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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Food values, Choice experiment"
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Ghvanidze, Sophie, Natalia Velikova, Tim Dodd et Wilna Oldewage-Theron. « A discrete choice experiment of the impact of consumers’ environmental values, ethical concerns, and health consciousness on food choices ». British Food Journal 119, no 4 (3 avril 2017) : 863–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2016-0342.
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Purpose Over the last few decades, consumers’ concerns for healthier lifestyles and the environment have become the driving forces for forming food-buying intentions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of product attributes regarding nutrition and health benefits of products, the environmental impact of production and social responsibility of producers on consumers’ food and wine choices. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis is based on an online survey conducted in the USA, the UK and Germany, and incorporates a discrete choice experiment with visual shelf simulations. Findings Price and nutrition information are much more influential on consumers’ food choices than information about social responsibility of producers or the ecological impact of production. Product attributes emphasizing the ecological impact of production and social responsibility of food producers are specifically valued by consumers with high levels of environmental consciousness and by those concerned about goods production. Consumers who are health conscious regarding their lifestyle and diets derive high utility values from the nutritional information of the product. Practical implications The study contributes to an understanding of how to promote healthier food and wine choices and social and environmental responsibility of food and wine producers in various markets. Originality/value The study offers a comparison of product attributes concerning ecological, social, nutrition and health benefits of the product; as well the investigation of congruent interrelationships between the consumers’ values and related product attributes in three culturally distinct consumer groups.
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Green, Danielle J., Alison Harris, Aleena Young et Catherine L. Reed. « Embodied valuation : Directional action is associated with item values ». Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no 8 (1 janvier 2018) : 1734–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1360370.
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We have a lifetime of experience interacting with objects we value. Although many economic theories represent valuation as a purely cognitive process independent of the sensorimotor system, embodied cognitive theory suggests that our memories for items’ value should be linked to actions we use to obtain them. Here, we investigated whether the value of real items was associated with specific directional movements toward or away from the body. Participants priced a set of food items to determine their values; they then used directional actions to classify each item as high- or low-value. To determine if value is linked to specific action mappings, movements were referenced either with respect to the object (push toward high-value items; pull away from low-value items) or the self (pull high-value items toward self; push low-value items away). Participants who were assigned (Experiment 1) or chose (Experiment 2) to use an object-referenced action mapping were faster than those using a self-referenced mapping. A control experiment (Experiment 3) using left/right movements found no such difference when action mappings were not toward/away from the body. These results indicate that directional actions toward items are associated with the representation of their value, suggesting an embodied component to economic choice.
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Mazzocchi, Chiara, Luigi Orsi et Guido Sali. « Consumers’ Attitudes for Sustainable Mountain Cheese ». Sustainability 13, no 4 (5 février 2021) : 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041743.
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The shift towards more sustainable consumptions and habits have had tangible impacts on food markets, which have accepted this challenge by offering a variety of certification systems to pull consumers aside. However, food purchasing choices are also guided by ethical, environmental and cultural motivations, functioning as drivers of food acquiring. This study aimed at assessing the influence of consumers’ attitudes in purchasing an Alpine cheese labelled with a food sustainability logo, as the mountain product brand, following a two-step approach. We estimated the consumers’ preferences for some sustainable labels by using Choice Experiments (CE), followed by a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach to assess the influence of three attitudinal scales on the consumers’ behavior. The main results show the influence of green consumers’ values on the mountain product brand choice, and a strong relationship between green consumers’ and animal well-being values. In the conclusions, some policy indications are provided.
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Camarena-Gómez, Dena Mª, et Ana I. Sanjuán-López. « Preferencias hacia el origen de un alimento étnico y la influencia de variables psicográficas ». Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 10, no 1 (12 octobre 2011) : 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2010.01.05.
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In recent years, knowledge and consumption of ethnic food has spread in Spain, among other factors, enhanced by immigration. Immigrants constitute a new market segment, with specific food demands that respond to the necessity of keeping their culinary traditions. In this research a choice experiment is conducted in order to investigate Latin-American consumers’ preferences toward an essential food in their diets, corn flour. In order to allow preferences to differ across individuals, a mixed logit model is estimated. Three psychographic variables are contemplated as possible sources for preference heterogeneity: the degree of food neo-phobia, ethnocentrism and personal values. Consumers more neo-phobic, and those with personal values than emphasize personal development, are more price-sensitive, while, more ethnocentric consumers favour the patriotic origin of the ethnic food.
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Jin, Shaosheng, Haoyang Li et Yao Li. « Preferences of Chinese consumers for the attributes of fresh produce portfolios in an e-commerce environment ». British Food Journal 119, no 4 (3 avril 2017) : 817–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2016-0424.
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Purpose In recent years, fresh produce (fresh vegetables and fruit) has been circulated widely via e-commerce in Chinese large cities in the form of fresh produce portfolios (FPPs). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the preferences of Chinese consumers for specific FPP attributes. Design/methodology/approach A choice experiment approach was used to explore consumer preferences. The authors conducted a means-end-chains evaluation to select the attributes for the choice experiment. The authors used a fractional factorial design and finally obtained 18 choice scenarios. The authors collected 166 effective consumer questionnaires in Beijing. Findings The authors found that among the four attributes considered, certification and the diversity of the FPP had significant effects on the willingness to pay (WTP) among consumers. Residents had heterogeneous preferences for FPP diversity and certification, but certification was the major concern when considering fresh produce in the FPP. With regard to the WTP for attributes in the portfolio, the WTP values for “green” and “organic” attributes were high, but the WTP for the diversity of FPPs was low. Originality/value This study is the first attempt to explore the preferences of Chinese consumers regarding the attributes of FPP in an e-commerce environment.
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Villegas-Navas, Victoria, Maria-Jose Montero-Simo et Rafael A. Araque-Padilla. « The Effects of Foods Embedded in Entertainment Media on Children’s Food Choices and Food Intake : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses ». Nutrients 12, no 4 (31 mars 2020) : 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040964.
