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Matsumoto, Asako K., et Leen P. van Ofwegen. « Replacement Name for Paracis (Cnidaria : Octocorallia : Paramuriceidae) with a Revision and Re-Description of the Japanese Species and Description of Two New Genera and Species from the Indo-Pacific ». Taxonomy 3, no 2 (3 juin 2023) : 250–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy3020018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this paper, the type material of all five Japanese Paracis species (P. ijimai (Kinoshita, 1909), P. miyajimai (Kinoshita, 1909), P. pustulata (Wright and Studer, 1889), P. spinifera (Nutting, 1912), P. squamata (Nutting, 1910)), two Placogorgia species (P. japonica (Nutting, 1912) and P. placoderma (Nutting, 1910)), Pseudothesea foliata Aurivillius, 1931, and the type of the genus Paracis, P. orientalis (Ridley, 1882) are re-examined and re-described. The sclerites of the different species are depicted using scanning electron microscopy. All Japanese Paracis and related species treated here belong to four genera: Paracis, Kükenthal, 1919, Imbricacis Matsumoto and Ofwegen gen. nov., Pseudoparacis Matsumoto and Ofwegen gen. nov., and Pseudothesea Kükenthal, 1919. A replacement name for the genus Paracis as Neoacis is introduced because there is a senior homonym. A total of eight new species are described: Neoacis bayeri sp. nov., N. marianaensis sp. nov., N. ofwegeni sp. nov., Imbricacis foliata sp. nov., I. hawaiiensis sp. nov., Pseudoparacis tanseii sp. nov., Pseudothesea satsumaensis sp. nov., and Pseudothesea tokaraensis sp. nov. Pseudothesea foliata Aurivillius, 1931 is synonymised with Pseudoparacis japonica (Nutting, 1912). We have designated a lectotype for Paracis squamata (Nutting, 1910), which is now revised as Imbricacis squamata. Keys to the genera Neoacis, Imbricacis, Pseudoparacis, and Pseudothesea are presented.
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Vanyukov, Aleksandr I. « The death of P. A. Stolypin in the memoirs of contemporaries : S. Yu. Witte, V. N. Kokovtsov and others ». Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 22, no 2 (23 mai 2022) : 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2022-22-2-232-237.
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The tragic event of September 1, 1911, in Kiev, the death of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Minister of Internal Affairs Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, is considered through the lens of the memoirs of his famous contemporaries: the former Minister of Finance, Chairman of the Commitee of Ministers .of the Russian Empire (1903–1906), Count Sergei Yulievich Witte, Minister of Finance, who became Prime Minister after the death of Stolypin; Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov, historian, leader of the Cadet Party; Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov and Major General Svita, Moscow Governor (1905–1912), Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs, commander of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes (1913–1915), Vladimir Fedorovich Dzhunkovsky. Each of these memoirs reveals certain sides, facets of the political portrait and the fatal end of Stolypin based on the life and state experience, on the authors’ relationships with him. In the Memoirs of S. Yu. Witte, we see the almost epic, political-state and moral-legal scale of the «dialogue», of the «feud» between the author and Stolypin, the condemnation of his policy and personality: «he is to blame». V. N. Kokovtsov is a living witness of the «event of September 1» and the direct successor of Stolypin. His memoirs are chronically rich, documentarily and psychologically expressive. They were carefully read by P. N. Milyukov, who fought with Stolypin in the Duma and gave his exact metaphor for the internal policy and for his demise (“the Moor may go”). The memoirs of V. F. Dzhunkovsky are interesting for their honest testimony, patriotic pathos, direct rejection of the shortcomings of the security service. Taken together, these memoirs give a holistic, expressive picture of the historical event of September 1, 1911, the death of P. A. Stolypin; they help to see the inner springs of action behind the external.
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Zarrow, Peter. « Chinese press accounts of the 1911 Revolution : Seeing ‘revolution’ ». China Information 25, no 3 (novembre 2011) : 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x11422767.
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By examining how a particular story of events from October 1911 through to the abdication of the Qing imperial house in February 1912 was constructed, it is possible to suggest the effects of that story both as events unfolded and on subsequent historical consciousness. This article examines the coverage of the revolution in two newspapers, Shenbao, founded in Shanghai in 1872, and Dagongbao, founded in Tianjin in 1902. They were not necessarily representative of the press as a whole, much less public opinion, but they demonstrate different versions of the same essential narrative. The Shenbao story of ‘1911’ told of struggle and triumph, culminating in the election of Sun Yat-sen as provisional president on 1 January 1912, which marked the founding of the republic. Dagongbao lacked triumphalism and was almost tragic in its reading of the revolution. Nonetheless, Dagongbao as much as Shenbao was quick to present a story of the transformation of ‘chaos’ into ‘revolution’ and finally into the republic (with the imperial abdication of 12 February). Both newspapers traced the revolution from the Wuchang Uprising, and the resulting narrative structure divided political time into before and after. That division is probably the essence of ‘revolution’.
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Sabinina, Anastasia A. « Project of The All-Slavic Art and Industry Exhibition in St. Petersburg : 1902–1912 ». Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 71 (2024) : 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2024-71-225-233.
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The paper examines the All-Slavic Art and Industry Exhibition. Preparations took 10 years: from 1902 to 1912. Using archival materials and early 20th century periodicals, the author analyses the exhibition as part of a global trend toward national and international art exhibitions and as a reflection of the St. Petersburg art scene at the turn of the 20th century, which welcomed contemporary art from various countries: from Germany to Japan. The exhibition was organized by the Petersburg Slavic Benevolent Society, which established a dedicated Exhibition Committee. The committee secured permission from the Tsar and funding from the Minister of Finance to carry out the project. The exhibition aimed to foster new trade contacts and showcase the unity and cohesion of the Slavic peoples in response to the perceived threat of cultural expansion by Hungary and Germany. As attendees showed increasing enthusiasm for the exhibition, the organizers expanded their plans, making them more ambitious and costly. However, the exhibition ultimately did not take place due to foreign policy issues. This study contextualizes the All-Slavic exhibition within the political climate of the time and explores the role of art in international diplomacy. Additionally, the research highlights other All-Slavic art exhibition projects, including those held abroad.
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Sinichenko, Vladimir. « Activities of law enforcement agencies of the Russian Empire on the territory of the Republic of China (1912–1917) ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2024, no 4 (1 avril 2024) : 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202404statyi01.
