Articles de revues : « Financial services industry – European Economic Community countries »

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STAVSKA, Yulia. « THE GREEN TOURISM AS A DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS ». "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT : Topical issues of science and practical activity", n^o 1 (41) (janvier 2019) : 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-1-7.

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Ukraine, choosing its strategic course of integration into the European Union, took the time to accelerate the reform of various spheres of socio-political and economic life of the country, in particular, the sphere of tourism services, transforming it into the standards of the European Union. The world-wide experience of progressive management gives tourism the first place among other sectors of the economy in terms of exports of goods and services. In conditions of development of the Ukrainian state, tourism becomes an effective means of forming a market mechanism of management, the receipt of significant funds to the state budget, one of the forms of rational use of free time, conducting meaningful leisure, studying the history of the native land, attracting the general population to the knowledge of the historical and cultural heritage. Current experience and scientific research show that accelerated development of rural green tourism can play the role of a catalyst for structural adjustment of the economy, provide demographic stability and solve urgent socio-economic problems in rural areas. It is important for Ukraine to overcome the gap in this area and realize the existing rich tourism potential through an elaborate policy of state regulation, including at the regional level. One of the reasons for the rapid development of rural green tourism in Europe is the crisis in the agricultural sector. Today, the process of productivity and automation of agriculture leads to jobs reduction. In fact, in many rural regions of Europe, agriculture has ceased to be the most important form of land use and the most important activity of the rural community. The rural green tourism is closely linked with other types of tourism, primarily with recreational, cultural, specialized tourism types – relief, gastronomy, ethno-tourism, etc. All this allows rural tourism to be included in combined tours, increasing the demand for a traditional tourist product. The rural green tourism in Ukraine is a holiday of the inhabitants of the city in the countryside in guest rooms created by a village family on the basis of its own residential house and private plot. As entrepreneurial activity, rural green tourism develops rather heterogeneously in different regions of Ukraine. Systematization of motivational interests of the rural green tourism activation in the regions of Ukraine showed that the dominant motives for diversification of activities in agricultural sector in the current conditions of rural areas development are: increase of incomes of rural population and increase of employment level, the possibility of diversification of income sources of peasants, significant investments and additional training, opportunities for self-realization of rural inhabitants. Priority directions of development of green tourism in these regions in the near future should be: reception and accommodation of tourists; rental of tourist equipment; production and sale of tourist goods of folk crafts; provision of tourist services (bicycle, gastronomy, agrotourism, cultural and historical tourism, organization of recreational recreation, mountain and ecological tourism); organization of tasting and culinary excursions; active development of the hotel business, camping (construction of agricultural cottages, fishing houses, farmhouses, horse farms); organization of historical and ethnographic events; distribution of religious tours; providing a complex of widely distributed services (fishing, hunting, picking berries and mushrooms, medicinal plants, etc.); development and popularization of water sports (kiting, windsurfing). The research of the current conditions for the development of green tourism in the regions of Ukraine allowed to outline the area of the key problems that hinder the active expansion of this type of activity: - disorderly legislation on key aspects of tourism business regulation in rural areas; lack of a law regulating this type of activity; - low level of development of the infrastructure of the market of green tourism services and social infrastructure of the village; - outdated stereotypes of rural residents, which hinder the active development of the newest types of tourism industry, the pronounced unsystematic and irregular nature of services; - absence of state programs supporting development of green tourism and limited amount of their financial, consulting and information-marketing support; - low level of informatization and popularization of green tourism in the regions of Ukraine among the population of European countries; - lack of political stability and social tension in society, deterioration of the world image of Ukraine. Thus, Ukraine has a rather powerful potential for the development of green tourism as an alternative type of agribusiness in the regions of Ukraine. In the context of modern economic conditions, solving key problems of development of green tourism forms the fundamental framework for addressing the most important socio-economic issues of rural areas: overcoming unemployment, promoting employment, raising incomes and quality of life for rural inhabitants.

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Pavliuk, Svitlana. « World and Domestic Experience in Organizing Active Tourism ». Modern Economics 28, n^o 1 (20 août 2021) : 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v28(2021)-14.

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Abstract. Introduction. Active recreation tourism is more effective for physical, emotional, intellectual recreation than passive recreation tourism. Active forms of tourism give dosed in terms of volume and intensity of physical activity for participants, which is the main factor in their recreation and effective recovery. Active tourism is becoming an increasingly important segment of the tourism industry. Active tourism includes more and more types of recreational and tourist and tourist and sports activities. It performs several functions - health, prevention, rehabilitation, training, and education. World experience shows that recently the share of active, extreme, and adventure tourism is growing rapidly. Therefore, the study of current trends in the world and domestic experience of organization of active tourism is relevant. Purpose. The article aims to study current trends in the world and domestic experience in the organization and functioning of active tourism. In the long run, this will help improve the tourist image of the country, region, community and increase tourist flows. Results. International practice shows that, at the present stage of the development of economic systems, tourism is the most dynamically developing area. It is also worth noting that international tourism for some developing countries is the main export ofservices and one of theprincipalsources of foreign exchange in these countries; acts as a stabilizing lever for the formation of their budgets and credit and financial relations with other states. At the beginning of the XXI century, international tourism became one of the most important economic activities in the world, and its history begins long before the invention of the word tourist in the late 18th century. According to the Western tradition, organized trips can be found in ancient Greece and Rome, which claim origins as "heritage tourism" (historical monuments of recognized cultural significance) and beach resorts. Analysis of global trends in active tourism shows that there is a growing interest in more extreme travel "nomadic recreation"; familyextreme trips; immersion in the ocean; space travel; micro-trips or weekend tours; extreme-recovery. In response to the growing demand, travel agencies in the European Union offer a wide range of cycling tours, hiking, rafting, diving, sightseeing, and fauna. Analysis of the development of tourism in Ukraine shows that due to the fast pace of life, inactive, addiction to gadgets, more and more tourists today have begun to prefer active recreation. This holiday will be especially interesting for citizens who live in highrise buildings, among the asphalt and want to change their everyday life for a while for the beauty and splendor of nature. Each region of Ukraine has potential opportunities for the development of each type of tourism: hiking, biking, car, water, fishing, hunting, horseback riding, and mountaineering. In recent years, there has been an increasing number ofspecialized tour operators and guides offering relevant services. Also, the network ofspecialized shops, suppliers, points of hire, and service of modern tourist equipment, establishments, various tourist information, maps, guides are expanded. Conclusions. It is claimed, thatthe word demand is growing for active, extreme tourism because humanity is increasingly suffering from overwork and digital dependence. Given that most areas suffer from overtourism new concepts of recreation are becoming increasingly popular, where it is possible to restore inner peace, mental and spiritual condition. In addition, the identity of local culture and the identity of territory have a significant influence on interest among tourists. Ukraine has the potential for the development of active types of tourism. Also, the world experience will help diversify the range of ideas for the development of tourism.

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Garbelli, Maria. « Economic Turbulence in the Iron Kitchenware Industry in Italy ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, n^o 31 (30 novembre 2018) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p58.

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Companies in turbulent economies are required to face several difficulties, mainly related to the specific features of an extremely volatile environment. Although a similar, hypercompetitive context can be considered a global condition today, it is not perceived in the same way worldwide. Thus, international development could be the best method for exporting to different locations and getting the best opportunities to survive in this unstable environment. Italy is one of the European Union countries affected the most by turbulence and the financial crisis with a loss of competitiveness compared to other countries in the Union. The economic system has changed considerably, rising the bankruptcy cases and lowering reported earnings. This paper claims to give an overview of the Italian situation inside the European Community as Italy is recognized as one of the most industrialized areas of northern Italy; the province of Brescia is home of one of the two Italian districts devoted to the iron kitchenware industry—an industry in which Italy held a leading position worldwide for a long time. Ten years after the financial crisis, and supported by exports flows analysis, we evaluate the Italian competitive position in this industry compared to that of the country’s European competitors. Export data (inside and outside the European Union) in three years (2007, 2010, and 2014) show Italy’s leading global role in this industry but also the negative effect of the crisis on the country, witnessed by the strong rise of other competitors.

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Chalmers, Adam William, et Onna Malou van den Broek. « Financial volatility and public scrutiny as institutional determinants of financial industry firms' CSR ». Business and Politics 21, n^o 2 (26 janvier 2019) : 240–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2018.28.

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AbstractThis article examines the relationship between the global financial crisis and Corporate Social Responsibility reporting of financial services firms. We challenge the view in existing studies that firms, when faced with economic hardship, tend to jettison CSR commitments. Instead, and building on insights regarding the institutional determinants of CSR, we argue that firms are constrained in their ability to abandon CSR by the extent to which they are subject to intense public scrutiny by regulators and the news media. We test this argument in the context of the European sovereign debt crisis drawing on a unique dataset of 170 firms in 15 different countries over a six-year period. Controlling for a battery of alternative explanations and comparing financial service providers to firms operating in other economic sectors, we find considerable evidence supporting our argument. Rather than abandoning CSR during times of economic hardship, financial industry firms ramp up their CSR commitments in order to manage their public image and foster public trust in light of intense public scrutiny.

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White, John B., Morgan P. Miles et E. James Randall. « Innovative Financial Technologies To Facilitate Trade With Eastern Europe ». Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 8, n^o 3 (4 octobre 2011) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v8i3.6150.

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The European Economic Community is overshadowing the great market potential of the emerging, newly liberated Eastern Bloc countries. Entering these formerly communist markets is challenging because of a lack of sound economies and weak currencies. This paper develops a model whereby North American businesses enter these markets and accept local currencies for products and services, purchase local goods with the local currency and then sell these goods through international commodity exchanges.

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Halaskova, Martina, Renata Halaskova, Beata Gavurova et Matus Kubak. « Fiscal Decentralisation of Services : The Case of the Local Public Sector in European Countries ». Journal of Tourism and Services 12, n^o 23 (22 décembre 2021) : 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v12i23.234.

