Articles de revues : « Food industry and trade – Europe, Eastern »

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Marks, Hilary. « The Food Industry and Foreign Trade in Eastern Europe and the USSR ». British Food Journal 92, n^o 9 (septembre 1990) : 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000002329.

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Zabolotnyy, Serhiy, Natalia Wasilewska et Mirosław Wasilewski. « Financial Sustainability and Value of Joint-Stock Companies from Food Industry in Central and Eastern Europe ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), n^o 1 (1 avril 2019) : 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.1.14.

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The research presents the analysis of relations between financial sustainability and value of joint-stock companies from food industry in Central and Eastern Europe. Increase of volume of assets, shareholders’ equity and revenues demonstrated an improvement of financial sustainability and resulted in growing valuations of companies in the study period. Sample business entities achieved relatively high liquidity and profitability that proved their financial sustainability in terms of risk and return. At the same time rising operating profit margins and liquidity ratios determined higher enterprise value of joint-stock companies. This emphasized a positive relation between enterprise value and financial sustainability. Joint-stock companies demonstrated a robust capital structure with a minor decrease of corporate debt in 2011-2015. However changes in sources of financing could provoke a trade-off between financial sustainability and enterprise value. According to a regression model factors positively influencing enterprise value included revenue, cash and cash equivalents, operating profit, current liabilities and shareholder’s equity. Stimulating revenue and increasing operating profit as well as maintaining higher cash balances improves financial sustainability while debt extension can significantly deteriorate continuity of business.

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Chobanova, Yordanka. « Multinational corporations and foreign investors in CEE : Western European multinationals in the CEE agro-food industry : The cases of Nestle, Unilever and InBev ». Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n^o 124 (2008) : 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0824031c.

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Using Systems of Innovation Approach (SI) and International Business (IB) literature, this paper analyzes the level of embeddedness of Multi?national Enterprises (MNEs) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). MNEs are discussed as they link the host country economy with the global economy by their regional and global networks. The expansion and successful embeddedness of West European multinational firms is crucial for the industrial integration of CEECs into the EU. The focus of the study is on the largest food processing com?panies, which invested in the region - namely Nestl? Unilever and InBev. The paper discusses the motives of investment and the entry strategies of food MNEs, outlines their contribution to the local development and stresses on the national actors as forces to embedded foreign direct investment (FDI). The paper discovered that EU membership facilitated the processes of global reorganizations of Nestl?, Unilever and InBev in CEE. All the three MNEs object of this research closed partially or completely plants all over CEE (and Western Europe). Hence, in a liberal trade regime it is very difficult to talk about long-term embeddedness of MNEs. It seems that the global strategies of the companies and the size of the market are the factor, which pre-determines the level of embeddedness of food MNEs in a certain economy and not so much the national actors and institutions. .

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Burhaz, Maryna, et Olha Soborova. « FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND THE FORMATION OF THE FISH PRODUCTS MARKET IN UKRAINE AND IN THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, n^o 3 (5 août 2020) : 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-3-10-18.

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The fishing industry is an important component of the economy not only in Ukraine, but also in all Central and Eastern European countries at the present stage of development. Developing and implementing the innovative technologies in fish farming and fish processing require mandatory and constant analysis of the fish market infrastructure. In the fishing industry, trade plays an important role as an employment center, a food supplier, a source of income, a contribution to economic growth and development, and also for food security and nutrition. For many countries and numerous coastal, river, island and inland regions, fish exports are critically important to the economy. The purpose of the study is to find out a current state of the fishing industry in Ukraine and in the Central and Eastern European countries, the prospects for its development and to conduct a research of fish and fish products importexport. The problem of the fisheries economic development in Ukraine and in the Central and Eastern European countries has been considered in the works of many domestic scientists and is reflected in a number of Laws of Ukraine, state programs and legislative acts, but many issues remain unsolved. Methodology. The state of fisheries in Ukraine has been researched, the amount of edible fish and fish products per capita by the population of Ukraine over the past 10 years has been carried out, and the volume of fish and fish products imports and exports in recent years in Ukraine has been analyzed. The catch volumes of fish and fish products in Europe in marine areas, inland waters, and the total volume of aquaculture production in the period from 2000 to 2018 in the Central and Eastern Europe countries have been studied. Result. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Ukraine has lost its potential and fishing opportunities in the marine economic zones of other countries, as a result of which the production of aquatic biological resources was reduced to 220 000-250 000 tons per year from 2007 to 2013. As a result of the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by the Russian Federation in 2014, the production of aquatic bioresources in Ukraine has further decreased from 225 000 tons in 2013 to 90 000 tons in 2014-2019. All this shows that the Ukrainian fishing industry market is not provided at the expense of its own resources. Therefore, Ukraine constantly imports products from the non-resident partners. Today, Ukraine imports about 90% of fish. This situation is due to the lack of a specialized fleet, processing industry, quotas in the neutral waters and poaching. In addition, the cost of the Ukrainian fish is higher than imported ones, so the products lose their competitiveness. Despite significant imports of fish and fish products to Ukraine, the country continues to increase its domestic products export. In 2019, export of fish products increased by almost 10% compared to 2018, and the Ukrainian producing companies continue to open new sales markets for their products in different countries of the world. Due to limited access to the open sea and a relatively small coastline, almost all Eastern and Central European countries are not among the leaders in fish industry and seafood production. To provide the population with fish and fish products in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, fish are caught intensively in inland waters, as well as, this region is actively restoring its traditional aquaculture systems. In Central and Eastern Europe, the fish processing industry has made great strides in the quality of fishery products, sanitation, transport and supply chain traceability. Practical implications. Currently, fish industry in almost all countries of Central and Eastern Europe is going through a problematic time that has developed due to a number of difficulties in the states, namely: financial ones, a breach of economic ties, the deterioration of the ecological status of the inland waters, an insufficient amount of work to restore fish stocks. This significantly affects the reduction in cultivating and catching the commercial fish in inland waters and in general. The results of the analysis of the economic situation of Ukraine in the fishing industry and the tendencies of possible changes indicate that negative patterns in its development will not be overcome in the absence of state support for the industry. To ensure the development of the fishing industry, the state must restructure the tax and customs policy, and its financing should be carried out at the expense of the state budget. Funding should also be provided for the organizations engaged in the fish stocks study, conservation and reproduction, as well as for the research organizations that carry out the thematic work of national importance. Many transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe have experienced declining in production intensity due to reduced fish farming costs. But in spite of everything, the fisheries of this region continue to grow and develop intensively.

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Klein, Oliver. « Transnational Networks of Pork Production : Fragile Linkages between Germany and CEE Countries ». European Spatial Research and Policy 25, n^o 1 (14 août 2018) : 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.25.1.06.

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The intention of this paper is to explore the internationalization efforts of German pork producers towards Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) with a special focus on recent dynamics, market development strategies and policy conditions. The added-value potentials offered by CEE countries have become increasingly lucrative for the German pork industry, particularly as the domestic market currently shows a certain degree of saturation in terms of consumption. The results of this study which is mainly based on qualitative interviews with selected pork producers from North-West Germany reveal that transnational pork production networks between Germany and CEE are shaped by a high degree of fragility and discontinuity. This is reflected not only by the fluctuating development of foreign trade in piglets, live hogs and pork products, but also by the uncertainty and hesitancy of the interviewed pork producers with regard to business operations in CEE markets. It will be shown that the policy conditions on the national level still have a clear impact on internationalization processes in the pork industry. The paper further illustrates that the configuration of transnational pork production networks can be explained, in part, by insights from the global production networks (GPN) and the agri-food geographies literature.

