Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Follia morale »

La cosiddetta disputa-Howitz che si accese a Copenaghen nella seconda metà degli anni Venti dell’Ottocento rappresentò il primo dibattito filosofico autenticamente danese occorso in Scandinavia nel XIX secolo. Il nome si deve al medico legale Frantz Gotthard Howitz (1789-1826) che nel 1824 pubblicò il trattato filosofico-giuridico Su follia e imputabilità. Un contributo alla Psicologia e al diritto, che fu pubblicato in forma di articolo nella Rivista giuridica diretta dal giurista e futuro primo ministro danese Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1778-1860), che nel 1798 aveva pubblicato un trattato sulla dottrina kantiana della libertà, opera considerata oggi il frutto più maturo del kantismo in Danimarca. Quale membro del Collegio di Sanità, Howitz doveva valutare l’imputabilità dei criminali. Nel suo testo egli accusò la giurisprudenza danese dell’epoca di essere fondata sul sistema kantiano della moralità; criticò dunque la concezione kantiana della libertà come capacità di determinare le proprie azioni sulla base di un fondamento puramente razionale. Secondo Howitz l’essere umano non è propriamente dotato di libertà in questo senso, poiché ogni azione umana è necessariamente determinata da un motivo che pesa più di altri e la cosiddetta razionalità altro non è che capacitas motivorum. La libertà dovrebbe essere intesa dalla giurisprudenza come capacitas motivorum, ovvero una libertà che non ha nulla a che vedere con la moralità. Howitz sostiene contro la visione morale kantiana che la stessa moralità nasce e si sviluppa sulla base dell’organizzazione cerebrale. Quando apparve, il trattato di Howitz suscitò immediatamente le reazioni critiche di figure di intellettuali di spicco quali lo stesso Anders Sandøe Ørsted, il teologo e futuro vescovo Jacob Peter Mynster, il drammaturgo e critico letterario Johan Ludvig Heiberg e il filosofo Frederik Christian Sibbern, futuro professore e mentore del giovane of Søren Kierkegaard. L’articolo mira a esplorare i fondamenti filosofici del dibattito e soprattutto il ruolo che ebbe in esso la filosofia morale di Kant. Recebido / Received: 4.9.2019.Aprovado / Approved: 28.10.2019.

The investigation was carried out in the IIFO-EAP grounds. Agronomy-Cayhuayna. The analyzed variables: foliar fertilizers: Biol and Effective Microorganisms in levels of (1, 1,5 and 2 liters / backpack), which make a total of 7 treatments. The objective was to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilizer levels on the performance of purple maize in edaphoclimatic conditions of Cayhuayna. The Randomized Complete Block design was used and Duncan's significance test was used to compare averages. The data was processed using the statistical program InfoStat. It is concluded 1. There is a significant effect of the levels of foliar fertilizers, on the size, diameter of ears, and yield per hectare in the cultivation of the purple maize variety PMV-581, with the treatments B / 2 and EM / 2 with 14.33 and 13.33 cm long; with 4.49 and 4.73 cm in diameter and yields per hectare of 7 500 kg and 6 846 kg / ha respectively, demonstrating that as the dose of foliar fertilizer is increased, higher yields are obtained. There is also a significant effect with respect to the concentration of anthocyanin with the B / 1 treatment with 2.14 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside mg / 100 g under the conditions of the test; Foliar applications are recommended in the doses of 2 l / backpack every 14 days, replacing chemical fertilization to improve yields and concentration of anthocyanin. Key word: foliar fertilizer, biol, effective microorganisms, purple corn and yield

Resumo Este artigo aborda o espetáculo musical The Rock Horror Show, que foi encenado no Teatro da Praia, no Rio de Janeiro, em 1975. No texto, apresento a análise dos mecanismos da censura, durante o processo de abertura política no Brasil, através dos pareceres da Divisão de Censura de Diversões Públicas (DCDP) para a liberação do espetáculo e das canções integrantes do long play (desdobramento do espetáculo). O estudo parte das seguintes indagações: se a censura das diversões públicas estava pautada pela dimensão moral, ou seja, orientada em defesa da “moral e dos bons costumes”, com quais argumentos os censores justificaram a liberação do espetáculo, que afrontava a moral conservadora, questionava os valores tradicionais, e apresentava temáticas tabus (como virgindade, androginia, incesto, bissexualidade, homossexualidade, práticas sexuais não convencionais, sadismo e uso de drogas)? Por que o espetáculo foi liberado, sem cortes, apenas com a classificação para maiores de 18 anos, e algumas canções foram vetadas? Problematizo, ainda, a repercussão na imprensa, nos jornais Jornal do Brasil, Diário de Notícias, Opinião, Folha de São Paulo e nas revistas O Cruzeiro e Manchete, para discutir a recepção da peça em meio à crítica teatral.

Abstract Research background: A number of microeconomic and macroeconomic variables affect credit risk. Macroeconomic factors are particularly significant for credit risk volatility. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify significant macroeconomic determinants influencing credit risk in the banking sector of Central and Eastern Europe. This goal was achieved as a result of a statistical and econometric analysis. Research methodology: The empirical part includes a statistical study based on an analysis of primary statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficients between selected variables and the credit risk measure. Afterwards, on the basis of aggregated panel data at the country level, an econometric model was made through the GMM system. Novelty: A statistical and econometric analysis was conducted that showed the occurrence of long-term shocks for credit risk for Central and Eastern European countries, which is in opposition to short-term shocks based on global credit risk studies. The stability of results for the impact of economic growth, unemployment rate and inflation rate on credit risk was confirmed. The occurrence of “moral hazard” in the banking sector of some of the examined countries was also proved. A comparison was made of the impact of macroeconomic variables on credit risk in particular examined countries. A considerable diversity of countries was demonstrated in terms of “moral hazard” in the banking sector.

ARTÍCULOSBiología y cría de la mosca del establo Stomoxys calcitrans L.Cristina Vargas-Chacón, Arturo Solórzano Arroyo.........................................................................5-19Híbridos experimentales de maíz normal y QPM en regiones maiceras de Costa RicaNevio Bonilla Morales .....................................................................................................................21-32Inducción de rizogénesis y crecimiento foliar en estacas de nacedero (Trichanthera gigantea)Mary García Mora, José Jiménez Castro, Andrés Alpízar Naranjo,Esteban Jiménez Alfaro, Laura Chaverri Esquivel, María Isabel Camacho Cascante..............33-40Hongos nematófagos en el combate de nematodos fitoparásitos asociados al cultivo de lechugaRicardo Piedra Naranjo, Cristina Vargas Chacón.........................................................................41-48NOTAS TÉCNICASVariedades de arroz adaptadas a los sistemas de secano en laderasCarlos Cordero Morales..................................................................................................................49-57Captura de parasitoides de Stomoxys calcitrans en pupas de mosca doméstica en Costa RicaLigia Rodríguez Rojas .....................................................................................................................59-66COMUNICACIÓN CORTAPotencial de produción del pichichio (Solanum mammosum L.) en el caribe de Costa RicaPablo Acuña Chinchilla D.E.P., Jorge Garro Alfaro ......................................................................67-70 ANÁLISIS Y COMENTARIOEmisión de gases de efecto invernadero y absorción de carbono en fincas ganaderasSergio Abarca Monge......................................................................................................................71-76NORMATIVA PARA LA PUBLICACIÓN DE ARTÍCULOS EN LA REVISTA ALCANCESTECNOLÓGICOS .............................................................................................................................77-85REVISORES TÉCNICOS .......................................................................................................................87

Rice stripe necrosis virus (RSNV) was first described in 1977 as a new virus infecting rice in Cote d'Ivoire (3) and was subsequently observed in Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone (2). RSNV is a soil-borne virus transmitted by the fungus Polymyxa graminis (1) and belongs to the genus Benyvirus (4). During a survey carried out in April of 2013, severe symptoms characterized by seedling death, severe plant malformation, and foliar striping were observed on rice plants in an experimental field of INERA at Banfora located in western Burkina Faso. Disease incidence in the field was estimated to be 80 ± 5%. The symptoms of disease were successfully transmitted to the susceptible rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar IR64 by soil transmission experiments (1). RSNV was detected by ELISA using a polyclonal antiserum (1), kindly provided by Dr. Denis Fargette, IRD, Montpellier, France. Total nucleic acid was extracted with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) from IR64 and field infected samples. The presence of the virus was confirmed by RT-PCR using primers 5′-CATCTTGTCGAGATGAG-3′ and 5′-GCGTTGTCTTTATCAGTG-3′ for specific sequences flanking the RNA2 CP gene. The RT-PCR product was directly sequenced and the sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. LK023710). Sequence analysis showed that the CP gene of the RSNV isolate from Burkina Faso shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity (97.6%) with the known RSNV CP gene sequence from the Colombian isolate (EU099845) available in GenBank, confirming the presence of RSNV in the rice crops in Burkina Faso. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of RSNV in Burkina Faso. Further studies are needed to determine its incidence and spread in the country. Detection of RSNV in Burkina Faso signals the urgent need for adoption of appropriate measures to restrict the spread and impact of this virus within Africa. References: (1) C. Fauquet and J. C. Thouvenel. Proc. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 296:575, 1983. (2) C. Fauquet et al. Develop. Appl. Biol. 2:71, 1988. (3) D. Louvel and J.-M. Bidaux. Agronomie Tropicale 32:257, 1977. (4) I. Lozano and F. Morales. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 124:673, 2009.

