CWD, volume, biomassa e estoque de carbono; foram calculados por estrato, e combinados para a população. Os dados dos 650m de cada unidade foram utilizados para calcular as médias da densidade da madeira e concentração de carbono por classe de decomposição e, para construção de modelos lineares e não-lineares. Para a SSF, o design mais preciso foi transectos em forma de cruz, com 200 m. Para CSS foram selecionados transectos em cruz, com 150 m. As áreas apresentaram valores de biomassa 1.3-6.7 Mg/ha para CSS e SSF, respectivamente. Em ambos tipos florestais foi encontrado que à medida que a classe de decomposição aumenta (mais fresco para mais podre), a densidade da madeira diminui, seguindo os mesmos padrões encontrados na literatura. A concentração de carbono não apresentou mudança dentro das classes de decomposição. Modelos nãolineares com diâmetro e comprimento como variáveis preditoras provaram ser uma ferramenta eficiente para predizer a biomassa e carbono de CWD. Como esperado, os dados de biomassa apresentaram heterocedasticidade, mitigada pela modelagem da variância dos resíduos com uma função de potência. A adição da classe de decomposição como variável indicadora também mostrou melhora nos modelos.
Huotari, N. (Noora). « Recycling of wood- and peat-ash – a successful way to establish full plant cover and dense birch stand on a cut-away peatland ». Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295324.
Texte intégralTiivistelmä Turvetuotannon päätyttyä jäljelle jäävä suopohja on aluksi täysin paljas ja vailla maaperän siemenpankkia. Kasvipeitteen luontainen uudistuminen voi viedä jopa vuosikymmeniä. Ympäristönhoidollisesti onkin tärkeää, että suopohjat otetaan uuteen käyttöön mahdollisimman nopeasti tuotannon päätyttyä. Metsitys on tällä hetkellä suosituin suopohjien jälkikäyttömuoto Suomessa. Suopohjan turpeessa on tyypillisesti runsaasti typpeä, mutta niukasti muita kasvuun tarvittavia ravinteita. Puutuhka on osoittautunut pitkäaikaisissa metsäojitettujen turvemaiden tutkimuksissa kilpailukykyiseksi vaihtoehdoksi kaupallisille lannoitteille. Energiantuotannon sivutuotteena syntyvä puu- ja turvetuhka voisi soveltua hyvin myös suopohjien lannoitteeksi. Tuhkan käytöstä lannoitteena turvetuotannosta vapautuneilla suopohjilla ei kuitenkaan ole riittävästi tutkimustietoa. Tässä työssä tutkittiin puu- ja turvetuhkan vaikutuksia turvetuotannosta vapautuneen suopohjan kasvittumiseen ja puun taimien alkukehitykseen viiden ensimmäisen kasvukauden ajan. Lisäksi tutkittiin kasvillisuuden ravinne- ja raskasmetallipitoisuuksien muutoksia sekä turpeen ravinteisuutta lannoituksen jälkeen. Kaikki lannoitteet nopeuttivat merkittävästi kasvillisuuden muodostumista paljaalle suopohjalle, kun taas lannoittamaton alue pysyi kasvittomana. Tuhkalannoitetuille alueille syntyi nopeasti laajoja palopaikoilla viihtyvien pioneerisammalten kasvustoja, jotka peittivät ja samalla sitoivat paljaan ja irtonaisen turvemaan pinnan. Tuhkalannoitus edisti myös koivun taimien alkukehitystä tehokkaammin kuin kaupallinen Metsän PK-lannoite. Sammalista ja ruohovartisista kasveista muodostuva aluskasvillisuus ylitti puuntaimet selvästi biomassan määrässä ja toimi metsityksen alkuvaiheessa puuntaimia merkittävämpänä hiilensitojana. Lisäksi kasvien maanalainen biomassa oli maanpäällistä biomassaa suurempi. Sekä puu- että turvetuhka takasivat riittävän määrän ravinteita energiapuumetsikön alkukehitykselle. Aluskasvillisuus osoittautui tärkeäksi tuhkasta liukenevien ravinteiden ja raskasmetallien sitojaksi metsityksen alkuvaiheessa. Vaikka sammalten kadmiumpitoisuudet nousivat tuhkalannoituksen seurauksena, ne olivat kuitenkin alhaisia Suomessa aiemmin mitattuihin sammalten yleisiin pitoisuuksiin suhteutettuna. Tuhkalannoitus ei lisännyt haitallisten raskasmetallien pitoisuuksia koivun taimien ja ruohovartisten kasvien lehdissä ja varsissa. Tutkimuksen tulokset tukevat puu- ja turvetuhkan käyttöä energiapuumetsiköiden alkuvaiheen lannoitteena turvetuotannosta vapautuneilla suopohjilla
Lagrange, Chantal V. M. « Carbon finance and reforestation : a survey of African cases ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5295.
