Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Foreign trade regulation – Political aspects »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Foreign trade regulation – Political aspects"
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Radzhabova, Z. K., O. R. Radzhabov, M. M. Osmanov, T. G. Aygumov, G. A. Emirova et S. Z. Khidirova. « Government Regulation of Foreign Economic Activity in Russia : Legal and Economic Aspects ». International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (31 décembre 2020) : 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.21.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper assesses the fact that in the current conditions of globalization, any national economy is becoming more open, and therefore the state should take into account in its trade and economic policy the consistent relationship between the processes occurring within the economy and in the sphere of foreign economic relations. The state also acts as the organizer of the system of servicing foreign economic relations and achieving internal economic equilibrium, and finances this activity from budgetary funds. This system is branched in its nature, covering such areas of activity as the provision of information and consulting services, and organization of advertising and exhibition work; it also helps to increase the efficiency of foreign economic activity, introducing new participants to it. The authors conclude that in order to maintain domestic economic balance, the state should strengthen its influence on imports in order to maintain domestic producers and without depriving them of competition from foreign goods at the same time.
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KOSTIN, ALEKSEY. « PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF THE TOOLS OF TAX AND CUSTOMS REGULATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS ». Economic Problems and Legal Practice 17, no 6 (28 décembre 2021) : 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2021-17-6-231-238.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose of the study. The article examines the problems of using the instruments of tax and customs regulation in the modern period of development of Russian foreign trade. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of this development, as well as to substantiate the directions and measures that provide a way out of the current situation. Of all the factors influencing the development of foreign trade, at present, the main ones are the nature of political relations between states and the multilevel implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Modern sanctions against Russia show a high level of correlation between these factors. In particular, the imposition of a ban on the supply of equipment used in the mining industry to Russia will inevitably in the future lead to the deterioration of existing equipment and to a reduction in the volume of raw materials production. If we imagine the degree of dependence of Russian exports on the supply of raw materials, then it is quite probable that the share of products produced in Russia on the foreign market will decrease, and hence the revenues to the revenues of the country's budget. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion about the confirmation of the hypothesis about the positive impact on the development of foreign trade of the introduction of new technologies into the activities of industrial enterprises. Meanwhile, the development of Russia's foreign trade is currently under threat in connection with the functioning of domestic enterprises in conditions of the risk of impact on their activities of economic sanctions. A separate danger for Russian exporters and importers is the supply of counterfeit goods both to the domestic market of Russia and to the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Zorkóciová, Otília, Hana Petríková et Lenka Škodová. « Evaluation of Selected Aspects of the Business Environment of the Republic of Macedonia and Foreign Trade Relations with the Slovak Republic ». Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 10, no 37 (1 juin 2017) : 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2017-0009.
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Abstract The paper focuses on the assessment of the Macedonian business environment based on analysis and comparison of selected global indices and ranks of competitiveness and quality of the business regulation and on the evaluation of the foreign trade relations with the Slovak Republic based on the calculation of the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index. The Macedonian market has the potential to develop foreign trade activities with Slovak business entities, on the other hand, it is also a problematic territory to a certaint extent, as the current development of Macedonia is marked by the tense internal political situation that has persisted since the elections in April 2014.
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Bielov, Dmytro, et Myroslava Hromovchuk. « Constitutional and legal regulation of economic relations : selected aspects ». Проблеми сучасних трансформацій. Серія : право, публічне управління та адміністрування, no 1 (20 octobre 2021) : 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54929/pmtl-issue1-2021-05.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Found, constitutional and legal norms undoubtedly have a significant impact on the economic system of any state. Models of the world's economic systems are established and guaranteed by a system of legal means, which, in turn, are subject to the constitutional and legal framework. Specified, the sphere of constitutional-legal regulation of economic relations has been repeatedly explored in scientific research, however, the consensus on the scope of economic issues that should be subject to constitutional entrenchment has not been reached yet. The analysis of the world constitutional practice shows a tendency to strengthen the regulation of those relations that concern the economic organization of public life. This topic is relevant since not only the legal theory but also political practice enters into a heated debate over the above-mentioned issue. The author argues: 1) constitutional law regulates the place of the state in the political system of society and defines the principles of relations between the state and its non-state elements including the ways of resolving conflicts between them, limits of interference or even limits of its activity; 2) the boundaries of constitutional regulation of economic relations should be determined first of all on the basis of considering fundamental relations for the economic system of the state. That is, the limits of constitutional regulation depend on the system of relations that are included in the concept of economic relations; 3) the system of relations that require legal regulation should also include the establishment of an effective pricing mechanism, the exercise of control over monetary policy, the cancellation of restrictions on foreign trade activities, the development of an effective tax and budgetary system, regulation of financial reporting, etc.
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Pavlović, Radica. « The effects of economic policy on the foreign trade in the Republic of Serbia : Trade law and economic aspect : Future and perspectives ». Megatrend revija 18, no 4 (2021) : 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2104147p.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Foreign trade of economic entities is determined by the instrument "Contract of Sale", which is one of the most common, frequent and numerous contracts in the economy without a clear distinction between seller and buyer. The Republic of Serbia has accepted the imposed international imperative rules in cooperation with the political influence of the domicile political economic policy. In such business conditions, and due to the process of globalization, deregulation and market liberalization, international dominance has several significant aspects, primarily given the turbulence, complexity and uncertainty of business and the application of regulations subject to change, which has significant negative implications for all economic policies domicile countries but also indirectly the dominant influence of international institutions. As an economic policy through price and exchange rate policy, it has a significant impact on foreign trade agreements in legal transactions through positioning, competitiveness, growth and development of the Republic of Serbia in both the domestic and international markets, where the so-calle. the principle of "victory of the stronger", the influences of imperialist forces, political influence and the world oligarchy should be considered in the context of the future and perspective and future of business of domestic companies. The aim of this paper is to connect knowledge from the legal and economic domain, focus on the effect of economic policy and its impact on foreign trade as challenges facing legal science, bearing in mind all the implications that are crucial for the future of business.
