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Thèses sur le sujet « Foreign trade regulation – Law and legislation »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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1

Allen, Sara-Ruth. « International trade rules : a case of imperialism at work ? » University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This study explored whether there is an inherent inequitable nature of the liberalization process with respect to the World Trade Organization Agreements, namely TRIMs (Trade-related Investment Measures), TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the Agreement on Agriculture.
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2

Bidie, Simphiwe Sincere. « The obligation of non-discrimination under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the agreement on Trade-related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) : a developmental perspective ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/338.

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The non-discrimination obligation has existed since the twelfth century. It has been practiced since then, changing from a conditional to unconditional form with the passage of time. It became firmly applied unconditionally at the multilateral level in 1947 after the formation of the GATT trading system upon which several countries based their trading relations. In 1995 when the WTO was formed, the underlying principles of the GATT 1947 became part of the WTO trading system, including the non-discrimination obligation. When countries join the WTO they automatically become subject to the non-discrimination obligation. The ever increasing value of services and trade in the value of intellectual property has necessitated a look at the fundamental principles of world trade that countries have to adhere to in their trade relations. Incidentally, countries are not at the same level economically, hence one of the purposes of the WTO is to facilitate development in developing countries. Accordingly, this requires different application and/or interpretation of these fundamental principles in different situations, depending on the development level of each Member country. Amongst the five principles that underlie the international trading system, the non-discrimination principle is the focus of this study. The sustainability of the entire economic relations between WTO Member countries is dependent upon their fair compliance with this obligation. The obligation is found in Articles II and XVII of the GATS and Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS. The Membership of the WTO is made up of developed and developing countries. As a result of the fundamental nature of the obligation it is imperative that the scope and interpretation of this obligation, as developed by WTO adjudicating bodies, be analysed to determine if the obligation’s application and/or interpretation satisfies the above fundamental object and purpose of the multilateral system of trade. The intention here is at all times to show the importance that the non-discrimination obligation carries in international economic and legal interactions and how non-observance of this obligation would negatively affect relations between Member countries of the WTO.
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3

Cordonier, Segger Marie-Claire. « Sustainable development in international trade law : integrating economic and social development and environmental protection in emerging trade regimes ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669870.

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4

Zheng, Linlin, et 鄭霖霖. « Transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism in the WTO legal framework : an analysis of its terms andapplication ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290501.

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5

Magezi, Tom Samuel. « The WTO dispute settlement system and African countries :a prolonged slumber ? » Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This thesis seeks to investigate the lack of participation by African countries in the WTO Dispute Settlement System by first providing an overview of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) system and, secondly by explaining the reasons that forestall the participation of African countries.
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6

Chimeri, Vongai. « The WTO agreement on technical barriers to trade : a critical appraisal of its implementation within the Southern African Development Community ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2855.

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The World Trade Organisation Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) was crafted with the aim of ensuring that technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedure do not constitute unnecessary obstacles to international trade. Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries have since ratified this Agreement and took a step further to incorporate its principles into the Technical Barriers to Trade Annex to the SADC Protocol on Trade. Despite this effort, SADC countries are still grappling with implementing the TBT Agreement in their domestic frameworks. Consequently, technical barriers to trade have become impediments to both regional and international trade. It is in this context that this study aims to examine the implementation of the TBT Agreement within the SADC. The study answers the question what are the challenges facing SADC Member states to fully implement the TBT Agreement? The study demonstrates that SADC Member face challenges which include of lack adequate resources, technical expertise and enforcement mechanisms to effectively implement the TBT Agreement. In the finality, the study recommends SADC Member states to deepen regional integration in order to collaborate on matters relating to technical barriers to trade within the region. Member states should also share information and learn from the experiences of other countries on how to effectively implement the TBT Agreement. Further, government officials should be educated on trade-friendly regulations that do not compromise on the principles of the TBT Agreement. To this end, regulatory impact assessments should be established in order to assess the trade effects of both new and old regulations. Effective enforcement mechanisms should also be introduced in order to coerce Member states to comply with their regional obligations. By effecting these recommendations, SADC states have the opportunity to eradicate technical barriers to trade thereby increasing both regional and international trade.
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7

Kimura, Keiki 1955. « An analysis of the Japanese voluntary export restraint upon automobiles to the U. S. and Canada : an investigation of its impacts upon international, bilateral and domestic legal frameworks for safeguard measures ». Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65419.

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8

Shen, Xin. « Legal issues relating to subsidies and countervailing measures with a specific reference to non-market economies and the case of China ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2132684.

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9

Philipp, Julia. « The Criminalisation of Trading in Influence in International Anti-Corruption Laws ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3574_1282236062.

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Despite being mentioned in most international anti-corruption instruments, trading in influence appears only rarely in the spotlight of legal practice and literature. This paper aims to shed some light on the issue. The main objective is to highlight the different forms of trading in influence stipulated in various international agreements and national laws in order to draw a comprehensive picture of this offence. Furthermore, by identifying and critically appraising the core issues connected with trading in influence, this paper aims to provide recommendations which may be of use to states obliged to implement or to consider implementing this offence.

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10

Chigavazira, Farai. « The regulation of agricultural subsidies in the World Trade Organization framework : a developing country perspective ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1874.