Texte intégralENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis addresses the topic of carbon finance in the context of reforestation and avoided deforestation. The research is based on the Nhambita Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) and Agro-forestry carbon offset project in North West Mozambique. The thesis raises important questions in terms of the relevance of carbon offset projects to human and biophysical realities in Africa. The research was conducted through the lens of ethnographic development and explores how carbon offset projects are received by recipient communities. What issues do such projects attempt to address? Are the targeted issues the „real‟ issues, as they are perceived by local populations in developing countries? Who do such projects benefit and who do they benefit the most? The thesis comprises two academic papers. The first paper is a synthesis article presenting a review of key issues with regards to the roll-out of improved cooking stoves (ICS) in the context of carbon offset projects, combined with a pre-feasibility study on the introduction of ICS in the Nhambita village. It shows how biomass will continue to play a dominant role in addressing Southern African energy needs and how a large scale dissemination of ICS could play a seminal role in alleviating pressure on threatened ecosystems. The paper, however, recognizes that ICS programmes are not a panacea and discusses the pitfalls of paradigms underlying stove-provision programmes to date. Based on a review of the pertinent literature and on the field work conducted in Mozambique, conclusions are drawn that environmental and health considerations do not constitute a sufficient „pull‟ factor from the end user‟s perspective. It appears that best channels to engage with the targeted users are economic and social rationales. This debate is of particular relevance to climate change policy but it also offers insights in terms of the acceptance of such programmes by the target communities. The second paper is related to the first in that it discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with the developmental ambitions of carbon offset projects. By virtue of the market systems that regulate them, such carbon offset projects imply an innovative developmental praxis, whereby project recipients become the owners and the sellers of a tangible good in the form of carbon credits. This innovative dimension is, however, thwarted by the fact that such projects stir welfare expectations from project participants. Such livelihood improvement expectations become the fertile ground for difficulties reminiscent of the weakness of traditional aid. The intricacies underpinning this new mechanism that combines land use changes with environmental conservation and livelihood benefits are debated in the context of private entrepreneurship and global markets. The analysis is anchored in a socioanthropological interpretation of climate change science and lays the emphasis on the risks and constraints of such projects, from the perspective of the target communities. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications of these findings.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis behandel die onderwerp van koolstoffinansies binne die konteks van herbebossing en vermyde ontbossing. Die navorsing is gebaseer op die Nhambita Veminderde Emissies van Ontbossing en Degradasie (REDD) en die agrobosbou koolstofkompensasieprojek in Noord-Wes Mosambiek Die tesis opper belangrike vrae ingevolge die relevansie van koolstofverminderingsprojekte vir die menslike en biofisiese realiteite van Afrika. Watter kwessies probeer sulke projekte aanspreek? Is die geteikende kwessies die „ware‟ kwessies, soos hulle gesien word deur plaaslike bevolkings in ontwikkelende lande? Wie trek voordeel uit sulke projekte en wie trek die meeste voordeel daaruit? Die tesis behels twee akademiese verhandelings. Die eerste verhandeling is „n sinteseartikel wat „n oorsig bied van sleutelkwessies ten opsigte van die uitrol van verbeterde kookstowe (VKS) binne die konteks van koolstofverminderingsprojekte, gekombineer met „n vooruitvoerbaarheidstudie oor die bekendstelling van VKS in die Nhambita-dorpie. Dit dui aan hoe biomassa sal voortgaan om „n dominante rol te vervul in die aanspreek