September 15, 2019 marks 90th birthday of Kuzma Vekirchyk – Candidate of Biological Sciences, Professor, Honorary Member of the Ukrainian Society of Plant Physiologists, a member of the Society of Microbiologists of Ukraine and the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine, a famous scientist of plant physiologist and microbiologist, educator, participant of the Second World War, whose achievements occupy a worthy place among the national scientists, who through their scientific, pedagogical and social work made a significant contribution into the development of education and science, the independence of the Ukrainian state. Kuzma Mykolaiovych Vekirchyk was born in the village of Zadubrivtsi, Sniatyn district, Ivano-Frankivsk region to the family of peasants. He began his schooling, with a break from the misery of World War II, from the Zadubrivtsi Seven-Year School, which he finished in 1947 with honours. Throughout difficult post-war years, he went on to teach villagers the literacy. Then Kuzma Vekirchyk became a student of Sniatyn Agricultural College, graduated with honors in 1952 and entered the Biology Faculty of Chernivtsi University, graduating with honors in 1957 with a major in plant physiology. After the university studies, he was promoted to the post of teacher of biology and chemistry at the secondary school of Zelena village, Kelmenetskyi district, Chernivtsi region, where he worked from 1957 to 1959. In 1959, K. M. Vekirchyk continued his scientific career, entering postgraduate studies at the Department of Plant Physiology and Microbiology, Chernivtsi University. The young scientist got engaged in the studies of foliar nutrition of plants with microelements under the supervision of the famous Ukrainian professor of plant physiologist, G. X. Molotkovskiy. After graduating from postgraduate studies in 1962, K. M. Vekirchyk was promoted to the post of a teacher, and from 1965 was re-elected to the post of a senior teacher of plant physiology and microbiology of the Department of Botany, Uman State Pedagogical Institute. On November 1, 1965 he defended his dissertation «Influence of foliar feeding with microelements on physiological and biochemical processes, growth, development and yield of cabbage» and received a scientific degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences. Since December 1966 he became the Assistant Professor of the Department of Agrobiology Faculty at the Ivano-Frankivsk Pedagogical Institute. On September 12, 1967 he was selected for the post of a senior lecturer of the Department of Botany of Kremenets Pedagogical Institute. On July 9, 1968 he was re-elected associate professor of the Department of Botany and since January 1969 was granted a title of the Candidate of biological sciences. In 1969 he became the associate professor of the Department of Botany of Ternopil Pedagogical Institute (after the relocation of the Kremenets Pedagogical Institute to the town of Ternopil). In September 1987, for high achievements in the pedagogical and scientific fields, the publication of textbooks and books for students, he was elected to the post of professor of the Department of Botany, and on November 29, 1991 he was awarded the scientific title of professor. While working at the Department of Botany in Ternopil, Kuzma Mykolaiovych studied the influence of trace elements and biologically active substances on the symbiotic fixation of nitrogen, growth, development and productivity of legumes. In 1997, he began publishing a series of articles on well-known teachers of higher education in Ternopil and amazing works of nature, in particular in the magazine «Osvityanyn» and the annual «Ternopillia». From 1996 to 2002, he was the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the «Ukrainian Science: Past, Present, and Future». Kuzma Vekirchyk is the author and co-author of over 360 scientific, educational, methodological and popular scientific articles. He is the author of textbooks and books: «Microbiology» (1973), «Microbiology: laboratory work» (1976), «Plant physiology: practicum» (1984), «Microbiology with the basics of virology» (1987, 2001), «Workshop on microbiology» (2001), «Poisonous Medicinal Plants: a handbook» (1999), programs in plant physiology, microbiology with the basics of virology for students of higher education institutions of Ukraine (1993), etc. K. M. Vekirchyk spent his entire life conducting extensive public, educational and patriotic work. He was a sincere, intelligent, decent, humble, kind and selfless person. K. M. Vekirchyk died on November 3, 2009 and rests in the native village of Zadubrivtsi, Sniatyn district, Ivano-Frankivsk region, near the chapel, which he restored at his own expense. The memory of Kuzma Mykolaiovych as a man of high moral values, an outstanding scientist, teacher, journalist, public figure will forever remain in the hearts of his colleagues and students.

