Articles de revues : « Food – Safety measures – European Union countries »

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Sarkadi, Livia Simon, et Veronika Gál. « Novel Foods : Regulation, Health and Safety Considerations ». Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 66, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2012) : 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-012-0009-9.

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Abstract Under the Novel Food Regulation (258/97/EC), a novel food is defined as a food or food ingredientthat does not have a significant history of consumption within the European Union prior to 15May 1997. Novel foods are required to undergo a pre-market safety assessment and must beauthorised before they can legally be marketed in the EU. A proposal to revise and update the EUNovel Food Regulation was published in 2008. This proposed a definition for nanomaterials, acentralised and faster authorisation procedure and specific measures for traditional foods fromthird countries. As a result of disagreement on the inclusion of foods from cloned animals, theEuropean Parliament and Council were unable to reach agreement on the new regulation beforethe deadline of 30 March 2011. New discussions on the updated Regulation are expected to takeplace in 2012. So far 66 novel foods and food ingredients have been authorised for use in the EU.The most popular products are Noni juice (juice of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia) and phytosterolsin a number of foodstuffs

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TYRPENOU (Α.Ε.ΤΥΡΠΕΝΟΥ), A. E. « Safe foods for the European consumers ». Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 59, n^o 2 (21 novembre 2017) : 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14955.

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The market internationalisation, free trading of products and the transport of services within and between the European Union Member States, more and more is based on their quality and integrity. In this particularly exigent environment, in markets that are rapidly altered with fast rythms and within the frames of an intensive worldwide competition, it is obvious the need for "quality". A term, which, in order to become reality, requires patience and insistence, collective efforts, systemisation and a spirit of collaboration. It should become a way of life I could say. But nothing could be done if personally ourselves, collectively and with collaboration, do not realise that the quality begins, continues, but never ends. Questions that are directly related to health, safety, environment, food and other factors come daily in the topicality. In order to be answered, industries and control laboratories should daily be in the position to prove their supremacy, their reliability and technical competence with the application of a suitable quality control system (QA/QC). With this assumption, from the moment that the European Union initiated the European Integrated Market, it became clear that the commercial barriers between the countries can be revoked, only when a country entrusts the quality of the trials of the other country or more generally it's "Quality Level". For all the above and because as much the measurements as the quality of foods considerably affect us, Community or National rules have been established in order to assure us that the controls are reliably executed to guarantee the quality of foods for our protection. In this framework, the European Union, following the entire process "from the farm to the fork" by applying internationally acceptable quality standards, very recently established the new legislation regime named "Hygiene Package". This legislation includes a series of regulations which are directly related to hygiene, control and food enterprises monitoring, in order to control the processes kept of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) (Regulation 852/2004), special hygiene rules for the food of animal origin (Regulation 853/2004), special rules for the organisation of official controls (Regulation 854/2004), general rules for the execution of official controls for food and feed trade (Regulation 882/2004) and finally the determination of general legislation principles for foods, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the food safety processes and traceability towards the human health protection (Regulation 178/2002). Coming to modern production and focusing to food production safety from the point of view of chemical residues (veterinary drugs and environmental pollutants), we find out that an enormous number of chemical exogenic agents of a varied activity often constitute the main cause of a complicated situation of a food deteriorated with chemical residues and their quality level reduction, which finally leads, not only to the reduction of consumers' confidence, but also to their final rejection. In this issue and after a series of food crises like that in old days with hormones as well as recently with BSE, dioxins and the detection of several other residues in animal and plant products exported from our country, but also recently with the Avian influenza, consumers' confidence was shaken. Thus, the European Union concluded to establish a new scientific institution to provide it with independent scientific advices on food safety issues in the whole length of the food chain. The outcome was, as it had been initially decided with the White Book on Food Safety, the establishment of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Finally, in order the complete safeguard process of high quality foods to be concluded, of health and of good animal and plant management by taking suitable functioning measures of the internal market, the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) was created. The aim of this system is to provide the Competent Authorities with an effective way of information exchange for the measures which should be taken in order to safeguard food safety.

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Chammem, Nadia, Manel Issaoui, Ana Isabel Dâmaso De Almeida et Amélia Martins Delgado. « Food Crises and Food Safety Incidents in European Union, United States, and Maghreb Area : Current Risk Communication Strategies and New Approaches ». Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, n^o 4 (1 juillet 2018) : 923–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0446.

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Abstract Globalization has created a dynamic market, which has dramatically intensified interchanges of goods and information as well as the flow of people among nations. This international phenomenon offers the consumer a choice between a wide variety of foods from diverse locations. However, there are challenges to improving food security and safety on a global scale; the major question is how food safety can be guaranteed while increasing the complexity of food supply chains. A food produced in a certain location usually contains ingredients, additives, and preservatives from different and distant origins. Although countries take several food control measures, their institutional and regulatory frameworks diverge widely, as do the definitions of food crisis, food incidents, and risk management approaches. The present review discusses some past food safety issues and lessons learned. Convergences and differences in the regulatory framework of food control agencies in different regions of the world are herein revealed. Emerging risks are also discussed, particularly the spread of antibiotic resistance in the food chain and the environment, as well as the rise of new antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains with broader tolerance to environmental factors.

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Tesarivska, U. I., I. A. Holub et L. I. Fliak. « ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BASED ON HACCP PRINCIPLES ». Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, n^o 2 (7 octobre 2021) : 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-2.42.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of legal acts and substantiates the advantages of implementing product safety management systems at enterprises, food producers, based on the principles of HACCP. Ukraine's desire to enter international food markets and the latest trends in cooperation with the European Union and other countries will encourage the country's leadership to harmonize Ukrainian food legislation with European ones. The obligation to approximate national legislation to the legislation of European countries, including in the field of sanitary and phytosanitary measures, is a guarantee of the creation and implementation of an effective control system in Ukrainian industries. The article presents normative-legal and legislative acts that determine the procedure for ensuring the safety of food products that are produced, are in circulation, imported or shipped to the customs territory of Ukraine, or, conversely, are exported and shipped from it. The introduction of food safety systems based on HACCP principles helps to optimize technological and ancillary processes, and, ultimately, to obtain a consistently safe, high-quality food product, which is an important step to meet these requirements. Confirmation of the implementation of an effective safety system based on HACCP principles is to ensure that the measures for the production of safe food products carried out by manufacturers are adequate and meet the goal - the production of products that do not harm the consumer, provided the correct method of consumption. In Ukraine there are changes in national legislation and its approximation to the legislation of European countries, relating to the implementation of official control by the state for the full implementation of the HACCP system in enterprises. The key reason for implementing the HACCP system is effective food quality and safety management, it is a tool to protect the reputation of the producer and in the long run, all players in the food chain - from producers to consumers - receive significant benefits.

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JACXSENS, LIESBETH, SIGRID VAN BOXSTAEL, JESSICA NANYUNJA, DANIE JORDAAN, PIETERNEL LUNING et MIEKE UYTTENDAELE. « Opinions on Fresh Produce Food Safety and Quality Standards by Fresh Produce Supply Chain Experts from the Global South and North ». Journal of Food Protection 78, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2015) : 1914–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-537.

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This study describes the results of an on-line survey of fresh produce supply chain experts who work with producers from the Global North (n =41, 20 countries) and the Global South (n =63, 29 countries). They expressed their opinion using 1 to 5 Likert scales on several items related to four types of food safety and quality standards and legislation: Codex Alimentarius standards, European Union legislation, national legislation, and private standards. The results reflect the different circumstances under which the Southern and Northern producers operate in relation to the local organization, regulation, and support of the sector; but they also indicate similar challenges, in particular, the challenge of private standards, which were perceived to demand a higher implementation effort than the other three types of standards. Private standards were also strongly perceived to exclude Southern and Northern small- and medium-scale producers from high-value markets, whereas European Union legislation was perceived to strongly exclude, in particular, small- and medium-scale Southern producers. The results further highlight concerns about costly control measures and third-party certification that are required by downstream buyers but that are mostly paid for by upstream suppliers. Food standards are seen in their dual role as a catalyst for implementation of structured food safety management systems on the one hand and as a nontariff barrier to trade on the other hand. The results of the survey also pointed up the advantages of enforcing food safety and food quality standards in terms of knowledge spillover to noncertified activities, increased revenues, and improved food safety of delivered produce. Survey results highlight the importance of technical assistance and support of producers by governments and producer cooperatives or trade associations in the implementation and certification of food standards, along with increased awareness of and training of individuals in food protection practices to ensure food safety.