van energiebehoeftes in Afrika en hoe die onderliggende paradigmas van vorige stoofvoorsieningsprogramme heroorweeg moet word om tot die debat by te dra. Hierdie benadering erken die belangrikheid van hierdie hernubare energiebron, terwyl dit die ekologiese implikasies van die swaar steun op biomassa besef, veral in Suider Afrika. Gebaseer op 'n oorsig van gepaste literatuur sowel as die veldwerk gedoen in Mosambiek, word die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat omgewings- en gesondheidsoorwegings nie genoeg stukrag verleen vanuit die eindgebruiker se perspektief nie. Die beste kanale om by die teikengebruikers betrokke te raak, is ekonomiese en sosiale rasionale. Hierdie debat is van besondere betekenis vir die klimaatsveranderingsbeleid maar word ook fyn bestudeer ten opsigte van die aanvaarding van sodanige programme deur die teikengemeenskappe. Die tweede verhandeling is verwant aan die eerste in die opsig dat dit die geleenthede en uitdagings bespreek wat verband hou met die ontwikkelingsbehoeftes van koolstofverminderingsprojekte. Uit hoofde van die markstelsel wat hulle reguleer, impliseer sulke koolstofverminderingsprojekte „n innoverende ontwikkelingspraktyk, waarvolgens projekontvangers die verkopers word van „n tasbare voordeel in die vorm van koolstofkrediete. Hierdie innoverende dimensie word gedwarsboom deur „n tradisionele benadering tot ontwikkeling wat ontstaan uit die welvaartverwagtings van projekdeelnemers. Sodanige bestaansverbeteringverwagtings word die teelaarde van probleme kenmerkend van die swakheid van tradisionele bystand. Die ingewikkeldhede van hierdie nuwe meganisme, wat landgebruikveranderings kombineer met omgewingsbewaring, asook die bestaansvoordele word gedebatteer binne die konteks van privaat entrepreneurskap en wêreldmarkte. Die ontleding is geanker in „n sosio-antropologiese interpretasie van klimaatsveranderingwetenskap en benadruk die risiko‟s en beperkings van sulke projekte, vanuit die perspektief van die teikengemeenskappe.
Eriksson, Erik. « The potential for forestry to reduce net CO₂ emissions / ». Uppsala : Dept. of Bioenergy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006103.pdf.
Texte intégralBrun, Fábio Luís. « Influência do valor da madeira de mercado sobre o ordenamento de florestas plantadas para o suprimento parcial de uma indústria de celulose e papel : uma aplicação da programação linear ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-11092002-080104/.
Texte intégralGenerally, the Brazilian pulp industry wood supply is largely provided by planted forests owned by the companies and wood purchased in the market. Long term planning programs usually address the two supplying sources fee forests and market wood -separately. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of different wood acquisition value scenarios in linear programming models that consider the amount of purchased wood as one of the variables. Based on data of 155 Production Units supplied by International Paper do Brasil Ltda., a printing paper company located in Mogi-Guaçu, State of São Paulo, the study presents results from the generation of 80 linear programming models submitted to five different wood acquisition value scenarios. The approach was divided into: maximization of net present value and minimization of the present cost, divided into Global and Regionalized models (pertaining to a company administrative restriction), with regulated or floating production and submitted or not to operational restrictions as a maximum harvesting area. Results allow observing that the different modeling approaches show different degrees of sensitivity to variations in the wood acquisition value notably the minimization models. That sensitivity can be measured against variations in the harvesting and wood purchase programs, the floatation of the average harvesting ages, results of the objective function values and the percentage of utilization of fee lands. Results also suggest that there are advantages in managing the forest through the Global model, not considering the actual administrative limitations. Also, the maximization approach is the preferred one once it demonstrates more robustness through the generation of management programs less sensitive to the different proposed wood acquisition value scenarios.