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The article discusses the activities of law enforcement agencies and special services of the Russian Empire - the headquarters of the Trans-Amur District of the Border Guard, the Shanghai residency of the Ministry of Finance and the gendarmerie and police department of the Chinese Eastern Railway on the territory of the Republic of China on the eve and during the First World War. It is concluded that an important component of the task of these units was to counter international criminal communities operating both in Russia and in China.
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Carland, John M. « Bureaucrats and Imperial Finance : The Colonial Office, the Treasury and the West African Currency Board, 1911‑1914 ». Historical Papers 17, no 1 (26 avril 2006) : 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030884ar.
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Résumé Entre 1901 et I9I0, quarante pour cent des pièces de monnaie frappées au Royaume-Uni circulaient dans les pays britanniques de la côte ouest de l'Afrique. Cette situation n'était certes pas vue d'un bon oeil; d'une part, le British Treasury craignait les effets que pourrait avoir une repatriation soudaine de la monnaie alors que, d'autre part, le Colonial Office qui avait la responsabilité de voir au bien-être des colonies, enviait les profits réalisés par le Treasury qui détenait le pouvoir de faire frapper les pièces. Pour remédier au problème et assurer un meilleur contrôle, on institua donc, en 1912, le West African Currency Board (WACB). Le British Treasury et le Colonial Office furent intimement liés à la création et aux premières activités du WACB mais cette liaison prit la forme d'une lutte pour le contrôle de cette commission. Bien qu'on ait. jusqu'à date, toujours pensé que c'est le Treasury qui a eu la haute-main sur l'affaire, cette étude démontre, au contraire, que c'est le Colonial Office qui a réussi à dominer la situation et à prendre la commission sous sa tutelle. Pour faire état du comment et du pourquoi de cette prise de pouvoir, l'auteur décrit les mécanismes par lesquels le WACB fut créé et mis en opération au cours des années 1911-12, les modes selon lesquels on a rapatrié l'argent britannique des pays africains pendant les années 1912-14 et la controverse qui entoura la demande du Treasury d'être représenté au sein du WACB. Selon l'auteur, les décisions ont toujours favorisé le Colonial Office et il est évident que ce sont ses intérêts qui ont toujours prévalu.
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VERBYTSKA, POLINA. « PECULIARITIES OF WOMEN'S EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ESTABLISHMENT IN GALICIA ON THE EXAMPLE OF BEREZHANY TEACHER'S SEMINARY ». Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series : pedagogy 1, no 1 (7 juillet 2021) : 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2415-3605.21.1.23.
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The study, based on archival sources and scientific publications, identifies a number of issues related to the history of the formation of women's educational institutions in Galicia in the early twentieth century. Coverage of the peculiarities of the formation and development of women's seminaries for teacher training in Ukraine as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is considered on the example of the State Women's Teachers' Seminary in Berezhany. It has been found that the introduction of new educational institutions – men's and women's teachers' seminaries had been based on the Austrian state school law of 1869, which introduced significant changes in the process of teacher training. From the results of the article it has been identified that women's educational institutions had been created in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to provide public (primary) schools with teachers and aimed at professional self-realization of women. The research focuses on the women's teacher's seminary in Berezhany which was opened in 1910/1911. The article analyzes archival documents from the collection of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in L’viv, in particular the materials of the fund № 179 "Curator of the L’viv School District", case 1111 "Case of transfer of premises in Senyavsky Castle in Berezhany by the local city community for a women's seminary". Based on the documents of the case on the transfer of the Senyavsky Castle in Berezhany by the local city community for the women's seminary, the content of the official correspondence of state and local authorities regarding the location and financing of the women's teacher's seminary in Berezhany during 1913-1926 has been revealed. It has been found that before the war, the magistrate of Berezhany had handed over a house and 1 ½ of morgue - land in the center to the needs of the seminary, but the construction of the seminary building had not been started due to the war. On March 5, 1915, the Ministry of Religion and Education in Vienna granted the Berezhany community an annual subvention of 6,000 kroons as donations to a house on a needs of a teachers' seminary. The war made it impossible to further pay that subvention in the school years from 1914/1915 to 1918/1919. Therefore, the school regional council, expressing a request to the magistrate of Berezhany, appealed to the Ministry of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to support the commitment of the Ministry of Finance regarding the annual subvention payment for 1919 and 1920. The Polish government refused any legal obligations to the Berezhany community to pay debts. subventions for the years 1914-1919 instead of the Austrian government. In the case of the seminary in Berezhany, the curator of the Lviv school district, in a letter dated January 4, 1923, proposed to accept the gift of the castle in Berezhany proposed by Mr. Yakub Potocki for the use of the teacher's seminary, which was rejected by the Ministry of Education of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, based on a careful analysis of the condition of the monument. As a result of an agreement with the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Religion and Education decided to distribute the community of Berezhany the amount of 20,000 Polish marks for the needs of the teachers' seminary. The article reveals that the historical experience of the formation and development of women’s education in Galicia on the example of the Berezhany Teachers’ Seminary as an important asset of Ukrainian science and education.
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Arthaud, Christian. « Nice, pépinière de revues ». La Revue des revues N° 70, no 2 (26 octobre 2023) : 18–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rdr.070.0018.
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Même si la notoriété de Nice ne peut être comparée à celle de Marseille avec ses Cahiers du Sud , elle a été néanmoins un foyer dynamique pour de nombreuses revues durant tout le xx e siècle – citons Le Cahier des poètes (1912-1914), Mediterranea (1927-1939) ou Profils poétiques (1941-44 et 1951-59) –, avec un point culminant de créations entre 1970 et 1990 que nous décrivons ici. Pendant ces vingt frénétiques années des écrivains et des artistes (sans doute est-ce une particularité de Nice que de les confondre), seuls ou en groupe, vont tenter l’aventure de la revue, expérience formatrice qui perdure de nos jours dans une moindre mesure.
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Toan, Vo Phuc. « Efforts of the Vietnamese in finance sector in Cochinchina during the colonial period : the case of Vietnam Bank (Société annamite de crédit) ». Science & ; Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & ; Humanities 5, no 1 (19 avril 2021) : first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v5i1.651.
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In feudal society, Vietnamese spent the most care on study Confusim to become courting and agriculture production. Trade and handicrafts were considered secondary in the economic thinking of Vietnamese. When capitalism followed France's conquest path into Vietnam, Vietnamese became a community that adapted slowly to change in the economy. Among difficulties of the reforming thinking and economic activities process, the finance sector was considered the most restrictive field of Vietnamese. In 1912, the Association of Mutual Agriculture was born in Cochinchina became the first experiment of Vietnamese in the finance sector. However, due to the limited financial potential, these agricultural associations depend on loans from Indochina Bank. In 1919, with the rising national spirit in the movement to boycott Chinese overseas, the plan to set up a financial association named the Vietnam Bank had appeared but unsuccessful. Eight years later, the first bank of the Vietnamese was established and called by Vietnam bank, reflecting Vietnamese's efforts to build the financial association independent from foreign businessmen. That is the result of combining the economic strength and national spirit rising in the patriotic movement of indigenous elites in the late 1920s.