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Yurasova, L. A. « THE POLITICS OF HUNGARIAN SOVEREIGHTY ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 4(49) (28 août 2016) : 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-4-49-99-116.
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The article analyzes main aspects of V. Orban's policy of strengthening Hungarian economic sovereignty. The Hungarian leadership had to find out balanced and reasonable approach to tackle the world economic crisis. Hungarian ballot package included reform of economic regulation on a state's level, taking moderate protectionist measures and foreign trade diversification. V. Orban's government succeeded in constitutional reform that allowed to consolidate power to deliver coherent economic policy and to harmonize separation of powers with that goal to be reached. Moreover, transferring of economic regulation to constitutional level lead to stabilization of monetary sphere. V. Orban's government enhanced state sector of economy in vulnerable areas, rose taxation on large business and shrank loans' burden of citizens in order to maintain positive economic growth. This measures ensured potential to advance further inside demand rates and to galvanize market capacity. Finally, V. Orban announced "openness to the East" policy aimed at diversifying foreign trade of Hungary. The main focus of the policy was trade with China and Russia. However, supranational authorities of European Union objected this policy goals on the grounds of economic and political consideration. But Hungarian leadership advocated its policy in a very tough way, which is a good example of self-reliance and pragmatism for the future of Europe.
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Shkalenko, A. V. « The nature of institutional changes in foreign trade as a result of the digitalization during the international economic integration ». National Interests : Priorities and Security 16, no 7 (16 juillet 2020) : 1352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.7.1352.
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Subject. The article focuses on the creation of a favorable institutional environment for the Russian companies to enter foreign markets, being prepared to digitalization processes. Objectives. I determine the nature of institutional changes that take place during the active and widespread integration of ICT. The article also traces trends in foreign trade relations between countries during the digitalization and the impact of innovation during the digital transformation of international relations. The article evaluates what part network technologies play in the economic, social and political life during the globalization. Methods. The study relies upon elements of the innovative methodology for the post-industrial analysis through the cross-disciplinary synthesis, which implies overcoming the single aspect focus, dichotomy and dogmatism of many concepts of the orthodox new institutionalism. Results. Based on digital technologies, institutional mechanisms of trade agreement were found to be a complex set of related constituents. Institutions for the regulation and self-regulation of the digital economy will comprise two big subsystems in the mid-term, i.e. smart institutions (rules and models of conduct resulting from self-performing smart contracts) and hybrid institutions, which combine aspects of traditional, written law and algorithmic one, which is based on computer codes and software. The digital institutional environment will unavoidably engender smart intermediaries, which have already featured legal attorneys for smart contracts, technical experts on digital technologies, auditors and managers of digital business processes. Conclusions and Relevance. New technologies reshape the institutional environment of the international cooperation on foreign trade, which contributes to the development of innovation so that countries could gain some competitive advantages. Drawing upon the cross-country cooperation within the same institutional space, national and/or regional innovative ecosystems become very important.
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Smirnov, E., et S. Lukyanov. « International Political Economy of Preferential Trade Agreements ». World Economy and International Relations 66, no 5 (2022) : 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-5-32-40.
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The change in the concept of globalization of the world economy has led to serious structural changes in the global governance of international trade, as well as in the theory and practice of organizing preferential trade agreements (PTAs) between countries. At all stages of economic globalization, the main motive for the creation of the PTS was the expansion of access to foreign markets. The period of slowbalization of the world economy after the global crisis of 2008–2009 led to a further increase in trade protectionism. The role of traditional determinants in the creation of PTAs is decreasing, while the lobbying activity of exporters – transnational companies – is becoming more significant, which leads to an increase in the unevenness of benefits received by participants in international exchange. The focus of the international political economy of the PTA is shifting from traditional tariff and non-tariff trade barriers to the study of the conditions for cross-border investment, rules for the protection of intellectual property, environmental issues, and production standards. The multidimensionality of trade policy at the present stage dictates the need to revise the preferences prevailing in international trade. Trade policy covers not only cross-border exchange, but also international production. Modern PTAs are an alternative design to the WTO multilateral trade regulation, which will simplify traditional international exchange procedures. In addition, in the PTAs, some aspects of competition rules that are poorly spelled out in the WTO may be especially significant, since the risks of collusion of firms in this case may already cover several jurisdictions. An important role in understanding the political and economic nature of PTAs is played by their “distributional” consequences, when the gains of different countries from participation in the PTAs becomes uneven, which is a serious challenge for real economic integration between countries. To develop new approaches to organizing PTAs requires a clear understanding of the new nature and scale of economic globalization. Therefore, in the coming years, we will face the transformation of the designs of the already created PTAs, taking into account the new challenges that have emerged in international trade.
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Kuleshov, Roman, et Elena Foigel. « Interethnic Relations : Organizational and Forensic Aspects of Modern Criminal Policy ». Russian Journal of Criminology 16, no 1 (11 mars 2022) : 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2022.16(1).111-121.
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The authors analyze legal regulation of interethnic relations in the sphere of criminal law and the problems of implementing legal norms in modern law enforcement activities. It is noted that the condition of interethnic relations in a multinational country determines a substantial part of the migration policy and has a great influence on the economic, political and criminogenic situation. The authors describe the modern condition of interethnic relations in the Russian Federation, trace the historical connection with the national question in the Russian Empire and the USSR, analyze the State Strategy of National Policy of the Russian Federation till 2025 approved by the Decree of the RF President of December 19, 2012 № 1666. It is shown that Russian legal regulation of interethnic relations lacks a unified framework of concepts and categories; for example, there are no clear boundaries between the concepts «ethnic», «national», «racial» and their derived categories. All of them are used in a chaotic manner with different mutual correlations. The article describes the contents of the compared concepts, determines their converging and differentiating features. The fundamental difference in the understanding of the concept of «national» in Russian and foreign legislation and law enforcement is stressed. The authors prove the necessity to unify terminology, bring examples from Russian court practice and the position of the European Court of Human Rights, establish the criminalistic significance of ethnic information. It is suggested that the specific framework of concepts and categories should be the basis for the development of practical instruments for using ethnic information about the participants of a crime event — a mechanism of practical implementation of the legal regulation of interethnic relations, and for determinig its goals, tasks, and key directions of work. Besides, the authors examine modern social interethnic situation in the area of identifying, investigating and detecting crimes.
