Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Firms' delocalisation »

- This article investigates the recent trends in FDIs, focussing on the effects provoked by the financial crisis. The crisis has impacted in a significant manner on the more volatile component of FDIs, i.e. cross-border M&As. On the contrary, forecasts for greenfield FDIs are just in line with the decline expected in world export, after a strong increase registered in 2008. With the possibility that the financial crisis could catalyse a trend toward the so called "reverse globalization", the paper argues that there is evidence of an increasing heterogeneity in firms' behaviour, with some firms now considering whether or not to scale back offshoring production by returning operations to, or closer to, home. Nevertheless, there is no evidence, or at least not yet, that we are witnessing a major shift in the direction and dynamics of international delocalisation processes. Keywords: foreign direct investments, multinational firms Parole chiave: investimenti diretti esteri, imprese multinazionali Jel Classification: F23

Italy’s industrial districts of the Northeast are often cited as beings models of success due to their economic organisation, thus they have almost become an archetypal myth. One of the reasons for the Northeastern firms’ success is proximity (both geographical and relational), particularly with regard to the creation and development of the districts and their innovative and competitive capacity on a global scale. Our research compares the structures of proximity in Montebelluna, an industrial district in Northeast Italy, with Timisoara (in Romania), which has been one of the more favoured areas of delocalisation for Veneto firms. This comparison made it possible to focus on the non-economic categories (such as trust, face-to-face relations, cooperative attitudes, local context…) that have contributed to a large part of their success, although, in reality, they are often overvalued. Above all, the analysis reveals how these Italian industrial districts have concealed an unequal distribution of power, not only inside the firms and between the firms, but also between the firms and their delocalised territories. Today the “Northeast” model is questioned and debated; however a rethinking of regional dynamics is only possible if these hidden dimensions of district development are taken into consideration.

- Pichierri Since the late 1990s, restructuring anticipation is becoming a crucial issue, in consequence of the changing nature of restructuring and after a turning point in the process of European deindustrialisation. The current "non-standard" firms are becoming more and more interested by vertical disintegration or, better, by horizontal processes of "learning by monitoring". Strategic processes of restructuring are then requiring strategic forms of anticipation, like more social dialogue, early shared diagnosis and more "collective decisions", when the pressures of global markets are producing a multiplication of delocalisation and international fragmentation of activities, in production and services, with more "local games inside global players". This article is based on the results of an international research network on the processes of anticipating and accompanying the enterprises' restructuring practices in 26 firms and 8 countries in the European Union. It is also based on the many discussions, among researchers, practitioners, and consultants, on transversal issues in six international workshops. Furthermore, there is a deep analysis about three important Italian cases of restructuring (Fiat, STMicroelectronics, and Sabaf-Lumezzane industrial district) which were among the benchmarking case studies for the Project and the European Commission promoting and financing the research (see the website: www.fse-agire.com).

EPR reveals a range of different environments for spins introduced into P3HT films by molecular doping with F₄TCNQ and BCF, characterised by different interaction strengths with dopant radical anions and different extents of charge delocalisation.

Foreign delocalisations of modem firms are more and more disconnected from international financial flows. Freedom of investments, in between member states of C.E.E., since 1986, should further managerial integration out of the market. But national taxations and strategic attraction toward american or japanese partners do limit the process, for the moment or for ever.

The study was informed by the need to contribute in bridging the existing knowledge gap with regard to the relationship between delocalisation process, coping mechanisms and psychosocial wellbeing of delocalised Principals. Since inception of implementation of delocalisation of teachers by the Teachers Service Commission in Kenya, there has been increasing call for suspension or total scrapping of the policy. The call has been attributed to the perceived adverse effects of the policy on Principals wellbeing and ultimately the school communities. However, lack of empirical data on the extent to which implementation of the policy impacts the Principals limits discourse, thus the need of this study. A descriptive cross sectional survey study in which 277 delocalised Principals, 12 Education officials and 18 Union officials participated by answering self-report questionnaires. Data obtained was analysed descriptively and inferentially. Findings showed a significant relationship between delocalisation process and psychosocial wellbeing of the delocalised Principals. The study also established that involvement of the delocalised Principals in religious activities; physical activities and seeking medical attention have a significant influence in the relationship between implementation of delocalisation and psychosocial wellbeing. It is therefore recommended that utilisation of such mechanisms be enhanced to better help the Principals cope.

The Teachers Service Commission proposed and implemented Delocalisation policy among the teaching fraternity in Kenya since 2017 beginning with Principals of Secondary schools and Head teachers of Primary schools. Aimed at giving a national outlook to the management of educational institutions, enhancing cohesion and quality of their management, implementation of the policy has been met with mixed reactions. While proponents link it with improved institutional management, critics have proposed its scraping due to what they allege are its adverse impacts on especially the Principals are Head teachers. Especially said to be adversely affected are the psychosocial wellbeing of the delocalised Principals. This means that implementation of the policy could be adversely affecting the mental as well as the social health of the personnel. However, empirical literature that could directly link the adverse psychosocial effects to implementation of the policy is still limited. This study therefore set out to establish the relationship between delocalisation process and the psychosocial wellbeing of the Principals with a specific focus on Public secondary school Principals in selected Counties in Eastern region in Kenya. A descriptive cross sectional survey was formulated for the study. Data was collected from 277 delocalised Principals, 12 Education officials and 18 Union officials using questionnaires. Data obtained was analysed descriptively and inferentially to put forward recommendations. Findings showed a negative significant relationship between delocalisation process and psychosocial wellbeing of the delocalised Principals implying adverse effect of the process on their psychosocial wellbeing. The relationship was found to be negatively stronger on older Principals compared to relatively younger ones. At the same time it was established that it was dependent on type of school, Principal delocalised to national and extra county schools having a more positive view on the process. It is therefore recommended that implementation of the process should be cautious approach to minimise its adverse effects.

Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres qui étudient le marché du travail.Le premier chapitre se concentre sur l'impact du télétravail sur le marché du travail en utilisant une extension du modèle de recherche et d'appariement. En considérant les changements survenus dans l'économie avant et après la pandémie de COVID-19, l'objectif est de combler le fossé de données pour (i) expliquer l'augmentation de la part de travailleurs à distance suite à la crise de la COVID-19 ; (ii) étudier les effets de ce changement sur le marché du travail dans deux zones distinctes ; et (iii) évaluer les avantages potentiels du travail à domicile pour réduire les inégalités entre les régions urbaines et rurales.Le deuxième chapitre introduit un modèle d'équilibre général qui intègre les frictions d'appariement pour analyser l'impact du confinement lié à la COVID-19 sur le chômage. Le modèle est calibré sur l'expérience de la crise des subprimes, puis utilisé pour identifier les chocs de confinement spécifiques à l'emploi, ce qui lui permet de prédire les flux observés de travailleurs par diplôme. L'étude conclut que la persistance du modèle, nettement plus élevée que dans le modèle Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides, est atténuée par les effets du CARES Act. Cette loi joue un rôle significatif dans la réduction de l'augmentation du chômage en réduisant la dynamique des séparations de travailleurs et en favorisant les embauches. Des expériences contrefactuelles menées dans l'étude montrent que l'intégration du risque variable dans le temps et des externalités liées aux coûts d'embauche est nécessaire pour expliquer efficacement la dynamique de ces crises.Le troisième et dernier chapitre se concentre sur la compréhension du processusdécisionnel des entreprises lorsqu'elles choisissent les emplacements de leurs établissements. L'étude examine comment les changements de temps de trajet domicile-travail résultant d'un déménagement d'un établissement affectent la probabilité de destruction de l'emploi et les salaires. Une augmentation du temps de trajet due à un déménagement conduit à une probabilité plus élevée de séparation, avecdes effets deux fois supérieurs pour les déménagements du centre en banlieue. Afin de préserver la relation d'emploi, les établissements qui déménagent en banlieue augmentent les salaires des travailleurs qualifiés, en particulier ceux résidant dans le centre de Paris. En revanche, nous ne trouvons pas que les entreprises baissent les salaires des travailleurs bénéficiant d'une baisse du temps de trajet suite au déménagement
This thesis consists of three chapters that study labour market.The first chapter focuses on examining the impact of working from home on the labor market outcomes using an extension of the search and matching model. By considering the changes that have occurred in the economy before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the objective is to address the data gap to (i) explain the increase in the share of remote workers following the COVID-19 crisis; (ii) investigate the effects of this shift on labor market outcomes in two distinct areas; and (iii) assess the potential benefits of working from home in reducing inequalities between urban and rural regions.The second chapter introduces a general equilibrium model that incorporates matching frictions to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on unemployment. The model is calibrated on the subprime-crisis experience and is then used to identify the job-specific lockdown shocks, allowing it to predict the observed worker flows by diploma. The study finds that the persistence of the model, which is notably higher than in the DiamondMortensen-Pissarides model, is mitigated by the effects of the CARES Act. This act plays a significant role in reducing the increase in unemployment by reducing the dynamics of worker separations and promoting job hires. Counterfactual experiments conducted in the study demonstrate that incorporating time-varying risk and externalities related to hiring costs are necessary to effectively explain the dynamics of these crises.The third and final chapter focuses on understanding the decision-making process of firms when selecting the locations for their establishments. The study investigates how changes in commuting time resulting from different types of relocations impact job separation and wages. The findings indicate that an increase in commuting time due to a relocation leads to a higher probability of job separation. In order to maintain the employment relationship, establishments that move to the suburbs tend to increase the wages of skilled workers, particularly those residing in the city center. Conversely, no evidence is found to support wage adjustments for establishments relocating to the center, and there is no indication of wage cuts for workers for whom commuting time decreases as a result of the relocation of their establishment

Conjugated molecules are very promising organic materials for nonlinear optics applications. It has been established that the linear and nonlinear properties of this class of molecules scale in a nonlinear way with respect to the π-electron delocalisation length along the conjugated backbone. Some systematic experimental investigations on the length dependence of the molecular optical response of thiophene and phenyl oligomers have been published [1,2]. Thienpont et al. [1] found a saturation of the polarizability α and the second hyperpolarizability γ at about 7 repeat units. We use the term saturation point to denote the transition point where the scaling of the optical properties with the molecular length becomes linear.