Alves, Gabriel Luis da Costa. « Os impactos da utilização da biomassa florestal para a geração de energia elétrica no Brasil ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/20498.
Texte intégralRejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Gabriel, boa noite. Para que possamos aprovar sua Dissertação, será necessária e obrigatória a Ficha Catalográfica que lhe foi enviada, exatamente como está, só altere o número de folhas. E que retire o local e ano da página da Banca Examinadora. Por gentileza, alterar e submeter novamente. Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato. Thais Oliveira mestradoprofissional@fgv.br 3799-7764 on 2018-03-07T23:27:24Z (GMT)
Submitted by GABRIEL ALVES (alvesga@gmail.com) on 2018-03-09T19:14:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_GabrielAlves_vFinal.pdf: 2314029 bytes, checksum: 82216eb43af9b655dcc8a4bb930664c3 (MD5) Dissertação_GabrielAlves_vFinal.pdf: 2357973 bytes, checksum: 95b0e521051f15b6745e5b561fbe95a1 (MD5)
Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Gabriel, boa tarde! É necessário que inclua a Data da Aprovação (espaço em branco, ex: Data da Aprovação: __ /__ /__) na página da Banca Examinadora, abaixo do Campo de Conhecimento para que possamos aprovar. Por gentileza, alterar e submeter novamente, somente a versão corrigida. Obrigada. Atenciosamente. on 2018-03-09T20:01:29Z (GMT)
Submitted by GABRIEL ALVES (alvesga@gmail.com) on 2018-03-09T21:12:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_GabrielAlves_vFinal.pdf: 2358197 bytes, checksum: 81184b96706f37f291c4fe099b010596 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-03-09T21:20:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_GabrielAlves_vFinal.pdf: 2358197 bytes, checksum: 81184b96706f37f291c4fe099b010596 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T12:57:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_GabrielAlves_vFinal.pdf: 2358197 bytes, checksum: 81184b96706f37f291c4fe099b010596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07
Diversos benefícios podem ser constatados através do aproveitamento energético da biomassa florestal, principalmente atrelados ao fato de ser uma fonte de energia renovável. Porém, essa energia, assim como outras fontes de energia renovável, é pouco difundida no país, verificando a falta de políticas públicas de incentivo, desencadeando um desencorajamento do uso dessas fontes no país. O presente trabalho investiga os possíveis impactos gerados pela utilização de madeira de plantios florestais para a geração de energia sobre os demais segmentos do setor florestal brasileiro, ou seja, se haverá volume de biomassa florestal suficiente para atender às demandas desses diferentes segmentos. Utilizou-se um modelo computável de equilíbrio geral, denominado Economic Projection and Policy Analysis – EPPA, o qual é capaz de projetar cenários a respeito do desenvolvimento da economia mundial, incluindo a brasileira, considerando a produção, comércio e consumo dos diferentes setores econômicos, com ênfase para os setores energéticos e agropecuários. Para este estudo foram simulados um cenário de referência e mais dois grupos de cenário, sendo o primeiro grupo composto por três cenários diferenciados por níveis de subsídio (baixo, médio e alto) à geração de eletricidade de biomassa florestal e o segundo grupo também composto por quatro cenários com redução dos custos e diferentes níveis de incentivo (nulo, baixo, médio e alto). Os resultados mostraram que ao longo dos anos pode ocorrer um expressivo crescimento do setor florestal devido ao incremento da produção de biomassa florestal, que está diretamente relacionado ao aumento dos fomentos governamentais. Mesmo que ocorra elevada inserção da bioeletricidade oriunda da biomassa florestal