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Petrov, A. M., L. M. Sembieva, N. I. Golysheva, R. A. Ivanov et N. K. Muravitskaya. « EVALUATION OF CRITERIA FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF JAPANESE COMPANIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE NEED TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFICIENCY ». BULLETIN 2, no 390 (15 avril 2021) : 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.53.
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Being one of the most important tools of the national economy, foreign direct investment provides means for production expansion, creating employment opportunities and jobs, accelerating structural changes, improving the country’s financial standing in foreign relations, increasing its foreign exchange reserves, reducing budget holdbacks, and improving its credit rating. In Russia, foreign investments are primarily made through capital contributions by registered foreign residents. According to official reports, in the total annual capital inflows into the Russian Federation, 10 to 12% are attributable to foreign direct investment, 1 to 2% - to indirect investment, and up to 80% - to other investments. The current state of the world economy is characterized by many challenges: from increased competition and a new round of trade wars between major economic powers to a shift in emphasis in approaches to assessing the effectiveness of economic entities from exclusively financial to mainly non-financial, including environmental and social aspects. The corresponding economic conditions, coupled with significant political and economic pressure from a number of countries, sharply raise the issue of developing new approaches to determining the effectiveness of their own activities. Determining the effectiveness of business entities is necessary in order to ensure timely and adequate assessment of their business model from the perspective of key stakeholders and to develop an effective strategy for long-term sustainable functioning in the new business environment. This issue is particularly relevant for those economic entities that implement their activities, including through foreign representative offices. Determining the effectiveness of business entities ' representative offices abroad and evaluating their strategic performance, in addition to differences in approaches to accounting and public reporting, is also complicated by the specifics of the legal status of representative offices of economic entities, as well as the processes of legal regulation of their activities in different countries.
Thèses sur le sujet "Foreign trade regulation – Political aspects"
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Bester, Juan. « The political economy of the intellectual property rights regime : Aids and the generic medicine debate in South Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53144.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a descriptive and interpretive study into the political economy of intellectual property rights, the conceptual and practical implications for the phenomenon of global governance, and how developing countries experience problems with the implementation of national policies that infringe on international intellectual property rights. The specific area of interest is the generic medicine debate that ensued in South Africa after the alleged violation of patent rights of anti-HIV/Aids drugs by the Department of Health. The research question that is addressed is to what extent has the existing international intellectual property rights regime been influenced and/or undermined by South Africa's intended application of WTO regulations in terms of compulsory licensing and parallel imports of "essential" medicines. In doing so, the paper examines the roles of the important states, international organisations, institutions, and private sector firms within the sphere ofthe political economy of intellectual property and how they impede upon or improve the functioning of the intellectual property rights regime. The methodology entails analytical inquiries into documentary evidence on the nature of the international intellectual property rights regime. Areas that are examined are the agendas of the important actors, namely states and their respective departments; individuals and firms; and international organisations. The concept of intellectual property is examined to determine its dynamic role within the generic medicine debate. The thesis concludes that the agendas of pharmaceutical firms and states are exploiting current political stalemates in the negotiations for a fair intellectual property rights regime. National health agencies, and specifically the South African Department of Health, are under enormous pressure to provide affordable health services. Specifically, the US Government and US pharmaceutical firms are dominating discussions on the architecture of the international intellectual property law regime. By using an analysis incorporating systemic, domestic interest, institutional, and ideational perspectives, it is argued that South Africa's drive for a more distributive intellectual property rights regime has placed the issue of health, Aids and generic medicine firmly within the sphere of the political economy of trade agreements.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n deskriptiewe en 'n interpretiewe studie oor die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendomsregte, die konseptuele en praktiese implikasies vir die verskynsel van globale regering, en hoe ontwikkelende lande probleme ervaar met die implimentering van nasionale beleid wat internasionale intellektuele eiendomsregte aantas. Die spesifieke area van belang is die generiese medisyne debat wat onstaan het na die beweerde skending van patentregte van anti-HIVNigs medisyne deur die Departement van Gesondheid. Die navorsingsvraag wat beantwoord word behels die omvang van die impak van Suid- Afrika se voorgenome toepassing van WTO bepalinge, met betrekking tot die verpligte lisensiering en parallelle invoer van "essensiele" medisyne, op die bestaande internasionale intellektuele eiedomsreg regime. Hierdie tesis ondersoek vervolgens die rol van state, internasionale organisasies, instellings, en privaat sector firmas binne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendom en hoe hulle afsonderlik die funksionaliteit van die intellektuele eiendomsregte regime beïnvloed. Die metodologie behels 'n analitiese ondersoek van die literatuur oor die aard van internasionale intellektuele eiendomsreg regimes. Areas wat ondersoek word, is die agendas van belangrike akteurs, naamlik die staat en sy onderskeie departemente; individue en firmas; asook internasionale organisasies en instellings. Die konsep van intellektuele eiendom word ondersoek om die dinamiese uitwerking daarvan op die generiese medisyne debat te verstaan. Hierdie tesis voer aan dat die agendas van firmas, spesifiek farmaseutiese firmas en state die huidige politieke dooiepunt in die onderhandeling rondom 'n regverdige intellektuele iendomsregte-regime, uitbuit. Nasionale instellings, soos die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Gesondheid, is onder groot druk om bekostigbare gesondheidsdienste te lewer. Die VSA en farmaseutiese firmas domineer onderhandelinge vir 'n nuwe struktuur vir die internasionale eiendomsregte-regime. Deur gebruik te maak van 'n analitiese raamwerk wat sistemiese, interne belange, institusionele, en ideologies perspektiewe inkorporeer, word daar geargumenteer dat Suid-Afrika se pogings om 'n meer distributiewe intellektuele eiendomsregte regime te verseker, die probleem van gesondheid, Vigs, en generiese medisyne binnne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van handelsooreenkomste, plaas.