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While watching or playing with media, children are often confronted with food appearances. These food portrayals might be a potential factor that affects a child’s dietary behaviors. We aimed to comprehensively expound the effects of these types of food appearances on dietary outcomes of children. Our objectives were to synthetize the evidence of the experiments that study the effects of foods embedded in children’s entertainment media throughout a systematic review, to conduct two meta-analyses (food choice and intake) in order to quantify the effects, and to examine to what extent the effects of foods embedded in entertainment media varies across different moderating variables. We conducted a systematic search of five databases for studies published up to July 2018 regarding terms related to children and foods embedded in entertainment media. We identified 26 eligible articles, of which 13 (20 effect sizes) and 7 (13 effect sizes) were considered for a meta-analysis on food choice and intake, respectively. Most of the studies were assessed as having a middle risk of bias. Overall, food being embedded in entertainment media is a strategy that affects the eating behaviors of children. As most of the embedded foods in the included studies had low nutritional values, urgent measures are needed to address the problem of childhood obesity.
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Poling, Alan, Eb Blakely, Victoria Pellettiere et Mitchell Picker. « CHOICE BETWEEN SEQUENCES OF FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULES : EFFECTS OF RATIO VALUES AND PROBABILITY OF FOOD DELIVERY ». Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 47, no 2 (mars 1987) : 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1987.47-225.
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Ballco, Petjon, et Tiziana De Magistris. « Spanish Consumer Purchase Behaviour and Stated Preferences for Yoghurts with Nutritional and Health Claims ». Nutrients 11, no 11 (12 novembre 2019) : 2742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112742.
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Nutritional and health claims are a useful tool for promoting healthier food choices and prevent non-communicable disease[s] (NCDs). Exhaustive literature that has investigated consumer evaluation of the presence of nutritional and/or health claim(s) during the decision-making process suggests that consumers’ sensitivity towards nutritional claims (NCs) and health claims (HCs) are still fragmented and should be further investigated. Our objective is to study the relationship between choice behaviour, attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics in order to evaluate the effectiveness of consumer characteristics in predicting Spanish consumers’ choice of products with NCs and HCs. A discrete choice experiment for yoghurt was conducted on a sample of 218 Spanish consumers, stratified by age, gender, education level, and income. Applying a latent class approach has enabled us to identify a niche of individuals, sensitive of NCs and HCs and to characterize them with respect to the rest of population. Results suggest that consumers positively valued most claims, however, the valuation was heterogeneous, and three consumer segments were identified: ‘health-claims oriented’, ‘nutritional- and health-claim oriented’ and ‘indifferent’. The results supply insights for the development of more targeted promotion campaigns, as well as for further actions in food marketing.
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Salnikova, Ekaterina, et John L. Stanton. « Remove the negatives or highlight the positives ? The effect of negativity bias in food preferences ». British Food Journal 123, no 7 (11 mars 2021) : 2601–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-11-2020-1035.
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PurposeThe interest of food consumers in improved quality, healthiness, freshness, and authenticity results in a growing introduction of new food products featuring a variety of “positive” (e.g. “Enriched with Vitamin D”) and “negative” (e.g. “Low in Fat”) label claims. It's the goal of this paper to uncover how the presence of positive and absence of negative benefits or attributes balance in the minds of consumers, determine which label claims would have the greatest impact on consumers' intention to buy milk, and understand the role of stating these in either a positive or a negative frame.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objectives of this paper, we utilize (1) descriptive study to identify which claims are currently used by the dairy marketing practitioners, (2) focus group to identify the importance of positive and negative product claims, and (3) online survey including discrete choice experiment (DCE) to determine the effect of positive and negative claims on consumer food choices.FindingsWe provide evidence of negative bias in consumers facing the choice between foods with enriched positive ingredients vs foods that are free-from negative ingredients. Specifically, we find that consumers have a general tendency toward giving negative attributes more weight than positive ones.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was conducted in one food category.Practical implicationsThis research should encourage food marketers to include more positive statements about their products rather than the current focus on negatives such as no GMOs or no hormones. the authors understand these negative attributes need to be made but there should also be positive attributes.Social implicationsConsumers will get a total picture of the product values and not skewed to one point.Originality/valueThe concept of negative bias has not be adequately explored in the food category on product labels.
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Vila-López, Natalia, Ines Kuster-Boluda et Adrian Alacreu-Crespo. « Designing a Low-Fat Food Packaging : Comparing Consumers’ Responses in Virtual and Physical Shopping Environments ». Foods 10, no 2 (21 janvier 2021) : 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020211.
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This paper aims to test to what extent emotional responses towards a low-fat product presented virtually converge with emotional responses toward this product when presented physically. Second, we want to probe if low-order emotions (physiological/unconscious responses) and high-order emotions (cognitive/conscious responses) converge to explain healthy product choices. To this end, 83 young participants were engaged in our experiment. Two packaging design variables were manipulated with the help of a real company (the color and the message), so that six different packages were created. Two different buying contexts were simulated: A virtual context and a physical context. Physiological responses were continuously recorded in both contexts (heart rates, electro-dermal responses, and eye muscle reactions). At the end, participants provided cognitive responses in a questionnaire concerning the selected package. Our results have demonstrated that low-order emotions remain stable (from a virtual to a physical environments). Virtual simulations elections and real product elections are correlated (X2 = 40.493; p < 0.02). Physiological and cognitive responses do not converge. Correlations between unconscious responses (low-order emotions) and self-reported measures (high-order emotions) was contrary to expectations (negative sign). Only low-order emotions explain product choices. On the contrary, real packaging choice and high-order emotions correlated inversely (the t values were significant but negative).
Thèses sur le sujet "Food values, Choice experiment"
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BERENSZTEJN, JULIA ROITER. « ORGANIC FOOD CHOICE : A MATTER OF TASTE OR BELIEF ? : AN EXPERIMENT ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24467@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROOs alimentos orgânicos têm sido alvo de vários estudos. Consumidores justificam sua preferência por serem considerados mais saudáveis, por preservarem o meio-ambiente e por questões éticas. Outra razão de escolha frequentemente apontada é a questão do sabor. Alimentos orgãnicos são considerados mais saborosos do que não orgânicos. Foi conduzido um experimento com 142 consumidores de alimentos orgânicos, em duas feiras de alimentos orgânicos no Rio de Janeiro, utilizando suco de laranja e cenoura: orgânicos e não orgânicos. O entrevistado deveria avaliar atributos dos produtos, inicialmente sem serem identificados como orgânico e não orgânico. Em seguida, avaliou os mesmos atributos, desta vez com as amostras identificadas. Os resultados sugerem que a crença de que um alimento orgânico é superior a seus equivalentes não orgânicos sobrepõe-se à percepção de sabor.
