Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Financial crises – European Union countries – 21st century »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Financial crises – European Union countries – 21st century"
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Florczak, Tomasz. « The Growing Importance of the Financial Sector in the Founding Countries of the European Union ». Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 2, no 26 (30 juin 2020) : 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.2.26.03.
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The economies of the 21st century countries operate on the principle of connected vessels. A significant element of changes in economies is the growth of the financial sector. The process of financial sector growth is often referred as financialization. The significant impact of this sector on economic development was shown during the financial crisis of 2008. Financialization is more visible in highly developed countries. Undoubtedly the founding countries of the European Union belong to highly developed countries. It is possible that the financialization is higher in bigger countries like France, Germany, Italy or United Kingdom, which can also have bigger financial sectors. From the other side there is also country, which economy is based on banks. The aim of the article is to indicate the growth of the financial sector in the founding countries of the European Union. To determine the growth of the financial sector, the author used the indicators appearing in the literature of subject. There are indicators relating to functioning of the economy and banking sector. The second method helps to determine in which country financialization is higher. To made the research there was used zero unitarization method. The results of the study allows to determine in which of the subjects the financial sector is at a higher level of development. It is possible, that during researched period there were changes in financializiation of researched countries.
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ISAYEVA, Ainur, Zhanar MEDEUBAYEVA, Saule ALIEVA et Asemgul GUSMANOVA. « POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM : STATE, OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS ». PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND CIVIL SERVICE, no 2 (30 juin 2022) : 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2022-631.
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In the 21st century, terrorism has become a global problem and one of the main factor in world politics at all levels. Cyclical economic and financial crises have a detrimental effect on the state of the social sphere in all countries without exception, thereby creating fertile ground for radical sentiments and terrorist intentions. The growth of geopolitical tension in the world over the past decades has also contributed to the expansion of the activity of terrorist groups around the globe. This article through SWOT analysis attempts to study the state of the EU's fight against terrorism. The threat of terrorism and its most severe manifestations also affected the countries of the European Union, which prompted it to develop a specific policy in the fight against terrorism and improve methods for preventing and neutralizing the terrorist threat. When analyzing the development process of anti-terrorist structures and the practice of combating terrorism in the European Union in 2001-2020, one can distinguish undoubted achievements of the anti-terrorist course. The weaknesses and objective shortcomings of this course stem from the complexities in world politics and macroeconomics, as well as from the very nature of the EU as a supranational structure.
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Kvasničková Stanislavská, Lucie, K. Margarisová et K. Šťastná. « Corporate Social Responsibility in banking sector ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no 2 (2012) : 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260020157.
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After popularity increase of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility over last century in the USA, with the 21st century the concept comes into the European Union as well, actually into Czech Republic. For the European Union, the concept of social responsibility becomes one of the tool for achieving the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy (Lisbon Strategy, 2000). With the start of the financial and economic crisis, the European Commission sees in the Corporate Social Responsibility a way how to cope with the crisis. Also scientific studies (Ghoul, 2011; Gruz, 2009) indicate the positive influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on financial performance of the company. In the Czech Republic, the implementation of the concept is especially for multinational corporations. For example, Corporate Social Responsibility is very popular in financial sector, which the financial crisis did not damage so perceptible as in other countries of developed economies (Singer, 2009). This article defines on a theoretical level the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, its development, its present form and the influence on financial performance of the company. Another part of the article focuses on three czech banking subjects (Česká spořitelna, Komerční banka a Československá obchodní banka), which regularly take the leading positions of the official corporate donors chart „TOP Filantrop“. The article explores the evolution of corporate donations and finds the connection between corporate donations and corporate profit and financial and economic crisis.
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MIERZEJEWSKI, MATEUSZ. « MACROECONOMIC STABILITY OD POLAND AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN 2007 – 2017 ». sj-economics scientific journal 28, no 1 (30 mars 2018) : 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v28i1.153.