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Sherman, Richard Scott. « Managing political exchange : multilateralism in global trade policy / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10737.
Texte intégral
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Senona, Joseph M. « Human rights and the WTO : Incorporation or cooperation ? Is there a need for an agreement on trade-related aspects of human rights ? » Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_7812_1177925661.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main objective of this paper was to explore and evaluate the viability of incorporating the promotion, enforcement and protection of human rights within the WTO agenda, mandate and framework. It further aimed to investigate the viability of accelerating multilateral cooperation amongst international major role players, thus assessing and evaluating the kind of cooperation necessary for the adequate protection and enforcement of human rights by the WTO and major role players involved.
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Herbstreuth, Sebastian. « The problem of foreign oil dependence in the United States ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608185.
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Yeukai, Chandaengerwa. « Trade promotion vs the environment : Inevitable conflict ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study unveiled the trade-environment debate which has been revolving in the World Trade Organization for quite a long time now. While economic integration and trade liberalization offer the promise of growth and prosperity, environmentalists fear that free trade will lead to increased pollution and resource depletion. On the other hand, free traders worry that over-reaching environmental policies will obstruct efforts to open markets and integrate economies around the world. Trade liberalization has the potential to affect the environment both positively and negatively. Trade and environment tensions have therefore emerged as a major issue in the debate over globalisation. This paper examined the contours of these tensions and argued that trade policy and environmental programs can be better integrated and made more mutually supportive.
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Evans, Peter C. « International regulation of official trade finance competition and collusion in export credits and foreign aid / ». Thesis, View report (non-printable), 2005. http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/33684/1/64631402.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2005.Title from title screen (viewed July 6, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 333-362). Also issued in paper format.
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Deumié, Florence. « The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the international trade of genetically modified organisms : a new element of the conflict between trade and the environment ». Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31156.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present thesis deals with the international legal consequences of the Biosafety Protocol. If this Protocol answers the problem of GMOs, by enforcing the application of the precautionary principle to the international trade of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), it does not solve the conflict between the interests of trade and those of the environment. On the contrary, the Biosafety Protocol conflicts with the rules of the GATT and the national norms inspired by it would risk being contested before the dispute-settlement institutions of the World Trade Organisation. The Protocol therefore constitutes a new element in the conflict, pre-existing and unsolved, which sets the implicit supremacy of the GATT against the international environmental norms. It confirms the necessity to find a solution enabling the equal authority and mutual respect of the international environmental and trade rules.All information is correct as at 14 November 2000.
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Greyling, Minette Ilse. « The World Trade Organisation : international trade, dispute settlement & ; the environment ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53695.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The norms governing international trade on the one hand, and sustainable development on the other, have both different origins and objectives. This is the central problem that will be addressed in this research assignment, by analysing the structure, functioning and future of the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). Though there has been a significant shift from politics to legality, the dispute settlement system is still far from perfect. When looking at recent environmental trade disputes, the stress placed on the system is revealed. •• The focus is on the impact of environmental disputes on the nature and functioning of the DSM, and how these disputes have contributed to the development of international trade law, and the concept of sustainable development. These will all contribute to a greater understanding of the interaction of the World Trade Organisation and the multilateral trading system, and the future role the WTO should play on the agenda for sustainable development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die norme wat enersyds internasionale handel, en andersyds volhoubare ontwikkeling beheer, het uiteenlopende oorspronge en doelstellings. Hierdie is die sentrale probleem wat deur hierdie navorsingsverslag aangespreek word, te wete deur die struktuur, funksionering en toekoms van die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) te analiseer. Hierdie dispuutskikkingstelsel is nog steeds nie volmaak nie, ten spyte daarvan dat daar reeds 'n betekenisvolle verskuiwing van politiek tot wetlikheid plaasgevind het. As daar na onlangse omgewingshandelsdispute gekyk word, kom die druk wat op die stelsel geplaas word, duidelik na vore. Die fokus word dus met hierdie navorsingsverslag geplaas op die impak wat omgewingsdispute op die aard en funksionering van die DSM het, en hoe die dispute bygedra het tot die ontwikkeling van internasional handelswette asook op die konsep van volhoubare ontwikkeling. Hierdie fokus behoort by te dra tot 'n groter begrip tot die interaksie tussen die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) en die multilaterale handelstelsels, asook op die toekomstige rol wat die WHO behoort te speel met betrekking tot die agenda vir volhoubare ontwikkeling.
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Somers-Cox, Tamara Joy. « Political risk in the oil and gas industry in emerging markets : a comparative study of Nigeria and Mexico ». Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86335.