<p><strong>Detección de partículas baciliformes asociadas con enfermedad de origen viral en piña (Ananas comosus L.).</strong></p><p>María Clemencia F. de La-Rotta, Helena Riechel , Thamara Gutiérrez Serrano, Jaime Morales .</p><p>En los municipios de Lebrrja y Cirón (Santader), el cultivo de piña "Perolera" constituye el principal renglón productivo de los agricultor que la cultivan en una extensión de 6000 ha. aproximadamente. Desde hace tres años se viene presentado en la región síntomas de una enfermedad ampliamente diseminada, sobre plantas aisladas o en focos de diferente tamaño. Los daños se presentan en los diferentes estados de desarrollo del cultivo, desde colinos que inician su proceso de enraizamiento, hasta plantas en producción. Inicialmente las hojas internas cambian su color verde, por tonalidades amarillas que dan a la hoja un aspecto anaranjado y finalmente se produce el debilitamiento y muerte de las plantas. En este trabajo se presentan algunos de los avances sobre los estudios que se adelantan para determinar la etiología de la enfermedad; por su posible relación con eI BSV (Banana Streak Virus), se realizó la prueba de ELISA y se obtuvieron reacciones positivas con tejidos de la corona y sistema de raíces de planta enfermas. Por observaciones al microscopio electrónico con el virus semipurificado y mediante las técnicas de ISEM y "Leaf dip", se encontraron partículas baciliformes de aproximadamente 27 mm de ancho por 150 mm de largo. Estos resultados concuerdan con los obtenidos por varios investigadores de Hawai y Australia para la enfermedad denominada "Mealbug wilt pineapple virus", asociada también con un closterovirus y transmitida por una cochinilla harinosa.</p><p><strong>Distribución, incidencia y severidad de las principales enfermedades de cebolla de rama (Allium fistulosum l.) en la cuenca del Lago de Tota (Boyacá)'.</strong></p><p>Armando Angarita , María Clemencia F. de La-Rotta<strong>.</strong></p><p>La cebolla de rama es el principal renglón agrícola de la cuenca del lago de Tota, con un área estimada de 3.500 ha. Dado el sistema de cultivo intensivo, las enfermedades se han constituido en el principal limitante en la producción. La región se estratificó según la topografía y caracterización de suelos ; se dividió en seis zonas y en cada una de ellas se llevó registro diario de precipitación, humedad relativa y temperatura. En dos parcelas ubicadas en cada una de las zonas, se evaluó semanalmente y durante un ciclo del cultivo, la incidencia y severidad de las enfermedades foliares mas limitantes: Secamiento causado por Cladosporium allii y mildeo velloso por Peronospora destructor. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las precipitaciones y alta humedad relativa inducen el desarrollo de epidemias del secamiento y amarillamiento y que la temperatura no posee ningún grado de asociación con la incidencia de la enfermedad. El mildeo velloso se presenta en los cultivos ubicado hacia -las zonas donde la humedad relativa es la mas baja para la región. En el sistema radical las poblaciones de los nematodos Ditylenchus dipsaci, Protylenchus sp, Aphelenchoides sp y Tylenchu sp, son muy altas; su incidencia está relacionada con el contenido de materia orgánica en el suelo.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Enfermedades de origen viral en cultivos de ajo (Allium Sativum l.) de la Sabana de Bogotá.</strong></p><p>Mercedes Losada, María Clemencia F. de La-Rotta.</p><p>El estudio se realizó para contribuir al conocimiento de las enfermedades de origen viral que afectan el cultivo de ajo. Frecuentemente se encuentran plantas con mosaicos, rayas o pecas cloróticas y necróticas en las hojas y en algunos casos enanismo. Sobre esta especie existen registros de enfermedades de origen viral en la mayoría de los países productores como los que pertenecen al grupo de los Potyvirus (OYDV, LYSV y CYSV) y Carlavirus (SLV), pero en Colombia, se desconoce cuales de ellos se encuentran establecidos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar los virus que afectan el cultivo de ajo.</p><p>Con material vegetal enfermo recolectado en diferentes zonas productoras de la Sabana, se realizaron pruebas de transmisión mecánica sobre las indicadoras Allium cepa, A. puerrum, A. fistulosun, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, C. murali, Nicotiana occidentalis, N. glutínosa, N. tabacum var. White Burley, Petunia sp, Vicia faba y Datura stramonnium. Se adelantaron pruebas de ELISA e ISEM, con antisueros para Potyvirus y Carlavirus, Leaf dip y observaciones de inclusiones citoplasmáticas por microscopía electrónica. Sobre las plantas inoculadas de C. amaranticolor, C. quinoa, C. murali y Petunia sp se presentaron a los 6 evaluaron semanalmente las siguientes variable incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad y su efecto en la producción de grano seco, y los daños directos sobre la semilla (porcentaje de transmisión, número de semillas por vaina, peso de granos por planta y peso de 100 semillas). Los datos obtenidos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey. Los resultados indican que en Calostra, el período vegetativo fue de 17 semanas y en las otras variedades, dos semanas más. Entre ellas el número se hojas varió de25 a 27 /planta/ variedad, siendo todos los materiales susceptible al ataque de Ascochyta spp. La producción de arveja en grano para Guatecana se afectó en 42.7 %, en Calostra 26.3 %, en ICA-Tominé 37,1% Y L 3661 MB, 36.1%. En el tratamiento sin aplicación de fungicidas, el porcentaje de transmisión por semilla fue de 18.2% en la variedad Guatecana, 11.7% en Calostra, 5.2% en ICA-Tominé y 4.2% en L3661 MB y en menor cantidad cuando se controló la enfermedad con fungicidas. Algunas de las variables de producción, como número de semillas por vaina peso de semillas por planta y peso de 100 semilla mostraron diferencias altamente significativas entre los tratamientos con y sin fungicida.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Análisis comparativo de escalas de severidad de la enfermedad rhizoctoniasis en el cultivo del arroz (oriza sativa L.)¹.</strong></p><p>Juan Carlos Gutiérrez, Andrés M. Meneses, José Roberto Jurado N.</p><p>El añublo de la vaina, causada por el hongo Rhizoctonia solani, es una de las principales enfermedades del cultivo del arroz. Para evaluar la severidad de esta enfermedad, se desarrolló una nueva escala denominada Colombiana, la cual se comparó con la escala lRRl. El estudio se realizó en el municipio de Saldaña durante los meses de abril y octubre de 1995. En un lote comercial de 12 hectáreas, se delimitó una hectárea y en ella se evaluó semanalmente la severidad, en 20 unidades experimentales. La escala Colombiana compromete l0 grados y para mayor especificidad y confiabilidad se aplica sobre cada uno de los tres tercios de Ia planta. Los datos obtenidos en campo se procesaron estadísticamente mediante análisis de varianza y regresión lineal Se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas en las lecturas de severidad obtenidas por las dos escalas. Se definió el siguiente modelo matemático Y=3,1636+0.6968X donde Y es el porcentaje de severidad esperado mediante la escala Colombiana y X es el porcentaje de severidad determinado por la escala lRRl. Con este modelo se ajusta la evaluación de la enfermedad a las condiciones de cultivo a través del tiempo.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Estudios básicos para el mane¡o de poblaciones de la chinche de los pastos Collaria scenica Sta. (Hemiptera: Miridae) en la Sabana de Bogotá.</strong></p><p>Nancy Barreto T, Edgar Martínez C, Darío Corredor.</p><p>Debido al daño que ocasiona la chinche de los pastos en las diferentes gramÍneas se afecta la calidad de las mismas, disminuyendo la productividad de la fincas lecheras. Con el incremento de sus poblaciones, los ganaderos se han visto en la obligación de recurrir a la utilización de insecticidas para el control de la plaga, sin tener en cuenta los riesgos que se corren por la aplicación de productos que aún no tienen estudios para dicho agroecosistema, presentándose casos de residuos en pasto y toxicidad al ganado. Con el fin de desarrollar estrategias sostenibles para el manejo de la plaga, se diseñó esta investigación para conocer el comportamiento de la plaga en condiciones comerciales y cuantificar el daño. El estudio se llevó a cabo en una finca de Tocancipá (Cund), durante un año a partir del segundo semestre de 1995. Para registrar la fluctuación poblacional, se realizaron muestreos en dos potreros. En cada uno, se tomaron 39 muestras al azar por hectárea cada ocho días. Se propuso una escala para evaluar el daño en pasto kikuyo, se analizó la calidad y producción del forraje afectado y se estableció el nivel de daño económico.</p><p>De acuerdo a la fluctuación de la plaga, se determinó que sus máximas poblaciones se presentan entre los 35-45 días después del pastoreo. Se estableció una escala de daño que incluye cuatro niveles. La producción de forraje en materia seca se reduce en 19.2%, 21.4% y 24.5%, respectivamente para los niveles 1,2 y3. Se encontró que la digestibilidad del pasto con el máximo daño se reduce a un 10% respecto al pasto sano, tanto en praderas fertilizadas como sin fertilizar. Hay reducción en productividad para cada nivel de daño en 19.4%, 26.7% y 34.4%, respectivamente.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Patrón de disposición espacial de la chinche de los pastos Collaria columbiensis (Hemiptera : Miridae) en la Sabana de Bogotá.</strong></p><p>Nancy Barreto T, Edgar Martínez C, Ricardo Galindo P, Darío Corredor.</p><p>La chinche de los pastos es una plaga que ataca con severidad las praderas dedicadas a la explotación lechera en algunas zonas de los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Antioquia. El daño lo causan las ninfas y adultos del insecto, provocando amarillamiento prematuro, debilitamiento, secamiento y muerte de las plantas. El pasto kikuyo es el más atacado, sin embargo, se reportan daños en otros pastos de clima frío.</p><p>Para el manejo de poblaciones de la plaga no existen métodos específicos. También se desconocen aspectos inherentes a su dinámica poblacional. De ahí, que los objetivos de esta investigación fueron establecer el patrón de disposición espacial y el tamaño de muestra.</p><p>El trabajo se inició en septiembre de 1994, en una finca lechera del municipio de Tenjo, Cundinamarca. Durante cinco meses consecutivos, cada ocho (8) días, se tomaron al azar 30 muestras/ha, en cada uno de dos potreros diferentes. Cada muestra la conformaron los individuos, adultos e inmaduros, colectados en 10 pases dobles de jama. Estos se colocaron en frascos plásticos para su posterior conteo en laboratorio.</p><p>Las observaciones obtenidas en veintidós muestreos (22), se analizaron estadísticamente y se encontró que el patrón de disposición espacial es agregado o contagioso y que 34 fue el número óptimo de muestras por hectárea.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Análisis de consumo diario de la especie Rhammatocerus schistocercoides en su estado adulto (orthoptera, acrididae, gomphocerinae).</strong></p><p>Juan Carlos Gutiérrez, Hugo Jiménez S.</p><p>Durante 1994 y 1995 se reportó en la región de los Llanos Orientales un fenómeno de invasión de la especie Rhammatocerus schistocercoides , insecto polífago que ataca a gran variedad de especies vegetales muy relacionadas, gramíneas y algunas cyperaceas. Este suceso migratorio amenazó cultivos de importancia económica como praderas, arroz, maíz y caña de azúcar. Cuantificar su consumo diario y observar su comportamiento individual y grupal, permite conocer en forma objetiva su impacto sobre éstas especies. El ensayo se realizó entre los meses de enero y abril de 1997 en las instalaciones del C.l. La Libertad, bajo condiciones de casa malla, temperatura promedio 26^0C y HR 70%. Se evaluaron diferentes sustratos alimenticios. Se desarrollaron observaciones diarias y se cuantificó el área de consumo mediante la utilización de un medidor de área foliar modelo Ll-3000 a LI-COR. Para el aislamiento de individuos por sexo y grupos se utilizaron jaulas de acetatos cuyo diámetro fue de 75 cm y 30 cm de altura, ésta fueron insertadas en suelo. Se evaluaron diez repeticiones para cada tratamiento: individuo macho, individuo hembra y grupo de tres parejas. Entre los sustratos evaluados el insecto mostró preferencia por caña de azúcar EI análisis esta dístico estableció que el consumo promedio por hembra diario fue de 0.586 g (22,78 cm²) y para machos fue de 0.3478 g (14,54 cm²). Se desarrollaron dos ecuaciones de regresión lineal sobre consumo acumulado diario por sexo. Y=0.1203 +0.5851 X para hembras y Y= -0.032 + 0.4182 X para machos; donde Y= consumo alcanzado por el insecto y, X= días de consumo. Su consumo grupal diario fue mayor en un l0l0 respecto al individual. Lo anterior permite predecir la magnitud del daño que puede causar una invasión de esta población insectil en áreas de explotación agropecuarias.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Aspectos biológicos de la chinche de los pastos Collaria columbiensis. Carvalho.</strong></p><p>Juan Carlos Gutiérrez, Nancy Barreto Triana.</p><p>La chinche es un hemíptero perteneciente a la familia Miridae, que cobró gran importancia en los últimos años en diferentes zonas del país. Debido al incremento de su población y distribución. Llegando al punto de convertirse en la principal plaga para la Sabana de Bogotá. De ahí la importancia del conocimiento de su biología, con miras a la implementación en técnicas adecuadas de manejo. EI objetivo principal del estudio fue el conocimiento de sus diferentes aspectos básicos de su biología partiendo del desarrollo de una metodología que permitiera la supervivencia y seguimiento de los diferentes estados. La investigación se inició en noviembre de 1995 en el C.l. Tibaitatá, bajo condiciones de laboratorio, temperatura promedio 18^0C y HR 70%. Se evaluaron diferentes técnicas para la cría del insecto, encontrando que las caja petri modificadas ofrecieron las mejores condiciones para el desarrollo y seguimiento del ciclo. Se cuantificó la duración de los diferentes estados: La incubación dura en promedio 12 días, su fase inmadura posee una duración promedio de 24 días divididos en cinco instares ninfales y su fase adulta promedia los 28 días. Todo su ciclo biológico alcanza 64 días aproximadamente. Las evaluación mostraron que posee capacidad reproductiva durante toda su fase adulta, sin embargo, las hembras presentan incapacidad de ovipación sin un aparente estimulo del macho. El porcentaje de fertilidad de sus posturas estuvo por encima de 80%.lntegrando los resultados desarrollados en el estudio, se define la dificultad en el manejo de la plaga, al considerar sus excelentes mecanismo biológicos de adaptabilidad y supervivencia.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Estudio sobre el incremento natural de Rhammatocerus schistocercoides (Orthoptea, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae).</strong></p><p>Juan Carlos Gutiérrez R.</p><p>La aparición de nuevos individuos de Rhammatocerus schistocercoides<strong> </strong>dependen<strong> </strong>de un proceso reproductivo discontinuo en el tiempo y no por migración. Conocer los aspectos básicos sobre reproducción y la influencia de factores abióticos sobre este fenómeno permiten entender en gran parte sus fluctuaciones poblacionales. El ensayos se realizó durante los meses de septiembre de 1996 hasta abril de 1997 en las instalaciones del C.l. La Libertad y C. L Carimagua bajo condiciones de cautiverio en casa malla, con temperaturas de 26^0C y H.R. del 80%; contrastando con evaluaciones continuas de poblaciones de campo. Los insectos fueron discriminados por sexo utilizan jaulas de piso (dimensiones: 1m X 0,70m X 0.50m.), aislados por grupos de una a cinco parejas. Las lecturas sobre madurez sexual de los insectos se hicieron mediante disección abdominal.</p><p>Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio muestran que la especie R. schistocercoides<strong> </strong>presenta un período de inmadurez sexual de 150 a 160 días medido en forma porcentual de acuerdo a su polimorfismo cromático, asociado con la maduración sexual. Hacia la semana 20, el 900/0 de la población presentó decoloración en la parte frontal y latera del tórax. Dos semanas después la totalidad de la población presentó coloración verde intensa. Presenta un período productivo de 35 días. Los resultados muestran un promedio de 185 días de vida. El número de posturas por hembra fue de 1, con un promedio de 32 huevos por postura, los cuales presentaron un porcentaje de eclosión del 93%. La relación de sexos encontrada fue 1:1. La profundidad de postura estuvo entre 5 y 7 cm. Se observó que las hembras presentaron incapacidad para ovipositar normalmente en suelos con alta humedad, contrario a lo sucedido en suelos de humedad moderada y textura arenosa. Según estos resultados, R. schistocercoides<strong> </strong>necesita un biotipo de condiciones muy específicas para el desarrollo se su proceso reproductivo.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Estudios preliminares sobre la gota de la papa. con relación a precipitación, nubosidad e incidencia y severidad para la región del Sumapáz.¹</strong></p><p>Consuelo Bobadilla, Jhon Wilmar Mejía, José Roberto Jurado N.</p><p>Con el fin de conocer los factores meteorológicos que favorecen el desarrollo de la enfermedad "gota de la papa" Phytophthora infestans y lograr predecir por días de nubosidad y precipitación, se realizó en la provincia del Sumapaz un estudio en fincas de agricultores ubicadas en las veredas de Costa Rica y Lázaro Fonte. Se escogieron dos lotes de 1 ha. cada uno y se evaluaron cada ocho días cien plantas por lote. Se tomaron dato de incidencia y severidad, lo mismo los datos de precipitación y nubosidad. En los lotes del agricultor se hicieron aplicaciones de fungicidas cada 8 días y en los lotes propuestos cada vez que se presentaban días nubosos o cuando se acumulaban 10 milímetros de precipitación. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que en la finca de la vereda Costa Rica el número de aplicaciones de fungicidas se redujo, el agricultor realizó l2 aplicaciones y en el lote objeto de estudio solamente llegaron a 9. La incidencia y severidad fue menor en el lote manejado con base en las condiciones climáticas; la producción fue de 18 toneladas para ambos lotes pero la calidad del tubérculo y uniformidad fue mejor para el lote del ensayo. En la finca ubicada en Lázaro Fonte se obtuvo una mayor incidencia y severidad en el lote del agricultor, en el lote de estudio hubo reducción en dos aplicaciones ; y por el cambio en las condiciones del clima se presentó la enfermedad foliar ocasionada por Alternaria sp, patógeno que afectó el último periodo vegetativo de la papa. La producción fue de 15 toneladas para el lote con el manejo propuesto.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Resultados preliminares sobre la incidencia y severidad de la gota de la papa con relación a la climatología y épocas de siembra en el C.l. Tibaitatá.</strong></p><p>José Roberto Jurado N, Ricardo Galindo P.</p><p>La gota o tizón tardío es la enfermedad más importante de la papa en el mundo. En Colombia, el campesino sigue un plan tradicional para el manejo de la enfermedad, que consiste en hacer aspersiones de fungicidas cada 5 a 7 días, después de la emergencia del cultivo. El promedio en número de aspersiones está en 14, pero se ha podido determinar que puede haber reducción de ellas, si se correlaciona la climatología con la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad. Por tal razón se desarrolló este trabajo en el centro de Investigaciones Tibaitatá. Mosquera, Cundinamarca. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de parcelas divididas, para cuatro tratamientos, tres repeticiones y tres épocas de siembra diferentes. Sin control desde la siembra, para el tratamiento 1;sin control desde los dos meses d.d.s. para el tratamiento 2; sin control desde los tres meses d.d.s. para el tratamiento 3; sin control desde los cuatro meses d.d.s, para el tratamiento 4. En Parcelas de 10 x 10 m cada una para un total de 250 plantas, se evaluaron cada ocho días 25 plantas por parcela y con aplicaciones cada ocho días según el tratamiento. Los resultados indican que los tratamientos 1 en todas las épocas de siembra presentaron los niveles más altos tanto en incidencia como en severidad, de igual manera la producción total disminuyó. La menor incidencia y severidad se encontró en la segunda época de siembra. La mayor incidencia fue para la tercera época. La mayor producción fue para el tratamiento 4 en la primera época de siembra. La mayor producción para clase de primera fue para el tratamiento 3 de Ia época 3. La temperatura y humedad relativa nocturnas favorecieron más que las diurnas en la incidencia y severidad de la gota. Se determina que las épocas de siembra influyen en la incidencia y severidad de la gota de papa como en su producción y calidad.</p><p><strong>Determinación de pérdidas originadas por Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. en el cultivo del arroz Oryza sativa L. en la Meseta de lbagué.¹</strong></p><p>Hugo A. Herrera , Olga Quijano, José Roberto Jurado N.</p><p>EI cultivo de arroz en Colombia es importante desde el punto de vista de la producción y el consumo, constituyendo uno de los productos agrícolas fundamentales dentro de la economía del país. Los perfiles de pérdidas indican la contribución relativa de cada desorden o factor depresivo en la pérdida total del cultivo y permite la planeación de los sistemas de producción integrada de cultivos. El trabajo se llevó a cabo en el municipio de lbagué, durante el semestre B/96; se escogieron dos lotes, cada uno de 1 ha, en los cuales se sembró arroz de la variedad Oryzica 1 ; se manejó según las recomendaciones del asistente técnico de la finca; en uno de los lotes se realizó control de Rhizoctonia solani y en el otro no. Se llevó registro de incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad, a favés del ciclo del cultivo y se registraron los datos de rendimiento de cada uno de ellos. Se realizó la prueba de “t” de student para analizar el comportamiento de los dos sistemas de evaluación (con control y sin control de la enfermedad). Se complementó el estudio con regresiones múltiples de tipo lineal, para la predicción de las pérdidas originadas Dor Rizoctoniasis en arroz. Los resultados muestran que Rhizoctonia solani presenta un comportamiento siempre creciente y amerita control, en la época de los 90 días después de sembrado. De las regresiones múltiples se obtuvieron ecuaciones para la predicción del rendimiento de arroz, según la incidencia y la severidad de Rhizoctoniasis sp; con control: Y= 872.450-2.008X1-2.701X2. sin control : Y =860.524-2.049X1 -3.680X2. Donde: Y, rendimiento esperado de arroz en gramos/ m2 ; X1, porcentaje de incidencia de Rizoctoniasis; X2, porcentaje de severidad de Rizoctoniasis. AI final del periodo vegetativo se observó una incidencia de29.2% y 49.3% para los tratamientos con y sin control, respectivamente, y una severidad de 33.88% y 54.59% para los mencionados tratamientos, obteniendo una diferencia en rendimiento de 0.5 ton/ha, que representan pérdidas por $353.220.00/ha.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Determinación de la relación entre el rendimiento de arroz Oryza sativa L. y el grado de severidad de Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.¹</strong></p><p>Olga Quijano, Guillermo Medina, José Roberto Jurado N.</p><p>La importancia económica que ha tomado Rhizoctonia soloni en el cultivo de arroz en Colombia es de consideración y más si se tiene en cuenta que el problema va en aumento, debido a las variedades de alto rendimiento que incrementan el follaje favorable al patógeno. Además éste con su producción de esclerocios o estructuras de gran resistencia y de largo período de viabilidad constituye una fuente de inóculo que se convierte en un serio problema para las zonas arroceras. Con el fin de determinar la relación existente entre el grado de severidad de Rhizoctonia solani y el rendimiento de arroz, se llevó a cabo un estudio en la meseta de lbagué, ubicada a 720 m.s.n.m. con una temperatura de 28 ⁰Cy una precipitación promedio de 1200 mm anuales.</p><p>Se escogieron para tal efecto dos lotes, con y sin control, cada uno de 1 has; se llevó registro de incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad, a través del ciclo del cultivo, y se registraron los datos de rendimiento de cada uno de ellos. Se recolectaron 100 espigas para cada grado de severidad, se tomaron 1000 granos, se pesaron y se determinaron los llenos, vanos y enfermos. Para el lote 1 con control se presentó una correlación altamente significativa entre el grado de severidad y las variables granos llenos y granos vanos. La correlación entre granos llenos y el grado de severidad es negativa, lo que nos indica que a mayor grado de severidad menos peso de granos llenos; para granos vanos, la relación es directa, a mayor grado de severidad mayor vaneamiento. Para el lote 2 sin control, se presentó correlación altamente significativa solamente entre el grado de severidad y granos vanos, la cual es directa. Los resultados indican que Rhizoctonia solani afecta el rendimiento de las plantas por el vaneamiento de la semilla; existe un considerable grado de correlación entre estas variables y el grado de severidad de la enfermedad. La variable granos enfermos no está influenciada directamente por la severidad de la enfermedad, pues no presentó un grado de correlación importante.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Estudios de dinámica poblacional del estado ninfal de Rhammatoceru schistocercoides. (Rehn, 1906) (Orthoptera: Acrididade) en la Altillanura Colombiana.</strong></p><p>Alba Janeth Flórez Garzón, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez Ramírez.</p><p>Las características específicas del estado ninfa de acrididos permiten generar bases técnicas de manejo integrado. El estudio enfatiza en: 1. Capacidad de desplazamiento. 2. Incidencia de enemigos naturales sobre la fluctuación poblacional; 3. Disposición y distribución de especies de sabana nativa El trabajo se realizó en tres fincas del municipio de Puerto Caitán; se tomó como sede de apoyo el Centro Experimental Carimagua. Esta región presenta temperatura de 26⁰C y precipitación de 2300 mm anuales con tendencia monomodal. Para su ejecución se geoposicionaron cinco focos marcados con banderines y separados por distancias mayores de un kilómetro, durante la fase el desarrollo ninfal de mayo a septiembre de 1997, abarcando toda la fase inmadura del insecto.</p><p>Se observó relación directa entre el área de foco y su desplazamiento. Los instares de mayor recorrido fueron el quinto y sexto, siendo los de mayor duración. Su periodo ninfal osciló entre 140 y 150 días, presentando un recorrido de 5 a 7 kilómetros. El desplazamiento promedio diario fue de 60 m, siendo su mínimo 30 m y máximo 270 m, sin encontrar correlación del movimiento con la dirección del viento. Se presentó alta incidencia de enemigos naturales causando disminución del área de foco, hasta en un 85% en especial por aves, mostrando los instares 7 y 8 la mayor susceptibilidad.</p>