na matriz energética, não ocorre quase nenhum impacto nos demais setores econômicos que competem com recursos para produção da biomassa, como agropecuário, ou utilizam a mesma como matéria-prima, como químico e siderúrgico. Observou-se também que, em relação à participação das fontes de recurso na oferta de energia, os segmentos de origem fóssil e de biomassa de cana-de-açúcar são os mais afetados nos cenários de maior inserção da biomassa florestal na geração elétrica. Através da análise do produto interno bruto (PIB) constatou-se que não há mudanças nas taxas anuais de crescimento nos diferentes cenários. Também pode-se dizer que o aumento das áreas de produção florestal substituem as áreas destinadas às culturas vegetais e pecuária, enquanto o mesmo já não ocorre para as áreas de florestas naturais. Por fim, o desenvolvimento e a longevidade dessa fonte de energia no país são bastante dependentes de melhorias tecnológicas, redução de custos e incentivos proporcionados pelo governo.
The forest biomass provides multiple uses and renewable energy is notably one of the most promising of them. In Brazil, however, despite of the country’s intrinsic vocation to develop a forest economy, such source has not yet become mainstream due to the lack of appropriate public incentive and policies. This work investigates the impacts of allocating Brazilian forest plantations on energy generation and its impacts within the energy and the forest sector. In the other words, which would be the volume of forest biomass and the amount of incentives sufficient to meet demand and how it would influence the economy. Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) is developed to project scenarios on the world’s economy dynamics, and includes a Brazilian module that considers production, commerce and consumption of different economic sectors, with emphasis on the energy and agricultural sectors. For this study, we simulated a reference scenario and two other scenario groups, the first group being composed for three scenarios differentiated by levels of subsidy (low, medium and high) to the generation of forest biomass electricity and the second group composed of four scenarios with cost reduction and distinct levels of incentives (null, low, medium and high). The results showed that over the years there may be an expressive growth of the forest sector due to the increase in the production of forest biomass, which is directly related to the increase of the governmental foments. Even with an increase in the application of forest biomass for energy production, other sectors that may compete with, or depend on, forest based inputs were not significantly impacted, such as agriculture, chemical and steel. Another variable analyzed was the resources distribution among the different energy sources. It was observed that, with the increase of forest biomass participation on the energy sector, fossil fuels and sugarcane biomass are the most affected. Evaluating the impacts on the gross domestic product (GDP) there are no changes in annual growth rates, regardless of the scenarios. Also according with the analysis, the increase of areas designated to forest plantations substantially replaced areas of crops and livestock, does not compete for land with the native vegetation. Finally, the development and longevity of forest biomass participation within Brazil’s energy grid is heavily dependent on technological improvements, cost reductions, and incentives provided by the government.
Mayans, Díaz Juan José. « Gestión integral de la biomasa en la interfaz urbano-forestal, en ámbito supramunicipal y sus efectos en la lucha contra el cambio climático, Red Natura 2000 y prevención de incendios forestales ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/166094.
Texte intégral[CA] El municipi de Serra s'assenta en el vessant meridional de la Serra Calderona. El terme municipal ocupa una superfície de 5.730 hectàrees de les quals, el 95 % del seu territori es troba dins de l'àmbit del Parc Natural de la Serra Calderona i el 85% del territori correspon a Sòl Forestal. L'estructura econòmica del municipi ha tingut, des de 1960, al sector de la construcció com a eix principal de l'economia, quedant el subsector forestal, com a activitat residual. Açò ha provocat un flux de mà d'obra des del sector primari cap a uns altres més productius, tenint com a conseqüència un creixement desordenat de la massa forestal, provocant una deterioració del paisatge. Açò ha augmentat considerablement el risc d'incendis i plagues i amenaça en definitiva el patrimoni forestal del Parc Natural de la Serra Calderona. Seguint les directrius marcades per les prioritats de la UE en desenvolupament rural s'ha engegat un projecte de recerca dirigit cap a la creació d'ocupació local mitjançant el foment d'activitats sostenibles els resultats de les quals es reinverteixen a la societat local generant una economia circular que constituïsca la base del desenvolupe soci econòmic local. El projecte consisteix en l'aprofitament energètic sostenible de la biomassa forestal, agrícola i de jardineria i la seua reconversió a un combustible sòlid (pélet) emprat en la calefacció d'edificis públics i d'altra banda, comercialitzant l'excedent de pélet, amb açò es pretén un estalvi econòmic energètic i de gestió del residu i un benefici que podrà ser emprat directament en la creació d'ocupació local. El projecte contribueix a més a la protecció i millora de les muntanyes de Serra. La present Tesi tracta d'estudiar si un adequat model de gestió de la biomassa en zones de la interfície urbà forestal de municipis, com Serra, inclosos en el Parc Natural de la Serra Calderona pot tenir efectes directes positius en la prevenció d'incendis forestals i la lluita contra el canvi climàtic, la Tesi estudia a més si aquests models de gestió poden ser econòmica i mediambientalment sostenibles i la seua capacitat per a contribuir a millorar el desenvolupament socioeconòmic d'aquestes poblacions, fixant la seua població i oferint un vertader desenvolupament rural basat en l'aprofitament racional dels seus recursos naturals.
[EN] The municipality of Serra sits on the southern slope of the Sierra Calderona mountains. The municipality occupies an area of 5,730 hectares of which, 95% of its territory is within the Sierra Calderona Natural Park and 85% of the territory corresponds to forest land. The economic structure of the municipality has had, since 1960, the construction sector as the main axis of the economy, leaving the forestry sub-sector as a residual activity. This has caused a labor flow from the primary sector to more productive ones, resulting in a disorderly growth of the forest mass, causing a deterioration of the landscape. This has considerably increased the risk of fire and pests and ultimately threatens the forest heritage of the Sierra Calderona Natural Park. Following the guidelines set by the EU priorities for rural development, a research project aimed at the creation of local jobs has been launched through the promotion of sustainable activities whose results are reinvested in the Local society generating a circular economy that constitutes the basis of the local socio-economic development. The project consists of the sustainable energetic use of forest, agricultural and garden biomass and its conversion to a solid fuel (wood pélet) used in the heating of public buildings and on the other hand, marketing the surplus of this wood pélet, this aims to a saving of energy bills and waste management costs and brings a benefit that can be used directly in the creation of local employment. The project also contributes to the protection and improvement of the Serra Mountains. This thesis aims to study whether an adequate model of management of biomass in the municipal urban forest interface, such as Serra, included in the Natural Park of the Sierra Calderona can have direct positive effects on the prevention of forest fires and the fight against climate change, the thesis also studies whether these management models can be economically and environmentally sustainable and their ability to contribute to improving the socioeconomic development of these populations, setting their Population and offering a true rural development based on the rational use of their natural resources.
Mayans Díaz, JJ. (2021). Gestión integral de la biomasa en la interfaz urbano-forestal, en ámbito supramunicipal y sus efectos en la lucha contra el cambio climático, Red Natura 2000 y prevención de incendios forestales [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/166094
TESIS
Fransson, Daniel. « Byggvaruhuskedjors kravställningar på sina leverantörer En studie av bygghandeln i Sverige ». Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2258.