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The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) was adopted to eliminate the illegitimate use of tradedistorting agricultural subsidies and thereby reduce and avoid the negative effects subsidies have on global agricultural trade. However, the AoA has been fashioned in a way that is enabling developed countries to continue high levels of protectionism through subsidization, whilst many developing countries are facing severe and often damaging competition from imports artificially cheapened through subsidies. The regulation of subsidies in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been a highly sensitive issue. This is mainly due to the fear of compromising food security especially by developed countries. Developing countries have suffered negatively from the subsidy programmes of developed countries who continue to subsidize their agricultural sector. This position of the developing countries in the global trade system which has been described as weak, has drawn criticism that the WTO as it currently operates does not protect the interests of the weak developing nations, but rather strengthens the interests of the strong developed nations. The green box provisions which are specifically designed to regulate payments that are considered trade neutral or minimally trade distorting has grossly been manipulated by developed countries at the mercy of the AoA. Developed countries continue to provide trade distorting subsidies under the guise of green box support. This is defeating the aims and objectives of the AoA. The study examines the regulation of WTO agricultural subsidies from the developing countries’ belvedere. It looks at the problems WTO member states face with trade distorting subsidies, but focuses more on the impact these have on developing states. It scrutinizes the AoA’s provisions regulating subsidies with a view to identify any loopholes or shortcomings which undermine the interests and aspirations of developing countries. This is behind the background that some of the provisions of the AoA are lenient towards the needs of developed countries at the expense of developing countries.
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11

Chen, Heng. « An investigation of the main factors that have an impact on the decision of a foreign business to enter South Africa ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1222.

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The new South Africa has an amazing economic growth that creates a significant opportunity for international companies to start their businesses in South Africa. For those companies which are interested in the South African market, it is very important for them to understand the factors that influence their entry-mode selection. The objective of this study is to determine the main factors that have an impact on the decision of a foreign business to enter South Africa. To achieve this objective, the researcher used an integrated study method, as follows: {u10007A} A systematic review of the popular entry-modes and the main factors influencing the entry-mode selection, sourced from the relevant literature. In addition, South African business was also introduced. {u10007A} Based on the factors related in the literature, an empirical survey was completed by those foreign companies who had already successfully entered into South Africa, in order to figure out the rank importance of these factors. With an integrated study of literature and empirical research, the rank importance of factors that have an impact on the foreign business entry-mode selection in South Africa is as follows: 1. Firm’s product 2. Control level of entry-mode 3. Ownership of entry 4. Resource commitment of entry-mode 5. Political factor 6. Firm’s objective 7. Technological factors 8. Economic factors 9. Firm’s experience in international marketing 10. Firm’s size 11. Dissemination risk of entry-mode 12. Socio-cultural factors 13. Flexibility of entry-mode Key terms: International market entry-mode South African business environment.
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12

Gerona, Morales Marcelo Esteban. « El comercio de productos agrícolas en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) ». Quito : Abya-Yala, 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/65189840.html.

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13

Chatton, Gregor T. « Die Verknüpfung von Handel und Arbeitsmenschenrechten innerhalb der WTO : politisches Scheitern und rechtliche Perspektiven / ». Geneve : Schulthess, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014174911&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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14

Olaki, Clare. « The feasibility of retaliation as a trade remedy under the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6062_1213863904.

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The main aim of the research was to determine the viability of retaliation as a trade remedy under the Dispute Settlement Understanding. It was to establish whether retaliation as a remedy is beneficial to the entire WTO membership and system. The specific objectives were: to examine the feasibility of damages as an alternative remedy to retaliation
to determine whether there is a need to revise the Dispute Settlement Understanding, for it to adopt a more development friendly approach to dispute resolution
to make recommendations regarding the improvement of the Dispute Settlement Understanding.

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15

Nadeau, Christian. « The regulation of foreign direct investment in Mexico and the North American free-trade agreement ». Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22506.

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This thesis*, after presenting an overview of Mexico, examines the new business environment prevailing in Mexico focussing on the laws and regulations affecting foreign investments and and foreigners in Mexico. It then compares Mexico's foreign direct investment (FDI) regulations with those of Canada and the United States in relation to the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement of 1988. Since Mexico's FDI concerns and policies are similar those of Canada, this comparison provides useful perspectives for a prospective analysis of acceptable FDI regulations in a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
The adoption by Mexico of industrialized country standards and principles has led to the negotiation of a NAFTA between Canada, the United States and Mexico. Further investment liberalization will be a major part of the price Mexico will need to pay for the sucessful conclusion of NAFTA. Such liberalization will benefit Mexico's development provided that it retains a few of the prevailing restrictions and the legal means to implement future policies on investment, thus ensuring for itself a part of the benefits of FDI. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ftn*This thesis encompasses all regulations in place before March 31, 1992.
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16

Lau, Sun-wo, et 劉新和. « Government regulation of futures market ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263264.

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17

Maunganidze, Tendai. « An evaluation of the regulation and enforcement of trade mark and domain name rights in South Africa ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007571.

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The conflict between trade marks and domain names has been a major subject of legal debate over the past few years. The issues arising from the relationship between trade marks and domain names reveal the difficulties associated with attempts to establish mechanisms to address the problems existing between them. Trade mark laws have been adopted to resolve the trade mark and domain name conflict, resulting in more conflict. Domain name registers have to date been constructed on the basis of first come first served. Given that the generic indicators are very general, it has been inevitable that problems would arise, particularly once the commercial potential of the Internet began to be realised. Unlike domain names, trade marks are protected in ways which are more precise. Trade marks may not be imitated either exactly or in a manner so similar that it is likely to confuse a significant portion of the public. It is possible for more than one enterprise to use the same trade mark in respect of different goods, although this is not possible with domain names. This disparity in objectives leads to two core problems. The first problem relates to cybersquatters who deliberately secure Top Level Domains (TLDs) containing the names or marks of well known enterprises in order to sell them later. The second problem relates to the rival claims between parties who have genuine reasons for wanting particular TLDs, and problems associated with the resolution of such claims. The disputes between parties with legitimate conflicting interests in domain names are often not equitably and effectively resolved, thus compromising the rights of domain name holders. There is great activity in the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) to provide a more substantial system of governing and regulating the Internet. There is a strong movement to provide methods of arbitrating conflicts between honest claims to TLDs which conflict either in Internet terms or in trade mark law. However, these difficult policies remain to be settled. South Africa's progress towards the establishment of an effective mechanism to govern and regulate the Internet has been hindered by the absence of a policy to resolve domain related trade mark disputes. South Africa only recently drafted the South African Regulations for Alternative Domain Name Dispute Resolution (zaADRR), although the regulations have not yet been adopted. Therefore South African parties to domain name disputes continue to find solutions to their problems through the court system or foreign dispute resolution policies. The purpose of this study is firstly to examine and to comment on the basic issues of trade mark law and domain names in this area, with particular reference to South Africa, and secondly to examine the mechanisms in place for the resolution of trade mark and domain name disputes and to highlight the issues that flow from that. An additional purpose of this study is to discuss the policies of the dispute resolution mechanisms and to suggest how these policies can be improved.
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18

