Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Figure rosse »

L’article s’intéresse à la figure de la femme fatale rousse dans le roman d’horreur québécois La peau blanche (2003) de Joël Champetier. Si les criminelles de Champetier reprennent des traits stéréotypiques liés à la rousseur genrée au féminin, tels que la sexualité perverse et la criminalité, nous observons comment ces personnages offrent aussi un potentiel féministe progressiste, entre autres parce qu’ils constituent un groupe féminin non repentant et victorieux. C’est cette tension entre persistance et subversion de la figure de la femme fatale rousse que nous proposons d’analyser chez Champetier. Mots-clés : Femme fatale ; figure rousse ; succube ; littérature populaire ; littérature de l’imaginaire ; littérature québécoise ; Joël Champetier ; La peau blanche

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan klasifikasi emosi, konflik psikologis, dan sikap dalam menghadapi konflik psikologis dalam novel Sunset Bersama Rosie karya Tere Liye. Pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan psikologi sastra yaitu telaah karya sastra yang mencerminkan proses dan aktivitas kejiwaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sasaran penelitian ini adalah klasifikasi emosi tokoh tokoh sentral dalam novel Sunset Bersama Rosie karya Tere Liye. Data penelitian ini adalah penggalan teks yang menunjukkan emosi tokoh-tokoh sentral dan sumber data penelitian ini adalah novel Sunset Bersama Rosie karya Tere Liye. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik baca dan catat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditunjukkan bahwa klasifikasi emosi yang dialami tokoh-tokoh sentral terdiri atas rasa bersalah, menghukum diri sendiri, rasa malu, kesedihan, kebencian, dan cinta. Konflik psikologis yang dialami tokoh-tokoh sentral terdiri atas approach-approach conflict, approach-avoidance conflict, dan avoidance-avoidance conflict. Sikap yang ditunjukkan tokoh-tokoh sentral dalam novel Sunset Bersama Rosie karya Tere Liye dipengaruhi konflik yang dialami. Namun, tidak semua tokoh-tokoh sentral bersikap sama terhadap konflik psikologis yang dialami. Beberapa tokoh-tokoh sentral yang dapat bersikap berkebalikan dari emosi mereka. This study aims to describe the classification of emotions, psychological conflict, and attitude in the face of psychological conflict in the novel Sunset alongside Rosie work of Tere Liye. The approach was conducted in this research is the psychology literature approach i.e. review literary works that reflect the procesess and activity of psychological abuse. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The target of this research is the classification of the emotions of the character the central character in the novel Sunset alongside Rosie work of Tere Liye. This research data is extract text that shows the emotions the central figures and data source this study is novel Sunset alongside Rosie work off Tere Liye. Data collection techniques using readand write down. Based on the result of the study, pointed out that the classification of emotions experienced by central figures composed of guilt, punish yourself, shame, sorrow, hatred, and love. Psycholigical conficts that plagued central figures composed of approach-approach conflict, approach-avoidance conflict, and avoidance-avoidance conflict. The attitude shown the central figures in the novel Sunset ALONGSIDE Rosie work of Tere Liye influenced confict is experienced. Howefer, not all central figures in the same attitude toward psychological conflict. Some of the central figures who can be the opposite of their emotions.