As Folias de Reis realizam circuitos de visitações às casas dos devotos em um período conhecido como giros ou jornadas, ocorrendo nas madrugadas dos fins de semana entre os dias 24 de dezembro e 6 de janeiro, dia dos Santos Reis. Para elaborar um estudo etnográfico que abarque a complexidade desse empreendimento devocional, divido este artigo em três partes: a primeira visa discutir quem são os devotos da Folia de Reis e seus papéis na execução da devoção; a segunda parte explora a ocupação dos espaços da casa e da rua no momento da realização dos giros da folia; e a parte final pauta-se na exploração das “táticas” (Certeau, 1994) praticadas pelos devotos anfitriões da bandeira para a garantia da integridade física e moral dos foliões e seus familiares durante o circuito ritual realizado na periferia da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

In this panel we consider how social actors situate uses of technologies within systems of moral norms and values while at the same time compelling the creation of new ones. Popular discourse tends to present dualistic thinking of the positive and negative impacts of technologies. Scholars have engaged with the internet and digital media, emphasising emancipatory subcultures (Coleman 2014; Gehl 2016, 2018) or presenting a critical view of the constraining aspects of networked technologies (Fish & Follis 2019; Fuchs 2014; Lovink 2016). These approaches are complimented by scholarship that considers technological practices and how they are embedded in social and cultural cosmologies (Burrell 2012; Horst & Foster 2018; Miller et. al. 2016). We argue for a closer integration of these bodies of scholarship through an examination of the contentious moral economies operating in emergent social spaces. The panel interrogates the relationship that social, political and economic actors have between their own ideas about what is good, appropriate and right and the diversity of orientations towards trust in techno-bureaucratic systems. We draw attention to immaterial systems and consider the social relationships and individual and collective imaginations that shape the production and experience of networked technologies. Through the papers, we articulate the forms of negotiation, resistance and refusal that occur when diverse moral universes, techno-regulating systems, and the conditions in which people find themselves collide.

Starting from the recognition of the significant ethical importance, on an individual and collective level, of the problem of self-regulation in the contemporary world, I attempted to carry out a genealogical analysis of Borderline Personality Disorder, with a specific focus on the question of impulsiveness and of the relationship with limits. Looking at the relations between the philosophical, psychological-clinical, educational and political dimensions, and examining how the possibility of constructing an autonomous subjectivity has become a central problem with the onset of modernity, I reconstructed a critical history of the borderline disorder as a subject of psychological and psychiatric discourse, as a means to reflect epistemologically upon this field of knowledge and on the historical articulations of psychological distress and of its treatment. I divided my historical inquiry into three parts, corresponding to the main forms that BPD, a hard to define clinical entity always on the threshold of diagnostic impossibility, took on over time. Firstly, I analysed moral insanity during the course of the 1800s (also using a research on the confinement and psychiatrisation of insane people/moral idiots between 1873 and 1939 in Venice’s former mental hospitals, carried out through a qualitative analysis of some clinical case histories found in the archives of the San Servolo and San Clemente institutions). Secondly, I considered the borderline syndrome between the 1930s and 1970s. Psychoanalytic theories are the main reference for this period, during which the borderline label will come eventually to designate a personality organisation, a stably unstable identity structure. Thirdly, I examined the Borderline Personality Disorder from the 1980s, when some temperamental dimensions of a biochemical origin such as impulsiveness became central in this diagnostic category.