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Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The interplay between political risk and emerging markets is current and dynamic. As global interest shifts, investors cannot ignore emerging market behaviour and their influence. However, with great potential and opportunities, too comes great political risk. This research study begins with the point raised by the Eurasia Group that emerging market risk differs to that of developed market risk, and that risk in some instances can be ‗unbounded‘. Subsequently, the Eurasia Group deems emerging markets a top risk for 2013. Focussing on the oil and gas industry in emerging markets, Nigeria and Mexico offer valuable case studies. This research study offers a comparative study of these two countries in order to determine a generic list of political risk factors that are facing the oil and gas industries in emerging markets. In an increasingly volatile world, with a growing global demand for energy sources, and greater uncertainty surrounding investments and potential returns, political risk analysis is an invaluable decision-making tool for Transnational Oil Corporations (TNOCs) in order for their assets and interests to be protected. The central research question concerns the main political risk factors facing investors who want to participate in the oil and gas industry in emerging markets. The aim of the research study is to answer the central research question through the help of supplementary questions. The first of these ask what the main political risk factors for TNOCs operating in the Niger Delta are. The second question asks what the main political risk factors for TNOCs operating in the Gulf of Mexico are. So as to complete the political risk picture, the last question asks how political risk in the oil and gas industry can be mitigated. This research study will contribute to existing research, and will assist investors with risk identification, analysis and mitigation. By utilising the generic list of essential political risk factors, TNOCs are made aware of the most salient political risks in the oil and gas industry in emerging markets, and therefore are better placed to make rational and informed decisions when it comes to foreign investment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wisselwerking tussen politieke risiko en opkomende markte is intyd en dinamies. Soos globale belange verskuif, kan beleggers nie die opkomende markte se gedrag en invloed ignoreer nie, alhoewel met groot potensiaal en geleenthede kom daar ook groot politieke risiko. Die navorsingstudie het begin met die Eurasia Groep wat uitgelig het dat opkomende markrisiko verskil van die van ‘n ontwikkelde mark en dat die risiko in sekere gevalle ―ongebonde‖ kan wees. Gevolglik is opkomende markte as ‘n top risiko vir 2013 geklassifiseer. Met ‘n fokus op die olie- en gasindustrie in opkomende markte, bied Nigerië en Mexiko waardevolle gevallestudies. Die navorsingstuk bied ‘n vergelykende studie van dié twee lande met die doel om ‘n generiese lys van politieke risikofaktore wat die olie- en gasindustrie in opkomende markte in die gesig staar, vas te stel. In ‘n toenemende onstabiele wêreld met ‘n toenemende globale aanvraag vir energiebronne en groter onsekerheid rakende beleggings en potensiële opbrengs, is politieke risiko-analise ‘n waardevolle besluitnemings-meganisme vir Trans-Nasionale Oliekorporasies (TNOKs) om hul bates en belange te beskerm. Die sentrale navorsingsvraag fokus op die hoof politieke risikofaktore vir beleggers wat in die olie- en gasindustrie van opkomende markte wil belê. Die doel van die navorsingstudie is om die sentrale navorsingsvraag te beantwoord met behulp van aanvullende vrae. Die eerste vraag raak die hoof politieke risikofaktore vir TNOKs aan wat in die Niger-Delta opereer. Die tweede vraag handel oor die hoof politieke risikofaktore vir TNOKs wat in die Golf van Mexiko opereer. Die laaste vraag voltooi die politiese risiko profiel deur te vra hoe die politieke risiko in die olie- en gasindustrie verminder kan word. Die navorsingstudie sal bestaande navorsing aanvul en beleggers help om risiko‘s te identifiseer, analiseer en verminder. Deur ‘n generiese lys van politieke risikofaktore te gebruik, word TNOKs bewus gemaak van die mees prominente politieke risiko‘s in die olie- en gasindustrie van opkomende markte, wat hulle in staat stel om rasionele en ingeligte besluite te neem wanneer dit by internasionale beleggings kom.
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Bidie, Simphiwe Sincere. « The obligation of non-discrimination under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the agreement on Trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) : a developmental perspective ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/338.
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The non-discrimination obligation has existed since the twelfth century. It has been practiced since then, changing from a conditional to unconditional form with the passage of time. It became firmly applied unconditionally at the multilateral level in 1947 after the formation of the GATT trading system upon which several countries based their trading relations. In 1995 when the WTO was formed, the underlying principles of the GATT 1947 became part of the WTO trading system, including the non-discrimination obligation. When countries join the WTO they automatically become subject to the non-discrimination obligation. The ever increasing value of services and trade in the value of intellectual property has necessitated a look at the fundamental principles of world trade that countries have to adhere to in their trade relations. Incidentally, countries are not at the same level economically, hence one of the purposes of the WTO is to facilitate development in developing countries. Accordingly, this requires different application and/or interpretation of these fundamental principles in different situations, depending on the development level of each Member country. Amongst the five principles that underlie the international trading system, the non-discrimination principle is the focus of this study. The sustainability of the entire economic relations between WTO Member countries is dependent upon their fair compliance with this obligation. The obligation is found in Articles II and XVII of the GATS and Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS. The Membership of the WTO is made up of developed and developing countries. As a result of the fundamental nature of the obligation it is imperative that the scope and interpretation of this obligation, as developed by WTO adjudicating bodies, be analysed to determine if the obligation’s application and/or interpretation satisfies the above fundamental object and purpose of the multilateral system of trade. The intention here is at all times to show the importance that the non-discrimination obligation carries in international economic and legal interactions and how non-observance of this obligation would negatively affect relations between Member countries of the WTO.
Livres sur le sujet "Foreign trade regulation – Political aspects"
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Krueger, Anne O. The political economy of controls : Complexity. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.
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1942-, Powell Stephen J., dir. Just trade : A new covenant linking trade and human rights. New York : New York University Press, 2008.
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Branstetter, Lee. Trade and foreign direct investment in China : A political economy approach. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.
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E, Hudec Robert, Kennedy Daniel L. M et Southwick James D, dir. The political economy of international trade law : Essays in honour of Robert E. Hudec. Cambridge, U.K : Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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A, Bermann George, Lindseth Peter L et Herdegen Matthias, dir. Transatlantic regulatory cooperation : Legal problems and political prospects. Oxford [England] : Oxford University Press, 2000.
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Cassimatis, Anthony. Human rights related trade measures under international law : The legality of trade measures imposed in response to violations of human rights obligations under general international law. Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007.
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Cassimatis, Anthony. Human rights related trade measures under international law : The legality of trade measures imposed in response to violations of human rights obligations under general international law. Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007.
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Debi, Barker, Mander Jerry et International Forum on Globalization, dir. Invisible government : The World Trade Organization : global government for the new millennium ? : a primer. San Francisco, CA : International Forum on Globalization, 1999.
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Cassimatis, Anthony E. Human rights related trade measures under international law : The legality of trade measures imposed in response to violations of human rights obligations under general international law. Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007.
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Howse, Robert. Protecting human rights in a global economy : Challenges for the World Trade Organization. Montréal : Rights & Democracy, International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 2000.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Foreign trade regulation – Political aspects"
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Thakur, Anusha. « Cultural Impact on Global Trade ». Dans Handbook of Research on the Empirical Aspects of Strategic Trade Negotiations and Management, 196–210. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7568-0.ch010.