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Smith, Robert, et Gerard McElwee. « The “horse-meat” scandal : illegal activity in the food supply chain ». Supply Chain Management : An International Journal 26, n^o 5 (28 mai 2021) : 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-08-2019-0292.

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Purpose Food supply chain theory and practice generally assumes that the business practices and processes involved are ethical, legal and value-adding when this is not always so, as demonstrated by the ongoing 2013 horse-meat scandal. Although it is ostensibly a UK-based affair, it encompasses the meat processing industry across Europe. This study, thus, aims to examine supply chain criminality and to highlight “scandal scripts” which amplify underlying issues. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review of extant literature on the scandal adds to that body of work, updating the existing narrative to include a detailed analysis of convicted “industry insiders”, highlighting supply chain issues involved in the frauds. Micro-stories of businessmen involved are presented to enable an empirical exploration of their illegal involvement in the meat trade. Using storied data from accounts of the scandal as contemporary examples, emerging themes and issues are outlined through a mixed methods qualitative approach consisting of ethical covert research, using documentary research strategy underpinned by narrative inquiry. Findings Media coverage perpetuated various myths notably that the fraud was carried out by “shadowy”, Eastern European “mafia figures” exploiting the extended food supply chains. The analysis is aided by the use of media hypothesis. Far from being a mafia-inspired fraud, the criminal activity was organised in nature and committed by insider businessmen. The findings demonstrate that supply chains are complex and require an understanding of storied business practices, including the ethical and illegal. Research limitations/implications From an academic perspective, there are implications such as the dearth of academic research and policy-related studies into food fraud possibly because of the difficulty in obtaining data because of access to such enterprises and entrepreneurs necessitating reliance upon documentary sources and investigative journalism. Practical implications There are distinct policy implications, particularly the need to legislate against international criminal conspiracies and everyday ordinary organised food frauds perpetuated. Lax penalties do little to prevent such crimes which need to be taken more seriously by the authorities, and treated as major crime. In formulating food laws, rules and regulations, greater cognisance should be taken to consider how supply chains in the food industry could be better protected from predatory criminal actions. Originality/value This novel qualitative study will enable academics and practitioners to better understand illegal enterprise, food fraud and risk management from both operational and supply chain perspectives and will be useful to investigators by furthering our understanding of entrepreneurial practice and morality in the food industry.

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MRAČKOVÁ, AGNESA, MILAN ŠIMEK, EVA HAVIAROVÁ et ZOLTÁN PÁSZTORY. « HARDWOOD TRADE IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE ». WOOD RESEARCH 66(6) 2021 66, n^o 6 (20 décembre 2021) : 1064–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.6.10641075.

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This study focuses on trade of hardwood products in selected countries of Eastern Europe, specifically the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. It was supported by a survey conducted with companies producing products made of hardwoods. It monitors trade trends in the wood products industry, specifically focusing on lumber, wooden veneers, furniture production, musical instruments, and wooden accessories. It also addresses the current and potential import and use of the US hardwood lumber in these countries. The study is also pointing out the shortcomings of the monitored markets. The online questionnaire and follow-up phone calls were used to obtain information from companies in countries of interest. Results showed that 83.3% of Czech respondents already use imported hardwoods in their production, followed by Hungary (69.2%) and Slovakia (54.6%). Despite the relatively high values of imported hardwood products, the overall results show that there is only a small potential for an increase in import of the US hardwoods in the wood products industry in chosen countries. The utilization of tropical hardwood species will continue because of their superior properties for specialized products such as musical instruments. Results also point out the grooving importance of certified hardwoods, their utilization, and trade.

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Bojnec, Stefan, et Imre Ferto. « Agro-food trade sustainability in Central and Eastern Europe ». International Journal of Sustainable Economy 1, n^o 1 (2008) : 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijse.2008.020019.

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Andreosso-O’Callaghan, Bernadette, et Camilla A. Noonan. « European Intra-Industry Trade Emerging Industrial Specialization in Central and Eastern Europe ». Journal of World Trade 30, Issue 6 (1 décembre 1996) : 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1996048.

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Aturupane, Chonira, Simeon Djankov et Bernard Hoekman. « Horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade between Eastern Europe and the European union ». Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 135, n^o 1 (mars 1999) : 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02708159.

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Cvetanović, Slobodan, Miroljub Nikolić et Dušan Cvetanović. « Wood industry trade competitiveness of selected countries of Southeast Europe ». Drvna industrija 70, n^o 3 (27 septembre 2019) : 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2019.1803.

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The paper examines the trade competitiveness of the wood industry as a whole and some of its parts (Cork and wood, Cork and wood manufactures and Furniture and parts) of fi ve countries of South Eastern Europe (Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania and Bosnia & Herzegovina) by using six indicators (Revealed Comparative Advantage – RCA, Index of Trade Performance – RCA2, Competitiveness Growth Index – RCA1, Michaely Index – MI, Index of Contribution to the Trade Balance – CTB and Grubel-Lloyd Index – GLI) in the period 2000-2015. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that the wood industry of these countries observed as a whole has great export potential and that it significantly participates in their processing industry. The results of the survey show that companies from the wood industry viewed as a whole are competitive on the domestic market. However, this cannot be said of the international competitiveness of the timber industry of these countries. To be specific, the production of cork and wood from Bulgaria and Serbia, cork and wood manufactures excluding furniture from Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia, as well as furniture and parts manufacturers from Bulgaria do not have a competitive advantage in the international market. By combining the values of six competitiveness indicators, it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant difference in the competitiveness of the wood industry of the countries observed. It can also be concluded that the degree of wood processing has a positive impact on their export competitiveness, this impact not being statistically significant, and that the level of finalization of production did not have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the wood industry of the selected countries of Southeastern Europe.

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Szegedi, Zoltan, Gergely Ulechla et Monika Miskolczi-Gabriel. « Digital Transformation in Food Supply Chains in Central and Eastern Europe ». International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Studies 9, n^o 2 (22 décembre 2022) : 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55284/ijebms.v9i2.813.

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The phenomena of technology and digitalization have developed rapidly most recently, leaving traces in all branches of industry. With the prevalence of Industry 4.0 and with digitalization being on the rise, companies have expanded more and more successfully. Thus, in addition to global supply chains, their own supply chains have also started to develop considerably. The aim of our research is to discover the factors characterizing the digital transformation of companies in the Central and Eastern European region. This article assesses the conditions, key drivers, and barriers of digital transformation and the benefits expected by companies operating in the agricultural and food supply chains. The research is based on a questionnaire survey of over hundred companies. From the answers, models were created to each group of questions by using factor analysis. The results show that the most important motivating factors are quality improvement, market pull, and technological push impacts. The barriers identified are largely consistent with those reported in the contemporary literature. Companies expect benefits mostly from “sales and customer relations”, followed by “logistics and marketing”, and “production and sourcing”.

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Derado, Dražen. « THE EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALISATION AMONG THE SOUTH EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ». Tourism and hospitality management 12, n^o 1 (mai 2006) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.12.1.1.