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PHIMISTER, IAN. « Foreign Devils, Finance and Informal Empire : Britain and China c. 1900–1912 ». Modern Asian Studies 40, no 3 (juillet 2006) : 737–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002174.
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‘An imperial policy is essentially a commercial policy’(Charles Addis, 1905)‘Look at the way we have swindled the Chinese in the case of the Pekin Syndicate and still worse in the case of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company’(G.E. Morrison, 1906)
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Pociecha, Józef. « Professor Julius F. Leo – Scientist, Municipal Manager, Politician, and His Economic and Political Views ». Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 1, no 346 (3 février 2020) : 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.346.05.
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The subject of the paper is the representation of the life and work of Julius F. Leo, his achievements and scientific opinions in the area of public finance, merits in the field of municipal administration as well as his views and political career. J. F. Leo was one of the outstanding personalities of Cracow in the early 20th century. He was the first President of the Polish Statistical Association founded in Cracow in 1912. He was a prominent lawyer and economist of his time, he worked on problems of public finances as a Professor of tax law and treasury sciences at the Jagiellonian University. During his studies and trips abroad he became acquainted with the issues of economic statistics, the validity of which, he had a great understanding for. A large part of his public activity was associated with the activities of the municipality. Since 1893 he was a councilor of Cracow, in 1901 he became the Vice‑Mayor and then in 1904 (until his death) the Mayor of Cracow. During his time in office he introduced a number of important reforms in the management of the city. J. F. Leo’s life’s work was a significant widening of the city limits, hence he was named “the father of the great Cracow”. Julius F. Leo was an important politician, the leader of the Galician neo‑conservatives. In 1901 he was elected to the Galician Sejm and in the year of 1904 to the Austrian Parliament. His political views have evolved from conservatism to liberalism. In 1912 he became the President of the Polish Circle in the Austrian Parliament. At the outbreak of the First World War he supported creation of Polish Legions by Józef Piłsudski. He was also the head of the Supreme National Committee. However, he did not live long enough to experience the moment of Poland regaining its independence, he died in February 1918.
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Tang, John. « Financial intermediation and late development in Meiji Japan, 1868 to 1912 ». Financial History Review 20, no 2 (15 mai 2013) : 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565013000085.
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Was nineteenth-century Japan an example of finance-led growth? Using a new panel data set of firms from the Meiji period (1868–1912), this article tests whether financial sector development influenced extensive firm activity across industries and locations. Results from a two-stage least squares first difference model suggest that financial intermediation is associated with additional net firm establishment, particularly in light manufacturing sectors like textiles. The overall effect is muted in the latter part of the period and among peripheral regions, which may underscore the respective roles of institutions and agglomeration economies in later stages of development.
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Fiorito, Luca, et John F. Henry. « John Bates Clark on Trusts : New Light from the Columbia Archives ». Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29, no 2 (juin 2007) : 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710701336016.
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Public concern over the so called “trust problem” in the United States between the end of the nineteenth century and 1914, the year of the passage of the Clayton and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Acts, was reflected in the considerable contemporary literature on the subject. Not surprisingly, professional economists actively participated in this debate. Their thinking directly and indirectly influenced the legislation of 1914 in a way that cannot be said of the Sherman Act of 1890 (Mayhew 1998). A survey of the most important of these professional writings shows that, among the several voices animating the discussion, John Bates Clark's was perhaps the most influential. In this connection, Joseph Dorfman argues that John Bates Clark's second edition of his Control of Trusts (1912), co-authored with his son John Maurice, “played a formative historical role in policy making, for it provided the most systematic exposition of the view on trusts, that was embodied in 1914, at President Woodrow Wilson's urging, in the Clayton Act and the FTC Acts.” “From this standpoint,” continues Dorfman quite emphatically, “The Control of Trusts caught the dominant reform interest and in turn became a contributing force in shaping the trend of the socio-economic development of the nation” (1971, p. 17). Apart from the 1912 monograph, John Bates Clark devoted considerable attention to the problems of trusts and industrial combinations during much of his career, both in his professional writings and in his frequent contributions to newspapers and popular reviews.
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Afanasev, Alexander L. « The reformist character of the temperance movement in Russia in the “path choice” period in 1907-1914 ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no 480 (2023) : 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/480/11.
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The aim of the article is to prove the author's hypothesis that the vast temperance movement (TM) increased the potential of the reformist development in Russia. The objective is to learn the exact mechanism of its influence on the society. The research methodology includes analysis, synthesis, objectivity, historicism and interdisciplinarity. The sources of the material are: reports and periodicals of temperance societies, papers by the movement participants, notes of the anti-alcohol congresses, articles by administrative bodies, newspapers. The analyzed territory is Russia without Poland and Finland. TM was the society's response to the alcohol policy by the tsarism. Its influence was increasing. As of 1 January 1911, there were 1,873 temperance societies in Russia with nearly 500,000 members. 74.5 % of the societies were located in villages with most members from the peasantry; 25.5 % were in urban settlements, with most members from workers. 1,782 societies (95.14 % of the total number) were religious with 1,771 of them Orthodox. Their leaders were mostly priests. Of 91 civil societies, 56 were Estonian, 15 Latvian, 2 Finnish and 18 international ones. The manifestation and outcomes of the movement were the following. (A) Locally, (1) the participants of the movement adopted a sober lifestyle, peace and wealth came into families; (2) the participants became a part of a group of soulmates, many of them found a high meaning of life; (3) some societies were involved in educational and charity work; (4) the societies encouraged people to take part in useful activities; (5) due to the societies' impact, open alcohol abuse, hooliganism and criminal activity were decreasing, sober traditions were emerging, communities made public verdicts to close down state wine stores and to ban illegal alcohol sale. (B) On the state and regional levels, on 11 December 1907 the III State Duma established the Anti-alcohol Panel. On 16 November 1911 the Duma adopted the law providing for essential educational and restrictive measures. In 1909-1912 All-Russia congresses against alcohol abuse were held. In 1913-1914 abstinence festivals in both capitals and in more than 50 other provinces were organized. Nicholas II saw the movement as a way to reinforce the political situation in the country; in April 1913 he began to openly support it and in January 1914 proceeded to change the alcohol policy in the country. A circular of the Minister of Finance of 11 March 1914 indicated that it was necessary to satisfy the petitions of rural societies to ban the sale of vodka on their territory. In February-July 1914, the government approved 800 such petitions. A campaign began, during which local governments and state authorities took new educational and restrictive anti-alcohol measures. So, the temperance movement, reformist in character, contributed to the improvement and strengthening of Russia. It urged the authorities to take measures that increased the stability of society and the possibility of development along a peaceful path. This was the “rise of Order out of Chaos”. At the same time, during the rapid anti-alcohol campaign of 1914, opposite processes began.