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As in any international business relation, factors such as political, economic, social, technological, and legal dimensions are expected to significantly impact trade activities. Social factors include the cultural aspects of exports and imports along with the differences among foreign markets. Culture poses to be complementary to FDI and exports. Cultural components include food, language, clothing, values, traditions, and beliefs, which differ from region to region across the world. When the countries are culturally different, investing and trading becomes a risk. Hence, in today's scenario, it is very important for the organizations to understand cultural differences in order to compete with their competitors. Understanding these cultural differences owes the opportunity to make or break the success of a foreign trade opportunity. The global businesses need to adhere to the demands and perceptions of different cultures in the countries when they purchase different products.
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Ben Romdhane Loukil, Youssra, Souhaila Kammoun et Imen Ouerghi. « Greenfield FDI Determinants in the MENA Region ». Dans Handbook of Research on the Empirical Aspects of Strategic Trade Negotiations and Management, 279–93. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7568-0.ch014.
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The purpose of the chapter is twofold. Firstly, the authors intend to identify the main determinants of Greenfield FDI in a context of political and economic changes by choosing inflation, trade freedom, and investment freedom as macroeconomic variables and political instability as an institutional variable. Secondly, they determine which environmental sector may affect this mode of foreign investment in MENA region. Using dynamic panel models on a sample of 13 countries over the period 2010-2018, they perform econometric modeling to measure the relationship between Greenfield FDI, macroeconomic aggregates, and the relationship between FDI and the environmental sector. They find that trade openness stimulates foreign investment in MENA region and that the lack of inflation control may disrupt the inflow of Greenfield FDI since it reflects the economic stability of the host countries. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between Greenfield FDI and environmental sectors. The chapter suggests some relevant practical implications to improve the attractiveness of Greenfield FDI in the MENA region.
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Cuttica, Cesare. « Democracy’s Foreign Models ». Dans Anti-democracy in England 1570-1642, 140–74. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866097.003.0005.
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In line with the book’s attempt to address key topics and recurrent targets informing the anti-democratic paradigm throughout the late sixteenth century and the first forty-two years of the next, Chapter 4 focuses on a series of foreign ideas, groups, and places which many English authors considered to be clusters of democracy. Most importantly, the chapter does so by dealing with the rich and unexpected constellation of political, social, religious, and cultural critiques advanced in order to depict classical Athens, the cantons of Switzerland, Germany’s Anabaptist enclaves (notably Münster), and other foreign entities as pure democracies. In particular, it examines these states’ ostracism strategies; military and fiscal policies; handling of private property and trade; moral codes; and their inhabitants’ collective behaviour. This approach underlies a few specific questions: what was the experience of democracy like back then? How did educated early modern people feel about real democracies (or about non-monarchical states)? How can that feeling be recovered? In this respect, the chapter delineates what can be called the ‘ethnography’ of democracy with the complex array of characteristics that were attached to it. In studying the different geopolitical realities that were described (and scathingly decried) as typical examples of plebeian democracy, the chapter depicts a series of crucial aspects that, for many, shaped democracy politically, ethically, and socially. Amongst them, democratic cruelty and meanness, anti-intellectualism, religious fanaticism, levelling tendencies, and the search for a degrading equality of all were the most prominent.
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Khokhobashvili, Tamar. « Migration Policy Challenges and Management ». Dans Handbook of Research on the Regulation of the Modern Global Migration and Economic Crisis, 223–38. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6334-5.ch014.
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International migration is a hot subject of modern scientific and political debates, towards which there is a mixed attitude. Evaluating the political, economic, social, and cultural consequences of migration and implementing and developing appropriate policies tailored to the country's interests is one of the important tasks of any country's domestic and foreign policy. Migration is a multidimensional process, which is the subject of various sciences such as sociology, demography, geography, history, economics, etc. representing the field of study. The chapter examines the political, social, and economic aspects of migration processes; analyzes the main directions, trends, and scales of international migration examines the importance of managing migration processes; discusses the growth factors of illegal emigration; examines the main causes of forced migration; and analyzes the role of the European Union in the migration policy management process.
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Zhuplev, Anatoly, et Mikhail Kuznetsov. « The Role of Inward FDI for Economic Growth at the Time of Downturn ». Dans Outward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Emerging Market Economies, 161–99. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2345-1.ch009.
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The chapter explores FDI trends and patterns in Russia. FDI global framework includes multiple stakeholders with diverse interests, expectations, and political attitudes toward foreign investment. Conceptual RDI framework in the chapter is supported by examining Russia's FDI profile, patterns, and dynamics across major economic sectors and regions. Russia's performance in the Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016 is used to analyze the nation's FDI attractiveness compared to other countries. Further discussion focuses on Russia's macro-economic structure in the FDI context that includes sectorial and regional aspects. Specifically, the chapter concentrates on examining FDI in the Greater Moscow and Greater St. Petersburg, Russia's leading economic regions. These regions receive significant FDI inflows and make substantial contribution to the nation's economic output and trade. The chapter culminates in exploring FDI dynamics in Russia under the current economic crisis and strategies for survival and revival on the regional, sectorial, and company level.
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Yarova, Inessa, et Iryna Marekha. « FORMATION OF BUDGETARY AND TIME CONSTRAINTS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXATION IN UKRAINE : NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS ». Dans Priority areas for development of scientific research : domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-15.