Efunkoya, Adeola Adefunke. « Agricultural sector : the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the creation of an integrated agriculture sector in Nigeria ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7046_1256021947.

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This research recommended ways in which Nigeria could unlock constraints to commercialization and investment in the Nigerian agricultural sector for sustained economic growth, enhanced food security, increased competitiveness of products in the domestic, regional and international markets, sustainable environmental management and poverty alleviation.

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19

Bester, Juan. « The political economy of the intellectual property rights regime : Aids and the generic medicine debate in South Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53144.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a descriptive and interpretive study into the political economy of intellectual property rights, the conceptual and practical implications for the phenomenon of global governance, and how developing countries experience problems with the implementation of national policies that infringe on international intellectual property rights. The specific area of interest is the generic medicine debate that ensued in South Africa after the alleged violation of patent rights of anti-HIV/Aids drugs by the Department of Health. The research question that is addressed is to what extent has the existing international intellectual property rights regime been influenced and/or undermined by South Africa's intended application of WTO regulations in terms of compulsory licensing and parallel imports of "essential" medicines. In doing so, the paper examines the roles of the important states, international organisations, institutions, and private sector firms within the sphere ofthe political economy of intellectual property and how they impede upon or improve the functioning of the intellectual property rights regime. The methodology entails analytical inquiries into documentary evidence on the nature of the international intellectual property rights regime. Areas that are examined are the agendas of the important actors, namely states and their respective departments; individuals and firms; and international organisations. The concept of intellectual property is examined to determine its dynamic role within the generic medicine debate. The thesis concludes that the agendas of pharmaceutical firms and states are exploiting current political stalemates in the negotiations for a fair intellectual property rights regime. National health agencies, and specifically the South African Department of Health, are under enormous pressure to provide affordable health services. Specifically, the US Government and US pharmaceutical firms are dominating discussions on the architecture of the international intellectual property law regime. By using an analysis incorporating systemic, domestic interest, institutional, and ideational perspectives, it is argued that South Africa's drive for a more distributive intellectual property rights regime has placed the issue of health, Aids and generic medicine firmly within the sphere of the political economy of trade agreements.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n deskriptiewe en 'n interpretiewe studie oor die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendomsregte, die konseptuele en praktiese implikasies vir die verskynsel van globale regering, en hoe ontwikkelende lande probleme ervaar met die implimentering van nasionale beleid wat internasionale intellektuele eiendomsregte aantas. Die spesifieke area van belang is die generiese medisyne debat wat onstaan het na die beweerde skending van patentregte van anti-HIVNigs medisyne deur die Departement van Gesondheid. Die navorsingsvraag wat beantwoord word behels die omvang van die impak van Suid- Afrika se voorgenome toepassing van WTO bepalinge, met betrekking tot die verpligte lisensiering en parallelle invoer van "essensiele" medisyne, op die bestaande internasionale intellektuele eiedomsreg regime. Hierdie tesis ondersoek vervolgens die rol van state, internasionale organisasies, instellings, en privaat sector firmas binne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendom en hoe hulle afsonderlik die funksionaliteit van die intellektuele eiendomsregte regime beïnvloed. Die metodologie behels 'n analitiese ondersoek van die literatuur oor die aard van internasionale intellektuele eiendomsreg regimes. Areas wat ondersoek word, is die agendas van belangrike akteurs, naamlik die staat en sy onderskeie departemente; individue en firmas; asook internasionale organisasies en instellings. Die konsep van intellektuele eiendom word ondersoek om die dinamiese uitwerking daarvan op die generiese medisyne debat te verstaan. Hierdie tesis voer aan dat die agendas van firmas, spesifiek farmaseutiese firmas en state die huidige politieke dooiepunt in die onderhandeling rondom 'n regverdige intellektuele iendomsregte-regime, uitbuit. Nasionale instellings, soos die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Gesondheid, is onder groot druk om bekostigbare gesondheidsdienste te lewer. Die VSA en farmaseutiese firmas domineer onderhandelinge vir 'n nuwe struktuur vir die internasionale eiendomsregte-regime. Deur gebruik te maak van 'n analitiese raamwerk wat sistemiese, interne belange, institusionele, en ideologies perspektiewe inkorporeer, word daar geargumenteer dat Suid-Afrika se pogings om 'n meer distributiewe intellektuele eiendomsregte regime te verseker, die probleem van gesondheid, Vigs, en generiese medisyne binnne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van handelsooreenkomste, plaas.
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Pfumorodze, Jimcall. « WTO dispute settlement : challenges faced by developing countries in the implementation and enforcement of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) recommendations and rulings ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6761_1219309592.

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Aims of the research paper is to examine the legal framework 
of implemantation and enforcement of DSB recommendations and rulings and to investigate the trend of non-compliance with BSD recommendations and rulings where complianant 
 
is a developing country.

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21

Poulet, Julie. « Direct effect of the law of the GATT in the European Union, the United States and the consequences for the WTO ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78227.