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Szczukocka, Agata. « Kazimierz Władysław Kumaniecki – the initiator of the Polish Statistical Association ». Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 2023, no 4 (2 mai 2023) : 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ws.2023.04.3.
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Kazimierz Władysław Kumaniecki was a lawyer specialised in administrative and constitutional law and a statistician. He was the initiator and co-founder of the Polish Statistical Association, established in Kraków in 1912. The aim of the paper is to present Kumaniecki’s scientific achievements and organisational activity, focusing on his involvement in public issues, the areas of his scientific interests and his views. Kumaniecki is regarded as one of the creators of the Polish statistical thought. His statistical research, especially in the field of demography, economics, finance and law contributed to the better understanding of social and economic issues in Poland. In the framework of the activity of the Polish Statistical Association, Kumaniecki and Adam Krzyżanowski compiled a set of statistical information published as a book entitled Statistics of Poland (Pol. Statystyka Polski) published in 1915. This work’s special value lies in the fact that it presented the social and economic development in all the three partitions of Poland.
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Mays, Christin, et Andreas Åkerlund. « The Economy of Scandinavian-American Exchange : Donations and Scholarships in the American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1912–1995 ». Nordic Journal of Educational History 2, no 1 (30 avril 2015) : 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njedh.v2i1.46.
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The importance of philanthropy for academic exchange cannot be overestimated. Especially in the first half of the twentieth century, scholarships for academic exchange originated from the private sector instead of the state. But what is the relationship between academic exchange and the donations which finance scholarships? How can specific donations and the restrictions placed on them change the flow of exchange? This article investigates donation and scholarship praxis within the American-Scandinavian Foundation (ASF) from 1912–1995, a philanthropic organisation devoted to academic exchange between Scandinavia and the United States. The period, 1912–1944, is characterised by various small donations and few scholarships to mostly American fellows. The second period, 1945–1995, represents an era of economic growth created from a surge in large, restricted donations invested in scholarship funds. This led to an increased number of scholarships to a more geographically diverse population.
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Tsybenov, Bazar D., Leonid V. Kuras et Victoria E. Tsyrempilova. « Институты публичной власти в политиях маньчжуро-монгольского мира в 1900–1920 гг. (на примере Хулун-Буира) ». Oriental studies 16, no 4 (12 septembre 2023) : 718–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2023-68-4-718-726.
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Introduction. The paper attempts an insight into how institutions of public government developed in Manchu-Mongolian polities throughout the 1900s–1920s — and focuses on the geopolitically and strategically important Chinese region of Hulunbuir. Goals. The article aims to explore the transformation of power structures in Hulunbuir, reveal some internal contradictions and the split in bureaucratic circles that occurred under the influence of various political forces between 1908 and 1920.To facilitate this, the work shall examine the structure of the Manchu Eight Banner system in the region, analyze the new policies of Qing authorities in Hulunbuir, trace changes in the public government structure across the region in 1912–1915, follow how (and why) Hulunbuir lost its autonomy in 1920. Conclusion. As is shown, the hierarchical structure of Hulunbuir’s administrative powers — despite the attempts to change it undertaken by various political forces — did still retain the traditional features of the Manchu Eight Banner system by 1920. At the level of regional authorities, the shaping of policies was largely influenced by internal contradictions between various ethnic groups of Hulunbuir. However, even when it came to join Outer Mongolia in 1912–1915, authorities of Hulunbuir used each and every possibility to maintain independence in external and internal affairs, finances. The dramatic changes of 1917–1919 in the situation — in and around Hulunbuir — triggered that the decision-making apparatus preferred to abolish Hulunbuir’s autonomy and turn it into a mere periphery of the Republic of China.
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Tishkina, T. V. « The 300th Anniversary of Romanov House : Celebrations in Barnaul and Biysk ». Izvestiya of Altai State University, no 6(128) (12 décembre 2022) : 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2022)6-06.
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The article is devoted to the process of managing and holding celebrations in 1913 on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Romanov House on the example of the provincial cities of Barnaul and Biysk. The celebration was one of the key events in the prewar life of the Russian Empire. The anniversary date was positioned as an important state-patriotic event. The preparatory work for the upcoming event took several years. Special commissions, which included representatives of local authorities and the public, were established in provincial towns. The author notes that these commissions were engaged not only in drawing up a plan for holding festive celebrations on February 21, 1913, but also in perpetuating the memory of the anniversary date on the scale of their locality. For example, in Barnaul, the building of the city school was given the name "In memory of the 300th anniversary of Romanov House". The assignment of special scholarships in honor of anniversary events to students of local educational institutions was widely practiced. The success of the celebrations was based on the experience of the centenary of the Patriotic War (1912) and the joint efforts of the clergy, various departments and ministries. The celebration of the 300th anniversary of Romanov House was the last major solemn event of the Russian Empire.
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Dean, Austin. « A Coin for China ? The Monetary Standards Debate at the End of the Qing Dynasty, 1900–1912 ». Modern China 44, no 6 (13 avril 2018) : 591–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700418766886.
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This article examines debates about monetary standards in the final years of the Qing dynasty. As silver depreciated on the world market, Qing statesmen discussed whether to adopt the gold-exchange standard or to stay on the silver standard. These debates took place on a conceptual and practical level: Should and could the Qing dynasty adopt the gold-exchange standard and what were the economic, political, and symbolic implications of doing so? The article contributes to the history of the late Qing dynasty by focusing on the monetary thought of figures more famous for their other roles: Zhang Zhidong, Liang Qichao, and Kang Youwei. It shows how the monetary standards debate had complex links to international finance, conceptions of sovereignty, central-provincial relations, and public finance. The article concludes by demonstrating how these debates continued in the next decades, becoming a central issue in modern Chinese history.
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Goodman, Roger. « Britain's encounter with Meiji Japan, 1868–1912 »,. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 6, no 3 (septembre 1992) : 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1583(92)90025-y.