Organic food has been the subject of several studies over the past years. Health and environmental concerns, as well as ethical issues have been considered the main reasons that justify their purchase. Moreover, another reason pointed out is the matter of taste: organic food has been believed to have a better taste than non-organic food. An experiment was carried out at two organic fairs in Rio de Janeiro, with 142 consumers of organic food, using samples of orange juice and carrots, both organic and non-organic. A blind test was conducted and afterwards a test identifying each sample as organic and non-organic. Results indicate that the belief that an organic food has a better taste overlapped their actual taste.
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Waara, Linnéa. « Nutrient driven oviposition and food preference in terrestrial herbivorous insects - a choice experiment ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125226.
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The presence of competitors and predators as well as plant quality affect which plants an insect feed from. These factors affect food choice through the entire insect life cycle, and is especially important when it comes to nurturing larvae. Females oviposition choice sets the initial stage for larval growth and survival, and it is therefore predicted that there is a strong selection pressure to make them oviposit on the best plants possible. This study looks into the behavior of nutrient driven ovipositing and food choice in the beetles Phratora vitellinae and Lochmaea caprea by offering individuals ten leaves of Salix viminalis, one treated with extra nitrogen in order to increase the nutritional value, and four treated with extra carbon, which should lower the nutritional value. During the choice experiment, only two females of Phratora vitellinae oviposited, making it impossible to draw any conclusion regarding nutrient driven oviposition choice. However, data showed a preference for nitrogen treated leaves and an avoidance of untreated control leaves in almost every case when looking into the largest loss of area for leaves of each treatment. When analyzing the number of leaves of each treatment that is eaten per individual there was a slight preference for nitrogen treated leaves, even though the probability of nitrogen being ranked as most preferred in this case was almost zero. Carbon treated leaves and acetone treated control leaves were equally avoided. For Lochmaea caprea, females fed from a significantly larger numer of leaves than males did (t-test, t=1.86, p=0.0003). An ANOVA showed no significant difference in C:N ratio among leaf treatments (ANOVA, F=9.28E-07, p=0.99). Since plant C:N ratio most likely will increase continuously due to CO2 emissions, the effects an increased carbon concentration in plant tissues has on oviposition and food choice in herbivorous insects is something to look further into. More studies on this subject are therefore needed.
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Penn, Jerrod M. « ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES, STATED PREFERENCES, AND HYPOTHETICAL BIAS ». UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/57.
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Contingent Valuation (CV) methods are a primary tool in environmental economics to ascertain non-use or other values not observable through existing market mechanisms. Because common CV approaches typically rely on hypothetical answers from surveys in order to generate welfare estimates, these are often labelled stated preferences. Results from stated preference methods often diverge from those obtained when actual preference or behavior are involved. This divergence is commonly known as Hypothetical Bias (HB). This dissertation addresses HB as it applies to environmental applications. To begin, a meta-analysis using a sample of studies many times larger than previous works was performed. Its results identify which study protocols exacerbate HB, and which may mitigate it. Furthermore, the meta-analysis establishes the efficacy of some popular techniques to mitigate HB. The second essay focuses on understanding and addressing two important topics to environmental economics, distance decay and charismatic species conservation. These effects have not been investigated with respect to HB. We implement a field survey of monarch and viceroy butterfly conservation, creating survey treatment conditions involving both real payment and hypothetical scenarios in order to establish the extent of HB. The key finding is that while HB is present for both butterflies, HB in distance decay exists for monarchs. There is also additional HB for monarchs compared to viceroys, which we attribute to the former’s charisma. The final endeavor studies the usefulness of consequentiality, a relatively new tactic to reduce HB. Consequentiality is the degree to which respondents believe their answers may affect policy outcomes. Relying on the monarch field survey, we find that using a technique known as ex ante consequentiality may exacerbate HB. Another approach known as ex post consequentiality is more effective at reducing the extent of HB in the data. Lastly, some elements of the studies’ results showcase that HB is not always present and can also explain some of the mixed results found on the efficacy of HB mitigating methods reported in previous studies.
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Balogh, Péter, Daniel Bekesi, Matthew Gorton, József Popp et Péter Lengyel. « Consumer willingness to pay for traditional food products ». Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.03.005.
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Reflecting the growing interest from both consumers and policymakers, and building on recent developments
in Willingness to Pay (WTP) methodologies, we evaluate consumer preferences for an archetypal
traditional food product. Specifically we draw on stated preference data from a discrete choice
experiment, considering the traditional Hungarian mangalitza salami. A WTP space specification of the
generalized multinomial logit model is employed, which accounts for not only heterogeneity in preferences
but also differences in the scale of the idiosyncratic error term. Results indicate that traditional food
products can command a substantial premium, albeit contingent on effective quality certification,
authentic product composition and effective choice of retail outlet. Promising consumer segments and
policy implications are identified. (authors' abstract)
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Brown, Hannah. « A comparison of front of pack nutritional food labelling formats in Northern Ireland using a discrete choice experiment ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669653.
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A comparison of front of pack nutritional food labelling formats in Northern Ireland using a discrete choice experiment. Food choice is a central factor in weight control and overall health. In today's society there are complex information issues in choosing foods which make up a healthy diet. One method used to assist consumers in making informed food choices is front of pack nutritional food labelling (FoPL). Many versions of FoPL exist in the food market place in Northern Ireland (NI). This variety of FoPL and lack of specific regulation has led to claims of consumer confusion and low usage. The need to clarify food nutrition composition to consumers comes at a time when a growing number of people are classified as overweight or obese. This is due to changing lifestyles and food choice behaviour which has influenced a general increase in the levels of food consumption in Nllike many other modern societies. Consequently, this is having an adverse impact on the demand for public health services .. A Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) survey which is a stated preference method, is employed in this research. A specially designed DCE survey was developed and administered to obtain the necessary data. An objective of this thesis is to establish if 'framing effects' exist in FoPL, i.e. do alternative combinations of interpretive elements in FoPL elicit different food nutrition preferences? A further objective is to investigate the extent to which nutritional attributes on FoPL are ignored and if alternative FoPL result in more being considered. In the DeE literature this issue is frequently referred to as attribute non attendance (ANA). Herein a practical approach is taken to ANA and applied to a real life situation. Another objective is to contribute to the DeE methodology literature though showcasing an array of specifically chosen DeE models and techniques. The results will be used for policy appraisal and to inform development of the most effective FoPL.
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Gao, Zhifeng. « Effects of additional quality attributes on consumer willingness-to-pay for food labels ». Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/278.