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This aim of this thesis will be to first address the issue of the direct applicability of the GATT within the national framework, mainly through the use of an analysis of the considerations that such a denial of the direct effect of the GATT is based upon, to understand if there are real obstacles to its implementation, before examining the harmful effects this of denial. The analysis will focus on the situation in both the European Union and the United States, these two countries being two of the most important trade partners in the WTO, before suggesting various solutions that could be adopted to implement the direct effect of the GATT in order to benefit both individuals and the WTO members.
However, since WTO members are still highly opposed to the recognition of the direct effect of the GATT, the unlikelihood of its implementation, at least in a short term perspective, will lead to an analysis of the situation directly at the WTO level. This will permit us to further conclude, whether it would be possible to find solutions to palliate the problems arising out of the denial of the direct effect of the GATT at a national level. Indeed, in the last part of the analysis undertaken in this work, various ways to remedy the deficit of democracy will be explored, examining alternatively the best vectors that could be used: individuals or NGOs, in order to enhance the legitimacy of the WTO which is principally under attack.
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Moore, Gregory Allison Business Law &amp Taxation Australian School of Business UNSW. « A theory-based description of Australian franchising regulation ». Publisher:University of New South Wales. Business Law & ; Taxation, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41223.

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This paper examines franchising regulation in Australia as a case study for the analysis of regulation based on established regulatory theory. A literature review is conducted to establish and critique the theory of regulation based on the four main areas of established theory; regulatory purpose, regulatory strategies, rulemaking and enforcement. Case study data is drawn from primary source material and academic commentary on franchising regulation and presented according to the eras of franchising regulation in Australia, moving from the first proposals for legislation in the 1970s to the prescribed mandatory Franchising Code of Conduct model adopted in 1998 and refinements made to that scheme up to 2006. An analysis is then conducted on each major aspect of Australian franchising regulation using the established theoretical principles and analytical constructs available in the literature. The study concludes that the Franchising Code of Conduct regime, as a culmination of the experience gained and study undertaken in the preceding eras, is characterised by the availability of a broad range of enforcement options from harsh deterrence-oriented measures to more gentle and cooperative compliance-oriented options constituting an effective regulatory pyramid. The effectiveness of the regime is further bolstered by the presence of a credible regulatory strategy pyramid which emphasises the real possibility of escalated intervention, coupled with skilful deployment by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission as enforcement agency. The principal weakness of the scheme is identified as unnecessarily ambiguous drafting in some areas, which compromises the quality of the otherwise highly transparent ruleset. It is suggested that the choice of regulatory strategy, often a focus of superficial examinations of regulation, is largely irrelevant to the nature of the regulation, with other features such as enforcement strategy, legitimacy, and availability of credible sanctions proving much more important. A proposal for an analytical framework based on the established theory is developed based on the experience of applying that theory to the case study. While this outlined framework assists in broadening focus across the entire regulatory regime to encourage assessment of the component parts, a lack of cohesion and linkage amongst the components highlights a shortcoming in the development of regulatory theory and an opportunity for further research.
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Wallace, Goring Namitasha. « The CARICOM dispute settlement mechanism : an analysis of the infringement and enforcement institutions and procedures based on a review of the WTO and EU dispute settlement regimes ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=185858.

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The proliferation of regional trading agreements around the world has changed the landscape of international trade law from a multi-polar system anchored in the nationstate to one where there are groups of closely-knit sovereign nations. They are usually drawn along geographical lines and are conducting trade with one another in a myriad of ways. This craze for trade deals is sure to give rise to disputes that are an inescapable outcome of the bilateral, regional and international agreements that contain the will of these nations to engage in greater co-operation with one another. As such, it has become necessary to design reliable dispute settlement mechanisms for the settlement of trade related disputes for the effective functioning of the trading agreements. Dispute settlement systems have progressed from being unsophisticated and diplomacy oriented as typified by that of the GATT to the highly legalized adjudication based mechanism that is the crowning glory of the WTO. This trend has been followed by other trading organizations that have modified their dispute settlement mechanisms to become more legalistic. CARICOM is a reborn regional trading bloc in the Caribbean and in lock step with the trend of other trading clubs has augmented its dispute settlement mechanism with a long awaited regional court and other non-binding alternative dispute resolution methods to avert legal clashes. This thesis examines the progress of the CARICOM dispute settlement mechanism from its originally diplomatic procedures to its enhanced legalistic system. A standing judicial institution in CARICOM is a coming of age for this region and its jurisprudence now referred to as CARICOM law. These significant legal advances raise many normative questions about the adequacy of the dispute settlement institutions and whether the rules and processes are clearly defined to enable nascent CARICOM law to be the primary tool by which there can be effective regulation of CARICOM integration. In order to answer these questions this thesis reviews the dispute settlement mechanisms of the WTO and the EU as the natural ‘parents’ of the CARICOM dispute settlement system.
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LEAL, ARCAS Rafael. « Theory and practice of EC external trade law and policy ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13171.

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Defence date: 11 March 2008
Examining board: Prof. Bruno De Witte, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Prof. Francesca Martines, Faculty of Economics, University of Pisa ; Prof. Petros C. Mavroidis, Columbia Law School, NY and University of Neuchâtel ; Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Both the European Community (EC) and its Member States agree that it is in their best interest to coordinate their action vis-à-vis the rest of the world in international trade agreements. Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy looks at the intricacies of the institutional framework of EC trade law, and with special emphasis on services trade, examines the law and practice of EC external trade relations from a policy, economic, legal and an overarching European constitutional perspective. The objective of the author’s analysis is not only to find ways to nurture and preserve the unitary character of EC external trade relations in areas of shared competence between EU Member States and EU institutions, but also to understand the management of the EC’s external trade relations. The book begins with an analysis of the evolution of the EC common commercial policy, through which the author examines the checks and balances at the micro, meso and macro levels. The author then proceeds to analyse the problems faced by the EU in its external relations and the legal complexity of mixed agreements. This unique legal phenomenon is tackled from an intra-EC perspective as well as from an extra-EU perspective taking into account various implications for third parties. The major EU institutions are examined: the Commission as the negotiator of international trade agreements, the role of the EU Council and the European Parliament in concluding and ratifying of agreements and the European Court of Justice in relation to judicial enforcement. The EU’s decision-making process in the trade arena and its relation with national institutions are examined. The book concludes with an analysis of the EC’s contribution to the Doha Round in the area of services trade.
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Sherman, Lauren. « Eco-Labeling : An Argument for Regulation and Reform ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/49.