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Yuliani, Nur Fadny. « SISTEM AKUNTANSI KLAIM HABIS KONTRAK PADA ASURANSI JIWA BERSAMA BUMIPUTERA 1912 CABANG UJUNG TANAH MAKASSAR ». INVOICE : JURNAL ILMU AKUNTANSI 2, no 1 (28 mars 2020) : 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/inv.v2i1.3190.
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The purpose of this research was to know how accounting system for contract expired claims at AJB Bumiputera 1912 Branch Office of Ujung Tanah Makassar, contraints in the system of accounting for contract expired claims and efforts made to overcome the obstacles faced. The type and design in this study used a descritive qualitative type, namely knowing, explaining and describing the accounting system for contract expired claims in AJB Bumiputera 1912 Branch Office of Ujung Tanah Makassar. The program payment of claims through centralization. Finance Department pays immediately to the bank account of the policy holder or recipient of insurance benefit. Recording system payment of contract expiration claim using a computerized system The result showed that accounting system of contract expired claims already has accounting records accordance to their needs. It can be seen that the fractions has worked according to their duties. While the problems that are experienced in the accounting system for contract expired claims, are: lack of supervision on customer premium payments, where there are some customers who are negligent in carrying out their obligations in paying insurance premiums which result in the payment of contract expired claims not due. For this reason, it is necessary to review the system used so that the documents used are in accordance with the needs, and there is no abuse, fraud and the results can be more effective. The efforts to overcome the obstacles in the accounting system for contract expired claims are that the KUAK section (Head of Administrative and Finance Unit) conducts a routine check of premium payment receipts to avoid paying out-of-contract expired claims and sending an official notification letter from the company to the customer that the contract period will expire.
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Stulczewski, Jarosław. « Janina Irmina Izabela Lichońska (1912–1969) – filolog klasyczny i tłumaczka ». Biuletyn Szadkowski 11 (30 décembre 2011) : 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1643-0700.11.09.
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Steinþórsson, Sigurður. « Sigurdur Thorarinsson (1912–1983) ». Jökull 62, no 1 (15 décembre 2012) : 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33799/jokull2012.62.003o.
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Like the majority of Icelanders of his generation, Sigurður Þórarinsson was born and brought up at a farm, in Vopnafjörður, NE-Iceland. Being a precocious child he was enrolled in the Akureyri Gymnasium from which he matriculated in 1931. Influenced by his natural-science teacher Pálmi Hannesson, he entered the Copenhagen University the following fall to study geology. After one winter in Denmark, however, he transferred to Stockholm to continue his studies, now in geography and botany as well as geology. After receiving his doctoral degree at the University of Stockholm in 1944, he returned to Iceland and worked for a while with the Research Council. In January 1947 he became Director of the Department of Geology and Geography, Museum of Natural History in Reykjavik, a position he held until 1968 when he became Professor of Geology and Geography at the University of Iceland. While Director of the Natural History Museum he was twice appointed Professor and Director of the Geographical Institute of Stockholm, in the years 1950–1951 and 1953
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O’Sullivan, Michael. « Pan-Islamic bonds and interest : Ottoman bonds, Red Crescent remittances and the limits of Indian Muslim capital, 1877–1924 ». Indian Economic & ; Social History Review 55, no 2 (avril 2018) : 183–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464618760453.
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This article analyses the Ottoman government’s attempt to encourage Indian Muslims to purchase its treasury bonds during the Balkan Wars in 1912–13. It contrasts this largely unsuccessful scheme with the enormous contributions of Indian Muslims to the parallel campaign to raise relief funds for Ottoman soldiers and refugees. While this latter movement involved the intermittent dispatch of remittances to the Ottoman Ministry of Finance and Red Crescent, the bond drive demanded a multi-year commitment and conjured up a variety of financial and religious dilemmas for Indian Muslim constituencies. To better contextualise these divergent outcomes, this article first examines the infrastructures of Indian Muslim religious and financial exchange with the Ottoman Empire from the mid-nineteenth century. It then charts the charitable campaigns organised by Indian Muslims between 1877 and 1912, before turning to the Balkan Wars. The foundering of the bond drive stemmed from problems on both the supply and demand side, namely, International Financial Control (IFC) in the Ottoman context, informational asymmetries, fears of Ottoman insolvency and an aversion by some to accepting interest. Nevertheless, Indian Muslim capital enjoyed a freer degree of circulation than in the post-Ottoman environment, where new powers sought to curtail or control it in an age of financial de-globalisation.
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Petersen, Peter B. « Fighting for a Better Navy : An Attempt at Scientific Management (1905-1912) ». Journal of Management 16, no 1 (mars 1990) : 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600111.
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Sandoval, Eluzai Dinai Pinto, Wlodzimierz Jędrzejewski, Jesús Molinari, Miluse Vozdova, Halina Cernohorska, Svatava Kubickova, Agda Maria Bernegossi, Renato Caparroz et José Mauricio Barbanti Duarte. « Description of Bisbalus, a New Genus for the Gray Brocket, Mazama cita Osgood, 1912 (Mammalia, Cervidae), as a Step to Solve the Neotropical Deer Puzzle ». Taxonomy 4, no 1 (2 janvier 2024) : 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy4010002.
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The Neotropical deer genus Mazama is characterized by homoplastic morphological characters, a high karyotypic diversity, and a polyphyletic condition. The species of the genus have been recovered into two multigeneric lineages, the subtribes Odocoileina and Blastocerina, of the tribe Odocoileini (New World deer) in the family Cervidae. Within the Blastocerina, gray brockets include two non-sister species, Subulo gouazoubira, occurring south of the Amazon region, and Passalites nemorivagus, occurring in the Guianas and in the Amazon region. We clarify the taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of Mazama americana citus Osgood, 1912 (referred to as either S. gouazoubira or P. nemorivagus by other authors). We collected a topotype of M. a. citus from the eastern shore of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, characterize it morphologically and cytogenetically (conventional banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization), and carry out a phylogenetic analysis of its whole mitogenome and Cytb alongside two additional specimens of M. a. citus from northwestern Venezuela. Our analyses reveal the topotype to be a large gray brocket with a cinnamon band above the eyes and 2n = 61 and FN = 70 karyotype. Using cattle whole chromosome painting and bacterial artificial chromosome X probes, we determined its karyotype to differ in at least 10 rearrangements from that of S. gouazoubira. Bayesian inference recovers M. a. citus within the Blastocerina subtribe, separated phylogenetically from other gray brockets (100% branch value), revealing the Osgood’s gray brocket to be a valid species that should be assigned to a new genus. We propose the generic name Bisbalus, with Bisbalus citus (Osgood, 1912) as the type species.
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dr. et dr. « Student Well-being Factors : A Multilevel Analysis of PISA 2015 International Data ». EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIII, Issue 4 (1 novembre 2020) : 1312–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1912.
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Stray, Christopher. « ‘Patriots and Professors’ : A Century of Roman Studies, 1910–2010 ». Britannia 41 (5 juillet 2010) : 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x10000024.
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ABSTRACTThis essay offers a survey of the history of the Roman Society during the 100 years since its foundation in 1910. It discusses relations with other classical bodies, especially the Hellenic Society and the Classical Association; the Society's fragile finances until the 1950s; and the key role played over several decades by its Secretary, Margerie Taylor. Separate sections deal with the Society's library; its journals, the Journal of Roman Studies (1911) and Britannia (1970); membership and finance; and relations with schools, amateur archaeologists and the University of London, whose Institute of Classical Studies has housed the Society's office and library since 1958.
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Stray, Christopher. « ‘Patriots and Professors’ : A Century of Roman Studies, 1910–2010 ». Journal of Roman Studies 100 (1 juin 2010) : 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435810000018.
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ABSTRACTThis essay offers a survey of the history of the Roman Society during the 100 years since its foundation in 1910. It discusses relations with other classical bodies, especially the Hellenic Society and the Classical Association; the Society's fragile finances until the 1950s; and the key role played over several decades by its Secretary, Margerie Taylor. Separate sections deal with the Society's library; its journals, the Journal of Roman Studies (1911) and Britannia (1970); membership and finance; and relations with schools, amateur archaeologists and the University of London, whose Institute of Classical Studies has housed the Society's office and library since 1958.
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García, Juan Hugo Sánches. « Seeking an hygienic city : public works and urban development. Guadalajara, México, 1890-1912 ». Revista Brasileira de História & ; Ciências Sociais 14, no 28 (1 septembre 2022) : 125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/rbhcs.v14i28.14177.
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El artículo estudia el papel del ayuntamiento de la ciudad de Guadalajara en los esfuerzos por crear una ciudad higiénica a finales del siglo XIX. Se analizan dos obras públicas de infraestructura sanitaria: el suministro de agua potable y alcantarillado por una parte y el embovedado del río de San Juan de Dios, por la otra. Con base en fuentes municipales y estatales es posible afirmar que los gobiernos locales fueron clave en la administración de los servicios públicos modernos.
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Furner, James. « Carl Schmitt’s ‘Hegel and Marx’ ». Historical Materialism 22, no 3-4 (2 décembre 2014) : 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341339.
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Carl Schmitt’s radio broadcast ‘Hegel and Marx’, aired on 13 November 1931, and newly translated here, recapitulates the account of Marxism that Schmitt started to develop in the 1920s. Beginning from Schmitt’s early theory of adjudication inLaw and Judgement(1912), the concepts of decision, representation and the friend/enemy distinction are analysed, connected, and shown to structure Schmitt’s critique of Marxism, both in the broadcast, and in his other writings during this period. Some concluding remarks are offered on the substantive issues Schmitt’s critique raises for Marx’s political theory.
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Suzumura, Kotaro. « Shigeto Tsuru (1912 – 2006) : Life, work and legacy ». European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 13, no 4 (décembre 2006) : 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09672560601040794.
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Aguilar, Morelos Torres. « Enfermedad e Higiene en la Ciudad de México (1912-1920) : miradas desde la prensa durante la Revolución Mexicana ». Revista Brasileira de História & ; Ciências Sociais 14, no 28 (1 septembre 2022) : 154–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/rbhcs.v14i28.14169.
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El artículo pretende resaltar en forma escueta las principales enfermedades que afectaron a los habitantes de la ciudad de México entre 1912 y 1920. Además, se propone mostrar cómo estos problemas generaron una amplia respuesta por parte de los médicos y los higienistas de la época, consistente tanto en medidas prácticas -por ejemplo, campañas y brigadas-, como en actividades de divulgación -tales como cursos, charlas y conferencias-, las cuales procuraban generar hábitos higiénicos y una conciencia de prevención de la enfermedad entre la población. Y, por último, desde un enfoque metodológico, ofrece una perspectiva centrada primordialmente en la mirada de la prensa, y en algunas publicaciones de la época.
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Bogart, Dan, et Latika Chaudhary. « Regulation, Ownership, and Costs : A Historical Perspective from Indian Railways ». American Economic Journal : Economic Policy 4, no 1 (1 février 2012) : 28–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.4.1.28.
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This paper studies the relationship between operational costs and state ownership in Indian railways between 1874 and 1912. We find the move to state ownership significantly decreased working expenses. The cost declines are not driven by anticipation effects, changes in reporting standards, or long run trends. Rather, the evidence suggests the colonial Government of India reduced operational costs by cutting labor costs. Our surprising results can be explained by the undemocratic colonial nature of the Government of India, a fiscal system heavily reliant on railways for revenues, and a regulatory environment under private ownership that weakened incentives to lower costs. (JEL L32, L51, L92, N45, N75, O18, R41)
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Wait, Charles, Tafadzwa Ruzive et Pierre le Roux. « The Influence of Financial Market Development on Economic Growth in BRICS Countries ». International Journal of Management and Economics 53, no 1 (1 mars 2017) : 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2017-0002.
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Abstract The debate about the influence of financial market development on economic growth has been ongoing for more than a century. Since Schumpeter [1912] wrote about the happenings on Lombard Street there has been growing interest in the way financial market development affects economic activity and growth. As development issues have deepened, inquiry into the finance-growth nexus has also grown, with recent research focusing on various aspects of financial crisis and developments in the BRICS economies. This study investigates the influence of financial market development on the higher growth of BRICS as compared to non-BRICS counterparts. The research utilizes the Generalised Method of Moments and an extended endogenous growth model to estimate the influence of a set of financial market indicators. We find that higher private sector levels of credit and financial depth in the BRICS economies contributed to the economic growth of those economies.
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Bogart, Dan, et Latika Chaudhary. « Engines of Growth : The Productivity Advance of Indian Railways, 1874–1912 ». Journal of Economic History 73, no 2 (23 mai 2013) : 339–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000296.
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Railways were integral to the development of the Indian economy before World War I. This article presents new estimates of total factor productivity (TFP) for railways from 1874 to 1912, which highlight the strong performance of this key industrial sector. Railway-industry TFP growth was substantial averaging 2.3 percent per year and generating a 2.7 percent social savings for the Indian economy. A combination of factors contributed to TFP growth including greater capacity utilization, technological change, and improvements in organization and governance. Railways had higher TFP growth than most sectors in India and compared favorably with TFP growth in other countries.