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Services are a dynamically developing economic sector in all countries. The paper focuses on public services, evaluated from the perspective of fiscal decentralization. It aims to evaluate the level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures in selected categories of public services in European countries. For this purpose, government expenditures by the local government sector are analyzed in the set of the selected 28 European countries in the period 2010-2018. Cluster analysis has been carried out in order to determine four clusters of countries based on their level of decentralization of expenditures on services. The results show differences in the extent of decentralization between the European countries in the provision of specific public services and reflect the form of financing of local public needs. A low level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures on services (public order and safety; housing and community amenities; recreation, culture, and religion) was observed in the majority of the countries. However, the majority of the countries failed to prove a high level of fiscal decentralization of expenditures on services (social protection, health, education) and a medium level of decentralization of expenditures in terms of general public services and services of economic affairs. These findings demonstrate that the degree of decentralization of public services is determined, to a certain degree, determined by country history and its geographical location, as well as by the different roles of sector-specific public policies. The findings can be helpful for creators of local public policies, strategic plans, and financial concepts.

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Zioło, Magdalena, Piotr Niedzielski, Ewa Kuzionko-Ochrymiuk, Jacek Marcinkiewicz, Katarzyna Łobacz, Krzysztof Dyl et Renata Szanter. « E-Government Development in European Countries : Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects ». Energies 15, n^o 23 (24 novembre 2022) : 8870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238870.

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The purpose of the paper is to analyse the relationship between digitalisation of public services (e-government) and ESG factors (environmental, social and economic factors). As public administration is a major stakeholder influencing sustainable development and state governments are aiming to digitise their services, there is a need to better understand the effect of the digital revolution on ESG. This article aims to study the relationship between the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and ESG factors in 26 European countries. The linear ordering method TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was used for the study, followed by the Perkal index and the method of optimal predictors’ selection—the Hellwig method. The study is based on the Eurostat data (in the period 2003–2020), and the analysis includes ten variables: Share of environmental taxes in GDP; Exposure to dust air pollution; Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc. (energy, industry, agriculture, forestry, waste management) (thousands of tonnes); Passenger transport volume in relation to GDP; At risk of poverty or social exclusion; Percentage of people satisfied with their financial situation among people aged 16+; Share of the ICT sector in GDP; Unemployment rate of people aged 20–64; Research and development expenditure in all sectors; GDP per capita. The in-depth analysis offers a matrix that represents the relationships between environmental taxes and the development of e-government. The main finding reveals statistically significant relationships between the EGDI and aggregate variables representing the environmental, social and economic spheres. It indicates a genuine, positive impact of digitalised administrative processes on sustainable development. It also seems to confirm that investments in digital infrastructure and government e-services bring multiple long-term benefits and contribute directly to all three domains relevant to the sustainability of modern development. The results of the analysis can be found useful by governments and governmental institutions as informing digitalisation strategies aimed at balancing the development of e-services and their support infrastructure. Nowadays, when planning strategic actions, one should take into account the social, economic and environmental impact of the digitalisation processes.

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Dorocki, Sławomir. « Wpływ kryzysu gospodarczego na przemiany struktur regionalnych Francji ». Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 17 (1 janvier 2011) : 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.17.7.

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It is recognized that the financial crisis, which was the symbolic beginning of the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, first hit the most advanced countries. A common phenomenon in European countries has become a trend reversal in the labour market, manifesting a decrease in the number of employees. The decline in employment was almost two times higher in developed countries than in developing countries. In developing countries the crisis hit the hardest into export-oriented industries, while in developed countries, into manufacturing industries and trade. Dismissals in building industry relate to a similar extent to different regions of developed countries and developing countries. Economists note that the economic crisis and the differences in pace of its impact on the economy of individual units reduced in recent years the gap between rich regions and those lagging behind. The study was an attempt to present regional differences in the impact of financial crisis of economy in France on the basis of data characterizing the change in general employment and industry, services and trade. The particular attention was directed to the relationship between the extent of the impact of the crisis on employment size and the degree of economic development.

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Humeniuk, V., Iu Umantsiv, A. Dligach, Н. Іванова et H. Umantsiv. « STATE FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR SMALL BUSINESS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ». Financial and credit activity : problems of theory and practice 3, n^o 38 (30 juin 2021) : 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v3i38.237463.

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Abstract. The aim of the conducted research is elaboration of conceptual statements and formulation of practical recommendations aimed at development of the methodological bases of state financial support for small business. On the basis of the existing theoretical statements, discovery of essential characteristics, peculiarities and systematisation of the obtained results of the research, conceptual approaches to interpretation of the features of state financial support for small business during the coronavirus crisis have been suggested. Small business is an important component of the economic system of any country. It ensures formation of the complex structure of the market for goods and services, development of efficient competition and promotes addressing the needs of consumers in conditions of formation of their sovereignty. State financial support for small business in European countries is at different stages of development. In the EU countries, financial policy of small business regulation is an example of state intervention in the mechanism of market self-regulation in order to solve social and economic problems by changing the economic behaviorur of small enterprises. The formational process, strategic priorities of state financial support for small business in European countries and macroeconomic instruments for its implementation during the coronavirus crisis have been studied. Changes in the concern of the world community in forms of state financial support for small business have been detected. A comparative and analytical examination of the instruments for macroeconomic financial regulation, which are being used during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, has been conducted. The research shows the importance of small business in terms of solving economic and social problems of social development, outlines the situation of state financial support in the EU countries in comparison with Ukrainian small enterprises, determines the general features and differences in state regulation of entrepreneurship. The practical significance of the obtained results consists in the fact that the main scientific statements of the article can be used in practice of state and regional management of small business. Keywords: small business, state regulation, financial support, financial policy, coronavirus crisis. JEL Classification H12, D21, E61 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 12.

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Czerwonka, Leszek, et Jacek Jaworski. « Capital structure and its determinants in companies originating from two opposite sides of the European Union : Poland and Portugal ». Economics and Business Review 8 (22), n^o 1 (2022) : 24–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2022.1.3.

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The aim of the paper is to identify differences in enterprises’ capital structure and its determinants in Poland and Portugal. The research applies statistical methods to the financial data of 22,775 Polish enterprises and 36,625 Portuguese enterprises for the years 2010–2017. The research results show that: (i) despite several years of ongoing economic integration in the EU differences in enterprises’ capital structure in old and new countries of the community still exist, (ii) in Portugal representing the old EU enterprises are more likely to use debt than in Poland being an emerging EU economy, (iii) in Polish enterprises, tangibility, profitability, liquidity and non-debt tax shield exert a negative impact on debt; while growth and size have a positive impact; in Portugal tangibility and a non-debt tax shield show the opposite, (iv) in both countries industry growth decreases indebtedness of enterprises while financial risk results in higher debt; in addition, in Portugal the capital intensity of industry increases the share of debt in capital structure.

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Molotok, Igor F. « Does Taxation Influence Efficiency of Public Services Provision : Case of European Countries ». Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, n^o 1 (2020) : 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.87.14.

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Public services are identified as services provided by the government of certain jurisdiction (country or local community) in order to ensure citizens’ welfare and social protection. The efficiency of public services provision depends on numerous economic, social, and institutional factors. In turn, numerous scientific debates are about the optimization of taxation in order to increase the efficiency of public goods provision. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to clarify empirically the cohesion between public services provision and taxation for the sample of European countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Czech Republic, Germany, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Ukraine) for 2005-2018. Correlation analysis and panel data regression analysis results allow concluding that provision of public goods (safety, education, health care) highly dependent on social contributions and taxes on goods and services, and less on taxes on income, profits, and capital gains. Moreover, tax growth dynamics in chosen European countries is twice, triple or even five times more rapid than growth dynamics of all dependent variables (only government expenditures on education and social contributions annual growth rates are almost equal). Such a discrepancy might result in an increase of social tensions, shadow economy, intensification of tax avoidances and tax evasion processes, lack of population to government loyalty. All this proves the necessity of improvement of financial resources redistribution in order to improve the efficiency of public services provision. Keywords: budget, government expenditure, government efficiency, public goods, tax revenue.

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Lyakh, Iryna. « Possibilities for Venture Financing under the Integration of Ukraine into the European Innovation Space ». Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, n^o 2(39) (2020) : 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2020.2(39).75-79.

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The paper is devoted to the issue of Ukraine’s integration into the innovation space of the European Union, in which a special role belongs to venture business, which differs from other forms of innovation in terms of capital mobilization, source structure and investment conditions, as well as the use of new financial instruments. It is argued that the pace of Ukraine’s approaching with the EU in the field of innovation is not satisfactory: there are some positive changes, but many problems have been identified, in particular with venture financing of innovation. An analysis of venture agreements of asset management companies among mutual investment institutions (MIIs) shows that venture funds do not invest in high-tech industries, with the exception of some branches of financial services and ICT. The most common cases of financial support from venture capital in Ukraine relate to such economic activities as: construction, trade, hotel and tourism business, processing of agricultural products, insurance, publishing. In recent years, there has been a trend of moderate and extensive growth in the Ukrainian asset management sector, mainly due to the activity of new funds. The development of venture capital funds in Ukraine concentrates on the leading regions in measuring their contribution to the country’s economic development. As before, the level of concentration of venture business funds is growing, mainly in the capital and Kyiv region. The paper substantiates the need and proposes measures to overcome the regional asymmetry in the provision of MIIs financial services, based on strengthening the interaction between mutual investment institutions, on the one hand, and investors and issuers of securities, on the other hand. These measures will help ensure investment efficiency and reduce transaction costs related to this process. To this end, it is important to create an appropriate ecosystem of innovative investment, which will provide access to financial services provided by MIIs to all potential investors in the securities market (citizens and the business community of the country), regardless of regional affiliation. In recent years, there has been a trend of moderate and extensive growth in the Ukrainian asset management industry, mainly due to the activity of new funds. The development of venture investment funds in Ukraine focuses on the leading regions in terms of contribution to the country’s economic development. As before, the level of concentration of venture industry funds is growing, mainly in the capital and Kyiv region. The article substantiates the need and proposes measures to overcome the regional asymmetry in the provision of CII financial services, based on strengthening the interaction between mutual investment institutions, on the one hand, and investors and issuers of securities, on the other hand, which will help ensure investment efficiency and reduce related to this process transaction costs. To this end, it is important to create an appropriate ecosystem of innovative investment, which will provide access to financial services provided by CII to all potential investors in the securities market (citizens and the business community of the country), regardless of regional affiliation.

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Rizzo, Lorenzo, Giorgio Valentinuz, Dario Obratil et Valentino Pediroda. « Bankruptcy Prediction : A Model Based on Cash Flow Ratios : Evidence From Selected European Countries ». International Journal of Business Administration 11, n^o 6 (29 novembre 2020) : 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v11n6p89.

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The importance of assessing the financial distress risk of a company is a topic that has been of central value in many different economic fields and since a long time. Until the twenty-first century, most of the studies were concentrated primarily on using mathematical and statistical methods to assess the health of businesses. Many of these studies employed either accounting-based ratios or cash flow-based ratios; even if there is not a unique conclusion, the use of cash flows seems to improve the predictive capacity of the models significantly. Especially in the last twenty-five years, methods derived from different fields started to be applied in forecasting corporate failures, such as artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and fuzzy logic.The objective of this study was to test the goodness of the discriminatory power of ratios based only on cash flows using a model that employs genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic. Five countries (Germany, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy) and five Nace macro sectors (Agriculture, Industry, Services, Construction, Commerce and Food) have been considered in the analysis for a total of around 719-thousand companies. The model has proven to be well-performing on most of the countries and sectors that have been tested. The results obtained are almost all adequate; in particular, in Germany and Spain, results have been particularly good.The main weaknesses of this work are the limited availability of financial data in some countries and the time delay from the reporting of financial statement to the availability of the data through web services. It means that a large-scale risk assessment requires – being useful for the public and the private sectors – greater and faster disclosure of information at European level, and standardization of financial information transparency among countries.

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Kremastioti, Vasiliki, Athanasios Anastasiou, Panagiotis Liargovas, Dimitrios Komninos et Zacharias Dermatis. « Economic Evaluation of Health Programs – Health Expenditures in the European Union ». Valahian Journal of Economic Studies 9, n^o 1 (1 avril 2018) : 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjes-2018-0012.

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Abstract Health Care is a sensitive issue that concerns not only the individual but also society in general. Health economics are a specialization of the economists in the health sector who aim for the proper function of hospital administration. It deals with issues related to the financing and delivery of health services and the role of such services and other personal decisions in contributing to personal health. Many researches refer to the problems that each health unit faces, emphasizing on the resources, programs and health expenditure. Some of these programs, especially the most effective, are mentioned in this research. Their creation was based on the best quality of health services in all OECD countries. With this research, we aim to develop a methodological framework for evaluating the total health expenditure (consists of all expenditures or outlays for medical care, prevention, promotion, rehabilitation, community health activities, health administration and regulation and capital formation with the predominant objective of improving health) in the 23 OECD countries, by creating a panel data regression and analyzing the results, from 2000 to 2014. For this reason, some of the most important variables (macroeconomic and related to the health sector), were used as tools to assess the performance of each country, as far as the resources and the expenditure for the health care are concerned. Every explanatory variable that was used in this sample, but also the combination of a number of these explanatory variables showed a positive correlation with total expenditures as a percentage of GDP in the majority of the equations. Some variables showed a negative correlation with total health expenditures, which doesn’t fit with the economic theory. Financial crisis is the reason for this.

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Niemczak, Marcin. « Wpływ procesów globalizacji i integracji europejskiej na przekształcenia struktur polskiego przemysłu cukrowniczego ». Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 12 (1 janvier 2009) : 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.12.7.

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The problem of economic transformation, and especially of structural transformations of industries in view of globalization and European integration becomes particularly significant. One of the most important effects of globalization, vital in modernization of economy, is restructuring of industry. This process requires precise recognition of the mechanisms of its functioning and identification and employment of these mechanisms in the process of adapting countries’ economies to the new, competitive conditions of the global economy.Such actions are indispensable to increase the competitiveness of products and services provided by enterprises.In the period of transformation, functioning of the Polish sugar industry depended not only on the current socio-economic conditions, but also on the influence of integration processes. As economic transformation, especially restructuring of enterprises, is strictly connected with great financial expenditure and with changes in the system of management, it had an effect on the course of transformations in the spatial structure of the Polish sugar industry

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Polishchuk, V. « Aspects of ecological taxation development in the European economy transformation ». Agroecological journal, n^o 3 (6 septembre 2022) : 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2022.266408.

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It is revealed that the fiscal ecological policy plays a principal role in the complex process of economic transformation. One of its functions is a direct participation in the realization of the nature environment conservation policy of European countries, which in turn react resolutely and balanced on the aggravation of resource problems and ecological crisis. The main purpose of this article is the influence identification of the environmental taxation on the realization of the environmental conservation policy of the European Economic Area (EEA) with financial and economic capability of the modern European countries considered. Complex indicators, which are investigated analytically with the comparative analysis considered, are utilized for the realization of the aforementioned endeavor. The experience of the European countries is recommended to be explored, generalized and engrained if possible in Ukraine for modern system of the environmental taxation formation. The indicators, which characterize the level of EU environmental taxation income, are analyzed systematically. As the realization of the fiscal and ecological policy has to become one of the stimulating factors of the environmental conservation, the basic aspects of environmental taxation implementation of the European countries are determined. The systematic approach for environmental taxation influence determination on the successive prospects of environmental conservation doctrine realization by the European community is applied in the article. The European community in turn has to make a balanced choice of the chief priorities for the further community and economic development. It has been proven that the environment degradation and irrational usage of the natural resources are the main motivating stimulus for the environmental conservation policy of Europe transportation. It should be pointed out that the efficacious implementation of the environmental taxation is obligatory for the full-fledged policy realization. The comprehensive investigating method which indicates the real influence of different kinds of the environmental taxation on an increase of the technical level of the production and the auspicious investment climate establishment. The realization of the investment policy of the environmental conservation and fiscal ecological reform are the paramount component of the sustainable development and its fulfillment must be directed to the increase of the quality level of the environment. European countries have already reached certain results, but the modification of nature conservation policy must be continuous and meet the requirements of time. It is investigated that ecotax can play a critical role in material and mental influence on a manufacturer, a consumer and non-ecological services. Financial instruments in turn are more often utilized by market economy countries for improving ecosystem quality and live circumstances of society.

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PLYASKINA, Аlona, Ryslan OHORODNYK et Tetiana OHORODNYK. « FORMATION OF INNOVATIVE-INVESTMENT APPROACH IN MANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF TRANSPORT INDUSTRY COMPANIES ». Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 302, n^o 1 (janvier 2022) : 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-302-1-29.

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Ukraine is currently at the stage of formation and consolidation of the industry, significantly inferior to Western European countries in terms of both quality and complexity of services provided by national transport companies. BSC (Balanced Score-Card) is not only an evaluation system, but also serves as a means of strategic management, as it allows you to formulate a strategy for the development of the company, and translate it into the plane of specific strategic objectives and indicators that determine them. The component of internal business processes determines the activities that are most important for achieving the goals of consumers and shareholders. The goals and indicators of this component are formed after the development of financial and customer components, which allows you to focus the parameters of internal business processes on the satisfaction of customers and shareholders.

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Botlíková, Milena, et Josef Botlík. « Local Extremes of Selected Industry 4.0 Indicators in the European Space—Structure for Autonomous Systems ». Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, n^o 1 (7 janvier 2020) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13010013.

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In the past, the social and economic impacts of industrial revolutions have been clearly identified. The current Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) is characterized by robotization, digitization, and automation. This will transform the production processes, but also the services or financial markets. Specific groups of people and activities may be replaced by new information technologies. Changes represent an extreme risk of economic instability and social change. The authors described available published sources and selected a group of indicators related to Industry 4.0. The indicators were divided into five groups and summarized by negative or positive impact. The indicators were analyzed by precedence analysis. Extremes in the geographical dislocation of factor values were found. Furthermore, spatial dependencies in the distribution of these extremes were found by calculating multiple (long) precedencies. European countries were classified according to individual groups of indicators. The results were compared with the real values of the indicators. The indicated extremes and their distribution will allow to predict changes in the behavior of the population given by changes in the socio-economic environment. The behavior of the population can be described by the behavior of autonomous systems on selected infrastructure. The paper presents research related to the creation of a multiagent model for the prediction of spatial changes in population distribution induced by Industry 4.0.

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Mohammed Rahma, Al Siddig Talha. « The importance of providing Islamic finance services for non- Muslims in Europe ». Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences 24, n^o 102 (1 février 2018) : 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33095/jeas.v24i102.163.

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Abstract This paper follows the growing interest and continuity of Islamic finance products worldwide, which has encouraged the formulation of financial institutions based on the concepts of Islamic Sharia in many countries of the world and is no longer limited to Islamic countries only, and Not exclusive to Muslims which is due to Islamic finance services and their ability to apply in non-Islamic societies, and perhaps what encouraged the development and progress of this industry Islamic history, which was attended by many different models With the development of trade's share between different countries as well as trips carried out by Muslims trade in the world and their role in the spread of Islam in Africa, Asia, Europe and so on. The paper focuses on the need to direct and allocate Islamic funding to non-Muslims so as not to be exclusive to Muslims only and thus highlights the ability of Islamic economic services and its ability to expand its outreach, this will help to activating many of the desired objectives and to clarify and reflect the Islamic principles of other societies, and thus achieve the universality of Islam and reduce the manifestations of hostility to Islam and Muslims in the world The paper concludes that the spread of various Islamic financial institutions in European countries, including banks, Islamic insurance companies and Islamic sukuk, and the establishment of identical institutions in Europe all this confirms the ability of Islamic banking to spread in the world, Islamic banking has emerged as one of the fastest-growing industry sectors over recent years. Islamic Finance has now become a global phenomenon due in large part because it is perceived as less risky than the conventional finance – especially during crises.

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Shakina, Elena, et Angel Barajas. « The relationship between intellectual capital quality and corporate performance : An empirical study of Russian and European companies ». Ekonomski anali 57, n^o 192 (2012) : 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1292079b.

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The purpose of this research is to develop cost-effectiveness tools for the analysis of company?s intellectual resources, in terms of resource-based and value-based approaches. Our study focuses on the evaluation of intellectual capital methods to discover the drivers of company growth. We suppose that the potential effectiveness of intellectual capital resources varies according to different institutional factors. Several statistical methods will be used for the empirical issues in this research, including common cross-sectional and panel data analysis, and the instrumental variables method. The database collected for this purpose will consist of financial and economic indicators underlying the intellectual capital evaluation, such as strategic performance indicators (EVA? and FGV?). The dataset includes companies from different countries and industries according to the Knowledge Economy Index of the World Bank. The industries presented in the dataset are selected according to the predominance of several intellectual capital elements. The database includes financial services, wholesale and retail trade, machinery and equipment manufacture, the chemical industry, and transport and communications. As a result of the empirical research, we expect to answer the following questions: ? Is there a close relationship between intellectual capital quality and company performance? ? What are the external and internal factors affecting this relationship? (country, industry, company size, market dynamics, etc.)

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Drymalovska, K. V., et R. O. Kyryliuk. « The Main Features of the Modern World Market of Insurance Services ». Business Inform 4, n^o 519 (2021) : 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-4-36-41.

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As competition in international and national markets intensifies, it is important to create a system to protect economic actors from potential threats and adverse factors. To solve these issues, it is necessary to ensure the effective functioning of the insurance market, which is one of the important components of financial security. Without the developed insurance market, it will be impossible to ensure the social and economic progress of the country, its corporate security, welfare etc. The current state of the world insurance market has certain features, which makes it possible to adapt to the change of the modern world and improve the work of the insurance industry. To create a clear insurance market, it is necessary to develop an effective policy as to the insurance activities of both the insurer and the reinsurers, as well as to establish solvency insurance systems. The development of the insurance market is accompanied by many economic, regulatory, organizational, methodological and personnel issues. The publication is aimed at studying and distinguishing the peculiarities of development of the world market of insurance services. On the basis of studying the works of scholars, the main features of the modern insurance market are provided; key signs of the insurance industry are presented; statistical information on trends in the insurance market development during 2019 in the following regions: North and Latin America, Western Europe, Asia, European developing countries. The impact of COVID-19 on the state of the insurance industry in Europe has been characterized. As result of studying the key trends in the future development of the insurance market, the main components that are necessary for the formation of an effective policy of insurance companies in the context of COVID-19 have been formed as follows: digitalization, innovation, analytics, feedback.

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Neilson, Elizabeth, Jennifer Villani, Shawna L. Mercer, David L. Tilley, Isaah Vincent, Anita Alston et Carrie N. Klabunde. « Sources of Support for Studies That Inform Recommendations of the Community Preventive Services Task Force ». Public Health Reports 135, n^o 6 (13 octobre 2020) : 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920954557.

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Objectives The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) makes evidence-based recommendations about preventive services, programs, and policies in community settings to improve public health. CPSTF recommendations are based on systematic evidence reviews. This study examined the sponsors (ie, sources of financial, material, or intellectual support) for publications included in systematic reviews used by the CPSTF to make recommendations during a 9-year period. Methods We examined systematic evidence reviews (effectiveness reviews and economic reviews) for CPSTF findings issued from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2018. We assessed study publications used in these reviews for sources of support; we classified sources as government, nonprofit, industry, or no identified support. We also identified country of origin for each sponsor and the most frequently mentioned sponsors. Results The CPSTF issued findings based on 144 systematic reviews (106 effectiveness reviews and 38 economic reviews). These reviews included 3846 publications: 3363 publications in effectiveness reviews and 483 publications in economic reviews. Government agencies supported 57.1% (n = 1919) of publications in effectiveness reviews and 59.2% (n = 286) in economic reviews. More than 1500 study sponsors from 36 countries provided support. The National Institutes of Health was the leading sponsor for effectiveness reviews (21.3%; 718 of 3363) and economic reviews (16.2%; 78 of 480), followed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (7.0%; 234 of 3363 effectiveness reviews and 14.8%; 71 of 480 economic reviews). Conclusions The evidence base used by the CPSTF was supported by an array of sponsors, with government agencies providing the most support. Study findings highlight the need for sponsorship transparency and the role of government as a leading supporter of studies that underpin CPSTF recommendations for improving public health.

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KULYNA, Halyna, et Yaroslav FARION. « WORLD MARKET OF INSURANCE SERVICES IN THE CONDITIONS OF CHANGE THE PARADIGM OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ». WORLD OF FINANCE, n^o 3(52) (2017) : 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2017.03.048.

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Introduction. Global changes in society and the rapid development of financial technologies identify major trends in the global insurance market. At the same time there are changes to the functioning of the global insurance market and the organization of insurance companies it according to the new paradigm of the economic community. Purpose. The aim of the research is to evaluate the trends of the global insurance market, identifying characteristics and problematic aspects of its operation in the changing paradigm of progress, to identify key priorities for further evolution in the regional dimension. Results. The features and problems outlined aspects of the global insurance market in terms of a paradigm shift. The estimation of trends in its evolution in terms of developed and developing countries. The basic innovations in insurance-related robotics market development and risks of cyber-attacks, information and digitalization society. The basic priorities of the further evolution of the global insurance market in regional terms. The ways of improvement principles Solvensy II, which will improve the efficiency of the European insurance market. Conclusion. For today for the world market of insurance services characteristic are next tendencies and range of problems of further advancement: acceleration of increase of volume of insurance bonuses, that get insurers from the risk types of insurance, life-insurance and reinsurance; activations of demand are on insurance services in countries that develop, especially in China, to South Korea and others like that; declines of cost of insurance products in the field of commercial insurance and strengthening of insurance interest in cyber-insurance and insurances of robots; consolidations of leading insurers are in a few highly developed countries.

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Argirova, Desislava Mladenova. « Good Practices of the European Union Countries Regarding the Integration of Refugees and Migrants ». ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 5, n^o 1 (10 juin 2021) : 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol5.iss1.233.

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The countries of the European Union, which are final destinations or transit for refugees and migrants, face many social, humanitarian and financial challenges. They are expected to invest efforts and resources to enable migrant communities and the host society to activate their abilities, qualities and skills to build social cohesion and well-being between them. Local administrations provide many services that directly affect the integration of migrants and there-fore have a greater capacity to support the process of social cohesion, as opposed to governance at national level, which in many cases hinders local government initiatives to address social and economic problems arising from immigration. Integration is an extremely individual process and individual needs must be taken into account by the various institutions involved in this activity. Refugee integration is one of the indicators of democratic society, an indicator of the development and promotion of human rights and freedoms. It is a continuous and dynamic process that requires efforts and readiness on the part of refugees to adapt to their host society without having to give up their cultural identity, and therefore - readiness and understanding on the part of the host community and public institutions to perceive refugees as equal persons of themselves. Integration is a long-term two-way process of mutual adjustment of incoming immigrants and citizens of the host country.

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McDaid, David, Martin Knapp et Claire Curran. « Meeting the challenge of funding and allocating resources to mental health across Europe : developing the Mental Health Economics European Network ». Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 15, n^o 2 (juin 2006) : 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00004310.

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SUMMARYAims – There is growing demand for economic analysis to support strategic decision-making for mental health but the availability of economic evidence, in particular on system performance remains limited. The Mental Health Economics European Network (MHEEN) was set up in 2002 with the broad objective of developing a base for mental health economics information and subsequent work in 17 countries. Methods – Data on financing, expenditure and costs, provision of services, workforce, employment and capacity for economic evaluation were collected through bespoke questionnaires developed iteratively by the Network. This was augmented by a literature review and analysis of international databases. Results – Findings on financing alone suggest that in many European countries mental health appears to be neglected while mechanisms for resource allocation are rarely linked to objective measure of population mental health needs. Numerous economic barriers and potential solutions were identified. Economic incentives may be one way of promoting change, although there is no one size fits all solution. Conclusions – There are significant benefits and synergies to be gained from the continuing development of networks such as MHEEN. In particular the analysis can be used to inform developments in Central and Eastern Europe. For instance there is much that can be learnt on both how the balance of care between institutional and non-institutional care has changed and on the role played by economic incentives in ensuring that resources were used to develop alternative community-based systems.Declaration of Interest: none of the authors have received any financial support that presents a conflict of interest.

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Schürmann, Heinz Jürgen. « Structural Changes and Performance of the German Oil Industry ». Energy Exploration & ; Exploitation 4, n^o 4 (août 1986) : 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400401.

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More than in many other countries, the oil market in West Germany is traditionally characterised by liberal trade patterns. This open market allowed a virtually free inflow of oil products. Hence, the pressure on prices at Rotterdam's spot market affected directly the product prices for German consumers. In all end-product markets, oligopoly and strong competition by outsiders prevail. If the cutthroat competition is intensified, this may lead to an alteration of the supply structure within the group of the quite heterogeneous market participants. The West German oil industry is passing through a period of painful economic adjustments. The shrinking of the market, changing demand patterns, and financial losses have led to the shedding of considerable over-capacity in refining and distribution. The process includes both a drastic reduction of simple (straight-run) distillation capacity and an increase in conversion potential, along with toll refining, reduction of marketing outlets, concentration of participants in processing and distribution, attempts at optimisation of downstream activities within the Common Market area, as well as the promotion of joint ventures with foreign state companies. The approach to the adaptation process varies from company to company according to upstream and downstream strength, financial position, access to sources of supply, international linkages, and special areas of interest. Of course, over-capacity of refining is a global phenomenon that cannot be eliminated without international co-operation. The problems may, after all, become even more complex after new export refineries in OPEC countries have been completed. This paper presents the results and features that reflect the reaction of the main companies affected. It describes the chances and challenges of a free oil market system. In recent years the petroleum industry in Germany has suffered heavy financial losses, and has embarked on a radical and seemingly successful adaptation process, but it remains vulnerable to developments on the world oil market. It would gain from better co-ordinated policies within the framework of the European Community—including a free play of market forces and a standardisation of environmental controls. Farther afield, the necessity for closer links to the government-controlled companies in producing countries is perceived to secure sources of supply on a basis of mutual advantage.

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Таштамиров, М. Р. « ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ISLAMIC BANKING ARCHITECTURE ». Вестник ГГНТУ. Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки, n^o 1(23) (29 avril 2021) : 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.2021.66.36.005.

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Исламские банки доказали свою эффективность и действенность как в методах финансового управления, так и в мобилизации финансовых ресурсов для содействия развитию в различных экономических секторах не только в исламских странах, но и в европейских, в соответствии с исламскими шариатскими нормами. Цель статьи заключается в изучении показателей и исламских методов, принятых для улучшения распределения финансовых ресурсов, и его конкретных путей повышения доходов. Кроме того, исламские финансовые активы были задействованы на огромных финансовых рынках благодаря высокому качеству финансовых услуг, предоставляемых инвесторам. Собственно, исламский банкинг существует более чем в 67 странах и к концу 2021 года может охватить около 75 стран мира. Результаты показывают, что успешность развития индустрии исламских финансовых активов лежит в фундаментальных аспектах построения архитектуры исламского банкинга, как наиболее распространенного сегмента исламских финансов. Islamic banks have proved their effectiveness and efficiency in both financial management and the mobilization of financial resources to promote development in various economic sectors, not only in Islamic countries, but also in European ones, in accordance with Islamic sharia norms. The purpose of the article is to examine the indicators and Islamic methods adopted to improve the allocation of financial resources and its specific ways to increase income. In addition, Islamic financial assets were used in huge financial markets due to the high quality of financial services provided to investors. Actually, Islamic banking exists in more than 67 countries and by the end of 2021 it can cover about 75 countries of the world. The results show that the success of the Islamic financial asset industry lies in the fundamental aspects of building the architecture of Islamic banking, as the most common segment of Islamic finance.

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Becker, Ra Jochen. « European Harmonization Versus National Constitutional Sovereignity – On the Example of the Measures to Contain the Crisis of the Common European Currency ». Creative and Knowledge Society 5, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2015) : 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cks-2015-0006.

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Abstract The Eurozone Crisis is not just a monetary and economic challenge. It is as well the first tremendous challenge of the European Community and as well the national institutions and constitutions of the member states not only within the Eurozone. On one side the European Commission, the European Parliament and the ECB with its endeavours to safeguard and stabilize the single currency EURO within the Eurozone, to support the suffering countries in the south (PIIGS) with its struggle against speculative hedge funds, to render financial relief measures to those countries and its financial industry. Irrespective the fact governments and citizens within that countries, less appear to appreciate or honor that measures (Troika, Financial checks and budgetary control) as efficient help to stabilize but condemn as form of European paternalism and patronage. On the other hand the countries and its citizenship especially in the north of the Eurozone to set a stop sign to the EU and the ECB. Therefore they stress the Maastricht criteria and cite the Art 125 of the TEU, which prohibits one nation to stand for or to be liable for the Government debts of another nation (no bail out). Especially in the German perspective the demarcation line appears to run along between the European Commission, European Central Bank and European Court on the European side and the Bundesverfassungsgericht, the Bundesbank on the national German side. Each of the institutions feels to be bound to its origin functions and principles and save the respective constitution and the task rendered by that constitution. For a better understanding it is essential to get aware of and to reinforce the constitutional role which the Grundgesetz awarded to the Bundesverfassungsgericht and the Bundesbank and the German citizenship placing their confidence in these institutions. Es soll konkret das Verhältnis zur Nichtbeistandsklausel No-Bail-out Klausel Art 125 AEUVertrag, den Europäischen Fiskalpakt / dem ESFS, ESM / dem OMT-Programm der EZB, möglichen Entwicklung des EU zur Haftungs- und Transferunion mit einem zukünftigen Haftungsautomatismus der Mitglieder, der Unterscheidung von gemeinsamer Währungspolitik und nationaler Wirtschaftspolitik, der drohenden Vergemeinschaftung von Staatsschulden einzelner EU-Länder, die Budgethoheit des nationalen Parlaments als freie Entscheidung über die Verwendung des nationalen Haushaltes untersucht werden. Mit allen diesen Fragen mussten sich das höchste Deutsche und Europäische Gericht in jüngster Vergangenheit intensiv beschäftigen.

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Witkowska, Janina. « Integration Processes In The Global Economy : Current State And Prospects. The Cases Of The European Union, ASEAN Economic Community, And NAFTA ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, n^o 4 (30 novembre 2016) : 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0029.

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The aim of the paper is to determine the current state of the integration processes in the global economy and prognosticate on the foreseeable changes in this phenomenon in the upcoming. Will they be divergence from or continuity with the past trends in the global economy in this field? The article examines three regional integration groupings, i.e. the European Union, ASEAN Economic Community, and NAFTA. The analysis makes it possible to conclude that all of these groupings/organizations are encountering some problems. In the case of the EU, these are mainly: the two – speed integration process as far as a monetary union is concerned; serious negative consequences of the global financial crisis for the socio-economic cohesion of the EU-28; as well as a worsening position in the world trade in goods and services and in the total global gross capital inflows. The problems of the ASEAN Economic Community seem to be connected with some discrepancies between the political will in favour of deepening integration among member states and the real economic difficulties involved in attaining higher stages of integration among a group of countries extremely differentiated in their economic development. NAFTA’s problems also lie in the asymmetrical development between member states, as well as in the lessening importance of the integration within the organization for the member states, which results from the putting into effect numerous other FTAs. The growing openness of all the analyzed integration groupings, being in line with the globalization process, seems to be a future characteristic of integration processes in the global economy.

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Skrypko, Tetyana, et Mariya Harasymlyuk. « Intellectual specialization of entrepreneurship as a way of solving social and economic problems ». Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, n^o 1(135) (2019) : 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-1-2.

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Ukraine lags behind the developed countries in technological and economic spheres, by average income per capita, by renovation of production equipment, etc. Instead, comparatively high level of labour resources’ qualification and intellectual capacity remain to be the competitive advantage. Based on the theory of competitive advantages and current EU smart specialization strategy, it is possible to focus on technology-intensive industries oriented on exports to secure the countries’ sustainable development. The state of innovation activity of enterprises of industry, entrepreneurship sectors and regions is considered. The structure of the types of innovative activities of Ukrainian industrial enterprises for 2010-2017 includes internal and external impacts, such as the purchase of equipment and software, training of employees, etc. Statistical, table, questionnaire, factor analysis methods were used. The comparative analysis provides an innovative index of Ukraine and its 10 components (human resources, attractive research systems, innovation friendly environment, finance and support, firm investments, innovators, linkages, intellectual assets, employment impacts, sales impacts) calculated by EU economic experts according to the methodology The European Innovation Scoreboard. Based on the answers of the managers of small businesses, the bottlenecks of innovation management are grounded: internal (qualifications of managers and specialists), limited financial resources, risk of activities diversification) and external (corruption, formal approach of authorities and institutional infrastructure). The paper proves the reasonability of the state policy of further investment development and stimulation of the IT sector due to its low material resources, proper system of education of specialists, legal support and fiscal policy. The record high growth rate of the information services market and the corresponding high-intellectual cluster of specialists allows predicting the integration of the national industry into the international division of labor from the angle of geopolitical smart specialization.

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Skorik, Ksenia. « Structural transformations of the EU industrial sector ». Economy and forecasting 2020, n^o 3 (29 décembre 2020) : 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.03.97.

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The issue of industrial policy and industrial problems is one of the most controversial in the European academic community. Even today, we see a lack of theoretical basis for decision-making on industrial policy issues. The main purpose of the publication is to assess the contribution of industry to the socio-economic development of the EU and its member states, as well as to the dynamic structural changes that took place during 2000-2019. To achieve the article's goal, the author uses such indicators as the share of the industrial sector in the generation of gross value added, employment, labor productivity, and exports/imports. The article reveals a general trend to increase in the share of the services sector in the generation of gross value added for the EU-28 and to decrease in the share of the industrial sector. It is established that industry remains an important sector for the EU economy, and for the EU-28, it provides almost 20% of gross value added and more than 70% of total exports, and accounts for about 15% of the employed population. For each of the EU countries, the socio-economic contribution of industry is different - for Central and Eastern Europe, it is more important in the generation of gross value added and employment than for the EU founder countries of the euro area (the EU-15 group). It is found that labor productivity in the EU-15 is higher than in other countries. Growing labor productivity is typical for Denmark, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, and Great Britain, while lower productivity - for such CEE countries as Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Latvia. At the same time, growth rates of all industrial indicators in the latter countries is much higher than in the EU-15. The author considers the new EU industrial policy and various problems of the industrial sector in the EU. The study was carried out on the statistical basis of the European Commission using the methodology of Polish scientists of the Warsaw School of Economics to study the new industrial policy (Krzysztof Falkowski, Adam A. Ambroziak 2015).

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Skorik, Ksenia. « Structural transformations of the EU industrial sector ». Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, n^o 3 (29 septembre 2020) : 115–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.03.115.

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The issue of industrial policy and industrial problems is one of the most controversial in the European academic community. Even today, we see a lack of theoretical basis for decision-making on industrial policy issues. The main purpose of the publication is to assess the contribution of industry to the socio-economic development of the EU and its member states, as well as to the dynamic structural changes that took place during 2000-2019. To achieve the article’s goal, the author uses such indicators as the share of the industrial sector in the generation of gross value added, employment, labor productivity, and exports/imports. The article reveals a general trend to increase in the share of the services sector in the generation of gross value added for the EU-28 and to decrease in the share of the industrial sector. It is established that industry remains an important sector for the EU economy, and for the EU-28, it provides almost 20% of gross value added and more than 70% of total exports, and accounts for about 15% of the employed population. For each of the EU countries, the socio-economic contribution of industry is different - for Central and Eastern Europe, it is more important in the generation of gross value added and employment than for the EU founder countries of the euro area (the EU-15 group). It is found that labor productivity in the EU-15 is higher than in other countries. Growing labor productivity is typical for Denmark, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, and Great Britain, while lower productivity - for such CEE countries as Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, and Latvia. At the same time, growth rates of all industrial indicators in the latter countries is much higher than in the EU-15. The author considers the new EU industrial policy and various problems of the industrial sector in the EU. The study was carried out on the statistical basis of the European Commission using the methodology of Polish scientists of the Warsaw School of Economics to study the new industrial policy (Krzysztof Falkowski, Adam A. Ambroziak 2015).

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Lebedeva, Liudmila F. « Transcontinental Partnerships at the Crossroads : Factors, Risks, Consequences ». Outlines of global transformations : politics, economics, law 10, n^o 4 (28 novembre 2017) : 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-54-69.

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Transcontinental partnerships – Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TATIP) – have been analyzed in view of the new challenges in polycentric world, US foreign economic policy changes, risks for the national economies of the block’s participants, as well as for the other countries. The TPP and the TATIP are in focus as the new stage of the world integration process. The TATIP can deepen the already substantial economic ties between the US and the European Union. But what will be included in the chapters of the agreement on financial services, agricultural products, some other sectors is still subject to debate. Particular concerns arise about the role for the TATIP in harmonizing financial regulation. The practical implementation of president Donald Trump plans to «promote American industry, protect American workers» began with the US withdrawal from the TPP, with negotiating new bilateral trade deals in mind. Since that decision, the leaders of Japan, Singapore, Australia, and other TPP participants emphasized the strategic importance of this agreement for their countries and for US leadership in the region. Withdrawing from the TPP raises concerns among US trade partners and allies in the region and put many questions before them. Besides, US withdrawal from the TPP effectively gives green light to assert a more pronounced leadership role in the region for China, which is already a major trade and investment partner for TPP countries. Furthermore, Donald Trump turned attention to certain imports as a threat to national security and thus potentially subject to steep tariffs. The US steps in this way may undermine the rules-based trading system, and put many questions before TPP partners and other countries. Whether import restrictions for national security reasons be implemented, they may damage not only China as the main U.S. imports driver; but other countries as well, and lead to new barriers against US exports by trading partners. The Trump administration initiatives not only represents a challenge for countries that linked closely to the American economy due to the trade-economic agreements, but leads to new opportunities and choices in international economic relations.

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Cvetanović, Slobodan, Sretko Ribać et Danijela Despotović. « FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH PROTECTION ». Knowledge International Journal 28, n^o 1 (10 décembre 2018) : 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2801297c.

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In addition to education, health is a basic component of human capital. Until recently the significance of health of the population was not the subject of serious study in economic science. However, in recent research, health is increasingly treated as a factor with long-term effect on economic development. It was concluded that the realisation of various health programmes had pronounced and numerous economic effects. The improvement of health services resulted in reduced mortality rate between the developed and underdeveloped countries, which had effect on economic growth. The health of individuals is reflected in biological, psychological, and social sphere, and their interaction. The more healthy individuals in a society, the easier it is to drive economic development. Thus in the economy of health the “production “of health as an important process in human capital increases. Total health “production” is determined by numerous factors such as available income, property, degree of education, genetic predisposition and level of public health. Besides, many other factors that determine life style of an individual are also important, which influences the creation of health needs like smoking, alcohol and drug consumption etc. These factors have impact on health “production” by using the available financial resources. Here, the possibilities of new technologies to satisfy various needs for health care should also be mentioned, since they are unavoidably connected with the increasing finances. Treatment of health protection as a domain where health is “produced” leads to conclusion that it is possible, in analytical sense, to express the relation between health status (of an individual, certain group of people, or ethnic community) as a result of health protection system and factors that determine that status in the form of production function Health = F (health protection, other inputs, time). This does not refer so much to health industry, aimed at preventing diseases (although it is important as well), but, first and foremost, to prevention and healthy lifestyle (diet, physical activity, finding right measures for each thing, avoiding harmful substances and pollution of the environment). Healthy life, of course, includes sufficient free time and appropriate living standard. Health of labour is particularly affected by healthy diet, healthy working environment, appropriate daily, weekly, and annual breaks, appropriate housing, organized care of employees’ young children, organization of physical and social activities in the company, and the like. In this context, the central problem of health protection system management is how to provide maximum possible level of health status of population with the available finances allocated for health protection. Health economists, logically, cannot directly influence the improvement of health status of the population, but can be useful in increase of efficiency in the use of available finances for health care, i.e. increase the level of health status of the population by using the same amount of finances.

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Mutmainnah, Siti, et Uly Mabruroh Halida. « PENGARUH DIMENSI AKSES DAN PENGGUNAAN KEUANGAN INKLUSIF TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS UNIT USAHA SYARIAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2017-2019 ». IQTISHADIA Jurnal Ekonomi & ; Perbankan Syariah 8, n^o 2 (26 octobre 2021) : 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/iqtishadia.v8i2.5196.

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During the global financial crisis that occurred in 1998, the crisis in 2008, and the crisis in Europe in 2011, the European banking industry plummeted. However, several countries in Asia are experiencing growth. Asia's economic growth has not been supported by public access to financial institutions. Indonesian people's access to financial institutions is also still low due to the gap for the middle class who are not familiar with banking access (unbanked). To expand access to financial services, a financial inclusion program was launched. This study aims to determine the effect of the dimensions of access and use on financial inclusion on the profitability of Islamic Business Units in Indonesia for the 2017-2019 period, either partially or simultaneously. The research method uses quantitative research. This type of research uses associative. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis. The type of data in this study is secondary data. The object of this research is the Sharia Business Unit in Indonesia. The population in this study is the achievement of Islamic banking statistics published by OJK and population data published by BPS. Sampling in this study is to use a saturated sample. The results of this study indicate that the dimension of access to financial inclusion has no effect on profitability, it can be seen from the value of tcount -1.130 < ttable 2.03224. While the dimension of access to financial inclusion has a negative effect on profitability, it can be seen from the value of tcount -4.612 > ttable 2.03224,. Simultaneously, the dimensions of access and use of financial inclusion have an effect on profitability, it can be seen from the Fcount value of 32.486> Ftable 3.28.

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Phuong, L. C. M. « Industry-level stock returns response to COVID-19 news ». Finance : Theory and Practice 26, n^o 1 (26 février 2022) : 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2022-26-1-103-114.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the stock markets of many countries. Understanding the impact of this pandemic on industries is an important and relevant basis for a thorough explanation of stock market movements during this period. The aim of this study is to examine how stock returns of non-financial sectors in Vietnam’s stock market react to information about the COVID-19 pandemic. The event study method is applied to analyze three main events related to the emergence and outbreak of this pandemic in Vietnam in 2020. The first event (January 23, 2020) and the second event (March 6, 2020), respectively, were the time when Vietnam officially announced that it had recorded the first case positive for COVID-19 in the Hochiminh city and Hanoi. The third event is on March 30, 2020, Vietnam announced that it will apply a blockade order in all provinces and cities nationwide to limit the outbreak of this pandemic. Closing price data from January 1, 2019 to April 14, 2020 for five industry indexes (Basic Materials, Consumer Goods, Consumer Services, Industry and Utilities), used in this study. The results show that the stock prices of all five sectors reacted in the same meaningful direction (negative/positive) after the event that Vietnam confirmed the first patient confirmed with COVID-19 in Hochiminh city and the nationwide blockade event was announced, proving that the stock market is affected by psychology. In industries, Industry and Consumer Services are the two sectors that respond the most to events, but Basic materials are the least affected. The study found that the Consumer Goods industry had the most positive results in the five industries for the following two events; The Utilities industry reacted negatively to the first information that could create potential risks of a COVID-19 outbreak in the community, especially in the two major economic centers of Vietnam. Conclusions from this study show that Vietnam’s stock market is inefficient, research results and insights on industry responses to disease information contribute to strategic planning for policymakers and investors in the future.

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Kaivo-oja, Jari Roy Lee, et Jari Stenvall. « A Critical Reassessment : The European Cloud University Platform and New Challenges of the Quartet Helix Collaboration in the European University System ». European Integration Studies 1, n^o 16 (6 septembre 2022) : 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.16.31353.

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The European Commission has presented how it intends to give Europe a lead in the data-driven economy by enabling cloud-based services and world-class infrastructures for industry, scientists, and public services. In 2011 we discussed and proposed the cloud university platform for the European Union in the European Integration Studies. The purpose of the study is to deliver a critical reassessment of the European Cloud University Platform. Today a new European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) will offer Europe's 1.7 million researchers and 70 million science and technology professionals a virtual environment to store, share and re-use the large volumes of information generated by the big data revolution. The EOSC will be underpinned by the European Data Infrastructure, deploying the high-bandwidth networks and super-computer capacity necessary to effectively access and process large datasets stored in the cloud. There is also a target to build a single market for the Internet of Things: with the right standards for interoperability, and open cross-sector platforms for IoT devices and services to connect seamlessly, and scale-up, up anywhere in the EU. Our assessment is focused on the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) and its operational functioning and implementation process. The study is based on conventional assessment methods and tools. The methodology is a mostly mixed methodology (with both qualitative and quantitative data analytics) and it pays attention to argumentation logic and actual policy planning process and operational implementation of the EOSC. The role of Research Infrastructures (RIs), as well as cross-border innovation management approach are emphasized in recent transnational European research and innovation policy. Support for RIs form important pillars in the Horizon 2020-framework, as well as in the Horizon Europe-framework based on the idea that modern science requires unique global competitive capabilities, which individual institutions, or even individual European countries, often cannot provide by themselves. There are very good reasons to perform a critical assessment, because according to the European Cloud Initiative, over the coming 5 years, the European Commission will put forward proposals to meet the €4.7 billion investment need to integrate and consolidate data infrastructure. These vital proposals will bring together the EU and other sources, including Member States and private investments. By 2017, all scientific data produced by projects under the €77 billion within the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme will become open by default to ensure that the scientific community can re-use the enormous amount of data they generate. This change is not marginal and needs more reflective discussions. The primary database of reassessment is the documents of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) and (1) associated European Commission work programme (overview of institution-wide deliverables), (2) the strategic plan (department strategy, objectives for 2016-2020) and (3) other EU management plans and scientific discussion associated with platform economy research. These EU documents were published after our original EIS article. The key results of critical reassessment are: (1) There are concrete needs to strengthen links between the European Open Science Cloud, Industry 4.0 strategy and Industry 4.0 Curriculum in Europe, (2) the concept of platform needs more discussion in the future developments of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), (3) country-level university and research community participation in the EOSC requires more discussion and more updated operational implementation plans and programs, and (4) there is need to plan symbiotic digitalized innovation eco-system policy and economic growth policy framework for the European Union. We summarise our critical reassessment with a critical note that there are big integration challenges of the European Open Science Cloud. Keywords: European Open Science Cloud, Big Data, Industry 4.0, Higher education, European integration, Digitalization, Platform economy, Open science policy, Open innovation paradigm, Collaboration framework of European universities, Data governance, Digital platforms, Data infrastructure, European data politics, Data policy

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Dawood, Dr Saraa Salim, Dr Jamal Hadash Mohammed et Dr Laila Abdulkarem Mohamed. « Positive Financial benefits on the Iraqi Economy in Light of COVID-19 - with Reference to the Education Sector ». Webology 18, n^o 2 (23 décembre 2021) : 1331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18i2/web18392.

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In view of what has also been achieved by the telecommunications sector, electronic industries, the pharmaceutical industry, sterilizers, health and medical supplies, health care, e-commerce companies (telemarketing) and other rapid development and progress during the period of covid 19, as well as the savings achieved by countries as a result of dealing with members of their community through networks The Internet, which saves the costs of performing the services that countries bear, as well as the case for members of society in the conduct of their business and administrative transactions via the Internet, and the costs and expenses that individuals bear as a result of their daily traditional work, transportation costs to their places of work, and other expenses. Emphasis was placed on the most important positives that can be achieved in the short and long term as a result of this shift in the way of life, work and other things, taking into account Iraq to ensure the positives that can be achieved as a result of the anomaly that it was exposed to, and we will focus on specific economic sectors in our study, the education sector and the telecommunications sector. Finally, it is not possible to overlook the great negative effects that the world has been exposed to as a result of COVID-19 and what the world has done in confronting it, but we will look at this from its other side that may be positive and try to use it to face these crises.

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SMIESOVA, Viktoriia, Halyna MIASOID et Tetiana LEZHNIEVA. « Economic and legal aspects of the organization of tourist activity in Ukraine ». Economics. Finances. Law 1, n^o - (19 janvier 2022) : 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.1.2.

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Introduction. At the present stage of development, it is very important to form a favourable economic and legal environment for the interaction of subjects of tourism activity and the protection of the interests of each participant in economic relations in the field of tourism. The solution to these problems is also relevant in connection with the strengthening of globalization trends, the need to form effective mechanisms for the functioning of the economy against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the paper is to identify topical problems of legal support for tourism and the activities of tourist enterprises, substantiate the economic aspects of organizing the tourism at the present stage of development of society as the basis for the development of international economic relations in Ukraine. Results. The paper substantiates the main problems of legal support of tourism and the activities of enterprises in the tourism industry. Analyzed the international and domestic legal framework in the field of tourism. The current international and national standards in the field of tourism in Ukraine have been substantiated. The paper notes that Ukraine has developed normative legal acts that regulate the basic principles of organizing and implementing tourism activities, the development of tourism as a promising area of international economic relations. However, there is a need to develop legislation that would guarantee the fulfilment of the obligations of tourism enterprises in the provision of tourism services. Also, the procedure for providing this guarantee in the event that the subject of tourist activity does not have appropriate financial support has not been determined. The economic and legal problems of ensuring the functioning of the tourism industry in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic are identified. Conclusion. Measures of state regulation and stimulation of tourism activities, changes in legislation taking into account the new realities of public life, as well as taking into account the experience of European countries in supporting the tourism sector in pandemic conditions are proposed.

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Romaisyah, Luqita, et Zahroh Naimah. « The Influence of Managerial Ability on Future Performance ». Journal of Economics, Business, and Government Challenges 1, n^o 2 (22 janvier 2019) : 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ebgc.v1i2.12.

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The establishment of a single market in the ASEAN which is termed the ASEAN Economic Community (MEA) allows a country to sell goods and services easily to other countries throughout Southeast Asia, thus competition is getting tighter. Every firm should be more innovative in order to have a competitive advantage to win the competition in the industry which is reflected by its performance. Managers with a high ability are believed to be able to make projections of future business conditions, thus they can design the right strategy for the procurement and optimization of the firm's resources utilization in producing output which can lead the firm to has a good performance in future. This study analyze the influence of managerial ability to future performance. Some control variables are used in this study, including firm size, financial leverage, market to book ratio, sales growth, and market share.Hypothesis testing in this study used multiple linear regression analysis to analyze data from 291 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2008-2010 period. The result prove that managerial ability has a positive effect on future performance up to five years later, but the longer time the influencebecome weaker.

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Shmygol, Nadiia, Olena Cherniavska, Dariusz Pawliszczy, Yeugeniia Shmygol et Alexandra Cherniavska. « Modeling the development of the tourism industry in the smart age of globalization through transnational cooperation and capacity building ». SHS Web of Conferences 107 (2021) : 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110707002.

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The relevance of the chosen topic is related to the growing interest of researchers in technologies and mechanisms of growth of new touristic opportunities in the smart era of society, features of its impact on national policies in order to achieve strategic socio-economic goals of the countries both for domestic territories and along the path of development of geoeconomic strategies in the global space. In addition the relevance of the research direction is enhanced by the fact that tourism is one of the sectors of the world economy that has suffered the most from restrictions on movement during the pandemic crisis. The European Commission has recently presented a series of proposals setting out the foundations of the EU economy and society suitable for the digital age, outlining the development of a genuine European data space and offering a European approach to new technologies. The new industrial strategy and the SME strategy (adopted on March 10, 2020) identify the path to digital transformation to empower industry and small and medium-sized enterprises. The latest strategic communication of the European Commission “Tourism and Transport for 2020 and beyond” emphasizes the role of digital transformation and sustainability. This involves investing in digital skills and promoting digital innovation, as well as linking the tourism business and businesses to existing data spaces, technology providers, and community actors at the local and regional levels. To determine the possibilities of further evelopment of the industry, ithe article proposes a factor model of the total revenue from tourism activities, taking into account regional changes in tourist flow, provide recommendations for the effective development of the industry with account of future trands of tourism industry and ecosystem development. These issues are equally pertinent both for tourism, given the advantages innovative, new technologies can bring to tourism destinations and for businesses, local communities and travellers. They can facilitate tourism management both at destination and business level, contributing to balanced and sustainable growth of tourism in post Pandemic time. New smart technologies can help businesses provide more personalised services and therefore enhance the tourism experience.

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Shveda, N. M., S. V. Shpylyk et I. L. Pinyak. « The Mechanisms of Management of the Transport and Logistics System of the European Union in Pandemic Conditions : Experience for Ukraine ». Business Inform 11, n^o 514 (2020) : 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-43-48.

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The article is aimed at examining the mechanisms of organization of transport and logistic flows in Ukraine and the Countries of the European Union (EU). Analyzing the scientific works of many scientists, the measures taken by the EU countries were considered, which are reduced to the elimination of administrative barriers related to the objective inability of entrepreneurs and their employees to meet the requirements provided in the EU regulations. It is determined that transport and logistic flows play not only a strategic role in the development of all industries, but also a social role, because they are able to increase the quality level of living standards of citizens. In the process of researching the impact of the global pandemic on the transport industry, the authors diagnosed the main macro-economic measures to be followed to minimize the consequences, to slow the sharp reduction of cargo flows and prevent transport collapse. Taking into account the tendencies in the activities of transport companies, it is extremely difficult to predict the distant future of the market in the current situation. However, all companies without exception need support from governments. A positive example in this regard is the mobility package in transport management presented by the European Union. The main emergency measures and rules developed by the EU are also recommended for use by citizens of other countries, including Ukraine, if they are necessary to ensure the free movement of goods within the EU. It is determined that one of the peculiarities of activity during the pandemic is the reduction of the volume of services provided, in particular, the owners of companies are already counting on their curtailment at the end of this year. Experience in the management of transport and logistics systems shows extremely close and dynamic integration processes in this sphere, but it can not always cope with the challenges facing the world community. Prospects for the development of domestic logistics in the global dimension will depend on the improvement of the economic situation in the country and its most important trading partners, and at the level of market actors – on using the most effective instruments in their management of transport and logistics flows.

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Shveda, N. M., S. V. Shpylyk et I. L. Pinyak. « The Mechanisms of Management of the Transport and Logistics System of the European Union in Pandemic Conditions : Experience for Ukraine ». Business Inform 11, n^o 514 (2020) : 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-43-48.

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The article is aimed at examining the mechanisms of organization of transport and logistic flows in Ukraine and the Countries of the European Union (EU). Analyzing the scientific works of many scientists, the measures taken by the EU countries were considered, which are reduced to the elimination of administrative barriers related to the objective inability of entrepreneurs and their employees to meet the requirements provided in the EU regulations. It is determined that transport and logistic flows play not only a strategic role in the development of all industries, but also a social role, because they are able to increase the quality level of living standards of citizens. In the process of researching the impact of the global pandemic on the transport industry, the authors diagnosed the main macro-economic measures to be followed to minimize the consequences, to slow the sharp reduction of cargo flows and prevent transport collapse. Taking into account the tendencies in the activities of transport companies, it is extremely difficult to predict the distant future of the market in the current situation. However, all companies without exception need support from governments. A positive example in this regard is the mobility package in transport management presented by the European Union. The main emergency measures and rules developed by the EU are also recommended for use by citizens of other countries, including Ukraine, if they are necessary to ensure the free movement of goods within the EU. It is determined that one of the peculiarities of activity during the pandemic is the reduction of the volume of services provided, in particular, the owners of companies are already counting on their curtailment at the end of this year. Experience in the management of transport and logistics systems shows extremely close and dynamic integration processes in this sphere, but it can not always cope with the challenges facing the world community. Prospects for the development of domestic logistics in the global dimension will depend on the improvement of the economic situation in the country and its most important trading partners, and at the level of market actors – on using the most effective instruments in their management of transport and logistics flows.

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Vuković, Ivan. « Development of European Union and joining perspective of Croatia ». Tourism and hospitality management 13, n^o 2 (juin 2007) : 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.13.2.7.

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In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.

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Reshetilov, Heorhii. « Financing the Circular Economy : a European Perspective ». Modern Economics 32, n^o 1 (20 avril 2022) : 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v32(2022)-11.

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Abstract. Introduction For the development of the circular economy, many countries have begun to actively use various tools and mechanisms of public policy to ensure its complexity: from technology, financing and forms of business to the readiness of society as a whole to change their habits and create new schemes. However, achieving this goal is impossible without changing existing production strategies, taking into account the world's best practices for the implementation of the concept of circular economy, providing a positive economic effect for both producers and consumers. Expanding the circular economy at the global level requires a combination of business models, technological advances and innovations, as well as the joint efforts of stakeholders to secure its financing, including business and government. Purpose. The main purpose of the article is to study the views of the European community on the possibilities of financing projects in the field of circular economy, as well as to identify key recommendations for accelerating the funding cycle in the light of changes in the circular economy, taking into account best European practices. Results. The article examines the peculiarities of forming an opinion on the circularity of business processes by the European community; approaches to classifying projects as circular are given; There are three groups of circular economy business projects that differ significantly in terms of financing and cash flow: product as a service, joint models or industrial symbioses with other organizations, innovative models of products and processes; it is substantiated that the implementation of business projects requires a new perspective on their financing; the main sources of financing of circular economy projects are considered; the main barriers to accessing bank financing are presented, as well as the experience of foreign banks in their commitments to facilitate the transition to a circular economy; examples of European organizations and associations that take an active position on the financing of circular economy projects are given; It is argued that the growth of circular business models will require innovation and structural changes in production and consumption systems and related technological changes, which in turn requires a new view of banking institutions, insurers and investors to accelerate the financing cycle in the circular economy. sector by government organizations, creating a favorable policy and legal framework to accelerate a systematic, concrete and scalable approach to integrating circularity into financial products and services. Conclusions. Studies show that the implementation of circular economy projects requires a balanced approach to their financing, and there is no single right option for choosing a source of funding. Given the three groups of circular economy business projects that differ significantly in terms of financing and cash flow, financing will also differ in the way and by organization. It is established that the effective development of the circular business requires the use of several financing instruments, and in accordance with the partners in the chain of movement of materials. In order to expand the sources of possible financing of circular projects, it is necessary to consolidate the circular economy both as a strategic direction of economic development in order to achieve sustainable development, and as a priority area of investment.

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Рамазанов, Султан Курбанович. « ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ТА ІНВЕСТУВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ СТВОРЕННЯ СИСТЕМ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ В УКРАЇНІ ». TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, n^o 3 (25 octobre 2022) : 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2022.3.06.

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Today, the race between the top countries in the field of artificial intelligence continues in the world. The leaders, of course, are the USA and China. Everyone else is catching up. Among those who are catching up, including the European Union. The EU recently presented a strategy for the development of artificial intelligence (AI). The EU White Paper on Artificial Intelligence is a European approach to excellence and trust. The purpose of the article is to determine the main points of the strategy: artificial intelligence is one of the main factors in achieving the goals of sustainable development; creation of a European space, a single data market, to unlock unused data and allow its free movement within the EU and across sectors; creation of European data pools, allowing to create trust within the EU. The subject of research is modern trends in the development of artificial intelligence, changes in financial and economic systems. The research hypothesis is the influence of artificial intelligence on the trends of socio-economic development at different levels. Methods used in the research: comparison, comparison, systematic and analytical approaches, generalization and classification, dialectical and formal logic. Presenting main material. The EU should significantly increase its investments in AI — focusing on public-private partnerships will allow to mobilize private and public investments; launch the European Investment Fund in the amount of 100 million euros in 2020 to finance startups; unification of various competence and skills development centers to increase competitiveness; adopt a program for the development of artificial intelligence to carry out public procurement of AI systems. The originality and practical significance of the obtained results is a call for the creation of a strong European regulatory framework for the development of AI-based products and services with a high degree of trust; special regime for AI with a high level of risk if its technologies are applied in the field of health care, transport, energy, the public sector and for the use of AI that creates legal or significant consequences for the rights of individuals or legal entities, as well as technologies that can have a risk of injury, death or significant material/non-material damage. Conclusions. Society must actively and adequately respond to modern world challenges such as "Industry 4.0", "Society 5.0", sustainable and safe development ("Goals of the SR" - 17 solutions proposed by the UN), promptly respond to military and terrorist threats, cyber security, systemic crises and so on.

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Sukhanova, Yana, et Natalia Kryzyna. « BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATE GOVERNANCE OF DEPARTMENTAL MEDICINE IN UKRAINE ». Scientific Journal of Polonia University 52, n^o 3 (30 août 2022) : 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/5223.

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The article is devoted to the study of the categorical-conceptual apparatus of state governance in the field of health care and departmental medicine in Ukraine. The article highlights the definitions, principles of functioning of the health care sector, state governance of the health care sector and state governance of departmental medicine, which is a functional entity that is able to unify approaches to medical care, its availability and quality. The study of the problem of state governance of departmental medicine in Ukraine in wartime necessitated the analysis of scientific interpretations of the basic concepts: “medicine”, ”departmental medicine”, ”health care», «state governance”, “state governancein the field of health care “I”. The current state of the medical industry in Ukraine is characterized by low efficiency of available financial and economic, logistical and human resources, slow pace of change in the implementation of innovative diagnostic methods and technologies and lack of understanding of standards and indicators of quality and management in providing medical services to all patients. departmental health care. The Sustainable Development Strategy “Ukraine – 2030” envisages the implementation of reforms and programs of state development and reform of the health care system: creation of a patient-oriented system capable of providing medical care for all citizens of Ukraine at the level of developed European countries; increasing the personal responsibility of citizens for their own health (Strategy-of-sustainable-development-of-Ukraine-until-2030, 2017). Which prompted the study of the problem of state governance of Ukrainians departmental medicine.

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Zaritskii, B. « German Economy : Angela Merkel’s Heritage ». World Economy and International Relations 65, n^o 9 (2021) : 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-9-34-42.

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The article analyses the main stages of development of the German economy during the 16-year reign of Chancellor Angela Merkel (2005–2021). During this period, Germany was reasonably successful in dealing with the impacts of the world financial and economic crisis it faced in 2008–2009. The 10 subsequent years witnessed economic growth, however, today the country is once again trying to find a way out of a crisis this time caused by the COVID 19 pandemic. In 2020, the GDP fell by almost 5%, while the industrial production declined by 10.4%. The return to the growth trajectory is being linked to improving the epidemiological situation and increasing foreign orders, primarily from China and the United States. The German economy is expected to reach pre-crisis levels in late 2022. Projections for further development assume that, due to a number of internal constraints and external risks, the GDP growth will not exceed 1% in 2023–2025. Angela Merkel is not leaving the country in the best of shapes. It is not her fault. Germany’s economy has more than once demonstrated its resilience to external shocks. Even today, Germany’s position looks preferable to that of most European countries. Its main advantage is a diversified and competitive industry, but the sentiments in the German business community vary greatly. Much depends on the sector and region. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially in the service sector, have been particularly hard hit. Many of them have run out of reserves, and their capacity to pay now depends largely on the financial support of the State. How long can the government “pump up” the economy with budget money without fear of a surge in inflation? Nor will the European Central Bank (ECB) indefinitely maintain interest rates at historically low levels. For many SMEs, the increase in the cost of credit, combined with the inevitable reduction in government support, will be a blow that not all will be able to withstand. People are tired of everything related to the pandemic and the years of familiar politicians. Everyone is waiting for the end of the epidemic and for new faces in politics. Whether the new politicians will be better than the old ones is a big question. Under all circumstances, in Germany’s recent history, Angela Merkel will remain a major political figure whose scale is yet to be truly appreciated.

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Kozhura, Liudmila, Svitlana Zadereiko et Andrii Omelchenko. « SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC MEANS OF STATE ADMINISTRATION OF THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES TO HEALTHCARE ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, n^o 4 (27 septembre 2021) : 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-4-101-107.

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At the current stage of the development of society the problem of social protection and state support for people with disabilities is particularly relevant and requires reform and improvement. Ukraine, as a country aspiring to join the European Union, should take into account the best foreign experience of the leading countries of the world in the field of state policy to support people with disabilities and its implementation. The process of reforming the national healthcare system demonstrated the ineffective policy in this area, the high level of corruption and the inability to transform this system to the level of world standards of medical care, especially for people with disabilities. The problem of disability in Ukraine is becoming particularly acute. The goal of this article is to investigate the system of economic means of state administration of the rights of people with disabilities to healthcare, to identify the areas of budgetary management and the formation of a new mechanism of economic administration. Scientific analysis was carried out by using the method of systematic approach and analysis, which enabled us to study theoretical aspects of economic methods of state administration of the right of people with disabilities to healthcare, formation of the budget management in Ukraine for the economic security of the rights to healthcare, and features of the new mechanism of the economic administration of the right of people with disabilities to health care. It has been researched that along with administrative methods of state management of the right to health protection of people with disabilities the economic group of methods is important. These include programs of economic development of health care, rehabilitation programs for people with disabilities, implementation of pilot projects to change the mechanism of financial support for operative treatment, etc. Methods of regulating influence (indirect management) are becoming increasingly important, and economical methods of management belong to them. Implementation ensures that the financial and material interests of the management objects are satisfied through the activities of its subjects, which create favorable conditions for achieving the goals and objectives of management. For example, local self-government bodies, within the limits of their competence, can finance local programs for the development and support of community healthcare institutions. In 2019, a new mechanism of rehabilitation support for children with disabilities was introduced based on the principle of "money follows the people", which should ensure targeting, transparency and improve the quality of rehabilitation services. Resources are divided vertically among regional bodies, which divide budgetary funds among local bodies in proportion to the number of children who require rehabilitation measures, according to the place of their residence (location). The national legislation also reflects the norms that created the conditions for the implementation of the right to work of people with disabilities, as well as ratified Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the ILO Convention on professional rehabilitation. From the point of view of the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine, the funds allocated by the state are extremely insufficient for the uninterrupted functioning of the medical system. In its budget memorandum for 2021 the ministry has allocated twice as much – 296 billion UAH, 225 billion UAH of which for the implementation of the medical guarantee program (which is 5% of GDP, as required by the Law of Ukraine "On State Financial Guarantees of Medical Services to Population"). But the proposals of the Ministry of Health both at the time of formation of the state budget and at the time of its approval were not taken into account. The requirement of the Law of Ukraine "On State Financial Guarantees of Medical Services to the Population" for the establishment of financing of the program of medical guarantees at the level of 5% of GDP was lengthened for one more year.

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Kirin, R. S. « EUROPEAN LEGAL EXPERIENCE OF ENSURING THE LIFE ACTIVITY OF COAL MONOCITIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATION ». Economics and Law, n^o 2 (9 septembre 2021) : 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2021.02.066.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of ensuring the life of coal monofunctional cities in the conditions of energy transformation, which should be based not only on the legal definitions of the main categories, but also on the legal qualifications and the ratio of their object-subject compositions. It was determined that the Energy Strategy of Ukraine — 2035 focuses on the subject composition of certain types of transformation relations, while the object circle, after a complete rejection of coal in the energy sector and the termination of any subsidies to this sector, requires: coordination of structural changes with all stakeholders including the local population; basing plans for diversifying the economy, restructuring the coal industry, developing the infrastructure of post-coal regions on appropriate financial support, creating trust funds that will combine state, private and international assistance of various levels; transformation of unprofitable mines and, first of all, as an integral technically and organizationally separate (single) property complex of funds and resources. The concept of “coal monofunctional city” — a satellite of a city-forming enterprise for the extraction and processing of coal — an administrative-territorial unit, the specialization of labor of the population in which is determined by a set of directions for ensuring the operation of this enterprise and the life of its employees is proposed. The concept of “life activity of an employee of a coal mining enterprise is proposed — a set of daily processes, actions, activities that can ensure the existence of an employee, his family members, the entire workforce as a whole through training, communication, orientation, movement, self-service, control over his behavior, participation in labor activities with the help of physical, psychological and social functions”. It has been substantiated that the considered experience of such European coal-mining countries as Germany, Ro mania, Czech Republic, Poland, Great Britain can and should be adapted in the process of developing domestic con ceptual, strategic or program documents to support the life of coal monocities in the following blocks of relations: energy; environmental; social; economic; informational; administrative; housing and communal services; transport; law enfor cement.

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