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Trade liberalisation brings long-term benefits. Nonetheless, in order to be able to realise those benefits, a creation of a competitive economic structure is required, which would make it possible to successfully participate in the international division of labour. Building from this fact, this paper analyzes the effects of trade liberalisation between the SEEC. To that end, a method of intra-industry trade has been applied on the example of Croatia, in order to establish dynamic effects of changes in trade flows. Low level of trade integration and weak midterm growth prospects in inter-sectoral trade represent the biggest threat for the countries in the Region. The threat could be manifested through rising adjustment costs, as a consequence of trade liberalisation, and could, therefore, jeopardize economic stability. Low level of trade integration poses a problem even from the aspect of the policy of international community towards South East Europe in the framework of the Stability Pact.

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Fadlli, Muhammad Dzul. « The Role of East Java as A Trade Hub for Eastern Indonesia ». East Java Economic Journal 6, n^o 1 (25 mars 2022) : 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.53572/ejavec.v6i1.80.

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The role of East Java as a trade hub for eastern Indonesia is still in doubt. This study aims to analyze the role of East Java as a trade hub for eastern Indonesia (KTI). This research was conducted descriptively using interregional input-output (IRIO) data with 52 industries in 2016 from BPS. The results of this study show that the proportion of East Java's exports to eastern Indonesia is still small. Although small in proportion, exports by East Java to eastern Indonesia are very profitable for East Java. The value of East Java's exports is greater than the value of its imports. The majority of East Java's exports are used to meet final demand needs. Meanwhile, imports by East Java from eastern Indonesia are dominated by intermediate demand in East Java. Bali is East Java's largest export destination in Eastern Indonesia, followed by Papuan, NTB and NTT. Industries with dominant export values to eastern Indonesia include the Food and Beverage Industry and the Tobacco Processing Industry. Meanwhile, the dominant imports came from a season and annual plantation industry and the metal ore mining industry.

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Krivonos, Ekaterina, et Lena Kuhn. « Trade and dietary diversity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia ». Food Policy 88 (octobre 2019) : 101767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.101767.

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Belyaeva, Zhanna, Edyta Dorota Rudawska et Yana Lopatkova. « Sustainable business model in food and beverage industry – a case of Western and Central and Eastern European countries ». British Food Journal 122, n^o 5 (29 mars 2020) : 1573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-08-2019-0660.

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PurposeThe presented study pinpoints transformation of business models of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the food and beverage sector depending on their sustainability strategy. This paper makes a novel contribution to understanding various instruments of sustainability implementation in SMEs’ business models operating in the food and beverage industry of well-developed Western European countries versus less-developed Central–Eastern European countries.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical basis is a survey of 770 European SMEs, of which 369 operate in Western European countries (including Great Britain, Germany and Spain) and 401 in Central and Eastern Europe (including Poland, Croatia and Russia). The nonparametric U Mann–Whitney test was used to examine the significance of the differences between the two groups of companies.FindingsThe study empirically confirmed that despite self-declared lack of skills and knowledge in managerial impacts of sustainability, it shapes business models of SME in both country groups in food and drink industry. At the same time, the motivation grounds for business models transformation toward sustainable models vary between mostly economic factors in Eastern Europe and social and cultural factors in Western Europe. The economic factor is formed due to smaller integration into social investments at the SME-level Eastern European countries, while Western European SMEs invest more in a variety of sustainability supporting instruments (R&D, new equipment).Originality/valueThis comparative study is the novel empirical research study on the implementation of sustainability into business models of food and beverage SMEs operating in two groups of Western and Central–Eastern European countries, which has not been previously observed in such a setting.

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Mohelsky, Lukas. « Diversification of International Trade as Competitive Advantage : Case of Automotive Industry in Central and Eastern Europe ». Global Studies Journal 5, n^o 2 (2013) : 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-4432/cgp/v05i02/40840.

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FARROW, SCOTT. « The duality of taxes and tradable permits : A survey with applications in Central and Eastern Europe ». Environment and Development Economics 4, n^o 4 (octobre 1999) : 519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000315.

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Economic instruments such as taxes and tradable permits have been promoted as efficiency improving policies in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere. The little noticed potential for a symmetric equity impact from the two instruments in a world without distortions is first discussed. A specific policy option is suggested in which existing environmental taxes in Central and Eastern Europe can be increased without imposing additional financial burdens in industry if appropriate tax credits are provided. Second, conditions in Central and Eastern Europe are identified that reduce the change of efficiency losses in a general equilibrium setting when distortions exist. The trade-off between efficiency and equity in such a setting is found to depend on country-specific parameters and to be reduced if: (1) a cost-effective policy is implemented, (2) environmental assets can be distributed prior to privatization, and (3) government expenditures can decline.

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Zaninović, Vinko. « The intra-industry trade dynamics in CEE countries : The role of trade agreements ». Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci : časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics : Journal of Economics and Business 40, n^o 1 (30 juin 2022) : 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2022.1.129.

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This paper investigates the impact of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on the development of intra-industry trade (IIT) for eight Central and Eastern Europe countries (CEE) from 1997 to 2019. The aim of the paper is to compare and explain the possible heterogeneous impact of different RTAs on IIT across countries while controlling for differences in development levels between economic integration member states. Our analysis is based on country-product level data obtained from UN Comtrade. The main hypothesis of the paper is that the CEFTA and EU integration agreements have a highly positive effect on IIT in comparison with other RTAs. However, the scope of the impact varies across countries, primarily depending on the economic development asymmetries that are in this paper proxied by the GDP per capita. We developed and estimated an augmented structural gravity model using Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood Estimator. The main contribution of our paper is the inclusion of the FTA-economic development gap interaction term, which enabled us to enrich the empirical findings of the research. Our results show that the main hypothesis holds, but also that an increase in economic asymmetries between integration members negatively affects IIT, thus indicating potentially increasing trade adjustment costs for new member states of an integration. These results go in favor of EU pre-integration and post-integration policies that have the goal of diminishing the economic development gap between future and present integration members.

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Grau, Alfredo Juan, et Araceli Reig. « Trade credit and determinants of profitability in Europe. The case of the agri-food industry ». International Business Review 27, n^o 5 (octobre 2018) : 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.02.005.

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Dairabayeva, Karlygash, et Elias Carayannis. « Targeted Trade-Related Policies and Manufacturing Firm Productivity in Eastern Europe and Central Asia : Effect of Corruption ». Global Economy Journal 14, n^o 2 (avril 2014) : 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0055.

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In recent years, there have been several successful examples of government-initiated trade-related policies aimed at developing industries that constitute a country’s comparative advantage. By implementing industry-specific, trade-related targeted reforms (i.e. reducing tariffs for imported equipment, thereby facilitating technology adaptation, providing access to expert consultants to help firms adhere to global standards, and simplifying customs procedures), the respective governments helped firms in nascent industries grow and become more productive. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing debate on government intervention ( Lin and Chang 2009 ) and whether such intervention should be targeted to certain industries or not. Using a sample of 588 manufacturing firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA), we find that targeted, trade-related, government policies have a limited impact on the firm total factor productivity. Contrary to the views of proponents of targeted policies, there is a “threshold of economic, legal, and political development,” below which targeted policies do not work in the ECA region and are impacted by existence and effectiveness of corruption.

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Huliuk, Ihor. « Not for Sale, but for Own Need” : Trade of the Volhynian Gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Second Half of the 16th — First Half of the 17th Century ». Ukrainian Studies, n^o 2(79) (3 août 2021) : 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(79).2021.235163.

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The article analyzes socioeconomic processes in the early modern Europe, in particular trade in its separate regions. It considers the classical economic model focused on the industry and agriculture, which Eastern and Western Europe followed in their multifaceted development. It studies legislation, namely the Second Lithuanian Statute and the Sejm Constitutions for assessing the involvement of gentry representatives in commerce. It indicates that the activity of the Volhynian gentry in the internal trade of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was due to both external changes in the market, primarily the demand for products from Eastern Europe, and the tendency observed on the continent when running a household became a business that made incomes grow. It analyzes general criticism in the intellectual circles of the trade activity of the gentry as such, which could lead to a certain deterioration of traditions. Man-knight and man-merchant intersections in the society of that time were acceptable if a nobleman traded goods from his own estates and could prove it with an oath.The article also investigates key areas of trade of the Volhynian gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the basis of documentary material of court books of the 16th–17th-century Volhynia and previously published sources of economic nature. It studies main range of goods sold and bought by the representatives of the elite, observes the participation of the Volhynian gentry in trade operations with the core centers of the Polish-Lithuanian economy, and their involvement in local fairs and tradings. It shows the role of intermediaries, first of all representatives of the Jewish community and peasants from the gentry fоlwarks, in the trade enterprise of the gentry.

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Juchniewicz, Malgorzata, et Katarzyna Łukiewska. « International Competitiveness of the Food Industry in European Union Member States ». European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 2, n^o 1 (30 décembre 2014) : 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v2i1.p254-265.

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The primary purpose of the study was to assess the international competitiveness of the food industry in EU member states in trade to the world market and its changes in the years 2005-2012. The food industry was defined on the basis of the aggregation of departments at the two-digit level 01-09 and 11 of the Standard International Trade Classification SITC Rev. 3. The study uses the following indexes based on foreign trade. The share of export in the global market, the revealed comparative advantage index RCA, in index of import coverage with export and index the Grubel-Lloyd index of intra-industry trade were calculated. Due to the numerous aspects of the competitiveness phenomenon, the aggregate variable was also used for a complex assessment. A synthetic measure of international competitiveness was developed on the basis of the factors referred to above. Data published in the UN Comtrade database was used for the calculations. The conducted research indicates that the international competitive position of the food industry of particular EU member states was diverse. The highest places in the competitiveness ranking were occupied by states of the old EU, such as: the Netherlands, France, Spain and Denmark. Only their order changed, depending on the adopted time criterion. A particular improvement was observed among Central-Eastern European countries which belong to new member states. However, it mainly resulted from the low level of export in the initial period. On this basis, we may state that we should not expect significant changes in the level of international competitiveness of the food industry in particular EU member states in the future (maintaining the present conditions).

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Burnete, Sorin. « Industries in Central and Eastern Europe. Enhancing Competitiveness by Integrating Services into Manufacturing ». Human and Social Studies 4, n^o 1 (1 mars 2015) : 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2015-0003.

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Abstract During the last two decades, the intra-industry trade between western companies and former socialist enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe gradually shifted from the subcontracting of marginal operations such as final assembly to the outsourcing of products and intermediate inputs. To further enhance their competitiveness, firms in Central and Eastern Europe have yet to take one more step forward: integrate services with manufacturing. Developing such capabilities hinges, aside from intensive training and learning on the existence of functional interactive knowledgebased innovation systems. Whereas Central and East European economies exhibit conspicuous weaknesses in this last respect, they still possess a countervailing advantage that is apt to lure foreign investors into the region: lower wage rates relative to western countries across all industries and skill levels. Offshoring therefore seems to be the most appropriate means to reconcile the two sides of the coin.

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DuBois, Thomas David. « Many roads from pasture to plate : a commodity chain approach to China’s beef trade, 1732–1931 ». Journal of Global History 14, n^o 1 (14 février 2019) : 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022818000335.

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AbstractThe advent of refrigerated transport made fresh beef a global commodity, linking South American and Australian producers to hungry consumers in Europe and North America. With vast supplies of cattle, and growing markets in Japan, Russia, and beyond, China was the last great frontier of this global transformation. Rather than a single export trade, China’s beef industry was a complex and multidirectional network of producers, processors, and consumers, its many production chains each facing distinct commercial, logistic, and political challenges. This article examines three such chains, the Qing-era caravan trade that drove live sheep and cattle to Beijing, the Harbin meat-packing industry that grew up around the Russian China Eastern Railway, and Japanese-dominated export of beef from Qingdao. A cross-section of these issues shows how the industry as a whole adapted to the new pressures and opportunities of globalization, as well as those presented by technology, foreign investment, imperialism, and war.

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Salamaga, Marcin. « Proposed Research on the Relationships Between Innovation Competitiveness and Export Competitiveness in Central and Eastern European Countries ». Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 20, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2020) : 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2020-0051.

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Abstract Research background: In the contemporary world, innovations are the driving force of economic development and new products, designs, trademarks and creative projects are of key importance to everyday economic decisions. Both economic theories and empirical research concern relations between innovations and foreign trade. This article belongs to this research trend and is devoted to an analysis of relations between innovations and export competitiveness in selected Central and Eastern European countries. Purpose: The paper is aimed at assessing the impact of innovation competitiveness on export competitiveness in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Research methodology: The paper contains an analysis with the use of standardised innovation competitiveness and export competitiveness indices. Countries and industry sectors are analysed in terms of the frequency of occurrence of these indices with various combinations of their signs. The impact of innovation competitiveness on export competitiveness has been tested using dynamic models of panel data. Results: The conducted research indicates that technological advantage usually has a considerable positive impact on the trade competitiveness of Central and Eastern European countries but the strength of the impact depends on the branch of industry. Generally, the influence of technological competitiveness on trade competitiveness is stronger in highly and moderately technologically advanced industries than in industries characterised by low technological advancement. Novelty: The evaluation of the influence of innovation competitiveness on export competitiveness in Central and Eastern European countries using standardised competitiveness indices and a dynamic model of panel data is an added value in the paper.

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Jermy, C. « Industry overview from an international perspective ». NZGA : Research and Practice Series 9 (1 janvier 2003) : 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.9.2002.3421.

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Despite tough current market conditions, a recent market visit to Europe attending the SIAL food trade show and meeting with government authorities and customers in France, Holland and Germany instilled me with confidence for the future of the deer industry. The market is the primary driver of profitability at the farm gate and so needs to be considered when developing nutrition and management strategies for the future. The big picture needs to be kept in mind as the future is not just about nutrition for healthy and productive animals. Understanding both nutrition and management provides the groundwork for a healthy, productive and sustainable industry which meets our consumers' needs.

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Lemeshko, Oleksandra, et Oldřich Rejnuš. « Modeling the Size of the Mutual Fund Industry in Countries of Central and Eastern Europe ». Financial Assets and Investing 6, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2015) : 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/fai2015-1-1.

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The rapid growth and development of the mutual fund industry throughout the world stimulated vast contemporary studies focusing on a wide range of issues predominantly of microeconomic character, such as fund performance, timing ability, fees and fund flows, thus leaving determinants and attributes of mutual fund industry development beyond their research. The rare relevant studies predict that development of the mutual fund industry depends on a number of factors among which the predominant role belongs to development of the economic and financial systems, and quality of governance and regulatory basis. One essential condition of validity of this prediction is that it is based upon a sample of developed economies, thus leaving a space for the likelihood that under condition of developing or middle-income economies some expectations may substantially deviate from the predication. This paper aims to reevaluate the significance of the impact of individual macro- and microeconomic factors, which were identified in previous studies, on size of asset under management in the sample of high- and middle-income economies of Central and Eastern Europe by means of regressing the total size of the mutual fund industry and size of its separate components, such as equity, fixed income and money market asset management over a number of independent variables. The obtained results indicate that out of a wide range of factors, the high explanatory power of which was stressed by earlier studies, only a small group of them turned out to be significant in our research. In particular, it was found that the size of the CEE mutual fund industry in general and the sizes of its particular segments respond positively on increase of country openness to trade and capital inflows, development and stability of local financial and capital markets, improvement of quality of governance and regulatory basis. Also some controversial evidence was obtained on the role of change in government indebtedness for explaining the size of the mutual fund industry – in general, there is a significantly positive impact of a decrease of central government debt on the size of CEE asset management, however its sign is not consistent across all subcategories of funds. Although the chosen sample does not cover as large a number of countries as previous studies, it provides brief insight into the CEE mutual fund industry, documenting important country and regional characteristics.

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Gady, Richard L., et Robert H. Peyton. « A Food Processor's Perspective on Trade and Investment Opportunities in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union ». American Journal of Agricultural Economics 74, n^o 5 (décembre 1992) : 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242781.

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Šilković, Željka. « Organska poljoprivreda Srednje Europe ». Geoadria 7, n^o 2 (11 janvier 2017) : 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.90.

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In the last decade, organic agriculture in the Central European countries has experienced significant changes, especially in the transitional countries of the Eastern part of the region. This artical studies the position and development of the organic food comparing the agricultures in the western market and former communist countries. It is distinctive for the whole region that there is an interest of the state policy for stimulating the organic agriculture, aspecially in the areas where share is a large number of unemployed people due to the privatisation proces in industry. The organic type of cattle – raising is a represented branch of agriculture while the activities which demand more investments and working hours (horticulture and viticulture) are poorly developed.The aim is to bring more biological varieties in the concept of organic agriculture and preserving the naturally protected areas. Therefore the organic agriculture is fregmently introduced as the only acceptable way of the food production in the areas of buffer zones and national parks preserving the autochthonism of the plants and animals in that way encouraging the development of agroeco-tourism.

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Klimiuk, Zbigniew. « Uwarunkowania rozwoju gospodarczego i handlu zagranicznego krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w okresie międzywojennym (1918-1939) ». Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, n^o 1 (24 septembre 2021) : 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6462.

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The economic development of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the interwar period did not remove essential structural defects in foreign trade, such as: regionalism, compliance of export and import directions, too much concentration on several markets, low assortment diversity and typically raw material and agricultural export structure. Mutual exchange took place on a small scale and was often unilateral, and its size did not generally exceed 10% of the total turnover of this zone. In addition, it was also characterized by a significant degree of concentration and occurred mainly between neighboring countries and in a narrow range. One of the fundamental reasons explaining the low level of mutual trade was the far-reaching mutual competitiveness of the economies of these countries. The high similarity of export structures and assortments as well as the identity of import needs at a weak level, with a similar export expansion rate, have created significant elements of competition between the economies of the region. In the interwar period, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe were not strongly involved in foreign trade, with the exception of Czechoslovakia. They were generally poorly developed raw material and agricultural countries, exporting mainly raw materials and food to developed countries of Western Europe, and in particular to Germany. Their total share in world trade was at the level of approx. 3% at that time. The low level of involvement of these countries in world trade was indicated in particular by small export volumes per one inhabitant.

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Weber, Klaus. « The Atlantic Coast of German Trade : German Rural Industry and Trade in the Atlantic, 1680–1840 ». Itinerario 26, n^o 2 (juillet 2002) : 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300009153.

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Throughout the last decade a number of rather detailed studies on eighteenth-century Atlantic merchants and merchant colonies in Atlantic port cities has been published. The works ofJacob Price, David Hancock, Jonathan Israel, Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, and Manuel Bustos Rodríguez demonstrate the growing historical interest in maritime trade and Atlantic studies. All of these works carry on the investigative traditions of the authors respective countries, represented, for example, by Bernard Bailyn's works on the New England merchants, Pierre and Huguette Chaunu's and Paul Butel's studies on the economies of the Spanish and French Atlantic, and the investigations of Antonio García-Baquero González on the topic of Spanish Atlantic trade. As a pervasive pattern within this field of research it can be observed that, since the foundations had been laid with these classical studies, the focus of historical inquiry has shifted from quantitative investigations (that is, those on the currents of ships, goods, and precious metals) and from studies on the legal frameworks regulating the Atlantic trades to detailed studies of the individuals responsible for this trade. Arising from their countries colonial pasts, it is not surprising that most of these author's works concentrate on the colonial trade of the Western European sea powers, thus neglecting the central and eastern interiors of the continent. In the 1960s and 70s, some German historians, notably Hermann Kellenbenz and Hans Pohl, published studies in this area, but it has lain fallow ever since. The aim of this article is to shed some light on the perspectives that might open up by reconsidering the influence of Atlantic trade on Central Europe in the Early Modern period.

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Záboj, Marek. « Behaviour of subjects of the independent retail market in distribution process of food products ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, n^o 6 (2004) : 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452060161.

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The paper deal with the actual situation on the Czech independent retail market. Multinational retail chains represent the thread to small and medium sized trade firms due to large range of products, stronger position in negotiations with suppliers and financial power. That is reason why others independent retailers have to co-operate together and obtain the same advantages. Nowadays the discuss among Czech wholesale stocks with their retail nets is in progress. This discussion is aimed to establishing the Czech trade strategic alliance (TSA CZ) as an instrument for increasing of competitive ability. That is necessary also for connection with some other foreign or global trade alliance. Present situation offers to collaborate with two trade systems. The first is CBA operating in nine countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and the second is MARKANT working mainly in Germany and Austria. It seems TSA CZ has to decide between two business concepts – east or west. During the decision making is important to re-cognize what is more sufficient not only for the Czech trade firms on independent market but also for the Czech customer because satisfaction his needs and wants should be the mission of all retailers.

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Domonkos, Endre. « Economic Stabilization after the Treaty of Trianon : Challenges and Possibilities ». Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 19, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2021-0004.

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Abstract The ‘Great War’ had harmful impacts on Hungary’s national economy. With the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the former self-sufficient economic unit broke into six different entities, which had far-reaching consequences in Central and Eastern Europe. Economic difficulties were further aggravated by rampant inflation. Finally, the loss of the majority of raw materials by the Treaty of Trianon meant that Hungary was cut off from its sources of supply. The following paper examines the impacts of economic reconstruction in Hungary. The analysis also focuses on the development of industry, agriculture, and trade in the 1920s.

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Ana, Maria-Irina. « Tourism industry in the new member states. Key countries and destinations ». Management & ; Marketing 13, n^o 1 (1 mars 2018) : 812–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2018-0007.

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Abstract This paper provides an examination of tourism in the New Member States of the European Union in the period 2007-2015, assessing the importance of tourism for the New Member States economy and the factors that might affect this industry. Considerable research has been devoted to tourism in the developed countries from Europe, but rather less attention has been paid to tourism in the Central-Eastern Europe, the New Member States region. In this regard, the paper will start with an overview of the current state of the literature on this topic, section that precedes a presentation of European bodies and policies in the travel and tourism field. Time series will be analyzed in order to identify the key countries for tourism in the region, according to the number of international arrivals, number of international overnight stays and exports in trade. Tourism contribution and importance for the economy, key destinations in the region, EU and state-level policies in the tourism sector, as well as main challenges and opportunities in the tourism sector will be addressed, focusing on the three key countries identified, Poland, Czech Republic and Croatia, that offer tourists unique, traditional experiences, focusing on niche markets, rather than on mass-market tourism.

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Dietz, Thomas. « Contract Law, Relational Contracts, and Reputational Networks in International Trade : An Empirical Investigation into Cross-Border Contracts in the Software Industry ». Law & ; Social Inquiry 37, n^o 01 (2012) : 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01281.x.

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The following case study investigates the contract enforcement institutions that enable German customers to purchase software in Asia and Eastern Europe. The case study shows that nation-states are hardly able to generate a legal “shadow” for cross-border business relations. The same holds true for the so-called New Lex Mercatoria. Instead, economic actors create their own informal mechanisms. Relational contracts and reputational networks are nowadays far more effective due to developments in the field of information and communication technology. Overall, the importance of formal contract law in international trade is even smaller than is assumed by the classic theory of relational contracts.

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Koczan, Marcin. « Poland as a gas hub – opportunities for cooperation with selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe ». Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 20, n^o 4 (novembre 2022) : 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2022.4.6.

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The aim of the article is to analyse the possibility of establishing a regional gas transmission and trade center in Poland, the so-called gas hub. The gas hub is described in many strategic documents adopted by the Polish authorities in recent years. For its creation, several key elements must be met. First of all, a strong, competitive, and diversified (energy sector, heating sector, industry, individual customers) natural gas market should be established in Poland. The natural gas distribution and transmission network should be able to balance supply and demand. Domestic production of natural gas should be supplemented by stable and diversified supplies. The domestic gas markets in the region should be integrated and the connection between the systems (interconnectors) should enable the gas transmission in both directions (import/export). The purpose of this article is to verify the possibility of establishing a regional natural gas transmission and trade center in Poland and to define the potential for cooperation with selected countries of our region. Keywords: natural gas, gas hub, gas infrastructure, regional cooperation Streszczenie: Celem artykułu jest analiza możliwości utworzenia w Polsce regionalnego centrum przesyłu i handlu gazem ziemnym, tak zwanego hubu gazowego. Aby koncepcja, która opisana jest w szeregu strategicznych dokumentów przyjmowanych przez polskie władze w ostatnich latach, mogła zostać zrealizowana, musi wystąpić kilka kluczowych elementów. Przede wszystkim powinien powstać w Polsce silny, konkurencyjny, zróżnicowany (energetyka zawodowa, sektor ciepłownictwa, przemysł, klienci indywidualni) rynek handlu gazem ziemnym. Sieć dystrybucji i przesyłu surowca powinna móc równoważyć popyt z podażą surowca. Krajowe wydobycie gazu ziemnego powinno być uzupełnione przez stabilne i zdywersyfikowane dostawy. Krajowe rynki gazu w regionie powinny być zintegrowane, a połączenia między systemami (interkonektory) powinny umożliwić przesył surowca w obie strony (import/export).

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Chládková, Helena. « Comparison of the selected indicators of the Czech and German bakery market ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, n^o 6 (2006) : 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654060069.

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The baking industry is one of the most important parts of the Czech food processing industry. The Czech baking industry has a bigger price differential compared to other Europe Union bakers than occurs with any other industry. Therefore the Czech government has integrated plans to improve this competitive advantage.The up-to-date trends are compared with the main European bakery producers and consumers–Germany in this paper. The research is focused on the analysis of the basic factors of supply and demand in the bakery markets of both these countries.During the recent period of time there have been many researchers from the FBE MUAF in Brno, who focused on the environment in the branch, e.g. Bečvářová (2005), Černíková and Žufan (2004); Chládková and Kudová (2004), Tomšík and Chládková (2005), Syrovátka (2000), Veselská (2005). The research on trade in food is solved firstly by Presová and Tvrdoň (2005).This paper is the part of the Research proposal MSM 6215648904 being solved at the FBE MUAF in Brno.

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Dieter, Matthias, et Hermann Englert. « Zur Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der europäischen Holzwirtschaft – eine Constant-Market-Share-Analyse | Competitiveness in the European forest industry sector – a constant market share analysis ». Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, n^o 12 (1 décembre 2009) : 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0375.

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The objective of the presented study is to analyse the international competitiveness of the European forest industry sector and that of Switzerland in particular using constant market share (CMS) analysis. The analysis is conducted based on bilateral trade data in monetary terms for the years 2000 to 2005. Timber commodities are grouped into two sectors (the wood sector and the paper sector) as well as into three processing levels (raw wood, semi-finished and finished products). CMS analysis is conducted on two aggregation levels: the forest industry sector on the whole and the forest products sector as part of the semi-finished products sector. The analyses of both aggregation levels show similar results. Most of the traditionally industrialized countries show only low export growth rates. Countries with fast growing economies in general, in particular those from South East Asia and most of the Eastern European countries show high growth rates as well as high positive competitiveness effects. A positive relationship can be identified between a country's timber export growth rate and its competitiveness effect. Within Europe, Eastern European countries are gaining competitive advantage over Middle and Western European countries. CMS analysis indicates low international competitiveness for the Swiss forest industry sector, whereas Austrian and German forestry industry sectors are characterized by higher values of international competitiveness.

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Grigoryeva, Natalya N., et Tatyana A. Bulokhova. « Efficiency indicators of the eastern polygon and its development prospects ». SHS Web of Conferences 112 (2021) : 00030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111200030.

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The development strategy of “Russian Railways” OAO provides for increasing competitiveness and strengthening the company’s market position. Due to the increase in Russia’s foreign trade turnover with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the growth of transit freight traffic between Europe and Asia, and the need to implement the country’s transit potential in the context of the globalization of the transport service market the railway industry faces the task of handling the growing volumes of traffic in the direction of the Far Eastern ports. One of the essential goals until 2030 is to increase the country’s transit capacity. Its implementation is a priority in the field of international standing of our country. Along with the BaikalAmur Mainline, the Eastern polygon is pivotal in solving this problem. Its development will ensure the connection of transport flows from West to East, will make changes in the routes of world trade, thereby increasing the share of Russia in Eurasian transit. The degree of efficient railway transport operation depends on the creation of favorable conditions for modernization, transition to the innovative development path and sustainable growth of the national economy. This generally contributes to the conditioning of Russia’s leadership in the world economic system, as there is a new geopolitical landscape globally evolving at present, whose contours should be considered in the foreseeable future. In today’s conditions of railway management, it is impossible to head over to an innovative path without proper infrastructure development, affecting the performance of structural units and requiring investments.

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Nielsen, Svein Vatsvåg. « From Foragers to Fisher-Farmers : How the Neolithisation Process Affected Coastal Fisheries in Scandinavia ». Open Archaeology 8, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 956–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0263.

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Abstract The Neolithisation process altered human dependence on wild food sources, and dominant models of the Neolithic transition in Scandinavia still focus on cultural divisions. This study emphasises the evidence of creolization processes, in particular the exploitation of Atlantic Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) among Neolithic fisher-farmers north and east of the Skagerrak Sea in Scandinavia (4000–2350 cal BCE). The site Jortveit in Southern Norway, where Bluefin tuna was caught with toggling harpoons, is used as a point of departure. In order to understand this phenomenon, the first empirical review of prehistoric toggling harpoons in Central and Eastern Europe is presented. Toggling harpoons first appeared in the late Vinĉa Culture, then in the Gumelniţa, Cucuteni-Trypillia, and Sredny Stog cultural complexes further east, and finally in Central Europe and Scandinavia during the time of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Considering the accumulated evidence of long distance contact from Eastern to Central Europe and Scandinavia in the early fourth millennium BCE, it is argued that toggling harpoon technology was distributed through trade networks. Its appearance around the Skagerrak Sea in the Neolithic reflects fisher-farmers using a creolized fishing technology, inspired by Eneolithic societies.

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Fritz, Melanie, Maurizio Canavari, Nicola Cantore, Jivka Deiters et Erika Pignatti. « Commercio elettronico e fiducia : analisi preliminare del potenziale in filiere agro-alimentari internazionali ». ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, n^o 2 (octobre 2009) : 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-002004.

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- Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce is an innovative use of information and communication technologies (ict) and refers to the exchange of goods and related information between companies supported by Internet-based tools such as electronic marketplaces (also called electronic trade platforms) or online shops. It provides opportunities for cost-efficiency in supply chain management processes and access to new markets. With regard to the food sector with its chain levels input - agriculture - industry - retail - consumer, B2B e-commerce would take place in the exchange of food products between all levels except retail to consumer (business-to-consumer ecommerce). B2B e-commerce demonstrated to be able to bring key advantages and potentials for European consumers and the European food sector, for instance easier traceability, cost-efficiency in supply chain management processes, better competitiveness, lower transaction costs, etc. In recent years, the availability of sophisticated B2B e-commerce technology improved tremendously and the applications became more powerful, flexible, and user-friendly. However, the "European e-Business Market Watch" initiative from the Directorate-General Enterprise and Industry from the European Commission showed that only large multinationals exploit the potentials of B2B e-commerce. smes instead, which create the largest share of turn over in the European food sector and therefore create jobs and welfare in Europe, are reluctant to take up existing B2B ecommerce technologies into their supply or selling operations. Trust issues were identified as one of the factors hindering adoption of this new technology among smes. In this paper, different food chain scenarios with their transaction processes and risks regarding food quality and food safety and related trust elements are analysed and differences in trust in several European food chains need to be considered within the context of the existing scientific literature. We identify food chains with trans- European cross-border exchange of food and international food chains in order to analyse the transaction processes and typical risks regarding food quality and food safety. The analysis focuses on trans-European cross-border and international food chains with their chain levels (e.g. production to wholesale trade, wholesale trade to industry, or wholesale trade to retail). In particular, it regards the food categories meat, grains, fresh vegetables, and fresh fruits and the particular risks regarding food quality and safety along the chains. The results are useful to identify relevant trust issues within the food supply chains, which can be addresses by innovative and trust building features of the B2B e-commerce tools.JEL Codes: M15, M16Key words: e-commerce, transaction risks, trust, trade stream analysis

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Chrzanowski, Bogdan. « Concepts for reconstruction of the maritime economy of the polish underground state...in the years 1940–1944 ». Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica 24, n^o 324 (15 mai 2021) : 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20813333.24.10.

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The regaining of the country’s independence, and then its revival after the war damages, including itseconomic infrastructure – these were the tasks set by the Polish government in exile, first in Paris and thenin London. The maritime economy was to play an important role here. The Polish government was fullyaware of the enormous economic and strategic benefits resulting from the fact that it had a coast, withthe port of Gdynia before the war. It was assumed that both in Gdynia and in the ports that were to belongto Poland after the war: Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, Gdańsk, Elbląg, Królewiec, the economic structure was to betransformed, and they were to become the supply points for Central and Eastern Europe. Work on thereconstruction of the post-war maritime economy was mainly carried out by the Ministry of Industry, Tradeand Shipping. In London, in 1942–1943, a number of government projects were set up to rebuild the entiremaritime infrastructure. All projects undertaken in exile were related to activities carried out by individualunderground divisions of the Polish Underground State domestically, i.e. the “Alfa” Naval Department of theHome Army Headquarters, the Maritime Department of the Military Bureau of Industry and Trade of the Headof the Military Bureau of the Home Army Headquarters and the Maritime Department of the Departmentof Industry Trade and Trade Delegation of the Government of the Republic of Poland in Poland. The abovementionedorganizational units also prepared plans for the reconstruction of the maritime economy, and theprojects developed in London were sent to the country. They collaborated here and a platform for mutualunderstanding was found.

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Black, Robert. « Reforming Biosecurity Legislation in Developing Countries : Increasing Market Access or Maintaining Unequal Terms of Trade ? » Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 5 (1 octobre 2019) : 833–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019033.

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This article explores the challenges faced by developing and transitional countries (For the purposes of this article, Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries now mostly in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), with the exception of the Russian Federation itself, are included in the term ‘developing countries’.) in international trade in agricultural goods and other natural resource products in compliance with the normative framework of the World Trade Organisation, and in particular of the Agreement on the Application on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (‘SPS Agreement’). It details the legislative and administrative measures, as justified by ‘scientific evidence’ and ‘risk assessment’, that a WTO member may take to prevent the importation of unsafe food and animal feed, and pests and disease organisms. As well as considering the policy implications and constraints to relevant legislative reform, the article also draws on the author’s experience in biosecurity legislative review and drafting in Africa, Caribbean, Eastern Europe and Central Asia using the umbrella concept of ‘biosecurity’ to reflect on the challenges facing drafting of legislation consistent with the normative international frameworks for biosecurity. Taken into account is the impact of the SPS Agreement on the terms of food trade imposed on developing countries and the connection between international trade and environmental protection.

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Al Garoo, Asmahan. « Rise and fall of Maritime Hubs in Pre-Islamic Arabia ». Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 8, n^o 3 (16 février 2018) : 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol8iss3pp57-69.

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Since prehistoric times, the geography of the Arabian Peninsula had a great impact on the growth and development of centers of civilization and maritime hubs. Indeed, starting from the third millennium BC, a number of urban centers of civilization have emerged in the Arab region such as Mesopotamia, Magān (old name of Oman), Dilmun (Bahrain), Pharaonic Egypt, Phoenicia, the Nabataeans, and the ancient South Arabia (Yemen) where such centers reached a high level of development and growth. Arab trade reached a peak in the 1st millennium BC due to the commerce of frankincense and myrrh. The Arabs, who had mastered sea navigation through geographical and astronomical knowledge and had a great experience of maritime routes as well as the secrets of the monsoon and boat industry, dominated the vast eastern trade. During the fourth century AD, the world began to see signs of serious conflicts with religious dimensions and huge political and economic consequences. Furthermore, the lucrative Arab trade of incense lost its importance because of the demise of paganism in the Middle East and Europe. With the emergence of Islam, the Arabs regained their lost maritime domination in the Indian Ocean.

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yoskowitz, jeffrey. « American Processed Kosher ». Gastronomica 12, n^o 2 (2012) : 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2012.12.2.72.

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As America's food system became increasingly industrialized in the twentieth century, it became increasingly difficult for the Jewish community to regulate the foods it ate to comply with kosher law. As American Jews strayed from religious lives, major Orthodox Jewish organizations sought to win back adherents by adapting the ancient ritual of Jewish dietary law to the most complex, modern processing techniques. The result was an elaborate third-party certification system, the first of its kind, which is now the backbone of a billion-dollar industry that thrives today. Within a short span of time, major food corporations were printing kosher certification labels on their packages. Today, two-fifths of food sold in the supermarket come kosher certified. How Jews eat—purchasing packaged products with kosher seals of approval—has fundamentally transformed from the immigrant days on the Lower East Side and the shtetls of Eastern Europe. Consequently, kosher food has become overly reliant on large-scale food production. Small efforts to further adapt the kosher industry to small-scale production and fair-labor rights are underway, though a long way off.

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Mann, Stefan, Silviu Beciu et Antanas Karbauskas. « Globalising chains – decoupling grape production, wine production and wine exports ». British Food Journal 120, n^o 3 (5 mars 2018) : 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-05-2017-0270.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show that globalisation (or de-regionalisation) in the wine business is entering a new phase in which grape production, wine production and wine exports are increasingly decoupled. In order to illustrate the case, the authors present Lithuania, compared to Romania, as a case study. Design/methodology/approach The authors tested the hypothesis that grape production and wine trade are increasingly decoupling. Based on the notion that transformation countries act as an avant-garde where new developments show first, the authors use Central and Eastern Europe as a case in point. The authors apply a mixed and a fixed effects model, where self-sufficiency in grapes explains wine exports to a reducing degree. Findings In the descriptive part the authors demonstrate how Lithuania, since EU accession, has become a major hub for wine trade, importing from the main export countries, and exporting mostly to Russia. In the multivariate section, it can then be shown that this decoupling between grape production and wine exports is a significant development in international terms. Practical implications The division of labour in wine trade has entered a new phase where wine production and wine marketing are decoupled. If extrapolated into the future, this may indicate that in the future world market, grape production and wine production may also decouple. Originality/value The paper has traced a new and un-described phenomenon on the global wine market. It shows that the division of labour is still advancing.

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Contò, Francesco, Demetris Vrontis, Mariantonietta Fiore et Alkis Thrassou. « Strengthening regional identities and culture through wine industry cross border collaboration ». British Food Journal 116, n^o 11 (28 octobre 2014) : 1788–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2014-0075.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the potentialities of cross border projects to develop and promote wine culture, and consequently tourism and hospitality; paying particular attention to the process and actions supporting the development and refinement of cultural attributes, traditional values and regional identity. Design/methodology/approach – Methodologically, it is a deductive reasoning exploratory research, based on the findings of an extensive undergoing project across ten countries, spanning from Italy to Eastern Europe, and theoretically founded on an extensive literature review. Findings – The findings identify the spectrum and nature of opportunities and constraints of cross border collaborations in developing the wine industry and reaping of its wider economic and cultural benefits. Further to the scholarly value of the findings, the paper identifies and presents the descriptive managerial/industrial implications, along with prescriptively explicit directions toward practical implementation. Research limitations/implications – The research is exploratory and therefore, by nature, in need of further empirical validation. Practical implications – The research constructs a viable framework for an integrative approach involving the improved definition of regional cultural image and identity, proper strategic industry-region and cross-border collaborations, and socio-economic development. Social implications – To promote cross border countries and cultural territorial values and identity. Originality/value – The research's value lies in its multi-perspective outlook which keeps the wine business at its focus, but investigates its development outside the strict confines of its own industry to present potentialities through strategic collaborations with the tourist industry and other regions/countries in integrative synergistic approach and with strong cultural elements.

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V. Shashyna, Maryna, Oleh V. Zakharchenko, Oleksandr V. Darushyn, Zoriana M. Buryk et Maria I. Shpinkovska. « Agroindustrial Complex in the Eastern European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development ». Journal of Social Sciences Research, n^o 54 (25 avril 2019) : 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.54.1167.1180.

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The research paper deals with the formation of new scientific solutions concerning evaluation of the development of the agroindustrial complex, its role in ensuring sustainable development of the national economy, identifying problems and developing ways to solve them in the current conditions of the functioning of agrarian production in the countries of Eastern Europe. The research emphasizes the key importance of agrarian production to ensure the food and economic security of Eastern European countries. It has been revealed that the agroindustrial complex plays a significant role in the countries of Eastern Europe, especially as concerns Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Bulgaria and Romania. There are problems with the formation of effective state support of agrarian production in the countries selected for study, especially as regards the countries of Eastern Europe, which are not members of the European Union. The methodology for assessing the development of the agroindustrial complex in Eastern European countries was developed and proposed for use, as well as calculations on its basis were made, which allowed to divide all countries of this region into three groups: countries - outsiders (Ukraine, Moldova, Russia); countries, where the development of agrarian industry is of concern (Belarus, Romania, Bulgaria); countries that need to improve the agrarian sector of the national economy (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland). A complex of agrarian production problems was identified for each of the Eastern European countries, and the key ways of their elimination were proposed, which are aimed at: reforming the market of agricultural land; stimulating the development of farms; increasing efficiency of state support of agrarian production; intensification of development and introduction of innovations in the agrarian sector; the transformation of the structure of the agro commodities market, including the optimization of their export and import.

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V. Shashyna, Maryna, Oleg V. Zakharchenko, Oleksandr V. Darushyn, Zoriana M. Buryk et Maria I. Shpinkovska. « Agroindustrial Complex in the Eastern European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development. » Journal of Social Sciences Research, Special Issue 5 (15 décembre 2018) : 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi5.549.562.

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The research paper deals with the formation of new scientific solutions concerning evaluation of the development of the agroindustrial complex, its role in ensuring sustainable development of the national economy, identifying problems and developing ways to solve them in the current conditions of the functioning of agrarian production in the countries of Eastern Europe. The research emphasizes the key importance of agrarian production to ensure the food and economic security of Eastern European countries. It has been revealed that the agroindustrial complex plays a significant role in the countries of Eastern Europe, especially as concerns Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Bulgaria and Romania. There are problems with the formation of effective state support of agrarian production in the countries selected for study, especially as regards the countries of Eastern Europe, which are not members of the European Union. The methodology for assessing the development of the agroindustrial complex in Eastern European countries was developed and proposed for use, as well as calculations on its basis were made, which allowed to divide all countries of this region into three groups: countries - outsiders (Ukraine, Moldova, Russia); countries, where the development of agrarian industry is of concern (Belarus, Romania, Bulgaria); countries that need to improve the agrarian sector of the national economy (Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland). A complex of agrarian production problems was identified for each of the Eastern European countries, and the key ways of their elimination were proposed, which are aimed at: reforming the market of agricultural land; stimulating the development of farms; increasing efficiency of state support of agrarian production; intensification of development and introduction of innovations in the agrarian sector; the transformation of the structure of the agro commodities market, including the optimization of their export and import.

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