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Aldrich, Mark. « Running Out of Steam : Federal Inspection and Locomotive Safety, 1912–1940 ». Journal of Economic History 67, no 4 (décembre 2007) : 884–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000435.
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Locomotive inspection was among the most important Progressive Era federal workplace regulations. Inspection rules were enforced by a new Bureau of Locomotive Inspection, which claimed credit for subsequent safety improvements. Relying on published and unpublished data this article assesses these claims. Literary sources suggest that the bureau achieved compliance by emphasizing regulatory benefits and that its activities sharply reduced locomotive defects through the 1920s, in part by reducing agency problems. A model for 1923–1932 reinforces this conclusion, but suggests that the safety gains came at high cost. After 1932 safety improvements stagnated, for inspection ran out of steam.
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Vaihekoski, Mika. « Revisiting Stock Market Index for the Helsinki Stock Exchange 1912–1981 ». Journal of Risk and Financial Management 17, no 3 (20 février 2024) : 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17030090.
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Stock market indices play a central role in portfolio and risk management and performance evaluation, as well as academic research. This paper presents a fully updated and extended stock market index for the Finnish stock market using new and updated historical databases that cover the period from the establishment of the Helsinki Stock Exchange in October 1912 to the end of 1981. In addition to the all-share market index, four industry indices are presented for the first time. The observed geometric mean market return is 1.034 percent per month (13.14% p.a.). Of the industry indices, the banking sector performed the worst as it was found to have clearly lagged behind in the market, whereas the paper and forest and the metal and manufacturing industries performed the best during the sample period. The results also highlight the importance of taking into account corporate capital actions—which are, historically, often the hardest information to obtain—as they can have a material effect on the index performance.
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Van Dijk, Ingrid K., et Kees Mandemakers. « Like Mother, Like Daughter. Intergenerational Transmission of Infant Mortality Clustering in Zeeland, the Netherlands, 1833-1912 ». Historical Life Course Studies 7 (9 février 2018) : 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9286.
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The burden of infant mortality is not shared equally by all families, but clusters in high risk families. As yet, it remains unclear why some families experience more infant deaths than other families. Earlier research has shown that the risk of early death among infants may at least partially be transmitted from grandmothers to mothers. In this paper, we focus on the intergenerational transmission of mortality clustering in the Netherlands in the province of Zeeland between 1833 and 1912, using LINKS Zeeland, a dataset containing family reconstitutions based on civil certificates of birth, marriage and death. We assess whether intergenerational transmission of mortality clustering occurred in Zeeland, and if so, whether it can be explained on the basis of the demographic characteristics of the families in which the infants were born. In addition, we explore the opportunities for comparative research using the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS). We find that mortality clustering is indeed transmitted from grandmothers to mothers, and that the socioeconomic status of the family, the survival of mothers and fathers, and the demographic characteristics of the family affected infant survival. However, they explain the heterogeneity in infant mortality at the level of the mother only partially.
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de la Fuente, Alejandro. « Myths of Racial Democracy : Cuba, 1900-1912 ». Latin American Research Review 34, no 3 (1999) : 39–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100039364.
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AbstractThis article reviews the recent literature on the so-called myths of racial democracy in Latin America and challenges current critical interpretations of the social effects of these ideologies. Typically, critics stress the elitist nature of these ideologies, their demobilizing effects among racially subordinate groups, and the role they play in legitimizing the subordination of such groups. Using the establishment of the Cuban republic as a test case, this article contends that the critical approach tends to minimize or ignore altogether the opportunities that these ideologies have created for those below, the capacity of subordinate groups to use the nation-state's cultural project to their own advantage, and the fact that these social myths also restrain the political options of their own creators.
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Bogart, Dan. « Nationalizations and the Development of Transport Systems : Cross-Country Evidence from Railroad Networks, 1860–1912 ». Journal of Economic History 69, no 1 (mars 2009) : 202–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050709000382.
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Many states nationalized portions of their railroad network between 1860 and 1912. This article uses new cross-country data to examine which factors contributed to nationalizations and how nationalizations influenced network expansion. I find evidence that nationalizations were greater in countries with low constraints on the executive branch, with French and German civil law systems, and where neighboring countries had higher military capability. I also find evidence that nationalizations reduced mileage growth. The results suggest that external military threats increased the appeal of nationalizations, while legal and political institutions influenced their costs. They also suggest that nationalizations reduced investment incentives.
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Samper Kutsbach, Mario. « Uso del suelo, ciclo agrícola y unidades productivas en el suroeste de Antioquia, 1912-1935. Aproximación empírica y comparativa ». Lecturas de Economía, no 25-26 (26 janvier 2011) : 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n25-26a7764.
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• Resumen: El trabajo presenta una visión detallada de las características del uso de la tierra y la ocupación de fuerza de trabajo, tanto asalariada como familiar, en diversos tipos de unidades productivas del suroeste antioqueño en el período estudiado. Retoma hipótesis de un estudio anterior sobre la región entre 1850 y 1912 para explicar el impacto de la progresiva especialización caficultora sobre los ciclos de labores agrícolas y sobre la interacción entre productores directos y dueños del capital. Propone algunas posibilidades de análisis comparativo y ciertos referentes de tipo conceptual. • Abstract: The paper discusses in a detailed form the current characteristics of the land use and labor force, in wage form as well as familiar, within different types of productive unities in the area under examination related to the period. It returns to the hypothesis of a previous study on the Antioquia south west between 1850-1912, in order to explain the impact of the progressive coffee specialization over the agricultural cycles and over the interaction between direct producers and capital owners. It suggests some possibilities of comparative analysis and certain related of conceptual order.
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Šabotić, Izet. « Agrarian situation in Semberia in the first decade of 20th century (based on the Memorandum-request of landowner Osman-bey Pašić from 1912, sent to the Minister of Finance Bilinski) ». Historijski pogledi 2, no 2 (28 octobre 2019) : 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2019.2.2.133.
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The paper presents the Memorandum-Request from 1912 by Osman-bey Pašić, a landowner from Bijeljina, addressed to the Minister of Finance of Bilinski. The Memorandum highlighted numerous irregularities and difficulties encountered by Bosniak landowners and Bosniaks in Semberia. Particularly pointed out was the problem of the relationship between serfs (čifčije) and landowners, where the expression of disregard for obligations by serfs, as well as the usurpation of property occurred. In this way, the economic status of landowners has largely diminished. In addition, the security, religious, political and social rights of Bosniaks in this area were significantly compromised. So, the relation of the agas - landowners and serfs was not only of a commercial nature, but also of a national-political one. In such procedures, the authorities of Bijeljina did not function adequately, and in the memorandum minister Bilinski was asked to intervene, in order for the government to start acting. This document is only one of documents confirming all the complexity and stratification of agrarian relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina during this period, which were particularly complex in the area of Semberija.