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The article presents the analysis of macroeconomic stability of Poland using the Pentagon of macroeconomic stabilization and the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) indicators. The results of the analysis showed that in 2007-2014 Poland maintained the status of a macroeconomic stable economy, however, the changes resulting from the impact of the global financial crisis of the beginning of the 21st century were noted as well as the weakening of some values related to the stability of the country in later periods. It is worth remembering that when analyzing all kinds of macroeconomic indicators, one should not approach them with too much optimism. This is due to many factors - including from the delays of the captured variables in the analysis tools used. For some economic phenomena may occur in a rapid manner even in the most stable economy, which means that macroeconomic stability may be difficult to precisely determine.
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Dudášová, Marianna. « Globalisation Scepticism in the Visegrad Countries ». Ekonomické rozhľady – Economic Review 50, no 4 (15 décembre 2021) : 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/er.2644-7185.2021.4.429-451.
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Recent developments in the European Union revealed significant differences between the Visegrad countries and the remaining members of the EU. The enlargement euphoria of the first decade of the 21st century was replaced by certain enlargement fatigue, manifesting itself not only in concrete governmental policies but also in the public opinion towards the EU. As European integration and globalisation are parallel processes, declining support for European integration must not necessarily be the result of disagreement with specific policies and should be examined in the broader context of globalisation fears and anxieties. The article describes variations in globalisation scepticism between the group of Visegrad countries and the remaining countries of the EU as well as variations within the Visegrad group itself, focusing on the main drivers of economic globalisation – international trade, foreign direct investment, and immigration. The development of public opinion since the financial and economic crisis in 2009 indicates that Visegrad countries should not be treated as a uniform bloc of globalisation sceptics as there are significant differences in opinion between the more pessimistic Czechs and Slovaks and the more optimistic Poles and Hungarians. Their globalisation scepticism also varies across different dimensions of globalisation and is fuelled by different motivations.
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Szkurłat, Izabela. « Migration as a Threat to International Security ». Security Dimensions 32, no 32 (23 décembre 2019) : 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0987.
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The article presents migration as a threat to international security in the 21st century. The first part presents the problem of people migrating to Europe, including third-country nationals. It is shown that uncontrolled mass migration has forced European countries to provide budget, shelter and counselling for migrants. Furthermore, there were many cases when migration met with disapproval of indigenous people and fear of the impossibility of integrating different cultures and customs. European Union has introduced financial tools to support member countries in financing migration-related problems including the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund; and the Internal Security Fund. The article also mentions the European immigration policy adopted in 1999. The second part of the article refers to negative effects of migration: trafficking in human beings and forced labour. It is shown that they are widely practiced. To eliminate illegal activities, actions, which the author describes, are being taken within Europe. Polish people have also experienced trafficking in human beings and forced labour abroad. Such crimes have been reported within Poland as well. Finally the author states that the security of the European Union is threatened not only by external migrants, but also by citizens who migrate internally.
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Holobiuc, Ana-Maria, et Bogdan Mihai. « Was Euro the magic wand for economic growth ? An analysis of the real benefits of Euro adoption for the New Member States ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 13, no 1 (1 mai 2019) : 840–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0074.
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Abstract At the beginning of the 21st century, the European single currency has been considered a guarantor of prosperity and welfare for the countries that were able to meet the nominal convergence criteria. Starting with Slovenia, a number of five Center and Eastern European Countries joined the Economic and Monetary Union, aiming to achieve the economic prosperity of the Western countries. The concept of economic convergence has been popularized through the economic growth literature during the last century and has become more and more debated with the deepening and expansion of the European Union. The main purpose of this paper has been to evaluate whether there is any hard evidence attesting that Euro adoption accelerated the economic development and created a significant advantage for the New Member States that opted for the single currency, as compared with their peer countries. In this respect, we have studied a panel of New Member States that joined the European Union in 2004 and 2007, comprising both Euro and Non-Euro countries, and we concluded that the single currency do not necessarily guarantee higher growth rates. Moreover, we revealed that the Euro New Member States were more affected by the economic and financial crisis than their Non-Euro peers. We have also shown that there are significant discrepancies between the early adopters of the Euro and the countries that joined the Eurozone after 2004 in terms of convergence and that the differences between the two groups have expanded in the last years. Last and not the least, in order to test our hypotheses, we have compared two sister-countries: Slovakia that joined the Eurozone in 2009 and Czech Republic that has not taken until now the decision to adopt the Euro. In this respect, our results suggest that both countries had good economic performances, and for some periods Czech Republic outperformed Slovakia, mainly in terms of GDP per capita and Foreign Direct Investment. Therefore, we concluded that the single currency has not significantly enhanced the economic performances in the case of the New Member States.
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Politi, Eleni D., et Kyriakos N. Souliotis. « UNDERSTANDING THE WEAKNESSES AND THE THREATS OF CONTINUOUS MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE 21st CENTURY ». Problems of Education in the 21st Century 56, no 1 (25 novembre 2013) : 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.56.105.
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The European Union of Medical Specialties is taking efforts to harmonize Continuous Medical Education (CME) requirements in Europe. However, in an era of financial crisis, some countries may undervalue the long-term public health impact of weak and budget-limited CME national systems. Appreciating the statement of the Greek ancient philosopher Socrates: “If you think that education is expensive, you should consider ignorance”, an assessment of the Greek CME system and its possible areas of improvement is attempted. From a questionnaire-based survey conducted to one hundred Greek practicing physicians, it seems that the vast majority respects the values of CME. However, they do not seem to clearly perceive CME as an obligatory, neither as an outcomes controlled process. They also confess CME access difficulties and geographic and financial discriminations. Overall, the Greek CME system was characterized as a non-satisfactory one and it did not seem to meet the physicians’ specific needs. Reviewing for relevant concerns also in a global context, it appears that institutionally mandating CME, controlling for the quality and the outcomes of it, as well as CME funding issues, they are all concepts where either robust evidence lacks and/or improvements warrant. Taking into consideration the above, a Greek CME system reformation is considered as utmost relevant and the comprehensive establishment of a National CME Authority, dedicated to address the above issues, is also suggested. Key words: accreditation of medical education, continuous medical education, continuous professional development, public health institutions and policies.
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Louisot, Jean-Paul. « Development of Mutual Insurance in France : 1960-2017 ». International Review of Financial Consumers 2, No. 2 Oct 2017 (1 octobre 2017) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36544/irfc.2017.1-2.1.
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Mutuality is the oldest social movement on French soil as the first mutual support groups were founded just before the French Revolution at the end of the 18th century, that is half a century before the first cooperatives and one century before workers’ unions. The tremendous development that the mutuality underwent in the second half of the 20th century in France, especially in the non-life insurance market where it was not a real actor until then, attracted the attention of professionals the world over. It is a reference that is even contemplated in the Islamic World where it could serve as a model for Takaful, and in developing countries where it could be adapted to micro-insurance. Beyond their importance in the French insurance markets, both non-life and life mutuals insurance play an important role in European economy and society, providing social coverage and other types of insurance to a significant proportion of European citizens. Some have questioned whether the liberal inspired European legal environment might threaten the future growth of mutual in the 21st century, or even the existing market shares, for a model that has proven efficient not only in its initial domain healthcare, but also in non-life insurance where it has really bloomed since World War 2. Following a presentation of the historic development of the mutuals in France since the Revolution, this article presents an overview of the specific features and roles of mutual societies in France, mentions relevant French and EU law applicable to mutuals, and considers the performance of mutuals through the financial crisis. The article takes the view that mutuals have the potential to contribute to the inclusive and sustainable growth of the European Union.
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Bugyáki, Attila. « Milestones in the Foundation and Role of the Most Significant International Organizations against Money Laundering in the European Union ». Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 16, no 3 (31 décembre 2017) : 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2017.3.9.
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In this two-piece study, the author introduces the most important international organizations and institutions fighting against money laundering of our time, through the main chapters of the formation of the international institutional system. The first part is focused on the creation of the international institutional system fighting against money laundering.By the 21st century the phenomenon of money laundering—with the need of the laundering of gradually increasing “dirty” money, mainly from drugs, weapons and human trafficking, prostitution and corruption—has become a worldwide problem. With the increasing organization of international criminal groups—taking advantage of the free movement of money and financial services—are using more and more refined techniques to get more profits with their illegal activities. Money laundering will not leave terrorism untouched—casting a shadow on our everyday life—as particular radical groups use every means necessary to lay their hands on money sources anonymously needed for their existence, as it supplies their destructive actions; and naturally procuring this money the best sources are the money laundered by criminals. Recognising the money laundering and the negative and destructive effects of new crimes on everyday economic, financial and political life based on laundering, the leading countries of the world started international legislation against money laundering and terrorism which laws and codes are strictly regulating the different financial and bank supervision of the nation states. Despite the onsetting difficulties and indecisiveness, it was clear for the European Union that only strong international collaboration—and the unified understanding of measures—is the only power to stop the spread of money laundering.
Thèses sur le sujet "Financial crises – European Union countries – 21st century"
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SCHOELLER, Magnus G. « Explaining political leadership : the role of Germany and the EU institutions in Eurozone crisis management ». Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/43705.
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Defence date: 17 October 2016Examining Board: Professor Adrienne Héritier, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Professor Ulrich Krotz, European University Institute / RSCAS (Co-Supervisor) ; Professor Amy Verdun, University of Victoria ; Professor Lucia Quaglia, University of York
Why and how do composite actors such as states or international institutions emerge as political leaders? Moreover, once in charge, how do they influence policy or institutional change? What are the conditions for successful leadership? These questions become particularly relevant in times of crisis. However, there is no political science theory that explains the emergence and the impact of leadership when exercised by composite actors. In the context of the Eurozone crisis, we observe that neither Germany, which is the actor most frequently called upon to assume leadership, nor any of the EU’s institutional actors have emerged as leader under all circumstances. Instead, we find three different outcomes: no leadership, failed leadership, and successful leadership. This thesis develops a theoretical model to explain this variation and to address the stated gap in the literature. Building on rational-institutionalist assumptions, it argues that leaders can help a group to enhance collective action when there are no, or only incomplete, institutional rules to do so. Thus, especially in times of crisis, leaders can act as drivers of policy or institutional change. However, they emerge only if the expected benefits of leading exceed the costs of it, and if the potential followers suffer high status quo costs. A leader’s impact on the outcomes, by contrast, depends on its power resources, the distribution of preferences, and the institutional constraint. The model is applied to Germany’s role in the first financial assistance to Greece, the proposal to establish a so-called ‘super-commissioner’, and the shaping of the Fiscal Compact. Moreover, the attitude of the European Commission and the European Parliament towards the issue of Eurobonds as well as the European Central Bank’s launch of the Outright Monetary Transactions are analysed on the basis of congruence tests and rigorous process-tracing. These within-case analyses are complemented by a cross-case comparison in order to enhance the external validity of the results. The analysis draws on 35 semi-structured élite interviews conducted at the German Ministry of Finance, the European Central Bank, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, and two Permanent Representations in Brussels.
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SALO, Sanna. « The curious prevalence of austerity : economic ideas in public debates on the Eurozone crisis in Ireland and Finland, 2008-2012 ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45946.
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Defence date: 31 March 2017Examining Board: Professor Hanspeter Kriesi, EUI (EUI Supervisor); Professor Pepper D. Culpepper, formerly EUI/University of Oxford (Co-Supervisor); Professor Mark Blyth, Brown University; Professor Niamh Hardiman, University College Dublin
This thesis explores why, and in what political process, austerity became the uniformly accepted policy response of Eurozone governments in the economic crisis of 2008–2012. It traces the path to austerity in two distinct Eurozone Member States, Ireland and Finland. Ireland, in this crisis, became a debtor country that had to do heavy domestic adjustment; Finland, by contrast, ended up in the group of Eurozone creditor countries, imposing structural adjustment programmes on the debtor countries. The analysis of the thesis emphasizes political agency behind ideas and shows the political process where perceptions about the economic crisis were formed. It argues that two types of politicization of the crisis were necessary for the outcome of interest, the prevalence of austerity, to happen. The Irish case demonstrates a two-stage process of politicization and internalization of the crisis, where the significant policy decisions were reached in a transnational, fairly technocratic policy process but were debated and internalized in domestic, redistributive and politicized process. The transnational stage was characterized by economic and practical reasoning, whereas the domestic stage represented a conflict about distributive justice. For Finland, the 2008–9 financial crisis was not domestically politicized at all. This only changed in 2010–12, when the crisis became re-interpreted as a sovereign debt crisis of the GIIPS countries. Yet the politicization in Finland did not come about as a typical domestic redistributive debate, but as a new type of supranational conflict over distributive justice. Such conflict was not primarily framed in terms of just burden-sharing, but in terms of national and European interest. It was simultaneously a debate on borders and boundaries – polity and identity – as it was about distributive justice. Alongside rhetoric, the official line of Finnish EU policy became tougher and Finland became perceived as an increasingly difficult and selfish member of the EU community.
Livres sur le sujet "Financial crises – European Union countries – 21st century"
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1973-, Ben-Ari Guy, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.). Europe Program et Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.). Defense Industrial Initiatives Group, dir. A diminishing transatlantic partnership ? : The impact of the financial crisis on European defense and foreign assistance capabilities : a report of the CSIS Kissinger Chair, Europe Program, and Defense-Initiatives Industrial Group. Washington, DC : Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2011.
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Chalmers, Damian, Markus Jachtenfuchs et Christian Joerges. End of the Eurocrats' Dream : Adjusting to European Diversity. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
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Chalmers, Damian, Markus Jachtenfuchs et Christian Joerges. End of the Eurocrats' Dream : Adjusting to European Diversity. Cambridge University Press, 2016.
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The End of the Eurocrats' Dream : Adjusting to European Diversity. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
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Drahos, Peter. Survival Governance. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534755.001.0001.
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The climate and energy crisis requires a strong state to change the direction, speed, scale, and financing of innovation in world capitalism in order to create a bio-digital energy paradigm. Four states are possible contenders for catalyzing this survival governance: China, the European Union, India, and the United States. China is an improbable leader, but less improbable than the other three. No US president can close down the fossil fuel industry in time. The US state, worried about the slippage of its technological superiority, is turning to regulatory mechanisms like intellectual property to slow China’s technological development. China will have to manage the risk of a United States bent on military primacy. China is urbanizing innovation on a historically unprecedented scale. Lying at the heart of the bio-digital energy paradigm is a global city-based network of innovation. China, more than the other three states, is scaling technology innovation through the building of experimental cities such as eco-cities, hydrogen cities, forest cities, and sponge cities. The Belt and Road Initiative will take this innovation well outside of China’s borders. China could help to place cities into a new relationship with their surrounding ecosystems. Drawing on more than 250 interviews, carried out in 17 countries, including the world’s four largest carbon emitters, the book shows how cities and their networks represent the best chance for growing climate survival governance for the 21st century.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Financial crises – European Union countries – 21st century"
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van Vliet, Olaf, Vincent Bakker et Lars van Doorn. « From Social Protection to Social Investment ». Dans Europe's Income, Wealth, Consumption, and Inequality, 343–94. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197545706.003.0010.
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Globalization, technological change, and migration form three major challenges for European welfare states in the 21st century. These challenges are regarded as important sources of inequality on the labour market. Whereas the existing literature has mainly been focused on the sectors and occupations affected by globalization and technological change, the authors of this chapter argue that, via job polarization, these phenomena also affect the type of contract that workers have. They hypothesize that increased competition for low-paying jobs is associated with labour market flexibilization. Another major trend that they analyse is the free movement of labour. New data illustrate that labour migration from Central and Eastern European countries to Western European countries has grown slowly but substantially following recent enlargements of the Union. It has been considered a challenge for welfare states as it might contribute to feelings of economic insecurity and might erode solidarity, which forms the basis for the provision of social policy. Subsequently, the authors analyse how European welfare states have evolved over the past decades. They show that in spite of budgetary pressure stemming from globalization and migration, most countries have increased social expenditure. Furthermore, they analyse to what extent the focus has shifted from classical social protection to social investment policies to enable workers to adapt themselves to new labour market transformations. They contribute to the existing literature by covering years after the financial crisis for all EU member states and by demonstrating a novel way of correcting social expenditures for the number of recipients.
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Jacsó, Judit, et Bence Udvarhelyi. « The Protection of the Financial Interests of the European Union : European Union Requirements and their Implementation by the Central and Eastern-European Countries ». Dans Criminal Legal Studies : European Challenges and Central European Responses in the Criminal Science of the 21st Century, 371–401. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.evcs.cls_13.
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This chapter analyzes the efforts of the European Union to protect its financial interests. The first part of the paper sets out the brief historical development of the criminal law protection of the finan- cial interests of the European Union with particular emphasis on the strengthened and reinforced legal framework provided by the Treaty of Lisbon. The second part focuses on the newly adopted Directive of the European Union on the fight against fraud to the Union’s financial interests by means of criminal law. The third part of the study addresses the implementation of the PIF Directive in Central and Eastern-European countries.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Financial crises – European Union countries – 21st century"
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Wahba, Khaled, et Sherif Kamel. « A Virtual Research Model to Help Academics Face the Challenges of the 21st Century ». Dans 2001 Informing Science Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2401.
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The academic career and the stages of promotion of teachers and field researchers at the Egyptian universities as well as at many research centers available in Egypt's 26 provinces is guided by a set of rules and regulations that mainly depend on the number of publications that the researcher is producing in a specific period of time. It is also important to note that such publications should be published in well-known and accredited journals, transactions, and conference proceedings amongst others. These publications could be produced jointly with other institutions both locally and internationally. In all scenarios, one common problem always prevails, that is resources and funding. As for funding it is occasionally provided through international donors such as the European Union and the National Science Foundation. However, the problem remains in the local segment where various barriers are slowing down if not blocking the production of up-to-standard publications and research projects that are needed to contribute to the overall development of various sectors both quantitatively and qualitatively. Example barriers would include financial resources, required specialized equipment, as well as computing (hardware and software) and communication resources. In that respect, Scientific Computer Software Applications (SCSA) is becoming frequently the workhorse of research and development activities. Many software packages have been released to help researchers analyze and produce scientific publications. Most of these packages have a complicated design as well as expensive making it difficult to buy and not easy to understand by the user. Egypt, a developing country, lacks funding for research and development activities as compared to the United States and other European countries. The lack of financial resources and the scarcity of required resources make it difficult for academic researchers to build and excel in their academic careers. This paper demonstrates a new model namely; Virtual Research System (VRS), that is free from limitations of spatial distance and time and based mainly on information and communication technologies including the Internet to help leverage the quality and the quantity of academic researchers in Egyptian universities both locally as well as through collaborative work with other international research institutions. The paper provides an opportunity to share a wealth of information and knowledge that was never tapped before through the old accustomed to traditional techniques. The paper also demonstrates that new information and communication technologies are creating many challenges and opportunities for growth in different disciplines including research and development.