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Hamukwala, Priscilla. « Demands for biofortified food crops in three sub-Saharan African countries ». Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77825.
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This study determines consumer demand for staple food crops biofortified with micronutrients in three sub-Saharan African countries. Specifically, the study investigates how the choice of a valuation technique for a nonmarket good or new product, and gender, influence acceptance of biofortified food crops. Biofortification, a new public health intervention for alleviating micronutrient deficiency problems in developing countries, is achieved by enhancing the micronutrient content of staple food crops using conventional plant breeding or biotechnology. The rural poor in developing countries are likely to benefit most from biofortification, for two main reasons. Firstly, their diets are primarily comprised of staple foods that are usually poor sources of micronutrients. Secondly, they have limited access to fortified food products, mineral and vitamin supplements. The novel property of biofortification, however, has been associated with changes in the intrinsic properties of staple food crops that may not be familiar to consumers. Thus, knowing consumers’ attitudes and potential reactions to such changes in their staple food crops has been important to researchers and marketers alike. The study employs hedonic evaluations and incentive-compatible economic experimental data from HarvestPlus that aimed at determining consumer acceptance of micronutrient biofortified staple food crops in three sub-Saharan countries, i.e., Nigeria, Rwanda, and Zambia.
The first objective compares the Becker–DeGroot–Marschak (BDM) mechanism to the non-hypothetical choice experiment (nHCE) in revealing the willingness to pay (WTP) for a new maize variety biofortified with vitamin A, under a field setting in Zambia. A mixed logit model was used to determine consumers’ WTP for the biofortified orange maize, relative to the two local maize varieties in the nHCE. While a
symmetrically censored least square (SCLS) model was used to determine consumers’ WTP for the biofortified orange maize in the BDM experiment. The results show that the nHCE yielded significantly higher WTP estimates than that from the BDM mechanism.
The second objective, related to the first, explored potential reasons for the WTP disparity between the BDM and the nHCE. The results indicate that accounting for additional training in the BDM experiment and lexicographic behaviour in the nHCE, together resulted in a decrease by half in the WTP estimates difference between the two methods. This difference, however, remains statistically significant.
The third objective determined whether the gender of the decision-maker is important in determining consumer’s attitudes and behaviour towards biofortified food crops. Specifically, the study explores gender differences in hedonic preferences and consumer valuations of food products made from biofortified food crops. Emphasis was placed on the statistical analysis methods that incorporate gender while fully accounting for sources of both the observed and unobserved heterogeneity across gender. Results suggest that the gender of the decision-maker may be an important factor in both hedonic preferences and WTP for biofortified food crops, although the results varied across three countries. In Zambia and Rwanda, gender differences were observed in hedonic preferences for vitamin A-biofortified orange maize and biofortified iron beans respectively, while no evidence of gender differences was observed in hedonic preferences for vitamin A biofortified cassava in Nigeria. On the other hand, gender differences in WTP for biofortified foods were observed across the three countries in the respective biofortified food crops.
While it is not yet clear how the BDM and the nHCE can result in significantly different empirical estimates under similar conditions, these results suggest the solution could lie in controlling for design effects from the two techniques. Similarly, controlling for gender differences not only in the outcome variable but also in its determinants may be necessary to attain valid estimates of consumer acceptance of biofortified foods.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
PhD
Unrestricted
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Lonca, Franck. « Consumer preferences for the origin of ingredients and the brand types in the organic baby food market ». Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7062.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Hikaru H. Peterson
This study investigates consumers’ preferences for organic baby meals. The growth of the U.S organic industry has been notable during the last two decades. The U.S. organic farmers do not produce enough quantity to meet the increasing U.S demand for organic food, and increasingly more organic foods are manufactured from organic ingredients produced outside the U.S. Tensions have emerged in the organic sectors as large-scale companies have seized opportunities to sell products differentiated with the organic label. The study aimed to estimate U.S. consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for selected attributes (type of brand, production attributes, and origin of ingredients) of baby meal products using a choice-based conjoint analysis. The organic offerings represent a nontrivial share of this market. In recent years, offerings under store brands have also been increasing. The study identified that consumers preferred a major national brand with a large market share such as Gerber (80%) to the other types of brands including store brands. In terms of product characteristics, pesticide free and non-GMO products were seen as consumers’ top priorities. Consumers would not buy products that did not exhibit these two characteristics. Minimally processed products seemed not to matter for the majority of consumers, and these products (sold frozen) were expected to be a niche market. Besides, a product made with U.S ingredients (organically or non-organically grown) was associated with a higher utility. Firms can run a cost-benefit analysis to see if sourcing U.S. ingredients could increase profit. Running experimental auctions are recommended to firms that want to elicit WTP for U.S grown ingredients and implement an efficient marketing strategy. This study is a preliminary analysis that highlighted consumers’ preferences in the baby food market, and future analysis would complement the findings.
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Bienenfeld, Jason Michael. « Consumer Willingness to Pay for Organic, Environmental and Country of Origin Attributes of Food Products ». The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396017355.
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Christoph, Inken Birte. « Die Zahlungsbereitschaft für gentechnisch veränderte Produkte unter Berücksichtigung der Integration psychometrischer Daten in Choice-Modelle / ». Frankfurt [u. a.] : Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988942607/04.
Texte intégralLivres sur le sujet "Food values, Choice experiment"
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Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon et Aki Tsuchiya. Modelling health state valuation data. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the technical issues in modelling health state valuation data. Most measures of health define too many states to directly value all of them (e.g. SF-6D defines 18,000 health states). The solution has been to value a subset and by using modelling to predict the values of all states. This chapter reviews two approaches to modelling: one using multiattribute utility theory to determine health values given an assumed functional form; and the other is using statistical modelling of SF-6D preference data that are skewed, bimodal, and clustered by respondents. This chapter examines the selection of health states for valuation, data preparation, model specification, and techniques for modelling the data starting with ordinary least squares (OLS) and moving on to more complex techniques including Bayesian non-parametric and semi-parametric approaches, and a hybrid approach that combines cardinal preference data with the results of paired data from a discrete choice experiment.
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Lesnik, Julie J. Edible Insects and Human Evolution. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056999.001.0001.
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In Edible Insects and Human Evolution, Julie Lesnik investigates insects in the human diet from an evolutionary perspective. In May of 2013, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization proposed that insects as food should be strongly considered as a means of addressing the increased food demands of our growing global population. One area of investigation proposed by the FAO included more thoroughly understanding the nutritional value of insects in order to promote them as a healthy food choice. This book not only reviews the available evidence of insect nutritional values, but also explores the roles different nutrients play in human reproduction and development. Over the course of our evolution, our nutritional demands greatly increased, in part due to the evolution of our large brains. Insects are a high-quality food resource that was likely exploited by our ancestors in order to increase dietary quality during these critical times. Utilizing examples from hunter-gatherer populations as well as nonhuman primates, this book reconstructs the role of insects in the hominin diet over the course of human evolution. This low-risk food source would have offered nutrients that were otherwise difficult to obtain, making it especially appealing to females supporting young offspring. Historically, the literature surrounding the diet of our ancestors focused on hunting and meat eating, which has permeated into the current diet fad known as the paleo diet. This book argues that insects were just as important as meat in the past and that today they offer a sustainable alternative to meat.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Food values, Choice experiment"
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Dissanayake, Sahan T. M., et Shamen P. Vidanage. « Choice Experiment Analysis of Non-market Values of Ecosystem Services ». Dans Agricultural Policy Analysis, 331–62. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3284-6_13.
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Haghjou, Maryam, Babollah Hayati, Esmaeil Pishbahar et Morteza Molaei. « Estimating the Non-use Values and Related Compensative Surplus of Arasbaran Forests in Iran : An Application of the Choice Experiment Method ». Dans Sustainable Agriculture and Agribusiness in Iran, 63–77. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6283-5_5.
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Roudijk, Bram, Kristina Ludwig et Nancy Devlin. « EQ-5D-5L Value Set Summaries ». Dans Value Sets for EQ-5D-5L, 55–212. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89289-0_4.
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AbstractThis chapter provides structured summaries of all 25 currently published national EQ-5D-5L value sets. The summaries were developed by extracting information from the published manuscripts of each value set and conducting secondary data analyses of the original valuation data generated in each country/region. The summaries include the mathematical formula for the preferred model for each national value set; information on the representativeness of the samples that were used to generate the value set; the mean values observed for each health state valued using composite time trade-off, the distribution of responses in the discrete choice experiment; information on the number of interviewers and whether any interviewer effects were present in the valuation data; key characteristics of the predicted values and relative importance of the EQ-5D-5L dimensions; and information on the uptake of the value set by local decision makers and health technology assessment bodies. This chapter serves as a compendium of EQ-5D-5L value sets, which may inform users of these value sets about the characteristics of all published EQ-5D-5L value sets.
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Kalenscher, Tobias, Lisa-Maria Schönfeld, Sebastian Löbner, Markus Wöhr, Mireille van Berkel, Maurice-Philipp Zech et Marijn van Wingerden. « Rat Ultrasonic Vocalizations as Social Reinforcers—Implications for a Multilevel Model of the Cognitive Representation of Action and Rats’ Social World ». Dans Language, Cognition, and Mind, 411–38. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_19.
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AbstractRats are social animals. For example, rats exhibit mutual-reward preferences, preferring choice alternatives that yield a reward to themselves as well as to a conspecific, over alternatives that yield a reward only to themselves. We have recently hypothesized that such mutual-reward preferences might be the result of reinforcing properties of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by the conspecifics. USVs in rats serve as situation-dependent socio-affective signals with important communicative functions. To test this possibility, here, we trained rats to enter one of two compartments in a T-maze setting. Entering either compartment yielded identical food rewards as well as playback of pre-recorded USVs either in the 50-kHz range, which we expected to be appetitive or therefore a potential positive reinforcer, or in the 22-kHz range predicted to be aversive and therefore a potential negative reinforcer. In three separate experimental conditions, rats chose between compartments yielding either 50-kHz USVs versus a non-ultrasonic control stimulus (condition 1), 22-kHz USVs versus a non-ultrasonic control stimulus (condition 2), or 50-kHz versus 22-kHz USVs (condition 3). Results show that rats exhibit a transient preference for the 50-kHz USV playback over non-ultrasonic control stimuli, as well as an initial avoidance of 22-kHz USV relative to non-ultrasonic control stimuli on trend-level. As rats progressed within session through trials, and across sessions, these preferences diminished, in line with previous findings. These results support our hypothesis that USVs have transiently motivating reinforcing properties, putatively acquired through association processes, but also highlight that these motivating properties are context-dependent and modulatory, and might not act as primary reinforcers when presented in isolation. We conclude this article with a second part on a multilevel cognitive theory of rats’ action and action learning. The “cascade” approach assumes that rats’ cognitive representations of action may be multilevel. A basic physical level of action may be invested with higher levels of action that integrate emotional, motivational, and social significance. Learning in an experiment consists in the cognitive formation of multilevel action representations. Social action and interaction in particular are proposed to be cognitively modeled as multilevel. Our results have implications for understanding the structure of social cognition, and social learning, in animals and humans.
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« Consumer Preferences for Food Quality : A Choice Experiment Regarding Animal Welfare and Food Safety in Chicken ». Dans The Crisis of Food Brands, 251–64. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315615134-22.
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Gray, Allison. « Responding to food crime and the threat of the ‘food police’ ». Dans A Handbook of Food Crime, 403–20. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447336013.003.0025.
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The contemporary corporate-industrial food system – the ‘risky food regime’ – produces a particular conceptualisation of food crime. Discursively, this global era of food constructs and maintains a risk discourse which normalises food crime and shifts blame for food harms away from food corporations, to responsibilise consumers for ‘food choice’. This has important consequences for food movements and activism – predominately constructing a false belief that consumers can change food systems through ‘buycotts’ and ‘voting with forks’. While there are many forms of resistance to food crime, food corporations actively counter or co-opt these efforts, largely through values aligned with corporate social responsibility. This is exemplified through specific defense strategies, such as greenwashing and nutriwashing, and broader tactics to accuse anyone intervening in consumers’ food choice as being ‘food police’. However, food corporations significantly mediate consumer choice themselves, and thus, ironically, are simultaneously key ‘food cops’ and key facilitators of food crime.
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Camasso, Michael J., et Radha Jagannathan. « National and Intergenerational Similarities and Differences in Stated Preferences ». Dans Caught in the Cultural Preference Net, 157–81. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672782.003.0007.
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In this chapter, the authors provide results from their examination of family member preferences—the linchpin between individual beliefs and attitudes and individual behaviors. They describe their stated preference experiment including the defining of choice attributes, the assignment of attribute levels, the creation of choice scenarios and choice sets, and the estimation of individuals’ utility differences on these sets using conditional logistic regression. Focusing on preference for job type, they find significant differences across countries and between generations on job choice. While in Sweden, high value is placed in jobs that require soft skills like teamwork and cooperation, in Italy and India, extrinsic values like salary and security are critical. Generational effects are also evident with millennials expressing significant disutility for jobs requiring math skills or using a second language.
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Begalli, Diego, Roberta Capitello et Lara Agnoli. « Territorial-Based Marketing Strategies for Typical Agro-Food Products ». Dans Agricultural Management Strategies in a Changing Economy, 30–51. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7521-6.ch002.
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Geographical brands are one of the most relevant competitive levers in the agro-food industry, given the predominance of small and medium enterprises, with corporate brand salience closely linked to the origin of the business, the inputs, and the production process. They are one of the most significant attributes affecting the product evaluation by the consumer. This chapter aims to contribute to the understanding of the effects of geographical indications on demand side and on supply side. It summarizes the main findings highlighted by scholars about the impact of geographical indications on consumers' choice and on business and territorial strategies. It also examines the interconnections between geographical indications, agro-food products, and territorial reputation by analyzing four case studies. Best practices are linked to the communication of intangible elements related to the typical product, such as credibility, authenticity, warranty, and preservation of social and economic values.
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Katsui, Kei. « A “Very Complicated” Diet for a Lion ». Dans Hemingway and Italy. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054414.003.0017.
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Katsui analyzes one of Hemingway’s fables as crucial for its use of food and drink as a theme to the narrative. To Katsui, food and drink is central to the feeling of “belonging,” of being an insider in the exclusive Venice society. Choice of food and drink reveals the values of a character and indicates the way in which they assimilate into a foreign culture.
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Jones, Michael Owen. « Eating What You Are, Were, or Want to Be ». Dans Frankenstein Was a Vegetarian, 13–30. University Press of Mississippi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496839930.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the interrelationship of food choice and who a person is, was, or wants to be. Identities consist of ethnicity, religion, class, occupation, peer group, family, gender, and more. There is also an individual's self-concept, body image, values, and temperament. As elements in a personal food system, the type of food preferred as well as its quantity, status, and manner of consumption reflect or influence who or what one is. Sometimes you eat what others think you are, conveyed by what they serve you; or your hosts prepare food for you based on who they think you think they are. You might also at times eat what you wish you were. Regardless of the situation and messages, alimentation and identity are solidly linked.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Food values, Choice experiment"
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Jong, Annelise. « Balancing food values : Making sustainable choices in cooking practices ». Dans Nordes 2013 : Experiments in Design Research. Nordes, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/nordes.2013.013.
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Ludviga, Iveta, Diana Ozolina et Liudmila Afonina. « Consumer Behaviour And Values Driving Organic Food Choice In Latvia : A Means-End Chain Approach ». Dans Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education ‘2012. Vilnius, Lithuania : Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibme.2012.35.
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Baier, Hendrik, et Michael Kaisers. « ME-MCTS : Online Generalization by Combining Multiple Value Estimators ». Dans Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California : International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/555.
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This paper addresses the challenge of online generalization in tree search. We propose Multiple Estimator Monte Carlo Tree Search (ME-MCTS), with a two-fold contribution: first, we introduce a formalization of online generalization that can represent existing techniques such as "history heuristics", "RAVE", or "OMA" -- contextual action value estimators or abstractors that generalize across specific contexts. Second, we incorporate recent advances in estimator averaging that enable guiding search by combining the online action value estimates of any number of such abstractors or similar types of action value estimators. Unlike previous work, which usually proposed a single abstractor for either the selection or the rollout phase of MCTS simulations, our approach focuses on the combination of multiple estimators and applies them to all move choices in MCTS simulations. As the MCTS tree itself is just another value estimator -- unbiased, but without abstraction -- this blurs the traditional distinction between action choices inside and outside of the MCTS tree. Experiments with three abstractors in four board games show significant improvements of ME-MCTS over MCTS using only a single abstractor, both for MCTS with random rollouts as well as for MCTS with static evaluation functions. While we used deterministic, fully observable games, ME-MCTS naturally extends to more challenging settings.
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Wadier, Yves, et M. Bonnamy. « The Energy Approach of EPFM Applied to the Analysis of a WPS Experiment on a Cracked Cylinder ». Dans ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71296.
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This document presents the energy approach of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics applied to the analysis of a “warm pre-stress” test on a cylinder made of a 17MoV84mod. steel, artificially degraded by special heat treatment to simulate an irradiated end of life RPV material and submitted to a mechanical loading close to a thermal shock transient. This test has been conducted at the MPA of Stuttgart in the context of the European project SMILE. The influence of the hardening representation (isotropic, kinematics, etc.) as well as the choice of the toughness values of the material are analysed. The numerical analysis was performed at EDF-R&D with the Code-Aster, the finite element code of EDF. First of all, we have identified the critical value Gpc of the Gp parameter at the temperature of failure (T = 35°C). Then we have applied the energy approach and compared the results obtained to experimental one’s. Concerning the global values, the agreement between the results of calculation and the experimental results is good if we consider the values of temperature or COD as well as the values of KJ. Concerning the local values, we have observed a rapid decreasing of the opening stress at the notch tip and a significant influence of the hardening on the Von Mises stress. The curves giving the fracture probability as function of KJ are quite relevant to estimate the predictive capacity of the approach used, as well as the importance of the choice of hardening. We have pointed out a 15% variation of KJ depending on this choice. Using tests on CT specimens at room temperature in order to identify the critical value Gpc of the Gp parameter, the value of 77.7 MPa.m1/2 is obtained for KJ if we consider the kinematics case, at 95% of fracture probability. This value is the highest and the nearest to the experimental value equal to 90 MPa.m1/2. It is not a proof that the hardening is completely kinematics but it leads to the question of a more complete identification of the material to know what is the isotropic part and the kinematics part in the hardening. Besides, because the difference between the result obtained with the energy approach and the experimental result is equal to 14% we can conclude to a satisfactory predictive capacity of this approach. The “warm pre-stress” effect, associated with a significant increase of the cleavage fracture toughness at low temperature after a pre-loading at a higher temperature, is clearly predicted by using the energy approach. The comparison between the results obtained with the different approaches used (energy approach, Beremin model, etc.) will be made in another paper. This work is performed in the context of the SMILE European Project.
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Kiforenko, Oksana. « UKRAINE ON THE EUROPEAN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS MARKET : THE EXTRA-EU TRADE ISSUES ». Dans 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.709.
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Trade plays a vitally important role in the provision of livelihoods for farmers and people employed in the spheres connected with the food supply chain. It also contributes to the insurance of food security across the globe and provides greater choice in goods for consumers. The data under analysis are the food, drinks and tobacco (SITC 0+1) exports amounts of Ukraine to the EU and of the EU to China. The timeframe under research is nine years – from 2011 till 2019 included. The purpose of the research is to analyse whether the agricultural products exports of Ukraine to the EU are correlated with the said exports of the EU to China and if they are, how strong the correlation is. The research is conducted using such statistic tools as the univariate analysis, the normality distribution analysis, the comparative analysis, the Pearson correlation and Spearman correlation coefficients, judging by the data scales and distributions. According to the research results, the agricultural products exports of the EU to China are approximately three times bigger than those of Ukraine to the EU. Judging by the calculated Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients of the agricultural products exports from Ukraine to the EU and from the EU to China and their p-values, the H0 hypothesis of zero correlation between the said exports can be rejected.
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Cardoso, Gabriel, Rafael Costa, Ronnie Paskin et Rejane Spitz. « VRestaurant : challenges and opportunities in developing immersive projects in times of social distance ». Dans LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.120.
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VRestaurant is an installation of electronic art, design, gastronomy and multi-sensoriality. Its objective is to explore the potential of virtual reality (VR) to discuss issues related to healthy eating and sustainability. In it, we articulate academic research, linked to the Electronic Art Laboratory at PUC-Rio, with design project development practices, to achieve, through experimentation, an innovative result that contributes to changing people's behavior towards the future of food on the planet. For this, we searched for conceptions of experiences in VR, as well as “teaching-learning” methodologies (ALVES, 2008) in Design. In the methodology we use theoretical, field research, brainstorming and development. We work in a cyclical format, where each step is evaluated and validated. In the conceptual field, we ask: In 2050 will we be able to feed 10 billion people in a healthy and sustainable way to the planet? Humans produce food on a scale that has affected the climate and diverse ecosystems. The conversion of forests to pastures harms the migration of birds and alters the rain and planting periods. The foods produced are often of low nutritional value, which leads to unhealthy diets, causing malnutrition and obesity. Therefore, through awareness, engagement and emotion, we provide participants with a reflection that will stimulate changes in individual behavior, which can generate broader social changes. In the field of Design, we chose VR and its immersiveness, interactivity, multi-sensoriality and sense of presence, to provoke in the user a concrete experience. These areas are capable of producing emotional reactions in human beings. The feeling of experiencing an unfamiliar environment can be a pleasant experience for some and a difficult one for others. However, these sensations added to VR are invariably strong and impactful (SPITZ, 2021). With the restrictions imposed by Sars-Cov-2, the activities were directed to our homes, bringing a reality mediated by screens, which can be exhausting. Immersive technologies make these activities and contact with other people more enjoyable. Interactive possibilities also provide greater collaboration in task development. These potential allies to remote communication were the guiding points of VRestaurant. The development team is multidisciplinary, made up of professors, graduate students, undergraduates, professionals in design, gastronomy, arts, law, architecture, software engineering and cinema. By ensuring that each area is dealt with by those who have expertise, or who show interest in going deeper, even without experience. In our processes, we adapt the universe of VR headsets, through schematic representations, storyboards, videos, animations and text documents, always shared for everyone's analysis and consideration. The result of the process observed in the team is partial, but we conclude that in this multiplicity of profiles, origins and ages, there is a rich exchange of knowledge where subject “A” learns and teaches simultaneously with subject “B”. This approach, which prioritizes horizontal relationships (FREIRE, 1987), generated a vast theoretical, experimental and practical repository, in addition to an environment for creative development. Our academic and technical contribution demonstrates that working on the creation of VRestaurant also represented emotional support for the team in times of pandemic.
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Eckstein, Miguel, James S. Whiting, James P. Thomas et Steven Shimozaki. « A novel temporal integration of intensity ». Dans OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.ms1.
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Observers’ ability to combine intensity information over time was measured by testing accuracy in time-average intensity judgments of periodic time-varying intensity stimuli (frame sequences). The subjects’ task was to choose the highest time-average intensity stimulus (target) in a six-alternative forced-choice experiment. The intensities for each frame for each of the non-targets were assigned by randomly sampling values from a Gaussian sampling distribution (non-target sampling distribution). The same procedure was used to generate the target intensity values but by using a Gaussian sampling distribution with a higher mean than the non-target sampling distribution. Performance was measured for sequences of 4, 16, 32, and 50 frames, all displayed at 35 frames per second. For an ideal observer who perfectly integrates the intensity information, d' increases as the square root of the number of frames in the frame sequence. Our results show that the human visual system is able to integrate intensity information for a critical period, tc, of 700–900 ms. Such findings cannot be accounted for by the well studied Bloch’s Law, which has a critical period about 200–300 ms. This study suggests the existence of another temporal intensity integration mechanism distinct from the mechanism described by Bloch’s Law.
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Marko, David. « Comparison of results of spiroergometry on running and bicycle ergometer of athletes with running and cycling specialization ». Dans 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-17.
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Purpose: A choice between a running or bicycle ergometer is not possible in every labora-tory. Significant differences may appear in measuring results of ergometers with different load specificity. The objective of our paper is to determine a difference in values measured during a spiroergometry test on a bicycle ergometer and a running ergometer in adolescent endurance sportsmen, with different specializations, for mountain cyclists and middle- and long-distance runners. Methods:The experiment involved 10 cyclists and 10 runnersat the national top level. The cyclists and runners were dividedin two groups: one half of the tested group completed the first test on a running ergometer and the other on a bicycle ergometer. The test on the other ergometer was taken after three days’ time. The progressed load test up to “vita maxima” was used for both ergometers. The examined parameters included values of VO2max, VT, VE, BF, HRmax and WRmax. Results were evaluated in terms of both statistical and substantial significance. Statistical significance was ascertained by means of t-test at the level α = 0.05. Cohen’s d was used to evaluate substantial significance. Results: The results showed substantially significant differences for runners in all examined pa-rameters. Asubstantially significant difference in measurement results of cyclists was discovered for parameters VO2max, V , VE and WRmax. In runners, the mean of values for the most important parameter VO2max reached 60.6 ± 4.24 ml.min-1.kg-1 when running, and 56.0 ± 5.34 ml.min-1.kg-1 when cycling; values reached by cyclists were 56.6 ± 5.16 ml.min-1.kg-1 when running, and 61.30 ± 4.47 ml.min-1.kg-1 when cycling. The only parameter not to correspond with the sportsmen’s specializations was VT, as it revealed larger values on a bicycle also for runners. Conclusion: Results confirmed the correspondence between the load specificity according to the ergometer selected and the specificity of sports pursued. It was proven that it is nec-essary to select a suitable type of appliance for determining VO2max according to the sports pursued.
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Goucher-Lambert, Kosa, et Jonathan Cagan. « The Impact of Sustainability on Consumer Preference Judgments of Product Attributes ». Dans ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34739.
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Despite significant interest from consumers, sustainable products often struggle to find success in the marketplace. This failure is often attributed to the perception that consumers remain unwilling to sacrifice product attributes such as form, function, or price in order to adopt a product whose environmental impact is less than that of a competing product. This work aims to better understand how knowing a product’s environmental impact affects preference for that product’s disparate attributes. Three products of various complexities are explored through a conjoint analysis experiment that uncovers consumer preference for discrete form, function and price attributes. In this work, single use spoons, reusable water bottles, and home washing machines were used for analysis. These three products were decomposed into form, function, and price attributes that were varied at discrete levels. After a form-only ratings-based conjoint analysis study was conducted to find high, medium, and low preference form designs for each participant, two separate form-function-price discrete choice studies were conducted for each of the three products. These two discrete choice trials were identical in all aspects except in the second trial participants were provided with calculated environmental impact values for all design configurations; the presented environmental impact information was a dependent variable based on a Life Cycle Analysis calculation using the current product configuration being shown to the participant. Results show that when participants are provided with this additional piece of information, their preference for form, function, and price attributes of a product is greatly impacted. In particular we find that the importance of functional attributes increases in the context of environmental impact metrics, while the importance of form decreases and the importance of price decreases modestly.
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Zhang, Chunhui, Mesbah Uddin et Christian Selent. « On Fine Tuning the SST K–ω Turbulence Model Closure Coefficients for Improved Prediction of Automotive External Flows ». Dans ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88328.
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Transient Scale Resolved Simulations, like the Detached Eddy Simulation, are currently seen to be the preferred modeling approach over the steady-state Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations for numerical investigations of external flow due to the former’s perceived capability of providing a more realistic flow field prediction. However, the latter approach is still a widely used methodology in road vehicle aerodynamic developments because of its faster turn-around time and cost-effectiveness. However, RANS models, like the SST k–ω, generally fail to produce well-correlated predictions. Studies reveal that good correlations with experiment cannot be achieved by simply refining the mesh when using the SST k–ω model. As such, this study explores the possibility of improving the prediction veracity by investigating the influence of a few selected model closure coefficients on the CFD prediction. This involves first identifying the effect of each individual model parameter on the prediction, and then formulating the best combination of the model closure coefficient values that yield the best correlation with the experiment. This procedure is applied to three different test objects: NACA 4412 airfoil at 12 degree angle of attack, the 25 degree slant angle Ahmed body, and a full-scale passenger road vehicle. Although some closure coefficients do not influence the CFD results much, the predictions are very sensitive to the choice of certain model constants, irrespective of the test object geometry. The study also shows that it is possible to formulate a combination of closure model coefficients that can produce very well correlated CFD predictions.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Food values, Choice experiment"
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Rigby, Dan, Michael Burton, Katherine Payne, Zachary Payne-Thompson, Stuart Wright et Sarah O’Brien. Impacts of Food Hypersensitivities on Quality of Life in the UK and Willingness to Pay (WTP) to remove those impacts. Food Standards Agency, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kij502.
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This project concerns the impacts of food hypersensitivity on people’s quality of life and the monetary value people assign to the removal of those impacts. Food hypersensitivities (FHS) are, in this report, defined as comprising food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance. Estimates of the economic value of removal of food hypersensitivity were generated from a stated preference (SP) survey in which people completed a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The DCE comprised of choices between (i) no change in respondents’ food hypersensitivity and (ii) the condition being removed for a specified period, at a cost. The surveys were conducted between July and December 2021 by adults regarding their own food hypersensitivity or by parents/carers regarding their child’s food hypersensitivity. The samples comprised 1426 adults and 716 parents. The average WTP for the removal of an adult’s FHS for a year, pooled across all conditions was £718. For models estimated separately by condition, the WTP values for food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance were £1064, £1342 and £540 respectively. In models estimated on DCE data from parents regarding their children’s food hypersensitivity the average WTP, pooled across all conditions, was £2501. The annual WTP values by condition were: £2766 for food allergy; £1628 for coeliac disease; £1689 for food intolerance. Respondents rated their (child’s) health and the impacts of their (child’s) FHS using several established instruments including the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire (FAQLQ); Food Intolerance Quality of Life Questionnaire (FIQLQ); Coeliac Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire, (CDQ). In the adult allergy and intolerance models we find robust evidence of effects of the perceived severity of FHS on WTP – the higher people’s FAQLQ and FIQLQ scores, the more they are willing to pay to remove their condition. There was no effect of variation in the CDQ score on WTP to remove coeliac disease. In the child WTP results we find condition-severity effects in the coeliac sample: the worse the child’s CDQ score the higher the parents’ WTP to remove the condition. The WTP values are estimates of the combined annual costs associated with (i) the intangible costs including the pain, anxiety, inconvenience and anxiety caused by FHS and (ii) additional incurred costs (time and money) and lost earnings. The values can be incorporated into the FSA Cost of Illness (COI) model, the Burden of Foodborne disease in the UK (Opens in a new window) which is currently used to measure the annual, social, cost of foodborne disease. A Best Worst Scaling (BWS) exercise was conducted to identify the relative importance of the many and diverse impacts which comprise the FAQLQ, FIQLQ and CDQ instruments. The BWS results indicate that people assign very different levels of importance to the impacts comprising the three instruments. This unequal prioritisation contrasts with the equal weighting used in the construction of the FAQLQ, FIQLQ and CDQ measures. Embarrassment and fear related to eating out or social situations feature in the top three impacts for all the conditions. Identifying the effects which most affect quality of life (from the perspective of people living with those conditions) has the potential to inform policy and practice by both regulators and private organisations such as food business operators.