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Pang, Xiao-Na, Zhao-Jie Li, Jing-Yu Chen, Li-Juan Gao et Bei-Zhong Han. « A Comprehensive Review of Spirit Drink Safety Standards and Regulations from an International Perspective ». Journal of Food Protection 80, n^o 3 (16 février 2017) : 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-319.

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ABSTRACT Standards and regulations related to spirit drinks have been established by different countries and international organizations to ensure the safety and quality of spirits. Here, we introduce the principles of food safety and quality standards for alcoholic beverages and then compare the key indicators used in the distinct standards of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the European Union, the People's Republic of China, the United States, Canada, and Australia. We also discuss in detail the “maximum level” of the following main contaminants of spirit drinks: methanol, higher alcohols, ethyl carbamate, hydrocyanic acid, heavy metals, mycotoxins, phthalates, and aldehydes. Furthermore, the control measures used for potential hazards are introduced. Harmonization of the current requirements based on comprehensive scope analysis and the risk assessment approach will enhance both the trade and quality of distilled spirits. This review article provides valuable information that will enable producers, traders, governments, and researchers to increase their knowledge of spirit drink safety requirements, control measures, and research trends.

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Kravchuk, Natalia. « REGULATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS IN EUROPEAN UNION : THE NECESSITY TO UPDATE THE LEGISLATION IS OBVIOUS ». Pravovedenie IAZH, n^o 4 (2022) : 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2022.04.07.

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The review is devoted to the problems of legislative regulation of genetically modified organisms in European Union. EU legislation in this field is more strict than that in the other countries. It is based on the difference between natural organisms and those created artificially through genetic engineering. The core of the GMO legislation is the precautionary principle which aims at protecting environment and human health. This principle is not compatible with the principle of presumed safety of the product which underpins legislation of many countries-EU trade partners. Asymmetry in regulation leads to complications in trade and to noncompliance with EU legislation. A control of GMO non-authorized for use on the territory of EU in imported food and feed is realized through inspections, conducted on the level of EU states. Undertaken measures, however, can not guarantee consumer’s freedom of choice. All the mentioned problems in the field of GMO regulation dictate the necessity to update the relevant legislation.

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Pavliuk, Svitlana. « Implementation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) System for Agricultural Enterprises : Necessity and Support ». Modern Economics 32, n^o 1 (20 avril 2022) : 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v32(2022)-10.

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Abstract. Introduction. A modern necessity and values of humanity, based on the synergy of the commercial orientation of producers and social requirements in agricultural raw materials and food, are closely linked to the latest trends in building a socially oriented economy. Besides this, the experience of the world shows that most economically developed countries already have an effective and multilevel system of quality control and food safety. Nowadays, our country is only at the initial stage of forming the concept of food quality and safety. An analysis of management processes shows some problems, both regulatory and organizational, and economics, the solution of which determined the relevance of the research topic. Purpose. The article aims to study the organizational and economic conditions of the organization and the implementation of the quality management system also the safety of agricultural products at domestic enterprises. Finally, this will increase the level of competitiveness of the enterprise.Results. The European Union is usually the most exemplary in food security and safety. It is the best in the food standardization and technical regulation of their quality. Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union provides for the transformation of food policy in general, in particular, the implementation of the strategy �From farm to fork� (�Farm to Fork�). The reform aims to create a healthy and more sustainable food system in the European Union. The HACCP concept is the basis of the standards of the food safety management system, so to increase the level of competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, it is advisable to take the following organizational measures: to create a department to ensure safety and product quality; to introduce the HACCP system in the production process; to improve training and advanced training of enterprise personnel. In addition, companies should use block chain technologies in their practice to quickly identify shortcomings and the causes of their occurrence, as well as take the necessary measures to prevent its further spread. Conclusions. Analysis of global trends' necessity for the sustainability of human life shows that the population has the right to receive a quality product that is safe for consumption. However, cases of food poisoning due to the risk of biological, chemical, physical, and other contamination still occur, and quite often, regardless of whether they occurred naturally due to environmental reasons or due to disruption of the production process. Therefore, to avoid them, the block diagram of the technological process of growing products (for example, winter wheat) identified ten critical points and proposed to pay more attention to traceability or block chain technologies to minimize risks. The HACCP system is an effective regulatory method and maintenance which take everything into account in all stages of the food product life cycle - from the receipt of raw materials to the use of products by the final consumer. The overall advantage is that HACCP is a very effective method of curtailment the risk of failure and maximizing product quality and safety.

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Vincze, Szilvia, Sascha Al Dahouk et Ralf Dieckmann. « Microbiological Safety of Non-Food Products : What Can We Learn from the RAPEX Database ? » International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 9 (7 mai 2019) : 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091599.

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For consumer protection across borders, the European Union has established the rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products (RAPEX), with the overarching goal of preventing or limiting the sale and use of non-food products that present a serious risk for the health and safety of consumers. In our study, we comprehensively analyzed RAPEX notifications associated with products posing a microbiological risk from 2005 through 2017. Additional information was retrieved from national laboratory reports. A total of 243 microbiologically harmful consumer products triggered notifications in 23 out of 31 participating countries. About half of the products were reported by Spain, Germany, and Italy. Notifications mainly included contaminated toys, cosmetics, and chemical products. Depending on the notifying country, measures taken to prevent the spread of dangerous products were predominantly ordered either by public authorities or economic operators. The interval between microbiological diagnosis and the date of RAPEX notifications considerably varied between RAPEX member states, ranging between a few days and 82 weeks. The nature and extent of RAPEX usage substantially differed among member states, calling for harmonization and optimization. Slight modifications to RAPEX could help to systematically record microbiological hazards, which may improve the assessment of potential health risks due to contaminated non-food products.

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Asante, Edward Oteng, Genevieve Kuntu Blankson et Gabriela Sabau. « Building Back Sustainably : COVID-19 Impact and Adaptation in Newfoundland and Labrador Fisheries ». Sustainability 13, n^o 4 (19 février 2021) : 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042219.

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The coronavirus pandemic, which started in late 2019, is one of the devastating crises that has affected human lives and the economies of many countries across the globe. Though economies have been affected, some sectors (such as food and fisheries sectors) are more vulnerable and prone to the deleterious impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper highlights the various disruptions (safety at workplace, loss of harvest and processing activity, loss of export opportunities and income) faced by the Newfoundland and Labrador fisheries due to several restrictive measures (especially on mobility, social distancing, quarantine, and, in extreme cases, lockdown) to curtail the spread of the virus. Additionally, this paper makes a case that Newfoundland and Labrador fisheries can be managed sustainably during and after the pandemic by suggesting practical recommendations borrowed from two sustainability frameworks (Canadian Fisheries Research Network and the EU Setting the Right Safety Net framework) for managing fisheries in Canada and the European Union.

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Pitter, J. G., Z. Vokó, Á. Józwiak et A. Berkics. « Campylobacter control measures in indoor broiler chicken : critical re-assessment of cost-utility and putative barriers to implementation ». Epidemiology and Infection 146, n^o 11 (27 juin 2018) : 1433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268818001528.

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AbstractAs campylobacteriosis is one of the most important foodborne infections, a European Union (EU)-27 level cost-effectiveness model has been developed on the socio-economic costs and benefits of applying certain control measures for the reduction of Campylobacter in broiler meat. This is expected to be a gold standard for food safety policymakers in the EU; hence, the validity of its modelling assumptions is essential. The authors of the present paper conducted an independent review of model input parameters on health and economic burden and found that the model most probably overestimated the burden of human campylobacteriosis. A discounted, quality-adjusted life year (QALY)-based European estimate has been developed for human campylobacteriosis and resulted in 15.23 QALY loss per 1000 human gastroenteritis cases. Country-specific cost of illness estimates have been developed for various countries in the EU-27. Based on these model adaptations, a selected Campylobacter control strategy was re-assessed and its high cost-effectiveness was confirmed at the EU level, and also in all but three Member States. Bacteriocin treatment or vaccination of the animals, two alternative control measures were also re-evaluated, and these strategies seemed to be far less cost-effective than the investigated strategy. Putative barriers to the rapid implementation of the investigated Campylobacter control strategy are discussed, and potential solutions are proposed. Further research is required on stakeholder perspectives pertaining to the realistic barriers and implementation opportunities.