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Formation of a budgetary and time constraints system on the implementation of environmental taxes should be carried out in the format of integrated social, environmental and economic policy (economic, energy, social, environmental), and is largely influenced by political processes. It was found that the environmental taxes implementation required defining budget and time constraints as the leading parameters in the field of tax regulation of environmental quality and efficiency of natural capital on an entrepreneurial and innovative basis. The economic essence of environmental taxation in the national security system is revealed through their main tax functions (fiscal, regulatory, incentive). In addition to the functions of environmental taxes, dysfunctions have been proposed such as: burdening, inflation and counteracting. Effectiveness of the implementation of environmental taxes functions is carried out on the basis of an appropriate system of indicators of their effectiveness at the macro level (in particular, the effectiveness of environmental tax revenues, assessment of fiscal effectiveness, etc.), taking into account the environmental payments effectiveness in foreign countries. In this paper, taking into account the existing proposals, the emphasis is on the criteria (indicators) as follows: effectiveness assessment of revenues from environmental taxation (in this case, the ratio of tax revenues and public environmental costs); fiscal efficiency (effectiveness); assessment of the motivational nature of environmental taxation. It is also stated that the assessment of the effectiveness of target functions implementation in the national security can be detailed in certain areas (energy, economic and environmental security), as well as depending on the tasks of management decisions by economic entities. From these perspectives optimization of the environmental taxes structure taking into account national specifics has been proposed. Taking into consideration the national specifics of nature management in Ukraine, the list of environmental taxes has been selected on the certain principles as follows: deteriorization of the ecological state; import dependence (dependence on energy imports); high demand for environmentally destructive goods; powerful natural and resource potential. A score assessment of environmental taxes compliance with the peculiarities of national nature management and national security has been proposed. It was stated that energy taxes have the maximum profitability potential and the highest eco – attributive efficiency. Also, a matrix of environmental taxes compliance with the criteria of fiscal and eco – attributive efficiency has been constructed.
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Bahtiyar, Görkem. « Globalization, Financial Development and Income Inequality ». Dans Handbook of Research on Strategic Developments and Regulatory Practice in Global Finance, 349–74. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7288-8.ch022.
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Globalization, as a concept has three main aspects: economic, political and social. Economic globalization in general, refers to the liberalization of trade between countries and increasing mobility of factors. In the case of factor mobility, capital flows come to the fore. Increasing capital mobility in the form of foreign direct investment and more importantly, portfolio investments, apart from causing a new international division of labour among regions of the world, also have important effects on the financialization phenomenon, changes in income distribution and changing institutional structures. Developments in information-telecommunication technologies, changing patterns in intellectual sphere, as well as in political and economic institutions especially after the mid-1970s play a role in the rise of financial globalization. Financial liberalization has been celebrated since McKinnon (1973)-Shaw (1973), but the Great Recession sparked doubts on the ability of unchecked financial development on providing a solid and fair foundation of economic development.
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Debych, Mariia. « INTERNATIONALIZING HIGHER EDUCATION OF UKRAINE : NATIONAL POLICY ». Dans Priority areas for development of scientific research : domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-18.
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Internationalization has become a subject of global interest and global geographical coverage. In order to develop a National Internationalization Strategy of Ukraine, it is necessary to take into account trends and patterns in the global market of international education services. The aim of this article is to examine national policy of Ukraine for higher education internationalization, consider issues of foreign students’ study in Ukraine and give recommendations for National Internationalization Strategy development. To achieve the above aim, several methods have been used, including internet search, analysis, systematization of evident information. The European vector for developing Ukraine has been confirmed by the accession to the Bologna Process (2005) and Association Agreement between the European Union (EU) and Ukraine (2014). Basis for higher education internationalization (Bologna instruments and legislative documents) have been analyzed. The goals and tasks of the Ukrainian State Center for International Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (the official state source of information on the education of foreign students in Ukraine) are presented. Statistical data from Development Strategy of the state enterprise “Ukrainian State Center for International Education for 2021–2025” prove the increase of foreign students in Ukraine. SWOT analysis of the higher education internationalization in Ukraine revealed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of higher education internationalization. The current state of higher education internationalization in Ukraine is also clarified by the results of PESTL analysis identifying Political, Economic, Social, Technological, and Legal aspects of the external environment that affect this process. It is stated that Ukraine faces the following challenges concerning academic mobility: insufficient / no funding; non-recognition of degrees / diplomas; unsatisfactory level of foreign language proficiency; inappropriate educational programs / training organization; legal issues; lack of information and encouragement; personal problems of students. The degree of involvement of scholars and academics in international cooperation is very low. The main aspects for the National Internationalization Strategy in Ukraine and their content components are highlighted as following: worldview and value aspect (mission, vision, values, principles); organizational and resource aspect (goals and objectives, approaches, methods, tools, forms, mechanisms, organizational structure and functions, resources); regulatory and legal aspect (legislative regulation: tools for recognition, implementation of mobility, introduction of joint educational programs, mechanisms for ensuring the quality of higher education). It is recommended to develop National Internationalization Strategy; to involve foreign experts for the accreditation of Ukrainian educational programs and participate in the accreditation of foreign educational programs; to develop the Ukrainian rating of universities taking into account indicators of internationalization: foreign students; foreign academics in the Ukrainian universities; publications in foreign scientific journals; joint educational programs / research.
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Schain, Martin A. « Where Are the Gates ? » Dans The Border, 25–44. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199938674.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the question of where the border has been controlled in Europe and the United States. The border is not a uniform area of control, but an area that is controlled at different points in different ways. Some points of control may indeed be somewhere on the lines of the map, while others may be deep within the territory of the state. Others, moreover, are far from the state itself, in the territory of other states. Border control varies and defines different aspects of the frontier. This chapter also explores variations in the regulation of people and trade. How is it possible to regulate movement of people across the border, in the face of economic forces that push for greater openness, while security concerns and powerful political forces push toward greater closure? The chapter examines whether the hardening of border control for people necessarily obstructs the growth of free trade.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Foreign trade regulation – Political aspects"
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Kukharenko, Vladislav, et Roman Fedorov. « LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MONOPOLY OF FOREIGN TRADE IN THE FIRST YEARS OF SOVIET regime ». Dans Current problems of jurisprudence. ru : Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/212-217.
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The historical aspect of the monopoly of foreign trade allows us to see the development of legislation on monopoly, since the beginning of the XX century. The article, through a detailed analysis of the draft laws of that time, defines the essence of monopolies as a legal institution. These aspects lead to the need to study the legislation on the monopoly of foreign trade, in order to make amendments and improve the current legislation.
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Turovskaya, M. S., et P. A. Nikanorov. « HARMONIZATION PROBLEMS IN THE FIELD OF STANDARDIZATION AND TECHNICAL REGULATION ». Dans MODELING AND SITUATIONAL MANAGEMENT THE QUALITY OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS. Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/978-5-8088-1558-2-2021-2-194-199.