Texte intégralDenna studie utreder vilka funktioner och roller som byggvaruhuskedjor efterfrågar att deras leverantörer från träindustrin bör ha i marknadskanalen. Vidare förklaras hur dessa leverantörer bör agera för att möta dessa krav och förväntningar. Sålunda skapas gynnsamma utvecklingsmöjligheter av nya produktlösningar för att svara upp till nya krav på teknik och produktutveckling för att öka försäljningen av trävaror till de viktiga GDS (Gör-Det-Själv)- och byggmaterialmarknaderna i både Sverige och Europa. Byggvaruhuskedjorna anser att träindustrin har ett alldeles för stort produktions- och volymfokus och inriktar sig för mycket på export av trävaror. Byggvaruhuskedjor efterfrågar alltmer en leverantör från träindustrin med en hög anpassningsförmåga som kan medverka i kedjans utvecklingsarbete och som samtidigt har stor lyhördhet gentemot marknadens behov och har möjlighet att göra anpassningar till lokala GDS- och byggmaterialmarknader. Leverantörer från träindustrin måste sålunda gå ifrån produktions- och volymfokusering till kundutveckling och kundfokus. Deras produktivitetsutveckling och samarbetsvillighet har en stor betydelse för att generera en välfungerande interaktion med sina kunder. Sålunda kan en koppling mellan deras egen produktion och deras kunders behov utvecklas. Det kommer sannolikt att bli mycket kostsamt och svårt för träindustrin att försöka bearbeta den svenska och europeiska marknaderna utan att använda byggvaruhuskedjorna som marknadskanal. Byggvaruhuskedjornas ökade konsumentfokus och riktade marknadsföring medför enligt dem själva en expansion av marknaden samtidigt som prismedvetenheten och kraven från GDS- och byggmaterialmarknaderna ökar. Byggvaruhuskedjorna verkar alltmer fungera som systemintegratör och anser själva att de känner av en större makt gentemot sina leverantörer. Byggvaruhuskedjorna förefaller dock svårare att definiera som antigen mega-retailers eller category-killers. Branschgränserna blir alltmer oklara och det blir sålunda svårare att avgöra vilka företag som specifikt kan klassificeras att tillhöra bygghandeln Den nationella bygghandeln blir samtidigt alltmer internationell och sammanfattningsvis verkar en marknadskanal med nya funktioner och strukturer att utvecklas.
Robertson, Kimberly. « Estimating regional supply and delivered cost of forest and wood processing biomass available for bioenergy : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in [i.e. Master of] Forestry Science in the University of Canterbury / ». 2006. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20061102.162212.
Texte intégralYang, Hai. « Modeling the fixed bed drying characteristics of biomass particles ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30673.
Texte intégralGraduation date: 2013
Becerra, Ochoa Fernando Amador. « Evaluation of six tools for estimating woody biomass moisture content ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37209.
Texte intégralGraduation date: 2013
Rahman, Rezaur. « Feasibility analysis of wood-biomass energy generation for the off-grid community of Brochet in North-west Manitoba, Canada ». 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23874.
Texte intégralGrbovic, Mladen. « Export Potential of U.S. - Produced Switchgrass and Wood Pellets for the EU Market ». 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/801.
Texte intégralSTAŇKOVÁ, Pavla. « The effect of forest management and plant dominant on nitrogen transformation in soils of acidified mountain spruce forests in the Bohemian Forest National Park ». Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-166251.
Texte intégralDLABOLOVÁ, Denisa. « Analýza lokálního trhu biomasy z pohledu vybrané firmy ». Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-126571.
Texte intégralTokarczyk, John A. « An examination of strategic challenges and opportunities in the wood-based building product industry ». Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27291.
Texte intégralGraduation date: 2012
Unger, Malte Arne. « Relationships between soil chemical properties and forest structure, productivity and floristic diversity along an altitudinal transect of moist tropical forest in Amazonia, Ecuador ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ADA3-B.
Texte intégralLuo, Zhibin. « Wood Quality, Carbon and Nitrogen Partitioning, and Gene Expression Profiling in Populus Exposed to Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) and N-fertilization ». Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B16C-0.
Texte intégral