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Krynytska, O. O. « HISTORICAL TRENDS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF FORMATION OF FOOD POLICY OF UKRAINE ». Economic innovations 19, n^o 3(65) (19 décembre 2017) : 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.3(65).73-79.

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The article deals with the historical tendencies of the formation of food policy, in particular in the context of consumer rights protection in the countries of the European Union. It is emphasized on the necessity of introducing a progressive foreign experience of its formation for Ukraine. The use of measures to ensure food security and quality of food as a basis for raising the social life of the society is substantiated.To characterize the evolution of food policy development, it should be noted that the laws that form the basis of the protection of consumer rights have existed for more than a century, but this process began to develop more actively only at the end of the 19th century in the United States and in Europe. This was the result of an industrial revolution. Most countries in Western Europe began to develop comprehensive legislation in this direction in the post-1950 period. Initially these were legislative acts - specific laws aimed at addressing specific issues, such as advertising, improving consumer information through packaging for industrial and food products, as well as basic safety requirements.For Ukraine, it is necessary to introduce the experience of the EU as an important vector for the formation of modern food policy on an innovative basis.The main drivers of this process should be: development of the National Concept of Food Policy of Sustainable Consumption; formation of the conscious mentality of ecologically balanced consumption and production; intensification of effective levers of transition to sustainable consumption and production; Further development of sectoral partnership and international support in this context.Although the technological base of the economy can not provide an adequate response to the challenges of today, and economic growth in Ukraine faces numerous constraints, the national economy needs to adapt to the requirements of competition in regional and global markets, which means improving production efficiency, increasing the level of knowledge economy through the massive introduction of innovation, the promotion of new types of business, the introduction of environmental production standards.Covering a wide range of national, economic, social, and demographic factors, food policy must be developed through the development and implementation of a set of measures aimed at: expansion of production of own food products.

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Frelick, Bill, Ian M. Kysel et Jennifer Podkul. « The Impact of Externalization of Migration Controls on the Rights of Asylum Seekers and Other Migrants ». Journal on Migration and Human Security 4, n^o 4 (décembre 2016) : 190–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241600400402.

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Wars, conflict, and persecution have forced more people to flee their homes and seek refuge and safety elsewhere than at any time since the end of World War II. As displaced people and other migrants increasingly move out of the conflict-ridden and less developed regions of their displacement and into relatively rich and stable regions of the world, the countries of destination are increasingly working to contain and even stem the migration flow before it reaches their shores. Perversely, countries that have developed generally rights-sensitive standards and procedures for assessing protection claims of asylum seekers within their jurisdictions have simultaneously established barriers that prevent migrants, including asylum seekers, from setting foot on their territories or otherwise triggering protection obligations. Consequently, those who would otherwise have been able to avail themselves of asylum procedures, social support, and decent reception conditions are often relegated to countries of first arrival or transit that have comparatively less capacity to ensure protection of human rights in accordance with international standards. This paper seeks to develop a working definition of the externalization of migration controls and how such externalization of the border implicates the human rights of migrants, and asylum seekers in particular. Although the majority of those migrants seeking legal protections stay in countries neighboring their own, hundreds of thousands continue their journeys in search of protection and stability in more distant states, including in the European Union, the United States, and Australia. In response to the significant increase in asylum seekers arriving at their borders, all three entities have significantly increased deterrence measures with the hopes of keeping new arrivals from entering. This paper will thus highlight a number of the most troubling externalization strategies used by the European Union, the United States, and Australia. Finally, because rights-threatening externalization law, policies, and practices implicate the international legal responsibility of the destination states pursuing them, the paper will conclude by presenting recommendations that could strengthen protection of human rights in the context of state actions seeking to manage migration.

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de Klerk, Joanna N., et Philip A. Robinson. « Drivers and hazards of consumption of unpasteurised bovine milk and milk products in high-income countries ». PeerJ 10 (16 mai 2022) : e13426. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13426.

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Introduction The consumption of dairy products contributes to health, nutrition, and livelihoods globally. However, dairy products do not come without microbiological food safety risks for consumers. Despite this risk, common hygiene measures in high-income countries, particularly pasteurisation, ensures that milk is safe, and is indeed frequently mandated by law. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, there has been a global increase in the number of consumers in high-income developed countries actively seeking out unpasteurised milk in liquid and product forms for perceived nutritional and health benefits, and improved taste. The often-anecdotal claims upon which consumers make such choices are not all supported by scientific evidence; however, some recent research studies have investigated (and in some cases demonstrated) the positive impact of unpasteurised milk consumption on the prevalence of asthma, atopy, rectal cancer and respiratory illness. Methods To investigate the significance of unpasteurised milk and milk product consumption for human health in high-income countries, outbreak data between the years 2000 and 2018 were obtained for the United States of America, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand and Australia, which were then categorized into three World Health Organisation subregions: AMR A, EUR A and WPR A. Outbreak dynamic variables such as pathogens, the place of consumption, numbers of outbreaks and deaths per million capita, the average number of cases per outbreak and regulations were described and analysed using R Studio. To provide an overview of unpasteurised milk-related disease outbreaks, a rapid evidence review was also undertaken to establish an overview of what is known in the current literature about hazards and drivers of consumption. Results Foodborne outbreaks associated with unpasteurised dairy consumption have risen in high-income countries over the period 2000 to 2018, with Campylobacter spp. being the most common aetiological agent responsible, followed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The most common places of consumption are on farms or in households, indicating individuals choose to drink unpasteurised milk, rather than a widespread distribution of the product, for example, at social events and in schools. Further study is needed to better understand contributing factors, such as cultural differences in the consumption of dairy products. Conclusion There are several observable health benefits linked to consuming raw milk, but outbreaks associated with unpasteurised milk and milk products are on the rise. It cannot be definitively concluded whether the benefits outweigh the risks, and ultimately the decision lies with the individual consumer. Nevertheless, many countries have regulations in place to protect consumer health, acknowledging the definite risks to human health that unpasteurised dairy foods may pose, particularly from microbial hazards.

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Afonso, A. « Avis scientifique sur la fièvre catarrhale ovine du groupe scientifique sur la santé et le bien-être des animaux de l'EFSA (2007−2008) ». Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, n^o 2-4 (1 février 2009) : 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10056.

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The first outbreak of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in the European Union (EU) was officially declared in the area of Maastricht on August 17, 2006. The infection spread extensively in the summer and beginning of autumn; The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) adopted a statement on the significance of these recent outbreaks in September 2006. It expressed concerns about the appearance of vector-borne viruses never seen before in the EU and recommended: i) harmonising the collection of epidemiological data and sampling procedures [blood for antibodies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing]; ii) monitoring and studying spatial and temporal patterns of potential and known vector occurrences; and iii) sharing information between Member States. Furthermore, it recommended the investigation of the routes of BTV-8 introduction in the EU. In October, EFSA was requested by the European Commission (EC) to describe the evolution of the disease during the outbreaks as well as to conduct a global epidemiological analysis. A working group, including relevant experts from the affected countries, provided a weekly overview of the epidemic and a final report containing all information and analysis. In December 2006, the EFSA–AHAW Panel received a mandate from the EC focusing on the control of vectors and vaccines for all BT serotypes. Comprehensive analyses of the role of vectors as well as possible control measures were reviewed. The opinion identified important knowledge gaps and provided recommendations for future research. As part of EFSA approach, a consultation meeting with the International Federation for Animal Health (IFAH) and vaccine manufacturers was held. A letter requesting information on outbreaks of BT and vaccination campaigns against BT was sent to chief veterinary officers. All information was reviewed and the Panel concluded that vaccines were suitable for the control of the infection in endemic/epizootic areas: vaccination, preferably using an inactivated virus, was recommended as a first line of defence but within a set of measures, including animal movement control and Culicoides control. The Panel also considered the option of vaccination in high risk areas of virus free countries. BTV-8 was a wake-up call to the possibility of further emerging diseases in the EU. The Panel decided to address the origin and occurrence of BT serotypes exotic to the EU in order to obtain a better understanding of their evolution and subsequent spread, and to make recommendations as to the potential preventive measures that could be implemented in order to minimise the reoccurrence of such events in the future. An update of previous EFSA scientific opinions on BT was concluded in September 2008 as regards: i) vector ecology and criteria for the determination of the seasonally free period; ii) the over-wintering mechanisms of BT virus; iii) the length of viraemia of all BTV serotypes relevant to the EU situation; iv) scientific advice on the effectiveness and suitability of insecticides and repellents for Culicoides species; and v) the different measures that can be used to protect animals against attacks by vectors. The work conducted by EFSA during 2007-2008 represents a coordinated effort of expertise and communication without precedent in the European risk assessment community and a valuable experience on what can be done when facing emerging issues.