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Technical regulation and standardization play major role in the development of both global economy and single countries. According to the researches including the research of the World Trade Organization, standardization and standards harmonization is important for economic development. Harmonization of standards and conformity assessment systems on international, regional and industry levels help to decrease foreign trade barriers, and supports development of trade, creation of global chains. In this article we will review some standardization and conformity assessment aspects that play important role for enterprises and economy in general as the instrument for establishing the requirements for products and services, it’s manufacturers and suppliers and clarify the influence on the development of trade relations.
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Karaköy, Çağatay, Ahmet Uzun et Ömer Selçuk Emsen. « The Changes in Foreign Debt for the Transition Economies ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00279.
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1989 and the years following 1991 were the times in which many important economic and political turnovers had taken place in the world. That was the time when Berlin Wall fall down with scattering the Eastern block and many politically and economically independent states came into being, at the same time, ongoing about 70 years socialist system also started to spin into liberal system. The constituted 27 states in 1991 were tended to liberal economic system instead of socialist economy, and these stated were called as transition economies. With the transition period, there has have been significant decreases in the level of affluence, hyperinflation and some common properties seen at the beginning. It became inevitable to get foreign debt for reorganization and configuration of these economies. Nevertheless these foreign debts caused many serious problems in some of these economies. In the present work we tried to understand the economic structure and external loans of the transition economies, which are different with respect to their natural resources and are similar to each other in term of social, political and cultural aspects. It was under debated to investigate the relationship between indicated foreign debts and indicated domestic income and external trade so foreign trade financing problematic which thought to be the source of going into debt and economical development relations are searched.
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Gazioğlu, Şaziye, et Fatoş Otcuoğlu. « The Central Asian Countries and the Energy Sector : Economics, Politics and Legal Aspects ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00434.
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This paper is written with aim of investigating the importance of the natural resources within the Central Asian energy sector. The geopolitics position of the Central Asian Countries place them in the centre of conflicting powers; that is to say, on the one hand they are providing energy to Europe and USA, and on the other hand they are next to China, which has the highest and growing demand for energy consumption. In political arena, China accordingly seeks to prevent the independence of East Turkistan, which has historical links to Turkistan (West) in Russia. In this regard, we examine the energy policies and trade between states, and we particularly focus on the gas and oil pipelines from said countries to Europe. We also examine the demand from Caucasian and the Central Asian Countries by European, and Pacific Countries and, as well as, the USA. Correspondingly, we discuss the political conflicts upon the energy investments, and mainly concentrate on the investments in Central Asian and Commonwealth of Independent States (“CIS”), and the political risks and legal disputes relating to foreign energy investment and stability implications in this regard.
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Dolgova, Mariya V., et Vladimir E. Novikov. « Improvement of customs and tariff regulation as a factor of sustainable development ». Dans Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.kqvi8510.
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The paper discusses the role of prices and customs tools in maintaining a competitive environment, reveals their interaction in the economic mechanism of Russia. The need for more and more complete satisfaction of social needs underlies the competitive struggle between countries for limited global resources. One of the ways of this struggle is international trade, by which each country should strive to export as many goods as possible with high consumer properties, requiring to use highly skilled labor, enabling to maximize economic benefits. Meantime, it becomes necessary to regulate the imports of foreign-made goods by establishing customs duties on the imports of the manufacturing industry. In modern conditions, customs duties often become a tool of political struggle. In this context, the purpose of the paper is to develop ways to improve the economic mechanism of Russia through prices and customs duties, and to develop their interaction, focusing on creating equal competitive conditions for the sale of domestic and imported products with the help of prices and customs duties. Research methods include analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systemic, logical. The result of the study is a set of specific measures to improve customs and tariff regulation, including a formula for an equal price for imported and domestic products. Equal competitive conditions for domestic and imported products are the key to sustainable economic development.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Foreign trade regulation – Political aspects"
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Shpinev, Iurii Sergeevich. Questions of capital in the work of D. Ricardo «The Beginnings of Political Economy and taxation». DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1311-1972-2020-00025.
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D. Ricardo is one of the founders of classical economy. The most significant discoveries of the outstanding scientist in the field of capital can be called the definition of capital and free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment. Given that capital is primarily an economic category, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation.
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Romero, Antonio. The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement and relations between European Union and Cuba. Fundación Carolina, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff01en.
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This document makes an assessment of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between Cuba and the European Union (EU) in its four years of validity, and of the evolution of political and economic relations between both parties. The analysis is structured in five headings that address the background, determinants and significance of the PDCA between Cuba and the EU; the main elements discussed in the political dialogue —and in thematic dialogue— between the two parties since 2018, and the central aspects of trade, investment and cooperation relations between Cuba and the EU. The report concludes that, unlike the United States, the EU is able to support the complex process of economic and institutional transformations underway in Cuba, in four fundamental areas: i) technical assistance and advice for the design and implementation of public policies, macroeconomic management, decentralisation and local development; ii) cooperation to fight climate change and transform Cuba’s productive and technological structure; iii) the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment flows from Europe, targeting key productive sectors; and iv) the exploration of financial opportunities for Cuba through the European Investment Bank (EIB) under the current PDCA.
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Шпинев, Ю. С. Давид Рикардо об инвестициях. DOI CODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1311-1972-2020-00024.
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The article examines the views of one of the founders of classical economics, David Ricardo, on the issues of investment, capital and profit. The need for this study is caused by the lack of a single definition of investment in the regulatory acts of investment legislation, as well as in the scientific community. Thus, there is a problem of regulatory regulation of one of the most important concepts of the economy. Given that the concepts of investment, capital, and capital investment are primarily economic categories, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation. The scientific novelty of the study is that despite a large number of works on the work of David Ricardo «The Beginnings of Political Economy and Taxation», no special work was carried out on the contribution of the great economist to the theory of investment. Conclusions. The main achievements of Ricardo in the field of capital and investment include the author's definitions of capital, free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment.