Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Fomitiporia mediterranea »

A two-year survey was conducted to identify fungi associated with wood decay in a range of tree species and grapevine. Fifty-eight fungal strains isolated from plants of 18 species showing typical wood decay symptoms were characterized by morphological, physiological, and molecular analyses. By 5.8S rRNA gene-ITS sequencing analysis, these isolates were classified into 25 distinct operational taxonomic units, including important phytopathogenic species of the phyla Pezizomycotina and Agaricomycotina, such as Fomitiporia, Inonotus, Phellinus, Inocutis, Fuscoporia, Trametes, Fusarium, Eutypa, Phaeomoniella, Phaeoacremonium, and Pleurostomophora spp. The white rot basidiomycetes Fomitiporia mediterranea (20 isolates, 34.5%) and Inonotus hispidus (6 isolates, 10.3%) were the most prevalent. Pathogenicity tests revealed for the first time that certain fungal species of the genera Fomitiporia, Inonotus, Phellinus, Pleurostomophora, and Fusarium caused wood infection of various tree species in Greece and worldwide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. mediterranea as the causal agent of wood decay in pear, pomegranate, kumquat, and silk tree. This is also the first record of Inonotus hispidus, Phellinus pomaceus, Pleurostomophora richardsiae, and Fusarium solani in apple, almond, avocado, and mulberry tree, respectively, whereas P. richardsiae was associated with wood infection of olive tree for the first time in Greece. Cross pathogenicity tests with F. mediterranea strains originated from grapevine applied on other woody hosts and from olive on grapevine demonstrated partial host specificity of the fungus. The potential of F. mediterranea to transinfect hosts other than those originated, along with the host range extension of the fungus, is discussed.

Laccases from white-rot fungi catalyze lignin depolymerization, a critical first step to upgrading lignin to valuable biodiesel fuels and chemicals. In this study, a wildtype laccase from the basidiomycete Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fom_lac) and a variant engineered to have a carbohydrate-binding module (Fom_CBM) were studied for their ability to catalyze cleavage of β-O-4′ ether and C–C bonds in phenolic and non-phenolic lignin dimers using a nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry-based assay. Fom_lac and Fom_CBM catalyze β-O-4′ ether and C–C bond breaking, with higher activity under acidic conditions (pH < 6). The potential of Fom_lac and Fom_CBM to enhance saccharification yields from untreated and ionic liquid pretreated pine was also investigated. Adding Fom_CBM to mixtures of cellulases and hemicellulases improved sugar yields by 140% on untreated pine and 32% on cholinium lysinate pretreated pine when compared to the inclusion of Fom_lac to the same mixtures. Adding either Fom_lac or Fom_CBM to mixtures of cellulases and hemicellulases effectively accelerates enzymatic hydrolysis, demonstrating its potential applications for lignocellulose valorization. We postulate that additional increases in sugar yields for the Fom_CBM enzyme mixtures were due to Fom_CBM being brought more proximal to lignin through binding to either cellulose or lignin itself.

Biological control agents (BCAs) have shown efficacy against several pathogens associated with Esca of grapevines, but their effects on the white rot pathogen Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) have not been extensively studied. An assessment of several potential BCAs evaluated activity against Fmed. This included isolates of Trichoderma simmonsii, T. citrinoviride, T. atroviride, Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens/velezensis and Pseudomonas koreensis, all obtained from grapevines in Austria. Effects of the BCAs on Fmed growth were assessed in dual culture assays and in assays with fresh and autoclaved grapevine wood disks. In the dual culture assays, all the BCAs reduced growth of Fmed compared to experimental controls. In the Trichoderma experiments, Fmed growth only marginally exceeded the size of the initial mycelium plugs, and growth inhibition for all Fmed isolates and strains was 91 to 97%. Growth of Fmed was inhibited by 55 to 66% by B. amyloliquefaciens/velezensis isolates, by 41 to 49% by B. subtilis isolates, and by 55 to 66% by P. koreensis. In the wood disc assays, Fmed colonized fresh and autoclaved wood. All the Trichoderma isolates almost completely suppressed Fmed growth on fresh and autoclaved wood. Less but statistically significant inhibition was recorded for an isolate of B. amyloliquefaciens/velezensis and one of P. koreensis.

Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fisch. (Fmed) is a basidiomycete first described in 2002, and was considered up to then as part of Fomitiporia punctata (P. Karst) Murrill. This fungus can degrade lignocellulosic biomass, causing white rot and leaving bleached fibrous host residues. In Europe Fmed is considered the main grapevine wood rot (Esca) agent within the Esca disease complex, which includes some of the most economically important Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs). This review summarises and evaluates published research on Fmed, on white rot elimination by curettage or management by treatments with specific products applied to diseased grapevines, and on the relationship between wood symptoms and Grapevine Leaf Stripe Disease (GLSD) in the Esca disease complex. Information is also reviewed on the fungus biology, mechanisms of pathogenicity, and their possible relationships with external foliar symptoms of the Esca disease complex. Information on Fmed control strategies is also reviewed.

The characterization of Basidiomycetes associated with wood rots in commercial citrus orchards in southern Italy revealed that both white and brown rot fungi are implicated in this disease. Fomitiporia mediterranea was the most prevalent species causing a white rot, followed by Fomitopsis sp. which, by contrast, was associated with brown rot wood decay. Furthermore, Phellinus spp. and other nonidentified basidiomycetous fungi showing genetic affinity with the genera Phellinus and Coniophora were occasionally isolated. Artificial inoculations on lemon (Citrus limon) branches showed a faster wood colonization by Fomitopsis sp. compared with F. mediterranea, indicating that the former species as a potentially serious pathogen of citrus trees. The analysis of F. mediterranea internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences revealed a high level of genetic variability, with 13 genotypes which were both homozygous (6 genotypes) and heterozygous (7 genotypes). The presence of heterozygous genomes based on ITS sequences has never been reported before for F. mediterranea. This, together with the high frequency of basidiomata on infected wood, unambiguously confirms the outcrossing nature of reproduction in F. mediterranea and the primary role of basidiospores in the dissemination of inoculum. Similarly, high genetic variability was observed analyzing Fomitopsis sp. Because basidiomata of this fungus have not been observed on citrus trees, it can be hypothesized that basidiospores are produced on alternative host plants.

Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer (Fmed) is a white-rot wood-decaying fungus associated with one of the most important and challenging diseases in vineyards: Esca. To relieve microbial degradation, woody plants, including Vitis vinifera, use structural and chemical weapons. Lignin is the most recalcitrant of the wood cell wall structural compounds and contributes to wood durability. Extractives are constitutive or de novo synthesized specialized metabolites that are not covalently bound to wood cell walls and are often associated with antimicrobial properties. Fmed is able to mineralize lignin and detoxify toxic wood extractives, thanks to enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases. Grapevine wood’s chemical composition could be involved in Fmed’s adaptation to its substrate. This study aimed at deciphering if Fmed uses specific mechanisms to degrade grapevine wood structure and extractives. Three different wood species, grapevine, beech, and oak. were exposed to fungal degradation by two Fmed strains. The well-studied white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (Tver) was used as a comparison model. A simultaneous degradation pattern was shown for Fmed in the three degraded wood species. Wood mass loss after 7 months for the two fungal species was the highest with low-density oak wood. For the latter wood species, radical differences in initial wood density were observed. No differences between grapevine or beech wood degradation rates were observed after degradation by Fmed or by Tver. Contrary to the Tver secretome, one manganese peroxidase isoform (MnP2l, jgi protein ID 145801) was the most abundant in the Fmed secretome on grapevine wood only. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on wood and mycelium samples, using metabolomic networking and public databases (GNPS, MS-DIAL) for metabolite annotations. Chemical differences between non-degraded and degraded woods, and between mycelia grown on different wood species, are discussed. This study highlights Fmed physiological, proteomic and metabolomic traits during wood degradation and thus contributes to a better understanding of its wood degradation mechanisms.

ABSTRACT We report the sequence-based characterization and expression patterns of three manganese peroxidase genes from the white rot fungus and grape vine pathogen Fomitiporia mediterranea (Agaricomycotina, Hymenochaetales), termed Fmmnp1, Fmmnp2, and Fmmnp3. The predicted open reading frames (ORFs) are 1,516-, 1,351-, and 1,345-bp long and are interrupted by seven, four, and four introns, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences encode manganese peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.13) containing 371, 369, and 371 residues, respectively, and are similar to the manganese peroxidases of the model white rot organism Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The expression of the genes is most likely differentially regulated, as revealed by real-time PCR analysis. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that other members of the order Hymenochaetales harbor mnp genes encoding proteins that are related only distantly to those of F. mediterranea. Furthermore, multiple partial lip- and mnp-like sequences obtained for Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Agaricomycotina, Polyporales) suggest that lignin degradation by white rot taxa relies heavily on ligninolytic peroxidases and is not efficiently achieved by laccases only.

Although sodium arsenite was widely used in Europe until its ban in 2003, its effects on microorganisms is not clearly understood. To improve our understanding of sodium arsenite curative effect on GTDs, grapevines displaying esca-foliar symptoms from different French regions (Alsace, Champagne, Languedoc) were treated or not with sodium arsenite, and analyzed for their wood microbiota. Using metabarcoding, we identified the fungal and bacterial taxa composition of microbiota colonizing woody trunk tissues. Large differences in fungal microbiota composition between treated and untreated grapevines were observed while no major impacts were observed on bacteria microbiota. The main fungal species detected in untreated necrotic woody tissues was Fomitiporia mediterranea (63–94%), a fungal pathogen associated with esca. The relative abundance of this fungal species significantly decreased after sodium arsenite treatment in the three vineyards, in particular in white-rot necrotic tissues and their borders (−90%). F. mediterranea was the most sensitive to sodium arsenite among fungi from grapevine woody tissues. These results strongly suggest that the effect of sodium arsenite on GTDs is due to its ability to efficiently and almost specifically eliminate F. mediterranea from white-rot necrotic tissues, allowing saprobic fungi to colonize the tissues previously occupied by this pathogenic fungus.