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This thesis analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of various types of eco-labels, focusing primarily on differences between mandatory and voluntary eco-labeling programs. I argue that many of the problems with eco-labeling could be addressed by improving regulations. The current regulation of eco-labeling in the United States is discussed, especially the shortcomings of the FTC’s Green Guides. I recommend creating enforceable national legislation to regulate environmental claims that includes involvement of key stakeholders, a list of acceptable environmental claims, enforceable national definitions of environmental terms, an avenue for manufacturers and consumers to challenge environmental claims, consumer education, and periodic review and revision.
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26

Guan, Yunxiang. « WTO's impact on China's periodical media ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ59173.pdf.

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Yeukai, Chandaengerwa. « Trade promotion vs the environment : Inevitable conflict ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This study unveiled the trade-environment debate which has been revolving in the World Trade Organization for quite a long time now. While economic integration and trade liberalization offer the promise of growth and prosperity, environmentalists fear that free trade will lead to increased pollution and resource depletion. On the other hand, free traders worry that over-reaching environmental policies will obstruct efforts to open markets and integrate economies around the world. Trade liberalization has the potential to affect the environment both positively and negatively. Trade and environment tensions have therefore emerged as a major issue in the debate over globalisation. This paper examined the contours of these tensions and argued that trade policy and environmental programs can be better integrated and made more mutually supportive.
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Jacyk, David William. « Arbitration in WTO disputes : the forgotten alternative ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32137.

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The creation of a binding adjudication system under the Dispute Settlement Understanding ("DSU") is one of the major successes of the WTO. However, while the Dispute Settlement Body ("DSB") has experienced a high level of compliance with its rulings, there have been enough failures to raise concerns about compliance with WTO rulings. This in turn endangers the long term viability and legitimacy of the WTO as a decision-making body. This thesis explores the possibility of more effective integration of arbitration as a means of dealing with a small number of problematic cases where compliance with a ruling is doubtful. It considers arbitration as an alternative to what has effectively become an institutionalized litigation system involving panels and the Appellate Body, and as an adjunct to the diplomatic resolution of disputes, particularly for policy driven cases where compliance with WTO rulings is more doubtful. While proposals for the use of arbitration made during the Uruguay Round of negotiations leading to the creation o f the WTO have been realized in the provisions of the DSU, arbitration has never been effectively tested as a true alternative. Further, arbitration as an alternative to the litigation system has been almost entirely ignored in the context of the current debate over reform of the WTO dispute settlement system. After over a decade of WTO decision making, it is now an opportune point to consider meaningful institutional reform that more fully incorporates arbitration as an alternative form of dispute settlement at the WTO in politically difficult cases, and that builds on the existing but underused arbitration provision in Article 25 of the DSU. This thesis challenges the predominant bias towards the litigation system involving panels and the Appellate Body as a one-size-fits-all solution. It explores the potential role of arbitration, in the context of compliance theories, a historical review of the negotiations during the Uruguay Round, and an analysis of the shortcomings of the current DSU that contribute to the problems of non-compliance.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
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Côté, Charles-Emmanuel. « La participation des personnes privées au règlement des différends internationaux économiques : le cas de l'élargissement du droit de porter plainte à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce ». Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102239.

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This dissertation explores the legal issues raised by the participation of private persons in the settlement of international economic disputes, using the potential enlargement of legal standing in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as a case study. In the first part, a typology of the special regime of responsibility of WTO Members is drawn, to serve as a "normative bridge" between the twin phenomenon of legalisation of international trade relations and judicialisation of international trade dispute settlement. In the second part, a comparative study of the participation of private persons in the settlement of international economic disputes is conducted, using the doctrine of diplomatic protection from general international law as the analytical framework. This permits an inventory of the various means of private participation in the current practice of States, as well as shedding light on the main systemic problems that are raised, notably in the field of foreign direct investment, where important developments have taken place. In the third part, a study de lege feranda on the enlargement of legal standing in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is undertaken. The study is rooted in the previous analysis of the special regime of responsibility of WTO Members and the comparative survey on the participation of private parties in the settlement of international economic disputes. The dissertation demonstrates that the problems concerning private persons in the current mechanism should not be answered by offering them direct access to the WTO, but rather by refocusing attention on the central role of the State in the mediation of diverging interests in the governance of the world trading system. It proposes as a conclusion that WTO Members should instead look into formalising the process of handling private complaints at the domestic level.
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Tse, Lai Yee Lily. « WTO dispute settlement mechanism implementation issues and the way forward / ». access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2008. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b23454386a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2008.
"The School of Law, City University of Hong Kong, dissertation." "Programme: MAADR, LW6409A" Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 1, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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31

Koutrakos, Panos. « Trade, foreign policy and defence in EU constitutional law : the legal regulation of sanctions, exports of dual-use goods and armaments / ». Oxford [u.a.] : Hart, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/324099142.pdf.

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Yazdani, Majid. « The place of international sale of goods under Iranian law theory and practice / ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ59160.pdf.

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Nompunga, Simpiwe. « The theory and practice of procurement systems and affirmative procurement policy ». Thesis, Click here for online access, 2005. http://dk.cput.ac.za/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=td_cput.