VASCONCELOS, Elayne Cristina Gadelha. Morfofisiologia do capim-aruana pastejado por ovinos morada nova submetidos a quatro níveis de suplementação concentrada. 2014. 70 f. Dissertação (mestrado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014.
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This study evaluated the gas exchange, the biomass flow and the structural characteristics of Panicum maximum cv. Aruana grazed by Morada Nova sheep under rotational stocking and supplied with four concentrate supplementation levels (0.0; 0.6; 1.2 and 1.8% body weight), using four day-grazing periods and rest when the interception of 90% of the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The experiment was a completely randomized split-plot design with supplementation levels as plots and grazing cycles as subplots. The post-grazing condition consisted of a leaf area index of 1.0. We observed an increasing linear effect for stem elongation rate and leaf appearance rate according to the supplementation levels. The production and accumulation rates of forage also increased according to the supplementation levels. The different grazing cycles affected the variables of gas exchange of the recently expanded leaves, namely transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf photosynthesis rate. In turn, no significant effect was detected for the gas exchange variables of emergent leaves. Biomass components during the post-grazing period showed a significant effect of the interaction between supplementation levels and grazing cycles for residual green forage biomass (BFVr), residual green leaf biomass (BLVr), residual green stem biomass (BCVr) and residual leaf:stem ratio (F_Cr). All these variables, with the exception of F_Cr, presented a quadratic effect in the cycles two and three, confirming the substitutive effect from the supplementation level of 0.86%, with the minimum estimated at 257.53 Kg•ha-¹•year-1, for BLVr. The ratio between living and senescent material showed an increasing linear response as a function of the supplementation levels. The pasture height and the residual tiller population density were affected only by grazing cycles. Green forage biomass (BFV) and green leaf biomass (BLV) presented a quadratic effect of the supplementation levels and grazing cycles. BLV showed a quadratic effect for the cycles two and three, where the higher values were 1489.47, at the level of 0.62, in the second cycle, and 1554.95 Kg•ha-¹•year-1 in the third cycle with a supplementation level of 0.14%. Gas exchange was not influenced by the supplementation levels. Morphogenetic traits of the aruana grass pasture are linearly affected by increasing levels of supplementation. The structural components of the aruana grass pasture are influenced by the increasing levels of concentrate supplementation, with a substitutive effect of the supplement.
Avaliou-se as trocas gasosas, o fluxo de biomassa e as características estruturais do capim-aruana pastejado sob lotação rotativa por ovinos Morada Nova submetidos a quatro níveis de suplementação concentrada (0,0; 0,6; 1,2 e 1,8% do PC), com período de ocupação de quatro dias e descanso quando da interceptação de 90% da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (IRFA), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num arranjo em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os níveis de suplementação as parcelas e os ciclos de pastejo as subparcelas. A condição de pós-pastejo consistiu em um índice de área foliar de 1,0. Constatou-se efeito linear crescente para a taxa de alongamento das hastes e taxa de aparecimento foliar em função dos níveis de suplementação. As taxas de produção e acúmulo de forragem foram incrementadas pelos níveis de suplementação. As variáveis das trocas gasosas das folhas recém-expandidas: transpiração, condutância estomática, taxa de fotossíntese foliar, mostraram efeito somente de ciclo de pastejo. Não houve nenhum efeito significativo sobre as variáveis das trocas gasosas das folhas emergentes. Os componentes da biomassa pós-pastejo registraram efeito significativo da interação níveis de suplementação e ciclos de pastejo para biomassa de forragem verde residual (BFVr), lâmina foliar verde residual (BLVr), colmo verde residual (BCVr) e relação folha:colmo (F_Cr) residual, estas variáveis, com exceção da F_Cr apresentaram efeito quadrático nos ciclos dois e três, confirmando o efeito substitutivo, a partir do nível de suplementação de 0,86%, com o mínimo estimado de 257,53 Kg•ha-¹•ano-1, para a BLVr. A relação material vivo_ material morto residual apresentou efeito linear crescente em função dos níveis de suplementação. A altura do pasto e a densidade populacional de perfilhos residual foram afetadas somente pelos ciclos de pastejo. A biomassa de forragem verde (BFV) e de lâmina foliar verde (BLV) apresentaram efeito da interação níveis de suplementação e ciclos de pastejo. A BLV registrou efeito quadrático para os ciclos dois e três, onde os maiores valores foram de 1489,47, no nível de 0,62, do segundo ciclo e de 1554,95 Kg•ha-¹•ano-1no ciclo três com nível de suplementação de 0,14 %. As trocas gasosas não são afetadas pelos níveis de suplementação. As características morfogênicas do pasto de capim-aruana são afetadas linearmente pelos níveis crescentes de suplementação. Os componentes estruturais do pasto de capim-aruana são afetados pelos níveis crescentes de suplementação concentrada, registrando efeito substitutivo do suplemento.

Dans le cadre des études littéraires, la notion d’événement a le plus souvent été abordée sous l’angle narratif. Cette étude ne rejette pas cette perspective, mais elle considère que l’on ne peut s’y limiter. L’événement est ainsi appréhendé dans le champ élargi des sciences humaines (historiographie, philosophie analytique, phénoménologie, etc.) afin de mieux saisir sa spécificité dans le texte littéraire. Les questions relatives à l’événement –qu’il soit historique, naturel ou quotidien– sont abordées dans les textes narratifs et poétiques :qu’est-ce qu’un événement pour l’écrivain –romancier (Simon, Rouaud, Savitzkaya) ou poète (Follain, Réda, Jacqmin) ?Quels sont les procédés linguistiques auxquels il recourt pour l’écrire ?Quelles sont les visées éthiques de l’écriture ?Le but ultime de notre investigation consiste en effet à proposer une « poéthique » (Pinson) pour chacun de nos auteurs, c’est-à-dire une interprétation relative à la portée éthique de leurs textes.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Avaliou-se as trocas gasosas, o fluxo de biomassa e as caracterÃsticas estruturais do capim-aruana pastejado sob lotaÃÃo rotativa por ovinos Morada Nova submetidos a quatro nÃveis de suplementaÃÃo concentrada (0,0; 0,6; 1,2 e 1,8% do PC), com perÃodo de ocupaÃÃo de quatro dias e descanso quando da interceptaÃÃo de 90% da radiaÃÃo fotossinteticamente ativa (IRFA), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num arranjo em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os nÃveis de suplementaÃÃo as parcelas e os ciclos de pastejo as subparcelas. A condiÃÃo de pÃs-pastejo consistiu em um Ãndice de Ãrea foliar de 1,0. Constatou-se efeito linear crescente para a taxa de alongamento das hastes e taxa de aparecimento foliar em funÃÃo dos nÃveis de suplementaÃÃo. As taxas de produÃÃo e acÃmulo de forragem foram incrementadas pelos nÃveis de suplementaÃÃo. As variÃveis das trocas gasosas das folhas recÃm-expandidas: transpiraÃÃo, condutÃncia estomÃtica, taxa de fotossÃntese foliar, mostraram efeito somente de ciclo de pastejo. NÃo houve nenhum efeito significativo sobre as variÃveis das trocas gasosas das folhas emergentes. Os componentes da biomassa pÃs-pastejo registraram efeito significativo da interaÃÃo nÃveis de suplementaÃÃo e ciclos de pastejo para biomassa de forragem verde residual (BFVr), lÃmina foliar verde residual (BLVr), colmo verde residual (BCVr) e relaÃÃo folha:colmo (F_Cr) residual, estas variÃveis, com exceÃÃo da F_Cr apresentaram efeito quadrÃtico nos ciclos dois e trÃs, confirmando o efeito substitutivo, a partir do nÃvel de suplementaÃÃo de 0,86%, com o mÃnimo estimado de 257,53 Kgâha-Ââano-1, para a BLVr. A relaÃÃo material vivo_ material morto residual apresentou efeito linear crescente em funÃÃo dos nÃveis de suplementaÃÃo. A altura do pasto e a densidade populacional de perfilhos residual foram afetadas somente pelos ciclos de pastejo. A biomassa de forragem verde (BFV) e de lÃmina foliar verde (BLV) apresentaram efeito da interaÃÃo nÃveis de suplementaÃÃo e ciclos de pastejo. A BLV registrou efeito quadrÃtico para os ciclos dois e trÃs, onde os maiores valores foram de 1489,47, no nÃvel de 0,62, do segundo ciclo e de 1554,95 Kgâha-Ââano-1no ciclo trÃs com nÃvel de suplementaÃÃo de 0,14 %. As trocas gasosas nÃo sÃo afetadas pelos nÃveis de suplementaÃÃo. As caracterÃsticas morfogÃnicas do pasto de capim-aruana sÃo afetadas linearmente pelos nÃveis crescentes de suplementaÃÃo. Os componentes estruturais do pasto de capim-aruana sÃo afetados pelos nÃveis crescentes de suplementaÃÃo concentrada, registrando efeito substitutivo do suplemento.
This study evaluated the gas exchange, the biomass flow and the structural characteristics of Panicum maximum cv. Aruana grazed by Morada Nova sheep under rotational stocking and supplied with four concentrate supplementation levels (0.0; 0.6; 1.2 and 1.8% body weight), using four day-grazing periods and rest when the interception of 90% of the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The experiment was a completely randomized split-plot design with supplementation levels as plots and grazing cycles as subplots. The post-grazing condition consisted of a leaf area index of 1.0. We observed an increasing linear effect for stem elongation rate and leaf appearance rate according to the supplementation levels. The production and accumulation rates of forage also increased according to the supplementation levels. The different grazing cycles affected the variables of gas exchange of the recently expanded leaves, namely transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf photosynthesis rate. In turn, no significant effect was detected for the gas exchange variables of emergent leaves. Biomass components during the post-grazing period showed a significant effect of the interaction between supplementation levels and grazing cycles for residual green forage biomass (BFVr), residual green leaf biomass (BLVr), residual green stem biomass (BCVr) and residual leaf:stem ratio (F_Cr). All these variables, with the exception of F_Cr, presented a quadratic effect in the cycles two and three, confirming the substitutive effect from the supplementation level of 0.86%, with the minimum estimated at 257.53 Kgâha-Ââyear-1, for BLVr. The ratio between living and senescent material showed an increasing linear response as a function of the supplementation levels. The pasture height and the residual tiller population density were affected only by grazing cycles. Green forage biomass (BFV) and green leaf biomass (BLV) presented a quadratic effect of the supplementation levels and grazing cycles. BLV showed a quadratic effect for the cycles two and three, where the higher values were 1489.47, at the level of 0.62, in the second cycle, and 1554.95 Kgâha-Ââyear-1 in the third cycle with a supplementation level of 0.14%. Gas exchange was not influenced by the supplementation levels. Morphogenetic traits of the aruana grass pasture are linearly affected by increasing levels of supplementation. The structural components of the aruana grass pasture are influenced by the increasing levels of concentrate supplementation, with a substitutive effect of the supplement.

This study focuses on Bruegel's parodic legacy in the picaresque tradition. It is based, on the one hand, on visual rhetoric, visual parody, and the poetics of epideictic rhetoric; and, on the other, on the interaction between epideictic rhetoric's salient features and the Bruegelian themes of camivalisation, the satirising of human folly, and the ontic order of the World Upside Down topos as organising principles. The relationships between the above themes are chronologically traced in various disguises in pictures by representative picaresque artists from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries: i.e., in Bruegel, Steen, Hogarth, Daumier, and Grosz. Each of these picaresque artists battled with their own times, parodying the paradigmatic targets of the high mode, in both social and genre hierarchy, and in doing so revealed the complexities of the above themes at work within an ever changing context-bound rhetoricity.
Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology
Thesis (D.Litt. et Phil.)

The present volume offers a mosaic of contributions by scholars from different backgrounds, providing a multi-faceted, problematising picture of relations humans as well as between the human and the non-human, investigated by environmental studies and social ecological perspectives, and involving labour. In turbulent times like these, systems ecology, political ecology, social ecology, ecocriticism, ecofeminism, environmental justice, and environmental humanities here follow and interlink one another, thus offering plural insights around the themes of society and ecology, while more or less explicitly envisioning a sustainable and equitable transformative path past the social, ecological, and sometimes psychological unbearableness of current modernities.

Growing Moral engages its readers to reflect on and to practice the teachings of Confucianism in the contemporary world. It draws on the whole history of Confucianism, focusing on three thinkers from the classical era (Kongzi or Confucius, Mengzi, and Xunzi) and two from the Neo-Confucian era (Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming). In addition to laying out the fundamental teachings of Confucianism, it highlights the enduring and strikingly relevant lessons that Confucianism offers contemporary readers. At its core, this book builds a case for modern Confucianism as a practical way to grow toward more harmonious lives together through reflection, ritual, and compassion; it can help us find balance and joy within our complex and too-often frenetic modern lives. Individual chapters explain how and why to be filial, follow rituals, and cultivate our sprouts of morality, as well as exploring Confucian approaches to reading, music-making, reflection, and socio-political engagement. Overall, the book presents a progressive vision of Confucianism that addresses historical shortcomings within the tradition concerning gender and other forms of hierarchy.

This chapter explains why cultural beliefs—specifically moral beliefs—are more important than cultural practices for building a high-trust society because when trust-producing moral beliefs are well ensconced, trust-producing practices naturally follow. Since it is large-group trust that is the key, our innate moral beliefs, which naturally support small-group trust, are inadequate. What is needed are invented moral beliefs that can support large-group trust and the high-trust society. Two problems must be overcome in large-group contexts: the empathy problem and the greater-good rationalization problem. This chapter explains why overcoming these problems requires that beliefs instantiate moral tastes that function prerationally. It also explains why such beliefs must stress moral restraint over moral advocacy.