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Vapa Tankosić, Jelena, Nikola Puvača, Ilias Giannenas, Vincenzo Tufarelli et Svetlana Ignjatijević. « Food Safety Policy in the European Union ». Journal of Agronomy, Technology and Engineering Management (JATEM) 5, n^o 2 (8 avril 2022) : 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55817/emrk6646.

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The aim of the research is to analyze the food safety policy in the European Union and the strength of the legal and regulatory framework that covers the entire food production chain "from the field to the table". The legal framework refers to feed and animal health, protection and care of animals, veterinary examinations, animal health measures, plant health checks, preparation and hygiene of food products. For the preparation of this paper, a descriptive method, analysis and synthesis technique, as well as analysis of the content of laws in the field of food safety policy in the European Union were used. The findings show that the food safety policy in the European Union is based on the principles of an integrated approach; primary responsibility, traceability of food, and its ingredients, transparency and risk analysis. The Republic of Serbia has adopted many amendments to the laws on food safety, plant protection products, plant health, as well as plant nutrition products and soil improvers, which are aimed at further harmonization with the acquis communautaire.

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Pashchenko, O. V., О. В. Zharikova et O. V. Faychuk. « Improving the competitiveness of dairy products of Ukrainian producers in accordance with European standards ». Bioeconomics and Agrarian Business 11, n^o 1 (29 mai 2020) : 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/bioeconomy2020.01.076.

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These scientists point out that the market situation in Ukraine is favorable for the dairy industry functioning and the country has the appropriate prerequisites for its development: favorable climate, large areas of agricultural land, soil fertility, historical experience in farming, qualified staff and significant dairy market capacity. However, the authors reveal the presence of significant problems in the development of Ukrainian dairy subcomplex enterprises which requires further research in the industry development in the current conditions. The aim of the paper is to analyze and assess the main factors of raw milk competitiveness in accordance with the European quality requirements on the dairy complex of Ukraine, as well as analyze the problems of its development and ways to solve them. Currently, dairy enterprises production in Ukraine meet the high quality standards of the EU only partially. Therefore, the main task for Ukrainian producers is to ensure the high quality of both raw milk and the processed products. In addition, antibiotics and palm oil, pesticides, plant substitutes, milk substitution with water, etc. must be excluded from dairy products. According to the statistics, the total consumption fund in Ukraine, including exports and imports, is 9.33 million tons of milk. If we divide this figure by 42 million people of Ukraine, we get 221 kg of milk per capita. But if we divide the real figures - 6.68 million tons - by the real figure for the Ukrainian population - 36 million people - we will see that the consumption level is much lower - 185 kg per capita. Milk production decreased by almost 3.6% in Ukraine during the year. This drop was the most noticeable in cream and butter production, so it is not surprising that this niche was quickly filled by the importers. But what impedes Ukrainian milk industry development in the domestic market and its entering the foreign market? The only reason is low level of milk production. In Ukraine, the volumes in 2019 fell below 10 million tons for the first time. These data are confirmed by the recently published "Forecast of milk production in Ukraine by 2030: methods and calculations" submitted by Olha Kozak, a researcher at the Department of Economics of Agricultural Production and International Integration of the National Research Center "Institute of Agrarian Economics". According to the expert, the internal shortage of the product in 2019 was indicated primarily by the growth of the purchase price for raw milk, which for the last three months of 2019 was almost in line with the world prices or 10-15% higher than in the previous year. In October 2019, the price reached the maximum in hryvnia for the period of Ukraine's independence. Some experts in this field claim that our milk is more expensive than in Belgium, and this is nonsense. The experts predict a record decline in raw materials for 2020. In 2020, these processes will only intensify, causing structural changes in all components of the dairy food system. The situation will also be complicated by the abolition of the Second Grade milk since January 1, 2020, which is provided by the new DSTU "3662: 2018" Raw cow's milk. Specifications". This implies that processing companies will not receive about 1 million tons of second-grade milk. Dairy food producers are embarrassed as they can not compete with the UE plants in terms of prices. Recently, which was attended by Vadym Chagarovsky, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Dairy Enterprises Union spoke at the Forum Dairy Business 2019 held in Kyiv. The expert claimed that it is necessary to work out a special development strategy for the period until 2025 in order to save the industry. The document will provide for a change in marketing strategies and, in particular, the definition of target export markets. Currently, Ukraine has implemented a system of food safety and quality control focused on the ultimate result. That is, individual product samples are selected for analysis by the controller. In case of positive results, the good quality of products is confirmed and the whole batch is subject to sale [1]. However, this approach does not guarantee complete safety and absolute product quality. 19 million tons of milk were produced by Ukrainian enterprises and about 5 tons were produced by the population20 years ago. According to these indicators, we were among the top ten world milk producers and, despite the problems with its quality, milk was suitable for processing. Therefore, development of dairy farming in Ukraine requires, above all, operating with real numbers. This is the only way the government can see the real state of this sector. And, by the way, the biggest error is in the amount of milk supplied by the population. The identification of cattle kept in small private farms could settle this problem and provide tracking real numbers and exercising effective control. Thus, the main problems of the milk market in Ukraine are insufficient milk supply and, above all, its low competitiveness and quality. According to some experts, the competitiveness of milk depends on its quality by 80%. At present, raw milk producers are not responsible for the microbiological and hygienic indicators of the EU countries. Since 2004, the quality of milk supplied to processing plants in Ukraine is regulated by the requirements of DSTU 3662-97 "whole cow's milk". Procurement requirements. In 2007, this standard was changed and a additional Extra grade was introduced. In the EU, the main document which sets requirements for food quality and safety is the Regulation (EU) № 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 defining specific rules for the hygiene of foodstuffs. The growing demands on dairy products quality has been an important trend in milk production: in July 2018 DSTU 3662: 2015 "Raw cow's milk. Specifications" was adopted. According to the document, there are three types of milk on the market: "extra", "higher" and "first". However, it was decided afterwards to leave the "second" grade until early 2020 to give farmers time to modernize production [6]. Over the next two years, it will be approved for processing into animal feed, casein, etc. Milk price has not only to reimburse the costs of its production, but to stimulate the growth of its production and contribute to increasing the profitability of its production as well. In addition, raw milk prices include the costs of milk processing enterprises, which cannot increase the price for milk and dairy products due to low solvency of consumers. More than that, the price increase may lead to a reduction in consumption. Increasing the competitiveness of raw milk producers is an important direction in the development of dairy industry enterprises in Ukraine. To achieve this aim they need to develop a set of measures aimed at increasing the productivity of cows, gradual increasing the livestock, especially in agricultural enterprises, increasing milk production and improving its quality characteristics through highly efficient technologies on an innovative basis, taking into account world experience. For this purpose the following steps must be taken: to restore and reconstruct the existing large livestock farms and complexes; increase the efficiency of selection work; to improve the conditions of the animals farming, milking and raw milk cooling system; set up modern large dairy complexes with highly productive animals and a well-established system of raw milk quality assurance; to consolidate raw milk producers with milk processing enterprises which will contribute to pricing policy regulation; to provide effective state support for producers; to introduce resource saving technologies into production in order to reduce resource costs and improve milk quality; to create a new technical and technological base that will meet the modern requirements for milk production; to learn from the experience of other countries; to improve the quality of milk by combating counterfeiting. Thus, the сurrent problems of raw milk producers competitiveness increase are challenging and relevant, and government measures aimed to meet high standards of dairy products safety and quality are the rule for the world's leading producers.

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Afonso, A. « Maladie hémorragique épizootique : évaluation de l'Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments sur les risques d'introduction et de propagation en Europe ». Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, n^o 2-4 (1 février 2009) : 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10065.

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Following a request from the European Commission, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Animal Health and Welfare was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD). The mandate was composed of four terms of reference: i) the significance of the presence, origin and occurrence of EHD virus (EHDV) in susceptible species (specially livestock animals) in the European Union (EU) neighbouring countries; ii) the possibility of EHD spreading to and within the EU and persisting; iii) the role played by different vectors and the means to control them; and iv) the possible measures to control and eradicate the disease including surveillance, control of vectors, availability of suitable vaccines, and other elements. Under EFSA coordination, a working group of experts was invited to review the scientific knowledge available on EHD: its aetiology, the pathogenicity of the disease and epidemiology in different areas of the world. The review reported similarities of the disease with bluetongue, in particular concerning transmission. EHDV is transmitted by Culicoides vectors and it is possible that competent vectors for both diseases overlap. However, considerable knowledge gaps exist regarding factors that may influence vectorial capacity. Seven serotypes of EHDV are currently identified, from these only three (EHDV-2, 6 and 7) have been reported to cause clinical disease in cattle. Sheep may be infected but without clinical signs. EHD has been recognised as a serious disease in White-Tailed deer in North America. The Ibaraki strain (EHDV-2) caused serious outbreaks in Japan, and outbreaks of clinical disease have been reported from North Africa and West Asia in recent years. The similarity between recent EHD outbreaks in North Africa and West Asia, and bluetongue outbreaks at the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s constitutes a reason of concern. EFSA developed a risk assessment on the risk of introduction in the EU by taking in consideration three possible entrance pathways: i) via imported infectious animals; ii) via infectious vectors; and iii) other routes such as vaccines or germplasm. The risk of introduction by imported animals (wild or domestic, legal or illegal) was estimated by a simulation model based on the assumptions that the animal is: i) originated from an infected area; ii) infected prior to the movement; iii) in incubation or viraemic at the time of movement; and iv) in incubation or viraemic when introduced, which will depend not only on the probability of infection but also on the duration of the quarantine prior to entrance and the sensitivity of the test used. The risk assessment for the introduction by infectious vectors was a qualitative assessment. The consequence assessment, i.e. the risk of transmission to other animals/vectors after introduction/ exposure, was considered to depend on: i) the vector abundance in the considered area; ii) the viraemia duration; iii) the number of midges per animal (vector density); iv) the number of bites per animal and per day; and v) the probability that infection is transmitted from an infectious animal to a susceptible vector per bite. The risk was estimated by using a temperature dependent model for the basic reproduction number. Risk estimates were provided for the different pathways. The risk assessment models also helped appraise the value of possible control measures.

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O'Rourke, Raymond. « EU Measures on the Safety of Food Imports from Japan Following the Nuclear Accident at Fukushima ». European Journal of Risk Regulation 3, n^o 1 (mars 2012) : 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001835.

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Following the accident at the Fukushima nuclear plant on 11 March 2011, the European Union was informed that radioactive levels in certain food products originating in Japan, such as milk and spinach, exceeded the normal permitted levels under Japanese legislation. The European Commission judged that such levels of radioactivity could pose a threat to public health in the European Union and therefore began introducing specific additional import conditions for Japanese food products as a precautionary measure.

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Borrelli, Ivan, Paolo Emilio Santoro, Maria Rosaria Gualano, Antongiulio Perrotta, Alessandra Daniele, Carlotta Amantea et Umberto Moscato. « Alcohol Consumption in the Workplace : A Comparison between European Union Countries’ Policies ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 24 (17 décembre 2022) : 16964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416964.

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Background: Alcohol use is an ever-growing phenomenon in the population, consumption data indicate that 5–20% of the European working population have serious problems related to alcohol. The use of alcohol constitutes a risk to the health and safety of workers as well as to the safety of the general population. The present work aims to address the problem of alcohol intake in occupational settings by comparatively analyzing alcohol consumption behavior within the 27 countries of the European Union. Methods: The purpose of this research is to analyze the differences between the 27 countries of the European Union in the application of measures to assess and manage the risk of alcohol intake in occupational settings. Results: An examination of the legislation and guidelines of the different countries reveals profound differences in the management of the problem of alcohol in the workplace. The discrepancy is very wide that it ranges from the complete absence of legislative restrictions on a national level in some countries to highly restrictive measures with severe sanctions in others. Conclusions: It would be appropriate—also for the purpose of ease of movement of workers within the European Community—to find shared management models useful for protecting the health and safety of workers and the general population.

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Kowalewska, Ewa, et Marcin Burzec. « Tax Incentives for Food Donations – a General Overview ». Review of European and Comparative Law 50, n^o 3 (9 septembre 2022) : 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.14145.

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The study analyses tax law regulations in force in Poland and in selected European Union countries which may influence attitudes of entrepreneurs (taxpayers) in taking actions aimed at preventing food waste. This analysis demonstrates that all countries investigated in this study have made attempts to develop and implement various measures to combat the problem of food waste. At the same time, it is worth noting that properly constructed tax preferences are an important factor in preventing food waste, which is part of the sustainable development strategy implemented by European Union countries. In this respect, actions must be long-term and they should be based on various legal measures. Further changes in this area will be determined by some key factors. These include the need to use tax law regulations or to determine economic and social trends. Directions of activities of the state, local government and non-governmental organizations for counteracting food waste will also set course for these changes. Achieving sustainable development also at the stage of using food already produced should be based on optimization of all related processes, and thus also financial (mainly tax) processes. Therefore, attention should be paid in particular to the tax legislation in force in Poland and in selected European Union countries, i.e. the Act on tax on goods and services and the Act on corporate income tax.

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Jack, Brian. « Food Fraud : Protecting European Consumers Through Effective Deterrence ». European Public Law 24, Issue 1 (1 février 2018) : 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2018008.

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The 2013 horsemeat scandal drew attention to the issue of food fraud in the European Union and highlighted the potential health and economic risks associated with such frauds. In the aftermath of the scandal, this article examines the effectiveness of the European Union ’ s legal framework in protecting against future frauds. It argues that this will only by achieved if this operates as a strong deterrent, which places potential fraudsters at significant risk of being apprehended. In the light of this, the article evaluates the measures in place to deter fraud in both food products manufactured within the European Union and in those imported from third countries. In doing so, it examines both the European Union ’ s legislative framework and the manner in which it has been implemented across Member States. Finally, the article concludes by examining Member State cooperation in addressing cross-border food fraud, such as the one perpetrated in the horsemeat scandal itself.

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Dzúrová, Mária. « Consumer legal protection in the EU ». SHS Web of Conferences 83 (2020) : 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208301013.

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Consumer protection is a very wide-ranging issue and needs to be given due attention. It concerns the safety of consumers in the environment of individual countries of the world, it concerns the consumer safety of certain groups, such as the European Union. The basic frameworks of consumer protection are set by the guidelines of world organizations - the UN, WHO, but also the European Union and individual member states. In the area of consumer protection, attention is paid to major health problems caused by unsuitable food, such as food scandals, various types of diseases - mad cow disease, swine fever, covid 19.

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Carrau, Javier Guillem. « Lack of Sherpas for a GMO Escape Route in the EU ». German Law Journal 10, n^o 8 (1 août 2009) : 1169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200001541.

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The foodborne disease and other incidents of food contamination, such as the dioxins crisis, have tested the internal market of the European Union (EU) in relation to the free movement of goods. The protective measures adopted under the safeguard clause obliged EU Member States to act in co-ordination with the European Commission and, in fact, to modify elements of their food chain structure. Certainly the agrofood safety crisis of the 1990s and the review of European food law have resulted in a system in which the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) plays a key role.

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Kacem, Ikbal Abbassi A. « Safety of Nuclear Installations, Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management in the European Union : A Legal Analysis ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 13, Issue 4 (1 avril 2004) : 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2004014.

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Summary:The current European Union (EU) regime constitutes a strong incentive to achieve a high level of nuclear safety. However, when new eastern and central European countries join the Union, there is nothing to prevent them from abandoning these measures, as the current regime does not provide for common legal rules for nuclear safety in the EU. To this end, the European Commission has issued new proposals known as `the nuclear package', which includes a proposal for a Directive on the safety of nuclear installations, and a proposal for a Directive on spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management. This article discusses the legal basis for the Community's legislation on nuclear safety, the current regime and the new proposals. It also examines the extent to which changes can be brought through these proposals.

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Minelgaitė, Audronė, Renata Dagiliūtė et Genovaitė Liobikienė. « The Usage of Public Transport and Impact of Satisfaction in the European Union ». Sustainability 12, n^o 21 (3 novembre 2020) : 9154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219154.

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The main objective of this paper was to analyse comprehensively the urban public transport usage, satisfaction levels and the satisfaction impact on usage of public transport in European Union (EU) countries. Results revealed that the usage of urban public transport in all EU countries is rather low and significantly depends on economic development level. The satisfaction levels measured as comfort and safety, ticket price, frequency and reliability and amenities at stops and stations significantly differed among EU countries as well. In a half of the EU countries, the satisfaction with ticket price and the time to the station had significant impacts on usage of urban public transport. Meanwhile, the satisfaction with reliability, public transport frequency and comfort and safety had significantly influenced urban public transport usage only in one-third of EU countries. In the majority of EU countries, women and older respondents more often tended to use urban public transport. Next to improvement of public transport service, a variety of policy measures should be applied, from awareness rising and image improvement to the review of pricing policies both of public transport and of parking fees.

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Vujić, Mario, et Lea Pollak. « Composition, labelling, and safety of food supplements based on bee products in the legislative framework of the European Union – Croatian experiences / Sastav, označavanje i zdravstvena ispravnost dodataka prehrani koji se temelje na pčelinjim proizvodima u pravnom okviru Europske unije – hrvatska iskustva ». Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 66, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2015) : 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2015-66-2654.

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The European Union market is overflown by food supplements and an increasing number of consumers prefer those where bee products play an important part in their composition. This paper deals with complex European Union legislation concerning food supplements based on bee products, placing a special emphasis on their composition, labelling, and safety. Correct labelling of food supplements also represents a great challenge since, in spite of legal regulations in force, there are still open issues regarding the statements on the amount of propolis, which is not clearly defined by the legal framework. One of the key issues are the labels containing health claims from the EU positive list approved by the European Food Safety Authority. Emphasis will also be placed on informing consumers about food, as statements which imply the healing properties of food supplements and their capacity to cure diseases are forbidden. One of the key elements of product safety is HACCP based on the EU Regulations EC 178/02 and 852/2004. Health safety analyses of food supplements with bee products used as raw materials, which are standardised by legal regulations will also be discussed. In the future, attention should also be paid to establishing the European Union “nutrivigilance” system. Croatian experiences in addressing challenges faced by producers, supervisory entities, and regulatory and inspection bodies may serve as an example to countries aspiring to become part of the large European family.

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Bhatnagar, D., G. Perrone et A. Visconti. « The MycoGlobe project : a European Union funded successful experiment in enhancing cooperation and coordination amongst mycotoxin researchers worldwide ». World Mycotoxin Journal 1, n^o 4 (1 novembre 2008) : 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.x045.

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In 2004, the European Commission approved the specific support action 'Integration of Mycotoxin and Toxigenic Fungi Research for Food Safety in the Global System' (MycoGlobe, contract FOOD-CT-2004-007174) within the Sixth Framework Programme, Food Quality and Safety. The aim of the MycoGlobe project (http://mycoglobe.ispa.cnr.it) was to implement the outcomes of a wide range of European research projects in the area of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi by supporting, stimulating and facilitating cooperation between countries in the European Union and other countries that have bilateral scientific and technological cooperation agreement with the European Union (such as USA, Australia and South America). Through a series of conferences and interactions between scientists worldwide, MycoGlobe was a very successful project. The scientific significance of the MycoGlobe project consisted in the spread of knowledge of advanced research tools in genomics and sophisticated and rapid detection systems for mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi; and evaluation of research policy and procedures to achieve best practice for enhancement of food quality and safety by elimination of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi from commodities. The socio-economic significance of the project was the setting up of a global collaborative network for research and technology transfer in the field of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi, particularly for the benefit of the developing countries. A relevant outcome of the project was also the launching of the International Society for Mycotoxicology (http://www.mycotoxsociety. org) to promote research on mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi, thereby leading to prevention and reduction in exposure to mycotoxins, enhanced food safety and a greater public awareness of this area.

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Bórawski, Piotr, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Mariola Grzybowska-Brzezińska et Jayson Harper. « IMPACT OF NEW MEMBER STATES ACCESSION ON FOOD SAFETY AND OBESITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2018) : 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.4.47.

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The objective of this paper is to present food safety in the EU and obesity among inhabitants of the Member States countries. The Global Food Security Index (GFSI) was analyzed for the period from 2012 till 2016 using descriptive, tabular and graphical methods. UN-FAO data was the source of information on the GFSI. The concept of the GFSI is described and then used to explain changes in national food security and obesity over time. The GFSI index in 2016 was the highest in Ireland (84.3) and Netherlands (82.6). The lowest GFSI Index in 2016 was found in Bulgaria (60.6), Romania (65.6), and Slovakia (67.7). The results indicate that the largest increase in the GFSI during this period were observed in the Great Britain (+3.1), Ireland (+2.4), and Germany (+1.4). The authors also analysed obesity resulting from excessive consumption of food in developing and developed countries. The research shows that the highest obesity rates are in the Great Britain (28.1%), the Czech Republic (26.8%), Slovakia (25.7%), and Ireland (25.6%).

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Hruska, K., et M. Franek. « Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed : the semicarbazide notifications ». Veterinární Medicína 54, No. 11 (23 décembre 2009) : 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/133/2009-cjfs.

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The recently instituted and easily accessible Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) has been tested on the semicarbazid (SEM), the residue of veterinary antibiotic nitrofurazone, using the RASFF Database Portal launched in July 2009 by the European Commission. The database holds weekly overviews, published by the EU for 30 years from 1979 and offers a number of other possibilities, such as searching for subjects of notification, the date of notification, notifying countries and product categories, countries of product origin and distribution. There is no doubt that the new database portal is an important contribution of the European Union to food safety and consumer protection.

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Szajkowska, Anna. « Different Actors, Different Factors – Science and Other Legitimate Factors in the EU and National Food Safety Regulation ». European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, n^o 4 (décembre 2011) : 523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001574.

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According to the principle of risk analysis established by Regulation 178/2002, food safety measures in the EU and Member States must be based on scientific risk assessment. Apart from science, however, decision makers should take into account other legitimate factors, such as societal, ethical or traditional concerns. The extent to which risk managers can deviate from scientific evaluations in considering these factors depends on how much discretion is conferred on public authorities. This article compares the discretion at both national and Union levels of food safety regulation in the context of the internal market mechanism by analysing the standard review applied to food safety measures by the European judiciary.

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Mahy, Aude. « Clear-cut Legal Basis for the RASFF : Mere Formalisation or a Concrete Move Forward ? » European Journal of Risk Regulation 3, n^o 1 (mars 2012) : 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001823.

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The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (the socalled ‘RASFF’) is at the heart of food risk management within the European Union. It aims at providing authorities with an effective tool for exchanging information on measures taken to ensure food safety. It was created in 2002 by the General Food Law Regulation to help Member States to coordinate their food safety actions. Nearly ten years later, the adoption of Regulation 16/2011 of 10 January 2011, laying down implementing measures for the RASFF, intends to clarify the specific conditions and procedures applicable to the transmission of notifications through this tool, thus providing more legal certainty in the system.

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Petkova-Gueorguieva, Elina S., Ilko N. Getov, Kalin V. Ivanov, Stanislava D. Ivanova, Stanislav R. Gueorguiev, Violeta I. Getova, Anna A. Mihaylova, Vasil G. Madzharov et Radiana A. Staynova. « Regulatory Requirements for Food Supplements in the European Union and Bulgaria ». Folia Medica 61, n^o 1 (1 mars 2019) : 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/folmed-2018-0032.

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Abstract Data provided by the European Commission show that public expenditures for food supplements have been constantly increasing over the last decade. The aim of the present study was to analyze the major food supplements regulations in the European Union and in Bulgaria. Relevant publications were searched and found in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus Database, Web of Knowledge, and in Internet-based search with predefined keywords. Numerous authors support the opinion that there is a real risk that low quality products may be distributed in countries with poor production control. Bulgarian national legislation have 6 regulations with different legal force for provision of healthy and safe food supplements on the market. Currently, the European Community is concerned about food products, including FS, launched on the market because the citizens require reliable protection of their health. This concern provoked the European Parliament and the Council to undertake a number of legislative initiatives in the field of production and control of food products. It is necessary to set more precise quality and safety criteria in future strategies associated with those products.

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Martinez, Marian Garcia, Nigel Poole, Claire Skinner, Csaba Illes et József Lehota. « Food safety performance in European union accession countries : Benchmarking the fresh produce import sector in Hungary ». Agribusiness 22, n^o 1 (2006) : 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.20073.

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Lytvynchuk, Anna. « Environmental aspects of agricultural policies of the European Union countries ». University Economic Bulletin, n^o 50 (31 août 2021) : 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-136-144.

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At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.

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RIESS, L. ELIZABETH, et KARIN HOELZER. « Implementation of Visual-Only Swine Inspection in the European Union : Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons Learned ». Journal of Food Protection 83, n^o 11 (1 juillet 2020) : 1918–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-157.

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ABSTRACT Consumption of contaminated meat and poultry products is a major source of foodborne illness in the United States and globally. Meat inspection procedures, established more than 100 years ago to detect prevailing food safety issues of the time and largely harmonized around the world, do not effectively detect modern hazards and may inadvertently increase food safety risks by spreading contamination across carcasses. Visual-only inspection (VOI) is a significantly different, modernized meat inspection system that is data driven and minimizes physical manipulation of the carcass during inspection. It was developed based on scientific evidence and risk assessment and aims to better control current food safety hazards. In 2014, the European Union (EU) became the first supranational government in the world to require VOI for all swine herds slaughtered in member states that met certain epidemiologic and animal rearing conditions. Here, we review the implementation of this new inspection system with the goal of informing similar modernization efforts in other countries and for other commodities beyond pork. This article reports the results of a literature review and interviews conducted with nine experts in 2018 on the implementation of the EU's 2014 VOI regulation. Challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned about the implementation of the regulation are described for audiences interested in adapting inspection procedures to prevent and detect modern food safety hazards. Overall, implementation of VOI varies within and across member states, and among slaughterhouses of different sizes. This variation is due to disease risk patterns, supply chain conditions, and trade barriers. Before transitioning to a similar risk-based meat inspection system, other countries should consider the following: science-based research agendas to identify what food chain information best predicts herd health and foodborne hazards, regulatory system design that accurately reflects local hazards, and development of targeted VOI educational materials. HIGHLIGHTS

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Juchniewicz, Małgorzata. « FOOD PRODUCERS’ COMPETITIVENESS GAP IN POLAND ON THE EUROPEAN UNION MARKET ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 16, n^o 2 (30 juin 2017) : 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2017.16.2.19.

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This article presents the gap in potential and competitive position of food producers in Poland as compared to selected the European Union countries. The timeframe of research covered the years 2005–2015. The conducted analyses indicate the positive phenomenon of a decreasing but, at the same time, a very clear distance between the competitive potential of food producers in Poland and European leaders. The productivity level of particular production factors indicates, at the same time, the fact that the least beneficial situation was recorded in the case of the productivity of human work. A definitely smaller competitive gap was present at the level of the capital’s productivity. The decreasing competitive gaps were also observed with regard to particular partial measures of the competitive position. The nearly double increase in the share of Polish food producers in intra-Community export was particularly beneficial. This was not reflected in a significant change of the competitive position of domestic food producers on the EU market with the low output level of this index.

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CARREÑO, Ignacio, Tobias DOLLE, Lourdes MEDINA et Moritz BRANDENBURGER. « The Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade ». European Journal of Risk Regulation 11, n^o 2 (1 mai 2020) : 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.48.

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On 17 March 2020, the President of the European Council, Charles Michel, and the President of the European Commission (hereinafter, Commission), Ursula von der Leyen, announced further European Union (EU) actions in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Since the pandemic reached Europe, the EU has adopted a number of trade-related measures, including the issuance of guidelines for national border management, as well as export authorisation requirements. On 14 March 2020, the Commission adopted “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/402 of 14 March 2020 making the exportation of certain products subject to the production of an export authorisation”, temporarily restricting exports of “personal protective equipment” to destinations outside of the EU. On 14 April 2020, the Commission announced that it would narrow down export authorisation requirements to protective masks only and extend the geographical and humanitarian exemptions. Governments around the world have been implementing trade-related measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, some trade restrictive, but a number of countries have also called for the elimination of export controls and restrictions on essential goods. As the greater implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on trade are still difficult to assess, the emergency measures taken by affected countries already require legal scrutiny. At the same time, it must be noted that, as noted above for the EU measures, measures around the world are subject to change dynamically in view of the evolution of the pandemic.

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MAGGETTI, Martino. « Trust, Coordination and Multi-level Arrangements : Lessons for a European Health Union ». European Journal of Risk Regulation 11, n^o 4 (12 novembre 2020) : 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.97.

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In the wake of the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis, the Swedish and Swiss governments adopted a similar policy approach. They enacted mostly non-binding measures to contain the epidemic, relying on the high level of interpersonal trust and trust in political institutions that exist in both of these (broadly comparable) countries to ensure compliance. However, unlike Sweden’s strategy, the Swiss policy response evolved during the early weeks of the “first wave”, achieving public health and socioeconomic results that have been considered as satisfactory, notwithstanding the complex institutional setting and policy process, the central location of Switzerland in continental Europe, its openness and its closeness with deeply affected regions in Italy and France. To shed light on this policy response and to draw lessons from it, this paper firstly discusses the role played by the new Swiss Epidemics Act. This law centralises decision-making capacity at the federal level and expands the competences of the central government, while leaving leeway to subnational units for implementation and recognising the need for increased international regulatory cooperation. Secondly, it shows how such a solution – a multi-level arrangement steered from the federal level with quite strong vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms – could work as a blueprint for a European Health Union.

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Taniwaki, Marta H., John I. Pitt, Marina V. Copetti, Aldir A. Teixeira et Beatriz T. Iamanaka. « Understanding Mycotoxin Contamination Across the Food Chain in Brazil : Challenges and Opportunities ». Toxins 11, n^o 7 (15 juillet 2019) : 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070411.

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Brazil is one of the largest food producers and exporters in the world. In the late 20th century, the European Union program for the harmonization of regulations for contaminants in food, including mycotoxins, led to the examination of mycotoxin contamination in foods at a global level. The problem of the rejection of food by the European Union and other countries became a Brazilian national priority because of economic and food safety aspects. Ochratoxin A in coffee and cocoa and aflatoxins in Brazil nuts are examples of the impact of technical trade barriers on Brazilian foods. To overcome these threats, several strategies were undertaken by Brazilian and international organizations. In this context, the Codex Commission on Food Contaminants (CCCF) has emerged as a forum to discuss with more transparency issues related to mycotoxins, focusing on establishing maximum levels and codes of practices for some commodities and mycotoxins to ensure fair trade and food safety. Our experience in investigating and understanding mycotoxin contamination across the food chains in Brazil has contributed nationally and internationally to providing some answers to these issues.

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Čapla, Jozef, Peter Zajác, Katarína Ševcová, Jozef Čurlej et Martina Fikselová. « Overview of the milk and dairy products legislation in the European Union ». Legestic 1 (5 janvier 2023) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/legestic.1.

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European Union legislation laying down rules for the dairy sector. The legislation defines the conditions under which milk and milk products intended for human consumption can be imported into the EU. Milk and milk products must come only from third countries that appear on the list of authorized countries. Establishments, where milk and milk products are produced, must be approved for export. The TRACES system is used on imports and the consignment must be accompanied by a certificate. This system ensures product traceability and prevents the introduction of diseases. An important role is delegated to the designated border control posts (BCPs) where the appropriate customs and veterinary inspections are performed by government institutions of the country. The European Union has adopted legislation to ensure the safety of food placed on the market in EU member countries. This legislation sets general hygienic requirements for food production based on the good manufacturing practice and the HACCP system. The criteria for microorganisms, chemicals, and applicable food additives are set. Also, the legislation contains requirements for product labeling. Part of the legislation concerns the common organization of the market in milk and milk products. These regulations contain rules for direct payments, subsidies, define the school milk system, etc. Specific legislation creates rules for organic bio food production, for production and labeling of products with the Protected Geographical Indication, Protected Designation of Origin, and Traditional Specialty Guaranteed. There is also legislation that defines the labeling of products intended for specific populations, e.g. gluten-free foods, lactose-free foods, etc. Areas not regulated by the legislation include the labeling of products with certification marks designed to highlight the suitability of food for religious purposes or quality certification.