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Mutai, Henry Kibet. « The regulation of regional trade agreements : harnessing the energy of regionalism to power a new era in multilateral trade / ». Connect to thesis, 2005. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/529.

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This thesis examines the regulation of regionalism by the WTO and the formation and operation of regional trade agreements by developing countries. In particular, this work focuses on regional integration in Eastern and Southern Africa. The aim of the thesis is to assess the effectiveness of the relevant legal regimes and determine ways in which they can be made more effective, both in terms of their impact on state conduct and in terms of their impact on the economic welfare of the states concerned. The thesis argues that, with regard to the WTO legal regime, the exemption from the application of Article XXIV, GATT 1994 given to developing countries by the Enabling Clause has contributed to the lack of effectiveness of the WTO regime. For developing countries, on the other hand, the Enabling Clause has deprived them of the legal discipline required to establish effective free trade areas and customs unions. This latter argument is examined through a case study of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The thesis contends that for COMESA countries to engage in meaningful trade liberalisation, and to participate fully in the WTO, acceptance of greater legal discipline is critical. Such legal discipline can be obtained through compliance with Article XXIV.
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Zhang, Lusong, et 張露松. « Regulation of foreign mergers and acquisitions involving listed companies in the People's Republic of China ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37190507.

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Tusikov, Natasha Marie. « Chokepoints : internet intermediaries and the private regulation of counterfeit goods on the internet ». Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/125030.

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This dissertation examines non-state regulation on the Internet, specifically the capacity of corporate actors to create private regulatory arrangements and the degree to which those efforts may rely upon the state. It critically traces the interactions and inter-dependencies between corporate actors and the state through the lens of corporate online anti-counterfeiting enforcement efforts. Between 2010 and 2013, small groups of multinational corporations and government officials from the United States, United Kingdom and the European Commission created a global private regulatory regime to control websites selling counterfeit goods. In this regime, for the first time, major U.S.-based Internet firms, like Google and PayPal, adopted so-called "voluntary best practices" agreements that guide their regulation of these websites on behalf of rights holders. This project examines eight of these agreements that pertain to five Internet sectors: advertising, domain name, marketplace, payment, and search services. In this particular case of private regulation, the state plays a strong, even central role. "Voluntary agreements" are a deliberate misnomer as government actors, acting in concert with rights holders, employed varying degrees of coercion to pressure major Internet firms and payment providers to adopt industry-derived best practices. Despite these coercive elements, however, there are common financial and reputational interests between rights holders and Internet firms. More importantly, these agreements serve strategic economic and national security interests, particularly those of the United States. The U.S. government, the principal architect of the regime, has interests in the protection of intellectual property because of its large stable of successful rights holders. In addition, it has national security interests in tapping into the vast troves of personal and commercial data that firms, such as Google and Yahoo, collect from their users. Corporate agreements to regulate the online distribution of counterfeit goods speak to private regulation on the Internet more generally. This dissertation contends that large corporate actors-both rights holders and Internet firms-can act as arbiters on the legality of technologies, services and applications on the Internet. In doing so, they can have significant influence in determining what types of new technologies and services prosper and which fail. Corporate anti-counterfeiting efforts demonstrate not only the considerable regulatory capacity of these Internet firms but also state and corporate interests in working with these firms to set rules and standards that govern Internet services.
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37

Kirunda, Solomon Wilson. « Slithering towards uniformity : the international commercial arbitration and conciliation working group of UNCITRAL as a key player in the strengthening and liberalisation of international trade ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2438_1254403625.

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The objective of this study was to examine and review the main features and works of the arbitration and conciliation working group of UNCITRAL while demonstrating their impact on international trade.

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Deumié, Florence. « The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the international trade of genetically modified organisms : a new element of the conflict between trade and the environment ». Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31156.

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The present thesis deals with the international legal consequences of the Biosafety Protocol. If this Protocol answers the problem of GMOs, by enforcing the application of the precautionary principle to the international trade of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), it does not solve the conflict between the interests of trade and those of the environment. On the contrary, the Biosafety Protocol conflicts with the rules of the GATT and the national norms inspired by it would risk being contested before the dispute-settlement institutions of the World Trade Organisation. The Protocol therefore constitutes a new element in the conflict, pre-existing and unsolved, which sets the implicit supremacy of the GATT against the international environmental norms. It confirms the necessity to find a solution enabling the equal authority and mutual respect of the international environmental and trade rules.
All information is correct as at 14 November 2000.
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39

Gaarder, Christopher. « California's Foreign Relations ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1147.

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Globalization has significantly increased the number of stakeholders in transnational issues in recent decades. The typical list of the new players in global affairs often includes non-state actors like non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and international organizations. Sub-national governments, however, have been given relatively little attention even though they, too, have a significant interest and ability to shape the increasing flow of capital, goods, services, people, and ideas that has so profoundly influenced the global political economy in recent decades. California, arguably the most significant among sub-national governments – its economy would be seventh or eighth in the world at $2.2 trillion annually, it engages in over $570 billion in merchandise trade, and has a population of nearly 40 million, out of which over 10 million are immigrants – is also one of the most active in transnational issues. The state government has opened and closed dozens trade offices abroad since the 1960s. It set up a multi-billion dollar carbon cap-and-trade system jointly with the Canadian provinces of Québec and Ontario under Assembly Bill 32, one of the most significant pieces of climate change legislation to date. California’s educational, technological, and media hubs – its public and private universities, Silicon Valley, and Hollywood – draw some of the best and brightest from around the world. California also has a long history of involvement in transnational issues. State efforts to undermine growing Chinese then Japanese “menace” immigrant populations from the mid-19th through the mid-20th centuries influenced United States foreign policy. This thesis first takes a look at the federalism and international relations issues faced by California as it plays a greater role in transnational issues. Then, it examines the main actors and institutions, and the issues at play. The states have some leeway under the Constitution and contemporary political order to use their domestic powers to influence global issues, whether through climate legislation, public pension divestment, or non-binding “Memoranda of Understanding” with foreign governments. Such behavior, while less significant than national policy, can fill gaps in national policy, promote policy change, and deepen global ties, promoting a more complex interdependence among nations. California can also exert a moral, soft power influence in leading by example. The structures promoting California’s growing role in transnational issues are poorly organized. If the Golden State is to better leverage its political, economic, and moral authority internationally, it would do well to more explicitly develop a unified vision for its role in the world.
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40

Panizzon, Marion. « Good faith in the jurisprudence of the WTO : the protection of legitimate expectations, good faith interpretation and fair dispute settlement / ». Oxford ; Portland, Or. : [Zürich] : Hart ; Schultsess, 2006. http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=216427.