Chapter 3 explores the moral significance of risking. What is it about imposing risk upon others that matters morally? This is a live and vexing question in large part because the concept of imposing risk owes its place in our conceptual scheme to our epistemic bounds. The chapter argues against the view that risk inherits what moral significance it has from the harm that any risk imposition risks. It argues instead that risk impositions as such bear moral significance because they can have a negative impact on people’s lives and thus constitute harms, though not material harms. For imposing risk can diminish the autonomy of those subject to the risk, and this diminution in autonomy constitutes a setback to wellbeing. It does not follow that imposing risk is therefore wrong. Rather, that imposing risk can diminish autonomy shows why imposing risk is morally significant and therefore calls for moral justification.

This chapter investigates an “outlier” case of environmental conflict, where things did not follow the same social patterns observed elsewhere in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). The case study involves conflict over a plan to drill 136 natural gas wells just to the south of Yellowstone, in Sublette County, Wyoming. This plan is not unusual, given that this county includes two of the largest gas fields in the United States and that most residents of this county and state support this economically beneficial activity. But in a radical reversal, a large group of miners, outfitters, ranchers, and other old-westerners acted against their own economic and cultural traditions, starting an environmental movement to oppose drilling in this particular area. The chapter shows that the intense negative reaction to drilling in this area is caused by a violation of strong moral boundaries linked to old-west place attachment.

Harris and Savulescu have argued that the use of reprogenetic technologies to select and enhance people’s offspring is not only morally permissible but morally required. This chapter shows that there are no reasons to accept that such obligations exist. Savulescu and Harris fail to offer plausible grounds for a moral obligation to select or to enhance future children. Even if the existence of these obligations were granted, their usefulness in guiding the decisions and actions of prospective parents leaves much to be desired. Finally, serious negative consequences are likely to follow from endorsing and fulfilling these putative moral obligations.

AbstractThis chapter introduces a new jokes-based interview method that uses jokes to reflect on experiences with pressuring leadership in the context of consulting. It finds that the new interview method triggers junior consultants’ memories of experiences with pressuring managers, and managers’ memories on how their juniors deal with overly high leadership demands in consultancies. Some jokes introduce the topic better than others, which makes the selection of jokes an important part of the method. Especially cartoons invite open conversation on ethical transgressions. When doing jokes-based interviews, follow-up questioning is important. The interviewee also needs to get room to freely interpret, associate and elaborate. The method is very well able to create rapport, as the jokes not only introduce the topic, but also serve as an icebreaker. The jokes-based interview method helps to overcome social desirability bias by introducing the topic of a specific moral transgression in a humorous way.

The figure of Ulysses haunts the pages of Dante’s Commedia, embodying a tension between past and present, and the potential and dangers inherent in any attempt at transformation. In this chapter I focus on four creative pieces by young South African students for whom Dante’s Ulysses becomes a rich and suggestive symbol. Despite their overt differences in approach, I argue that these pieces are all connected by a creative response to Dante, translating and conversing with his Ulysses from their personal and political perspectives. They are notable for their paradoxical approach to Dante’s hero, as they attempt to fashion new identities, to break free of the destructive influence of South Africa’s past, and to develop a more authentic, moral language.

AbstractEthics is a set of moral principles of ‘what is right?’ and ‘what is wrong?’ or, in simple words, ‘what is good and what is bad?’ When the same principles are applied to medicine, the subject is called medical ethics. It is expected that a doctor should act in a particular way and follow certain rules. Medical ethics are professional standards for physicians. Bioethics is a branch of medical ethics and deals with complex issues like euthanasia, transplant medicine, genetic medicine, assisted reproduction therapy, human cloning, and medical genomics. Medical ethics and bioethics concepts are guides for physicians and to ensure patient safety.

The Confucians’ term for the plethora of semi-scripted practices that shape our social world is li, translated here as “ritual.” Our world is shot through with ritual, but we often downplay or ignore it. To live as Confucians recommend, we need to recognize and embrace the centrality of ritual in our lives. Rituals help to discipline our behavior and restrain or channel our feelings, and over time they can aid us in cultivating more robust virtues. Rituals can and sometimes should change, either through momentary exercises of “discretion” or in more lasting ways, but this chapter explores reasons why these changes are not always smooth or easy.

This chapter focuses on some of the variables accounting for individual differences in the likelihood of prosocial behavior. “Prosocial behavior” can range from a particular intervention to a lifetime dedicated to just and good causes. Highly prosocial individuals (moral exemplars) tend to be morally mature and highly empathic but field-independent (Moral Type B, internal locus of control, high self-efficacy) persons who perceive morality as central to their sense of self (high moral identity). Moral identity can join the main primary (affective and cognitive) sources of moral motivation. Finally, to take effective sustained action, even highly prosocial individuals need grit or ego strength, defined in terms of affect-regulating follow-through skills. Distinguishing features of genuine (versus spurious) moral exemplars are considered at the end of the chapter.

This chapter turns to Albert Camus's The Fall, a novel that has already been claimed for trauma theory by Shoshana Felman. It argues, by contrast, that moral injury provides a more helpful paradigm for looking at main character Clamence's mental suffering. In the novel, Clamence commits the crime of doing too little. Further, Clamence suffers for his failure and, as the chapter shows, is morally injured by it. Indeed, a discussion of the anguish that follow his failure to act (the crime of omission) allows one to begin thinking about the possibility of what might be called collective moral injury. The novel also raises the possibility that one is obligated to treat morally injured individuals who, because of their proximity to atrocity, could in recovery provide valuable testimony to mass trauma.

This chapter forms the next main thesis of the present study: the synthetic path of the second Critique is broader in scope, since Kant seeks to reveal a necessary connection between our consciousness of the moral law and our capacity to feel pleasure and displeasure. The chapter picks up where Chapter 3 left off by providing a close reading of Kant’s theory of moral sensibility in the Critique of Practical Reason. Two important results follow. First, it is argued that debates over the role of moral feeling in Kant’s moral psychology have failed to acknowledge Kant’s emphasis on the first-personal character of feeling as a feature of our common experience of morality. Second, these debates have failed to connect Kant’s theory of moral sensibility to his project of justification, which the present chapter aims to remedy.

This paper is about the relation of resultance, signalled by the ‘because’ in ‘that was wrong because it was dishonest’. It distinguishes resultance from supervenience and uses that distinction to criticize R. M. Hare’s account of the logic of moral judgement in terms of his notion of universalizability. It considers the strengths and weaknesses of Ross’s novel notion of a prima facie duty and the distinction between prima facie duty and duty proper. And it argues that where one action’s rightness results from its having certain properties, it does not follow that all actions with those properties will be right, because other cases may have further properties acting as ‘defeaters’.

This paper deals with the importance of the development of moral thinking, through the interpretation of novels in upper classes of elementary school. A good interpretation starts with student’s experience and assessment of main characters’ acts and their attitudes. Within school classes, it is possible to follow the moral development of students, which is the aim of this paper. In adolescents aged 11 to 14, abstract, logical thinking is developed, as well as inductive-deductive reasoning; therefore, the starting point of this study is based on psychological theories of moral thinking development. By giving concrete methodological examples based on Hoffman’s theory of morality, it is shown how the moral development of students is encouraged and built by interpreting literary works – novels (novels included in the elementary school curriculum). The contribution of this paper is based on the assessment of students’ moral development at certain age.

Ethics or rather its lack in finances it is a very popular topic nowadays. Banks have an important role in the economy and must have a certain behaviour towards the society, therefore must follow the moral norms. Each banker has his set of values, which form the basis for judging what is "right". All the commercial banks have their own set of rules inspired by organizational culture and management, rules that follow the Banking Code of Ethics. During their activity, banks will seek to ensure a balance between the interests of customers, shareholders, investors and stakeholders. The paper discloses the main trends and issues of banking ethics and the customers` experiences with the Romanian banks. Financial inclusion and ethical sustainability regarding the banking system is an important subject for researchers and bankers. Moreover, the lack of clear ethical norms regarding the manner of communicating the interests and commissions from the contract are affecting the customer relationship with the bank. The study aims to increase the attention paid to customer interests in relation with the banks and also the public confidence in the financial banking field, by standardizing the norms of integration and applied ethics of the country. An immoral behaviour destroys the trust, and without trust, businesses cannot grow. The purpose of the paper is to illustrate and correct the main dysfunctions in the banking sector regarding the ethical behaviour, how banks can adapt to the requirements of the society, how the Banking Code of Ethics can be improved. Confidence in the banking environment expresses the presumption of continued economic activity.

Health is a basic human value and we cannot and should not set a price on it, but we can try to understand its value through the prism of morality, ethics, science and human connections. Health cannot be evaluated through the prism of moral principles (is a person good or bad, is he worth helping, is his contribution to society big enough for society to take care of him…). . Some individuals struggle with incurable diseases from birth and spend their entire lives searching for that piece of help or solution that would alleviate their suffering and pain and enable them to live a dignified life. The purpose of the article is to present the design for the development of a conceptual model, which will be the basis for subsequent empirical testing and the development of a marketing model for the entry of an orphan drug into the market, developed with the implementation of established marketing approaches and insights gained in qualitative research with a con­structivist approach, and a designed marketing strategy that will follow the legislative and ethical principles required for the marketing of medicinal products.

Given demands arising from verifying the conditions of use of customer service points in government departments and with a view to providing a suitable working environment for users, an ergonomic analysis was conducted in the built environments of each of three Brazilian government departments, deemed customer service points A, B and C. The ergonomic methodologies adopted were: a macro ergonomic analysis (GUIMARÃES, 2006), the systemic approach of the Human-Task- Machine system (MORAES, MONT'ALVÃO, 2003) and the Ergonomic Methodology of Assessment of the Built Space - MEAC (in Portuguese) (VILLAROUCO, 2009). Recommendations for the implementation of the locations of customer service points were drawn up based on the joint results of the ergonomic analysis. The main ergonomic demand was the proposal for a new physical arrangement of the sector. The sizing of the work stations will follow the anthropometric measures in order to contribute to defining the dimensional relationships between the individual and the task he/she performs.