L'Esca est une des plus dévastatrices des maladies du bois de vigne, qui affectent les vignobles du monde entier. L'un de ses principaux symptômes est la formation de pourriture blanche dans le bois, également appelée amadou. Au sein de cette pourriture blanche, Fomitiporia mediterranea (M. Fischer) est l'espèce majoritairement identifiée en Europe. Les champignons de pourriture blanche ont co-évolué avec leurs substrats et ont pu développer des mécanismes de dégradation et de détoxication spécifiquement adaptés. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre en quoi F. mediterranea est adapté à son substrat, le bois de vigne. Son comportement au cours de la dégradation de bois de différentes espèces a été étudié. Le taux de minéralisation, la perte de masse, la composition chimique du bois en composés structuraux et extractibles, la production de biomasse fongique et la sécrétion de protéines (sécrétome) au cours de cultures sur sciure ont été suivis. Dans un second temps, la colonisation par F. mediterranea de bûchettes de bois a été étudiée. En complément des approches physiologiques, une approche de métabolomique non-ciblée, à l'aide de réseaux moléculaires, a été utilisée pour décrire les métabolomes des bois et du champignon au cours de la colonisation. F. mediterranea est capable de dégrader des espèces de bois différentes, dont le bois de vigne cv. ‘Gewurztraminer' et ‘Riesling', de hêtre et de chêne, en sciure et en bûchettes, en adoptant pour toutes un schéma de dégradation de type simultané. En parallèle, une régulation de son sécrétome est observée en fonction de son substrat : un plus grand nombre d'oxydoréductases sont sécrétées sur la sciure de vigne. Cette régulation pourrait être liée à la dégradation observée de la lignine et des métabolites spécialisés du bois de vigne, principalement des stilbènes. Plusieurs facteurs, autres que la composition chimique et structurale du substrat, pourraient être impliqués dans l'adaptation de F. mediterranea à son substrat et sont également discutés. Ce travail contribue à enrichir les connaissances sur la physiologie de F. mediterranea¸ une des espèces clés dans le complexe fongique associé à l'Esca
Esca is one of the most devastating of the grapevine trunk diseases, that affect vineyards around the world. One of its main symptoms is white rot, also called amadou. In white rot, Fomitiporia mediterranea (M. Fischer) is the major species identified in Europe. White-rot fungi have evolved with their substrates and may have developed specifically adapted degradation and detoxification mechanisms. The main objective of this thesis is to understand how F. mediterranea is adapted to its substrate, grapevine wood. The behavior of F. mediterranea during wood degradation on different wood species was monitored. Carbon mineralization rate, wood mass loss, chemical composition in structural compounds and extractives, fungal biomass production and protein secretion (secretome) upon cultures on sawdust were measured. In a second step, the colonization of F. mediterranea on wood blocks was followed. In addition to the physiological approach, a non-targeted metabolomic approach, with molecular networking, was used to describe fungal and wood metabolomes during colonization. F. mediterranea is able to degrade several wood species, including grapevine cv. ‘Gewurztraminer' and ‘Riesling', beech and oak, in sawdust or blocks, using a simultaneous degradation pattern. Parallely, the fungus regulates its secretome in relation with its substrate: a larger number of oxidoreductases were secreted on grapevine sawdust. This could be correlated with the observed degradation of grapevine lignin and specialized metabolites, mainly stilbenes. Other factors than the structural and chemical composition of the substrate, which could be involved in the adaptation of F. mediterranea, are discussed. This work contributes to a better knowledge of the physiology of F. mediterranea, one of the key fungal species in Esca complexe disease

The adverse effects of Esca on the world’s viticultural heritage are widely known. Authors such as Ravaz and Viala meticulously described the effects of this disease on the vineyards of the Mediterranean basin at the beginning of the 20th century and contributed to its definition. The evolution of “Esca” into the “Esca complex” stems from the efforts of scientists worldwide. Over the last century, disease management strategies have evolved to include the phasing out of the substances that are most dangerous to human and environmental health. The arsenic-based products initially used in the vineyard for the control of moths have been fundamental in limiting the foliar symptoms of Esca. The banning of these products resulted in a lack of Esca control strategies; consequently, abandoned techniques have been re-evaluated in more modern times, aided by the availability of more efficient equipment. Trunk surgery was historically applied for the removal of decayed wood on many tree species as well as grapevine. The first study in this thesis consolidates data on the efficacy of trunk surgery by testing three levels of decayed wood removal. Here, the published results of two years of survey (Annex I) are augmented by the findings of a third year of survey. A parallel study on the effect of the technique on the vine microbiota confirmed that Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fmed) is the species most affected by the removal of decayed wood, as also highlighted by other approaches. The results reinforced the hypothesis, formulated at the beginning of the 20th century, that the presence of decayed wood can lead to the expression of foliar symptoms. Using a multidisciplinary approach, a study was subsequently conducted on Fmed-associated wood degradation processes (Annex III) focusing on the enzymatic pathway of the fungus. Wood cell structure degradation was initially assessed by microscopy. Then, vine wood degradation was reproduced in lignum and the levels of each structural polymer were quantified. Finally, the activity of the main ligninolytic enzymes was measured and their molecular modulation was assessed. Our findings helped to consolidate on-field data that were not present in the literature when the experiments were designed and highlighted the importance of the complete removal of decayed wood in trunk surgery. Analysis of the Fmed enzymatic pathway contributed to the knowledge of the fungus, which has recently gained considerable research interest for its role in the Esca complex. The results of the analysis suggested that, as reported for other pathosystems that include Basidiomycota species, a distinct pathway which acts synergistically with the enzymes could be necessary for wood degradation to occur, thus opening up a new line of research on grapevine wood decay mechanisms.