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Wei, De Cai. « Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers ? » Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.

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Olivieri, Javier Alejandro. « Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) : the engine of Canada's economy : the legal framework of three sensitive spheres for SMES' growth : financing, taxation and international trade ». Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80944.

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It is widely believed that small and medium-sized enterprises ("SMEs"), acting as a source of innovation and job creation, play a key role in the economy of Canada.
The legal framework which regulates SMEs' activities is vast. This thesis focuses on the legal framework and most important aspects of three critical areas: financing, taxation and international trade.
After describing and interpreting the legal framework of these areas and the information obtained from public and private institutions which are considered key in these issues, this thesis presents conclusions in relation to the question of how and in what way, if any, the current legislative and regulatory framework relating to SMEs contributes to the growth and prosperity of SMEs and to the importance of such a framework to SMEs' success and growth.
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43

Zhang, Qi. « Consultation within WTO dispute settlement : a Chinese perspective / ». Bern [u.a.] : Lang, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0710/2006048870.html.

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44

Tao, Yang. « Remedies in WTO dispute settlement mechanism : a study of scope, ambit, effectiveness of the mechanism and the proposals for future reform ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637073.

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45

Payne, Bridget Áine. « State-Financed Merger and Acquisition Activity in Germany as a Catalyst for Robust Chinese Patent Law Enforcement ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1171.

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Germany’s economic dominance in Europe, generous investment incentives, and technical manufacturing prowess has encouraged an influx of Chinese-led inbound activity, concentrated in high-tech sector mergers and acquisitions. A close examination of these M&As yields evidence of systemic Chinese state-financing through both state-owned and private vehicles that likely stems from China’s “Made in China 2025” policy, which hopes to stem capital outflow and to indigenize technological innovation. As Germany braces for what it sees to be continuous attempts by China to take patented German technology through M&As, it worries that Chinese patent law will allow for rampant patent infringement by copycat Chinese entities. This paper presents an overview of the root causes of China’s heavy economic activity in Germany, as well as an analysis of the legal concerns held by German firms based on a close reading of the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China and strategic recommendations for German companies hoping to work with or in China.
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46

Melloni, Mattia. « The principle of non-discrimination and the GATT/WTO jurisprudence of "Like Products" ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211054.

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The analysis of non-discrimination under Article III of GATT has shown weakness or flaws throughout more than fifty years. The language used by GATT/WTO panels and the Appellate Body in interpreting the two prongs of non-discrimination in the national treatment clause, namely, likeness and protection, lagged behind economic reality. The critical legal analysis carried out in here reveals, to some extent, this while offering a clearer and sounder analysis to non-discrimination based more on market analysis and its economic indicators.
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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47

Katz, Ígor Santos. « A legislação aduaneira brasileira frente à desburocratização do comércio internacional ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20283.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-08-17T12:31:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ígor Santos Katz.pdf: 2651768 bytes, checksum: 87ae1987965590cd3ef9fc0c57bbd73c (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T12:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ígor Santos Katz.pdf: 2651768 bytes, checksum: 87ae1987965590cd3ef9fc0c57bbd73c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-11
The standardization of international trade is a global reality where we find traces since the period of Lex Mercatoria until more recently, in the 1920s, the ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) wanted to harmonize the main terms of trade that afterward would be called as Incoterms (International Commercial Terms), given that the current version is the 2010 and include 11 terms (EXW, FCA, FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP e DDP). The are International Organization such as WCO (Word Customs Organization) and OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operational and Development, among others, working hard to harmonize the rule of international trade. Regarding the Brazilian rules and the harmonization of international trade rules, a great part of militate in the customs area believes that the standardization of basic proceeds of international trade will bring greater legal security on business practice and maybe would avoid some questions that sometimes seems to be peculiar to Brazilian market. Proof of this, occurs when the Brazilian buyer requires to the European or American seller to issue the commercial invoice in accordance with the Brazilian regulation in order to avoid customs penalties and extra costs in the process, such as storage and demurrage. In the relentless pursuit of trade simplification and good-faith in the international trade relation is when we actually looks in the subject with vision that the importer and exporter could have more predictability of the process of customs clearance
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar alguns aspectos da legislação aduaneira frente à necessidade de harmonização do comércio internacional. Em hipótese alguma visa apenas reduzir a termo tudo aquilo que já se conhece ou que já se fala atualmente sobre esta, que é uma das mais antigas atividades sobre a qual se tem informação. A padronização do comércio internacional é uma realidade global sobre a qual encontra-se vestígios desde a época da antiga Lex Mercatoria. Mais recentemente, na década de 1920, a Câmara de Comércio Internacional (CCI) buscou harmonizar os principais termos de comércio, que posteriormente seriam chamados de International Commercial Terms (Incoterms). Sua versão atual é de 2010 e contempla 11 termos (EXW, FCA, FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP e DDP). Existem organizações internacionais como a Organização Mundial das Alfândegas (OMA) e a Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), dentre outras, trabalhando com afinco para uniformizar as regras de comércio no âmbito internacional. No tocante às regras brasileiras e à uniformização das regras de comércio internacional, boa parte dos que militam na área aduaneira acreditam que a padronização de procedimentos básicos do comércio internacional traria maior segurança jurídica na prática e que, talvez, evitaria questionamentos que, às vezes, parecem peculiares ao mercado brasileiro. Prova disto ocorre quando o comprador brasileiro requer ao vendedor europeu ou americano a emissão de fatura comercial de acordo com a regulamentação brasileira com a intenção de evitar multas aduaneiras e, custos extras no processo relacionados, por exemplo, à armazenagem e demurrage. Na busca incessante de facilitar o comércio e a boa-fé nas relações de comércio internacional é que se debruça no tema com o objetivo de que o importador e o exportador possam ter maior previsibilidade do processo aduaneiro
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48