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Weimer, Maria. « The Regulatory Challenge of Animal Cloning for Food – The Risks of Risk Regulation in the European Union ». European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, n^o 1 (mars 2010) : 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000040.

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In this article I describe and analyse the current regulatory developments at EU level concerning the marketing of foods produced from cloned animals. As they are on the verge of commercialisation in countries outside the EU, especially in the United States, foods from cloned animals are likely to reach the European consumers in the foreseeable future. Yet at the moment there is no specific legal framework that regulates such products in the EU. The European institutions have, however, opened up a debate to determine the appropriate European policy approach towards animal cloning. The recent discussion reveals that the variety of potential yet very uncertain risks associated with animal cloning renders the drafting of suitable legislation difficult. At the same time, Europe's regulation of food risks also entails certain regulatory risks of its own (e.g. risks of political, economic, and legal conflicts within the EU as well as with EU's trade partners). By considering the discussion on animal cloning in the broader context of EU's regulation of genetically modified organisms and of nanotechnology, I identify the legal and political problems of current regulatory options. I argue that such problems should be openly addressed in the regulatory discussion; it is possible for them to be minimised if lessons are drawn from previous regulatory experience.

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NADVIRNIANSKYI, Yulian. « INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 312, n^o 6(2) (29 décembre 2022) : 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-312-6(2)-25.

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The article examines approaches to the study of international investment policy in Ukraine and ways of further cooperation with the European Union. The main approaches are shown in the genesis of this problem. It is emphasized that the modern conduct of international investment activity is closely related to the state programs of Ukraine, the EU and the countries of the world as a whole. Separate areas of international investment support are substantiated. At the same time, it is believed that European investment support is an important tool for sustainable development of the state and ensuring its food security. However, in modern conditions, the issue of the organization of investment support for the country’s economy requires a new approach, improvement of the considered support programs through active measures at the state level, introduction of new financial and credit structures. It is emphasized that during the organization and conduct of close cooperation between Ukraine and the EU, as well as during the development of measures to improve the organizational and economic mechanism of investment activity, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the investment climate, without which it is impossible to achieve a high level of the country’s economic potential.

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Jacková, Silvia, Ľudmila Dobošová, Mária Kadlečíková et Zuzana Kapsdorferová. « Food Security and Self-Sufficiency in Europe ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), n^o 4 (29 décembre 2017) : 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.4.87.

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The submitted scientific paper deals with food security and self-sufficiency in Europe in EU-15 and EU-13 countries. The objective of this paper was to evaluate upon the basis of the Global Food Security Index, the overall food security situation in the European Union states. The countries are divided into two groups. The first is composed of fourteen selected states from the EU -15 and the second group is six selected states from the EU-13. In addition to the Food Security Index, the Food Affordability, Food Availability, and the Food Quality and Safety Indexes were also analyzed. The research data were obtained from the authors‘ own research based on the Global Food Security Index Report, and from FAO.

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Henson, Spencer, Ann‐Marie Brouder et Winnie Mitullah. « Food Safety Requirements and Food Exports from Developing Countries : The Case of Fish Exports from Kenya to the European Union ». American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82, n^o 5 (décembre 2000) : 1159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00115.

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COJOCARU, Teodor Marian, Ramona PÎRVU, Sorin DINULESCU et Lili ȚENEA. « National and European Actions for the Development of Rural Areas - Stimulus for Ensuring the Sustainability of Economic Development ». Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 13, n^o 2 (31 mars 2022) : 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.2(58).26.

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The policies of the European Union pursue a sustainable and balanced development of the territory of the Community, these aspects being found in the objectives of the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030. Among these objectives are some in the field of agriculture and rural development such as: SDG 2: eradicating world hunger, EU agriculture ensures that food is produced sustainably for all EU citizens, and that EU food exports contribute to food security in third countries. EU rural development and agriculture policies also support other SDGs: SGD 1 (without poverty), DGS 8 (decent work and growth), SGD12 (responsible consumption and production) and SGD 15 (terrestrial life). The article analyses the National Rural Development Program that was created to support through non-reimbursable funds from the European Union and the Romanian Government the economic and social growth of rural areas in Romania, starting from the 6 priorities defined at the European Union level. Thus, we will study the rural development measures financed through the NRDP, in the period 2014-2020, with a total financial allocation of 9.333 billion euros, of which 8.015 billion euros from the EAFRD and 1.347 billion euros representing the national contribution. We will present these measures in detail, based on public data available in August 2021.

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Schirone, Maria, et Pierina Visciano. « Trends of Major Foodborne Outbreaks in the European Union during the Years 2015–2019 ». Hygiene 1, n^o 3 (2 novembre 2021) : 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hygiene1030010.

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The incidence of the most common foodborne outbreaks reported by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control during the years 2015–2019 is described. Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica are the investigated microorganisms, and symptomatology, food categories responsible for human disease, as well as some prevention measures are the most important information schedules supplied to the readers. Campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are the most common zoonoses with a notification rate of 59.7 and 20.0 per 100,000 population, respectively, in the year 2019. Good hygienic practices both at farm and domestic level could prevent such infections. The highest number of deaths is reported for listeriosis, corresponding to 31 fatal events in the year 2019. Therefore, awareness of the hazards linked to L. monocytogenes is particularly recommended amongst high-risk groups. By contrast, most cases of yersiniosis are sporadic and the most important prophylactic measures include adequate sanitation in pork chain, personnel hygiene, and protection of water supplies.

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CEBOTARI, Livia. « TRADE BETWEEN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS AND COUNTER-SANCTIONS ». ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA. ECONOMIC SCIENCES 30, n^o 2 (décembre 2021) : 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes30(2)046.

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The year 2014 marked the deepest crisis in EU-Russia relations since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The bilateral relations cooled down because of the Ukrainian conflict. The EU started to impose restrictive measures on Russian Federation and Russia has responded by imposing counter-sanctions. The sanctions imposed by European Union in conjunction with the counter-sanctions adopted by the Russian Federation on EU food imports had massive consequences on the bilateral trade. The main purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the impact of sanctions and counter-sanctions on trade in goods between eleven Central and Eastern European Countries and the Russian Federation. This paper tries to determine the factors that can explain why, after the adoption of economic sanctions, some Central and Eastern European Countries recorded losses higher than others. The research methodology combines tools of both quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis.

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DE KNEGT, L. V., S. M. PIRES et T. HALD. « Attributing foodborne salmonellosis in humans to animal reservoirs in the European Union using a multi-country stochastic model ». Epidemiology and Infection 143, n^o 6 (1 août 2014) : 1175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001903.

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SUMMARYA Bayesian modelling approach comparing the occurrence ofSalmonellaserovars in animals and humans was used to attribute salmonellosis cases to broilers, turkeys, pigs, laying hens, travel and outbreaks in 24 European Union countries.Salmonelladata for animals and humans, covering the period from 2007 to 2009, were mainly obtained from studies and reports published by the European Food Safety Authority. Availability of food sources for consumption was derived from trade and production data from the European Statistical Office. Results showed layers as the most important reservoir of human salmonellosis in Europe, with 42·4% (7 903 000 cases, 95% credibility interval 4 181 000–14 510 000) of cases, 95·9% of which was caused byS. Enteritidis. In Finland and Sweden, most cases were travel-related, while in most other countries the main sources were related to the laying hen or pig reservoir, highlighting differences in the epidemiology ofSalmonella, surveillance focus and eating habits across the European Union.

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Bazarnova, J. G., N. T. Zhilinskaya, T. V. Pilipenko, E. S. Belokurova, O. B. Ivanchenko et V. V. Loboda. « New educational technologies as a means of cross - regional cooperation in the field of food raw material and product safety control ». E3S Web of Conferences 161 (2020) : 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016101021.

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International e-learning resource in the field of food product quality and veterinary disease control based on Government requirements of the European Union and Eurasian Economic Union has been created and tested. This resource consists of the one general professional cycle and five professional modules, about 60% of them are in distance e-learning format. The modularity of the educational resource allows the employer or students to choose a training program format, as well as the amount of distance learning or classroom training hours for different groups of specialists in the field of food quality and veterinary control: chiefs of quality control center or laboratories, veterinarians, microbiologists, specialists of veterinary diagnostics laboratories, chemical engineers. The involvement of participants from EU and EEU-countries in the educational process is important for the development of interregional and international activities, the creation of the unified legal framework in the field of food security in many countries.

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