This paper investigates the Gülen movement’s repertoires of action in order to determine how it differs from traditional Islamic revivalist movements and from the so-called ‘New Social Movements’ in the Western world. Two propositions lead the discussion: First, unlike many Islamic revivalist movements, the Gülen movement shaped its identity against the perceived threat of a trio of enemies, as Nursi named them a century ago – ignorance, disunity, and poverty. This perception of the opposition is crucial to understanding the apolitical mind-set of the Gülen movement’s fol- lowers. Second, unlike the confrontational New Social Movements, the Gülen movement has engaged in ‘moral opposition’, in which the movement’s actors seek to empathise with the adversary by creating (what Bakhtin calls) ‘dialogic’ relationships. ‘Moral opposition’ has enabled the movement to be more alert strategically as well as more productive tactically in solving the everyday practical problems of Muslims in Turkey. A striking example of this ‘moral opposition’ was witnessed in the Merve Kavakci incident in 1999, when the move- ment tried to build bridges between the secular and Islamist camps, while criticising and educating both parties during the post-February 28 period in Turkey. In this way the Gülen movement’s performance of opposition can contribute new theoretical and practical tools for our understanding of social movements. 104 | P a g e Recent works on social movements have criticized the longstanding tradition of classify- ing social movement types as “strategy-oriented” versus “identity-oriented” (Touraine 1981; Cohen 1985; Rucht 1988) and “identity logic of action” versus “instrumentalist logic of ac- tion” (Duyvendak and Giugni 1995) by regarding identities as a key element of a move- ment’s strategic and tactical repertoire (see Bernstein 1997, 2002; Gamson 1997; Polletta 1998a; Polletta and Jasper 2001; Taylor and Van Dyke 2004). Bifurcation of identity ver- sus strategy suggests the idea that some movements target the state and the economy, thus, they are “instrumental” and “strategy-oriented”; whereas some other movements so-called “identity movements” challenge the dominant cultural patterns and codes and are considered “expressive” in content and “identity-oriented.” New social movement theorists argue that identity movements try to gain recognition and respect by employing expressive strategies wherein the movement itself becomes the message (Touraine 1981; Cohen 1985; Melucci 1989, 1996). Criticizing these dualisms, some scholars have shown the possibility of different social movement behaviour under different contextual factors (e.g. Bernstein 1997; Katzenstein 1998). In contrast to new social movement theory, this work on the Gülen movement indi- cates that identity movements are not always expressive in content and do not always follow an identity-oriented approach; instead, identity movements can synchronically be strategic as well as expressive. In her article on strategies and identities in Black Protest movements during the 1960s, Polletta (1994) criticizes the dominant theories of social movements, which a priori assume challengers’ unified common interests. Similarly, Jenkins (1983: 549) refers to the same problem in the literature by stating that “collective interests are assumed to be relatively unproblematic and to exist prior to mobilization.” By the same token, Taylor and Whittier (1992: 104) criticize the longstanding lack of explanation “how structural inequality gets translated into subjective discontent.” The dominant social movement theory approaches such as resource mobilization and political process regard these problems as trivial because of their assumption that identities and framing processes can be the basis for interests and further collective action but cannot change the final social movement outcome. Therefore, for the proponents of the mainstream theories, identities of actors are formed in evolutionary processes wherein social movements consciously frame their goals and produce relevant dis- courses; yet, these questions are not essential to explain why collective behaviour occurs (see McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald 1996). This reductionist view of movement culture has been criticized by a various number of scholars (e.g. Goodwin and Jasper 1999; Polletta 1997, 1999a, 1999b; Eyerman 2002). In fact, the debate over the emphases (interests vis-à-vis identities) is a reflection of the dissent between American and European sociological traditions. As Eyerman and Jamison (1991: 27) note, the American sociologists focused on “the instrumentality of movement strategy formation, that is, on how movement organizations went about trying to achieve their goals,” whereas the European scholars concerned with the identity formation processes that try to explain “how movements produced new historical identities for society.” Although the social movement theorists had recognized the deficiencies within each approach, the attempts to synthesize these two traditions in the literature failed to address the empirical problems and methodological difficulties. While criticizing the mainstream American collective behaviour approaches that treat the collective identities as given, many leading European scholars fell into a similar trap by a 105 | P a g e priori assuming that the collective identities are socio-historical products rather than cog- nitive processes (see, for instance, Touraine 1981). New Social Movement (NSM) theory, which is an offshoot of European tradition, has lately been involved in the debate over “cog- nitive praxis” (Eyerman and Jamison 1991), “signs” (Melucci 1996), “identity as strategy” (Bernstein 1997), protest as “art” (Jasper 1997), “moral performance” (Eyerman 2006), and “storytelling” (Polletta 2006). In general, these new formulations attempt to bring mental structures of social actors and symbolic nature of social action back in the study of collec- tive behaviour. The mental structures of the actors should be considered seriously because they have a potential to change the social movement behaviours, tactics, strategies, timing, alliances and outcomes. The most important failure, I think, in the dominant SM approaches lies behind the fact that they hinder the possibility of the construction of divergent collective identities under the same structures (cf. Polletta 1994: 91). This study investigates on how the Gülen movement differed from other Islamic social move- ments under the same structural factors that were realized by the organized opposition against Islamic activism after the soft coup in 1997. Two propositions shall lead my discussion here: First, unlike many Islamic revivalist movements, the Gülen movement shaped its identity against perceived threat of the triple enemies, what Nursi defined a century ago: ignorance, disunity, and poverty. This perception of the opposition is crucial to grasp non-political men- tal structures of the Gülen movement followers. Second, unlike the confrontational nature of the new social movements, the Gülen movement engaged in a “moral opposition,” in which the movement actors try to empathize with the enemy by creating “dialogic” relationships.

Many organizations feel currently threatened by globalization. Grows uncertainty and market behaviour and there are some problems with effective use of resources; it came to the real competition. The current trend in the development of logistics says that wins only the fastest, cheapest and most efficient in terms of logistics productivity. Management structure of logistics processes is important for planning and management elements of the supply chain, because it is a systematic follow-up on the strategy of the company and its involvement in the supply chain; the masses are also linked to the competitiveness of enterprises. Equally important is the principle of modern management, knowledge and innovation. Under improving of the organization of logistics processes we can understand the necessity to improve the strategy, flexibility parameter setting while maintaining economic benefits and improvement of management, lifelong learning and innovation. Business environment requires new structural form as the supply chain to the path towards the ideal of perfect quality, reducing complexity, increasing speed and building strong competencies enabling swift reaction to changes in the environment. It also calls for a new style of management, based on the application of ethical principles and morals. On top of this effort is the customer, current and also potential. Worldwide leading industrial companies use in management logistical principles that offer a suitable alternative.

A areia constitui um reservatório de microrganismos patogênicos, sendo a manutenção das condições de balneabilidade um parâmetro para garantir a saúde dos banhistas. Assim, estudos prévios de monitoramento das praias da Zona Sul de Ilhéus (2012 a 2016) indicaram alta frequência de contaminação parasitária por larvas de geohelmintos, as quais necessitam de um estágio no solo para completar seu ciclo de vida, configurando uma oportunidade de invadir hospedeiros. Usualmente, como medidas profiláticas, aplicam-se a limpeza mecânica da areia da praia para redução da matéria orgânica e o uso de agentes químicos nematicidas. Entretanto, tais ações podem desequilibrar a ecologia do ambiente, aumentar o nível de resíduos tóxicos e eliminar microrganismos benéficos. Este estudo propôs uma alternativa para elucidar a morte conclusiva das larvas de Ancylostoma spp. e Strongyloides stercoralis mediante a aplicação do controle biológico com conídios de Trichoderma spp., sob condições laboratoriais. Para tanto, foram coletadas e processadas amostras de solo do litoral sul de Ilhéus. Em sequência, com a extração das larvas de geohelmintos foram identificados padrões comportamentais e fisiológicos específicos para análise do mecanismo de morte das larvas de ancilostomídeos. Dessa forma, a avaliação da ação antagonista teve como critérios: a perda de motilidade, constatada pela redução ou ausência de movimentação caudal das larvas no período de quinze segundos, e a degradação das estruturas constituintes de Ancylostoma spp. e Strongyloides stercoralis, indicada por alterações anatômicas tegumentares. O ensaio da interação in vitro entre Trichoderma spp. e larvas de geohelmintos consistiu na aplicação do extrato fúngico obtido do Fertilizante Foliar Trichoderma® em placas de Petri com contaminação larval ativa. Outros tratamentos consistiram no uso da solução 37% de Formaldeído, com ação biocida verificada (controle positivo) e do controle negativo. Os resultados mostraram a ausência de larvas móveis nos meios com aplicação de Trichoderma spp. e solução Formaldeído 37%. Em contrapartida, no controle negativo, registrou-se taxa de sobrevida equivalente a 71,43% e movimentação ativa das larvas de geohelmintos. Destarte, a inclusão do Trichoderma spp. como ferramenta de controle biológico, mostra-se uma alternativa para controle de geohelmintos in vitro, na busca da melhoria da qualidade de vida em cidades litorâneas.,

Even the mere mention of "transplantation of human body parts" is reason enough to deal with this topic for who knows how many times. Quite simply, we need to discuss the topics discussed from time to time !? Let's get down to explaining some of the "hot" life issues that arise in connection with them. To, perhaps, determine ourselves in a different way according to the existing solutions ... to understand what a strong dynamic has gripped the world we live in, colored our attitudes with a different color, influenced our thoughts about life, its values, altruism, selflessness, charities. the desire to give up something special without thinking that we will get something in return. Transplantation of human organs and tissues for therapeutic purposes has been practiced since the middle of the last century. She started (of course, in a very primitive way) even in ancient India (even today one method of transplantation is called the "Indian method"), over the 16th century (1551). when the first free transplantation of a part of the nose was performed in Italy, in order to develop it into an irreplaceable medical procedure in order to save and prolong human life. Thousands of pages of professional literature, notes, polemical discussions, atypical medical articles, notes on the margins of read journals or books from philosophy, sociology, criminal literature ... about events of this kind, the representatives of the church also took their position. Understanding our view on this complex and very complicated issue requires that more attention be paid to certain solutions on the international scene, especially where there are certain permeations (some agreement but also differences). It's always good to hear a second opinion, because it puts you to think. That is why, in the considerations that follow, we have tried (somewhat more broadly) to answer some of the many and varied questions in which these touch, but often diverge, both from the point of view of the right regulations and from the point of view of medical and judicial practice. times from the perspective of some EU member states (Germany, Poland, presenting the position of the Catholic Church) on the one hand, and in the perspective of other moral, spiritual, cultural and other values - India and Iraq, on the other.