Bartels, Lorand. « Human rights conditionality in the EU's international agreements / ». Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/490848184.pdf.

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49

陳科汝. « CISG中的風險轉移問題研究 ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2537435.

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Plana, Casado María José. « E-food control : challenges for the UE in the digital era = El control de los @limentos : retos para la UE en la era digital ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586095.

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E-grocery shopping is increasingly popular, but a significant part of the food products available online do not comply with food law requirements. The official control systems designed by Member States on the basis of the harmonized rules of the European Union, are not adapted to the digital reality. Additionally, digital platforms that allow individuals to share and exchange goods and services have brought peer-to-peer trade back to the political arena in the era of the “collaborative economy,” also when it comes to food. However, competent authorities do not know how to supervise this trade. This thesis identifies ten challenges faced by the competent authorities when organizing and performing control activities on e-foods. The Spanish competent authorities, like those of many other Member States, do not know how to overcome these challenges. Building on a comparative study of the legal framework of Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom, I evaluate the strategy that these last two Member States have adopted on e-food control. The objective of the regulatory and policy comparison is to identify good practices applicable to the rest of Europe, including Spain. The legislation is different in each Member State, and so is the approach to e-food control. Germany has created a centralized unit that monitors e-food offers, aiming to improve the overall safety of the digital market. The United Kingdom has focused on clarifying the legal framework that applies to controls online, and on providing competent authorities with tools to ensure that food establishments and active operators in the digital market are included in official controls. The conclusions and proposals of this thesis are based on the analysis of both approaches, and of the coordination and support initiatives that have recently been carried out by the European Commission.
El comerç electrònic d'aliments està creixent de manera significativa en el sector dels queviures al detall, però una quantitat important dels productes oferts no compleixen amb els requisits de la legislació alimentària quant a la seva seguretat i qualitat. Els sistemes de control oficial que van dissenyar els Estats Membres respectant les regles bàsiques de legislació de la Unió Europea a principis de segle XXI, no s'adapten a la realitat digital. A més, la popularització de les plataformes digitals ha retornat una importància perduda al comerç entre particulars, que les autoritats no saben com supervisar. Aquesta tesi identifica deu reptes als quals s'enfronten les autoritats competents en l'organització i execució d'activitats de control dels @liments. Les autoritats competents espanyoles, com les de molts altres Estats Membres, no saben com enfrontar-se a ells. Per això es realitza un estudi comparat del marc jurídic d'Espanya, Alemanya i Regne Unit, i s'analitzen els detalls de l'estratègia que aquests dos últims països han adoptat per superar els reptes. L'objectiu és identificar bones pràctiques aplicables a la resta d'Europa. Tot i que la regulació de cada Estat presenta diferències significatives, els obstacles per al control són similars. Tot i això, la forma en la qual Alemanya i Regne Unit s'enfronten als deu reptes és molt diferent. Mentre que Alemanya ha creat una unitat centralitzada que supervisa el mercat digital amb l'objectiu de millorar la seguretat dels @liments, el Regne Unit opta per aclarir el marc jurídic i dotar a les seves autoritats amb eines per normalitzar el control administratiu dels establiments i explotadors actius al mercat digital. D'ambdues experiències, i del paper de coordinació i suport assumit per la Comissió Europea, s'extreuen les conclusions i propostes d'aquesta tesi.
El comercio electrónico de alimentos se está desarrollado significativamente en el sector minorista de comestibles, pero una cantidad importante de los productos ofertados no cumplen con los requisitos de la legislación alimentaria en cuanto a su seguridad y calidad. Los sistemas de control oficial que diseñaron los Estados Miembros respetando las reglas básicas armonizadas de legislación de la Unión Europea a principios de siglo XXI, no se adaptan a la realidad digital. Además, la popularización de las plataformas digitales ha devuelto una importancia perdida al comercio entre particulares, que las autoridades no saben cómo supervisar. Esta tesis identifica diez retos a los que se enfrentan las autoridades competentes en la organización y ejecución de actividades de control de los @limentos. Las autoridades competentes españolas, como las de muchos otros Estados Miembros, no saben cómo enfrentarse a ellos. Por ello, se realiza un estudio comparado del marco jurídico de España, Alemania y Reino Unido, y se analizan los pormenores de la estrategia que estos dos últimos países han adoptado para superar los retos. El objetivo es identificar buenas prácticas aplicables al resto de Europa. A pesar de que la regulación de cada Estado presenta diferencias significativas, los obstáculos para el control son similares. Sin embargo, la forma en la que Alemania y Reino Unido se enfrentan a los diez retos es muy diferente. Mientras que Alemania ha creado una unidad centralizada que supervisa el mercado digital, cuyo objetivo es mejorar la seguridad de los @limentos, el Reino Unido opta por clarificar el marco jurídico y dotar a sus autoridades con herramientas para normalizar el control administrativo de los establecimientos y explotadores activos en el mercado digital. De ambas experiencias, y del papel de coordinación y soporte asumido por la Comisión Europea, se extraen las conclusiones y propuestas de esta tesis.
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