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HODGSON, GEOFFREY M. « ‘Institution’ by Walton H. Hamilton ». Journal of Institutional Economics 1, no 2 (décembre 2005) : 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137405210202.
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After Thorstein Veblen, Wesley Mitchell, and John R. Commons, Walton H. Hamilton (1881–1958) was one of the leading figures in American institutional economics in the interwar period (Rutherford, 2000, 2001, 2003). Indeed, Hamilton (1916: 863 n.) originally coined the very term ‘institutional economics’. He announced its existence and defined its essential outlook at the annual meeting of the American Economic Association in December 1918 (Hamilton, 1919). Institutional economics then emerged in America as a broad movement, attracting support from a large number of leading economists. Significantly, ‘Hamilton should be credited with having played the role of chief promoter’ (Dorfman, 1974: 28).
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Gross, Stephen. « Confidence and Gold : German War Finance 1914–1918 ». Central European History 42, no 2 (15 mai 2009) : 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938909000296.
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In January 1915, Sir William Grenfell Max-Müller, an intelligence officer in the British Foreign Office, recorded the following remark from a German trade journal.As long as the confidence in military and political victory continues, we need not fear our paper system and its consequences. But one sees immediately what would be bound to threaten us in the contrary case—a ruin to avoid which we are compelled to sacrifice the last man and the last penny.1
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Gibassier, Delphine, Sami El Omari et Philippe Naccache. « Institutional work in the birth of a carbon accounting profession ». Accounting, Auditing & ; Accountability Journal 33, no 6 (23 juin 2020) : 1447–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2014-1912.
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PurposeWithin the emergent professional field of carbon accounting, we analyse the institutional work that gives birth to a nascent profession in a multi-actor arena. We therefore contribute to enhancing our understanding of the birth of professions – in their very first steps and infancy.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a qualitative approach. We collected data from 1999 to 2015 and conducted 15 semi-structured interviews. One of the researchers was active in the field for two years and participated in carbon accounting events in France as a “participant observer”.FindingsOur research contributes to an understanding of the dynamic professionalization process in which the different actors mobilize both creative work and sabotage work. We further theorize how nascent professions structure their project around knowledge, identity and boundary work. At the same time, we develop the notion of sabotage work, which is comprised of two sub-categories of institutional work: counter-work and the absence of work.Originality/valueTo our knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to analyse the birth of an environmental accounting profession. We emphasize both creative work and sabotage work in the professionalization project. We conclude on further research that could be performed on environmental accounting professions.
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Prasch, Robert E. « American Economists and Minimum Wage Legislation During the Progressive Era : 1912–1923 ». Journal of the History of Economic Thought 20, no 2 (juin 1998) : 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200001838.
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Several recent studies, such as that by David Card and Alan Krueger (1995), have led the economics profession to reconsider the theoretical and empirical arguments for and against minimum wage legislation. Most noteworthy was the fact that two respected members of the mainstream economics profession claimed to have found that an increased minimum wage did not lead to increases in unemployment. Moreover, their result was derived from the market for unskilled labor.
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Murray, Bruce K. « “Battered and Shattered” : Lloyd George and the 1914 Budget Fiasco ». Albion 23, no 3 (1991) : 483–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051113.
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In June 1914 David Lloyd George, Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer, capitulated to opposition from within his own party and withdrew from the Budget for 1914–15 his proposals to revise the system of Exchequer grants to local authorities and to establish land value rating. Withdrawal was a considerable political humiliation for Lloyd George. “His stock stands low in the party,” commented his friend, Lord Riddell, in his diary. “The Budget has been a fiasco.” What went wrong with the 1914 Budget is the concern of this article.Lloyd George's 1914 Budget incorporated two distinct strategies. The first comprised a fiscal strategy designed to provide in a single “taxing” Budget for the needs of both the Navy and the reorganization of local government finance and taxation. The second constituted part of a wider political strategy intended to furnish a reform program that would enable the Liberals to make a powerful progressive appeal at the next general election, due by the end of 1915. The first was supposed to serve the second, but in the event had the opposite result. It prompted Lloyd George to abandon his original plan of building up to a major reform Budget in 1915 and to proceed instead to include in the 1914 Budget “provisional” grants to local authorities before he had prepared the groundwork, administratively, legislatively or politically, for a new system of grants and rating. At all levels, the enterprise was premature, and simply presented a group of discontented wealthy Liberals in the Commons with the opportunity to stage an effective protest against the direction of Liberal finance.
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Lewis, Ben. « Marxism after Marx : Karl Kautsky’s Disputed Legacy ». Historical Materialism 25, no 3 (13 décembre 2017) : 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341527.
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AbstractToday, Karl Kautsky (1854–1938) is mainly remembered for his polemics against the young Bolshevik regime or as the ‘renegade’ in Lenin’sThe Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky(1918), which pillories him for his wavering stance in opposing World War I and his (later) outright hostility to the Russian Revolution of October 1917. Kautsky’s authority as a Marxist theoretician was seriously called into question ever since Lenin’s polemic. During the Cold War in particular, a consensus emerged which suggested that Kautsky’s views of democracy, organisation and revolutionary change had little or nothing to do with the political practice of Russian Bolshevism and the Russian Revolution of 1917. Recently, however, several studies have challenged this consensus. They highlight the profound impact which Kautsky had on the development of Russian Bolshevism and make the case that – prior to his renegacy in 1914 – thinkers such as Lenin and Trotsky viewed Kautsky as the legitimate intellectual heir of Marx and Engels. This article introduces an autobiographical essay written by Kautsky in 1924 and calls for closer engagement with his œuvre as a whole.
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Frobert, Ludovic. « Albert Aftalion on Socialism ». Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21, no 2 (juin 1999) : 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200003114.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Albert Aftalion introduced Austrian marginalism into France and used it not only to tackle the issue of imputation (1911) but also to build his own theory of business cycles (1913) and of money (1927). Aftalion did not, however, receive the recognition he deserved for his contributions. The reasons are twofold. First, his use of modern analytical tools did not fit well with the dominant bias for the historicist approach that prevailed in France at the time, especially before 1914. Second, the fact that his contributions were available only in French did not help in spreading widely his ideas outside his native country.