The projects sponsored by the Gülen-inspired movement are numerous, international and costly in terms of human and financial capital. Critics of the movement often question the fi- nancing of these initiatives – with some convinced of collusion with Middle Eastern govern- ments, others (within Turkey) suspicious that Western governments are financially backing the projects. Aware of these criticisms, in a recent comment to a group of visiting follow- ers, Fethullah Gülen indicated greater financial transparency must become a priority for the movement. This paper addresses the financing of Gülen-inspired projects, based on interviews with busi- ness leaders in Turkey, as well as local businessmen throughout Turkey who constitute the financial infrastructure of the movement. In addition, the paper presents data from one local Gülen movement organisation in Houston, Texas, that collects thousands of dollars annually from local members, mostly students on small educational stipends. The paper is framed sociologically in terms of organisational theories of commitment. Beginning with Kanter (1972;1977) and including subsequent major figures in the organi- sational field (e.g. Reichers 1985; Meyer and Allen 1991; Hall 2002; Scott 2003), scholars have demonstrated a positive correlation between sacrifices asked of members and degree of commitment to the goals of the organisation. Using this perspective, the paper argues that the financial contributions made by members in the Gülen movement both demonstrate commit- ment to the ideals espoused by Fethullah Gülen and generate commitment to the movement. The paper presents empirical evidence, based on interviews with financial supporters both in Turkey and the U.S., of how financial resources are generated, the initiatives being supported and the impact of financial giving on the commitment of supporters. The Gülen movement is a civil society movement that arose in the late 1960s in Turkey, initially composed of a loose network of individuals who were inspired by M. Fethullah Gülen. As a state-approved mosque preacher, Gülen delivered sermons in cities throughout Turkey, beginning with a handful of listeners and gradually drawing tens of thousands of people. His sermons focused not only on religious texts but included a broad array of such topics as religion and science, social justice, human rights, moral values and the importance of education. Gülen repeatedly stressed the importance of educating the youth of society by establishing first-rate schools that expose students to the latest scientific knowledge in an at- mosphere of moral values. The projects sponsored by Gülen-inspired followers today number in the thousands, span international borders and are costly in terms of human and financial capital (Woodhall 2005). These initiatives include over 2000 schools and seven universities in more than ninety countries in five continents (Yavuz and Esposito 2003; Baskan 2004; Tekalan 2005), two modern hospitals, the Zaman newspaper (now in both a Turkish and English edition), a television channel (Samanyolu), a radio channel (Burc FM), CHA (a ma- jor Turkish news agency), Aksiyon (a leading weekly news magazine), national and interna- tional Gülen conferences, Ramadan interfaith dinners, interfaith dialog trips to Turkey from countries around the globe and the many programs sponsored by the Journalists and Writers Foundation. In addition, the Isik insurance company and Bank Asya, an Islamic bank, are af- filiated with the Gülen community. In 1993 the community also established the Business Life Cooperation Association (ISHAD) which has 470 members (Baskan 2004). Questions regarding the financing of these numerous and expensive projects are periodically raised by both critics of the Gülen Movement and newcomers to the movement who are invited to Gülen related events. Because of the large amounts of money involved in these projects, on occasion people have raised the possibility of a collusion between the movement and various governments, especially Saudi Arabia and/or Iran, and including the Turkish government. There has even been suspicion that the American CIA may be a financial partner behind the projects (Kalyoncu, forthcoming). Aware of these criticisms, in a recent comment to a group of visiting followers, Fethullah Gülen indicated that a priority must be proactive financial transparency. In this paper, we address directly the issue of the financing of Gülen inspired projects based on the little that is available in published sources, including an interview with Gülen himself, and supplementing that information with interviews with business leaders in Turkey who constitute the infrastructure of the movement. In addition, we present data from one local Gülen organization in Houston, Texas, that regularly collects over half a million dollars from local members, mostly students on small educational stipends. Our analysis is framed socio- logically in terms of organizational theories of commitment. We argue that the contributions made by rank and file movement members, as well as by wealthier sponsors, both demon- strate commitment to the ideals of the movement and simultaneously generate commitment to the movement. An analysis of Gülen-inspired financial contributions must include the ideological and reli- gious motivations inherent in the concepts of hizmet, himmet, sohbet, istisare, and mutevelli. For an understanding of these concepts, we are most indebted to the superb work of Mehmet Kalyoncu whose study of the Gülen movement in Mardin, a city in southeastern Turkey, was very helpful both in understanding these ideas and in demonstrating their applicability to the financing of local projects in the city.

Aims and Objectives: To determine and evaluate the difference/s, in terms of tumor control and side effects, between weekly and three weekly cisplatin concomitant with external beam radiotherapyfor locally advanced carcinoma of cervix. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Radiotherapy Department, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak (India), on sixty previously untreated, histopathologically proven patients of locally advanced carcinoma of uterine cervix. The patients were treated with External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) 50 Gy/25 fractions over 5 weeks and concomitant cisplatin, followed by intra-cavitary HDR brachytherapy (ICBT) 700 cGy to point A; three times, once in a week. The patients were assigned randomly either of two groups of 30 patients each. In Group I (Study Group) the patients received three weekly cisplatin 75 mg/m2 for 2 cycles whilein Group II (Control Group) the patients received weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2 for 5 cycles. Evaluation of response and toxicity was done weekly during treatment and monthly thereafter up to six months. The data thus obtained was assessed and analysed using La Morte statistical tool. The study was approved by Ethical committee of the institute and quality was periodically monitored by senior consultant and guide. Results: Stage wise disease response in study and control respectively at the end of treatment was as follows: Stage IIA-CR (80% vs 100%), PR (20% vs 0%); Stage IIB-CR (80% vs 76.47%), PR (20% vs 23.53%); Stage IIIA-CR (60% vs 100%), PR (40% vs 0%); Stage IIIB-CR (60% vs 60%), PR (40% vs 20%), NR (0% vs 20%). Stage wise disease status at the end of sixth month follow up was as follows: Stage IIA – NED (80% vs 100%), RD (20% vs 0%); Stage IIB – NED (80% vs 76.67%), RD (20% vs 23.53%); Stage IIIA – NED (60% vs 100%), RD (40% vs 0%); Stage IIIB - NED (60% vs 60%), RD (40% vs 40%). Tumor response was not significantly different in the two groups with respect to age distribution, rural/urban distribution, histopathological distribution and treatment interruption. Maximum level of hematological toxicity (WHO criteria) observed in study and control group respectively at the end of treatment was as follows: Anaemia; Grade II - 4 (13.33%) in both the groups, Leukopenia; Grade II - 1 (3.33%) vs 0 (0%). The worst acute skin reactions observed by the end of treatment in Group I and II respectively were grade II - 2 (6.67%) vs 0 (0%). The worst acute mucosal reactions were grade II - 5 (16.66%) vs 0 (0%). Upper Gastrointestinal toxicity (Grade II & III) was 16.7% versus 13.3% respectively. Lower gastrointestinal toxicity (Grade II & III) was 30.0% versus 36.7%. No significant weight loss was observed in either of the groups. Though, all the patients completed the intended treatment, treatment interruption for more than a week was observed in 10 (33.33%) vs 8 (26.67%) patients respectively, due to acute toxicities. Conclusion: Three weekly cisplatin, concomitant with radiation seems to be the potential, effective and acceptable alternate as standard of treatment for locally advanced carcinoma cervix; especially for increased work load and limited resource setups.

This working paper critically examines Ayelet Shachar’s (2020) concept of the ‘shifting border’ and the solutions she proposes to tackle this recent phenomenon, pointing out potential gaps, inconsistencies and unintended consequences of letting legal responsibility follow states’ ‘shifting borders’. Instead, the paper argues for the need to deterritorialize the right to asylumin order to prevent states from retracting back from or shifting out their responsibilities for refugees and migrants, and to question and ultimately relax our current state-imposed mobility controls which have come to be largely taken for granted, even among migration and border scholars.

This report documents a numerical modeling investigation for dredged material from nearshore borrow areas and placed on Folly Beach adjacent to Stono Inlet, South Carolina. Historical and newly collected wave and hydrodynamic data around the inlet were assembled and analyzed. The datasets were used to calibrate and validate a coastal wave, hydrodynamic and sediment transport model, the Coastal Modeling System. Sediment transport and morphology changes within and around the immediate vicinity of the Stono Inlet estuarine system, including sand borrow areas and nearshore Folly Beach area, were evaluated. Results of model simulations show that sand removal in the borrow areas increases material backfilling, which is more significant in the nearshore than the offshore borrow areas. In the nearshore Folly Beach area, the dominant flow and sediment transport directions are from the northeast to the southwest. Net sediment gain occurs in the central and southwest sections while net sediment loss occurs in the northeast section of Folly Island. A storm and a 1-year simulation developed for the study produce a similar pattern of morphology changes, and erosion and deposition around the borrow areas and the nearshore Folly Beach area.

Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.

This paper is part of series on self-contained papers in which a large part, if not the full extent, of the asymptotic limit theory of summands of independent random variables is exposed. Each paper of the series may be taken as review exposition but specially as a complete exposition expect a few exterior resources. For graduate students and for researchers (beginners or advanced), any paper of the series should be considered as a basis for constructing new results. The contents are taken from advanced books but the organization and the proofs use more recent tools, are given in more details and do not systematically follow previous one. Sometimes, theorems are completed and innovated

We study the relationship between rising prices of tortillas---the Mexican staple par excellence---and household food insecurity between 2008 and 2014, a period in which global food prices experienced dramatic increases. The use of a unique combination of household-level data and official state-level information on prices allows us exploit signi cant variation in prices across the Mexican states. Since households cannot be tracked across time, we follow Deaton (1985) by constructing a series of pseudo-panels to control for time- invariant unobserved heterogeneity and measurement error. The regression estimates suggest that increasing tortilla prices affected food insecurity rates in Mexico. More speci cally, households with children or those in the second or third income quintile are more likely to be affected.

This paper examines business performance and crisis mitigation strategies among micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. We utilize a new primary data set based on administrative records, survey data, and follow-up interviews with merchants using the digital application GoFood, an on-demand cooked food delivery service. Three empirical findings emerge: First, the overall employment size of women-owned businesses shrank more than men-owned businesses after the pandemic outbreak; second, women were more likely than men to cut personal expenditures and use government assistance as crisis mitigation strategies; and third, competition increased sharply as new merchants entered the platform, with service areas of both incumbents and entrants shrinking over time. These results have implications for policies on women’s entrepreneurship, the uptake of business development services, and financing programs for MSMEs.

We study labor supply decisions on days with high levels of air pollution in Mexico City's metropolitan area using hourly levels of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) air pollution at the locality level. We document a negative, non-linear relationship between PM 2.5 levels and daily labor supply, with strong effects on days with extremely high pollution levels. On these days, the average worker experiences a reduction of around 7.5% of working hours. Workers partially compensate for lost hours by increasing their labor supply on days that follow high pollution days. We provide evidence that income constraints may play an important role in workers labor supply decisions, as we find more moderate responses among informal and low-income workers.

Review question / Objective: Meta-analysis was performed to predict the efficacy and survival status of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after the application of TACE, applying clinical models, radiomic models and combined models for non-invasive assessment.We performed a Meta-analysis on the prediction of efficacy and survival status after TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma. Condition being studied: Patients were scanned using CT or MR machines, and some patients had multiple follow-up records, and imaging feature extraction software was applied to extract regions of interest and build multiple prediction models.Literature screening was conducted by two reviewers independently, who had more than 3 years’ experience in imaging diagnosis and was cross-checked. Disagreements were settled by a third reviewer.

As the Taliban’s forces swept across Afghanistan in July and August, their triumphalist—and fundamentally revolutionary—discourse became exponentially more pronounced. The moment it seized Kabul, however, the Taliban had to reorder its communications priorities. As Afghanistan’s new de facto government, it needed to expand on what its outreach strategists had been doing to date, i.e., setting out political aspirations, emphasizing military capabilities, and attacking the legitimacy of adversaries. Now, it had to take on a more complex strategic communications task: demonstrating that its new state would be able to follow through on what as a movement it had been promising for decades. Drawing on tens of thousands of data points ingested by ExTrac’s automated crawlers from the Taliban’s online networks on Telegram and Twitter as well as an array of pro-Taliban static websites, this report examines how the fall of Kabul impacted the Taliban’s outreach strategy.

Epidemiological geographic profiling is a statistical method for making inferences about likely areas of a source from the geographical distribution of patients. Epidemiological geographic profiling algorithms are developed to locate a source from the dataset on the number of new cases for a meta-population network model. It is found from the WHO dataset on the SARS outbreak that Hong Kong remains the most likely source throughout the period of observation. This reasoning is pertinent under the restricted circumstance that the number of reported probable cases in China was missing, unreliable, and incomprehensive. It may also imply that globally connected Hong Kong was more influential as a spreader than China. Singapore, Taiwan, Canada, and the United States follow Hong Kong in the likeliness ranking list