2009 - 2010
I lavori di scavo da parte della scuola Americana, condotti sia nella parte centrale dell’agora, (nella sua specifica connotazione politica urbanisticamente riconoscibile) sia nelle immediate vicinanze, portarono alla luce centinaia di contesti di diversa natura; nonostante i lavori costituiscano un esempio emblematico di archeologia urbana va ricordato che ancora oggi le edizioni dei dati mancano di quell’ approccio contestuale proprio delle nuove acquisizioni della moderna disciplina archeologica. L’edizione degli scavi, della documentazione stratigrafica rintracciata, dell’intera documentazione dei manufatti, ancora oggi risulta in gran parte parziale; ai trenta volumi dedicati all’ agora manca un’ edizione completa e spesso, tranne alcuni tentativi per settori limitati dell’ area, monumenti e manufatti hanno seguito percorsi di studio e d’interpretazione differenti, non sincronici e non comparati tra di loro. L’obiettivo del mio lavoro, pur tenendo presente i limiti della documentazione a disposizione, è stato quello di rileggere e classificare i depositi di provenienza della ceramica a figure rosse secondo le più recenti nozioni di contestualità dove il significato dei singoli elementi materiali può essere identificato solo sulla base della rete di relazioni che collegano ognuno di essi agli altri elementi dello stesso contesto; secondo questo approccio i depositi non costituiscono una somma di singoli elementi letti autonomamente secondo specificità interne alle singole classi di materiali, ma rappresentano “contenitori” di molteplici informazioni classificabili a partire dall’interrelazione di tutti gli elementi che lo costituiscono. I dati archeologici in questo modo divengono “oggettivi” e gli studi e le classificazioni tipologiche delle singole classi di materiali concorrono complessivamente all’interpretazione e costituiscono indicatori cronologici, topografici, economici, linguistici e sociali. Una volta ricostruiti gli interi depositi, ho proceduto con l’analisi dei materiali, nel caso specifico dell’analisi della ceramica, dopo un’attenta analisi qualitativa e quantitativa ho cercato di leggere la documentazione vascolare astraendo i vasi dalle loro classi ceramiche di appartenenza e di riconsiderarli per categorie funzionali, nella piena considerazione che una consapevolezza metodologica di una necessaria distinzione, al momento dell'analisi, tra fattori funzionali e fattori stilistici si è sviluppata solo a partire dagli ultimi decenni del secolo scorso. L'assunto è che un vaso viene prodotto con determinate caratteristiche (forma, impasto, trattamento delle superfici ecc.) in risposta a necessità di ordine pratico, oltre che in rapporto a norme sociali specifiche di ciascun gruppo. Le finalità di questa prima fase del lavoro sono indirizzate alla puntualizzazione delle cronologie dei contesti e ad un contributo alla riflessione sulla localizzazione delle botteghe. Partendo dalle classificazioni del Beazley, il secondo obiettivo è stato quello di individuare un sistema di relazioni tra tipologie formali, sistemi decorativi, temi e schemi figurativi in relazione alla natura dei contesti. Infine la ricerca è stata orientata ad analizzare l’aspetto della diffusione mediante l’elaborazione di carte di distribuzione e l’analisi quantitativa e qualitativa dei dati relativi alla complessiva produzione di un atelier.[a cura dell'autore]
IX n.s.

Nous évaluons des films polymères poreux structurés en tant que nouveaux supports pour des photosensibilisateurs de l’oxygène singulet. L’objectif de cette association est l’obtention de matériaux photo-actifs à grande surface d’échange. Ces surfaces polymères, structurées ici en nid d’abeille, sont obtenues par la technique « breath figure » (trad. figure de souffle), à partir de polymères bien définis synthétisés par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par des nitroxydes (NMP), par transfert d’atome (ATRP) et par transfert réversible par addition/fragmentation (RAFT). Le photosensibilisateur rose Bengale a été greffé de manière covalente au polymère, soit par post-greffage sur un polymère précurseur, soit par modification d’un monomère fonctionnel puis copolymérisation de ce dernier avec du styrène. Ces différentes synthèses conduisent à des films contenant différents taux de rose Bengale. Les films ont été examinés en microscopie (fluorescence, confocale et champ large, électronique à balayage) afin d’établir la structuration des films et la localisation des espèces fluorescentes. L’efficacité des films polymères pour la photo-oxydation a été testée à l’interface liquide/solide en suivant par spectroscopie UV-visible la dégradation du dihydroxynaphtalène (DHN) ou de l’α-terpinène par l’oxygène singulet produit sous irradiation visible. Les films structurés sont environ cinq fois plus efficaces que les films non-poreux de même composition utilisés dans les mêmes conditions, ce qui s’explique par leur surface spécifique et par la localisation préférentielle du rose Bengale à la surface du matériau
We evaluate structured porous polymer films as new substrates for photosensitizers of singlet oxygen, with a view to obtaining photo-active materials with high specific exchange areas. Here, honeycomb polymer films are obtained by the breath figure process, using well defined polymers synthesized by nitroxide-controlled radical polymerization (NMP), atom transfer polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition/fragmentation transfer (RAFT). The photosensitizer, rose Bengal, is either post-grafted covalently to the polymer precursor, or pre-grafted to a monomer functional unit which is copolymerized with polystyrene. These syntheses lead to films with different rose Bengal concentrations. We determine the structure of the films and the location of the fluorescent dye by scanning electron microscopy and widefield and confocal microscopy. Efficiency of production of singlet oxygen was tested at a solid/liquid interface by monitoring the oxidation of dihydroxynaphthalene and α-terpinene, using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Honeycomb films are about five times more efficient than non-porous films of the same composition used in the same, as may be explained by their higher specific surface area and the preferential location of the photosensitizer at the film surface

The wide variety of magazines in the South African market and the economic relapse that has been experienc,e d worldwide has given rise to the increasing competition for higher circulation figures and advertising income. This phenomenon especially occurs between publications competing for the same target audience, such as the women's magazines SARIE and rooi rose, competitors over many years in the Afrikaans magazine market. Magazine covers play a critical role in this rivalry due to the direct connection between the popularity of the cover and circulation figures. The more popular the cover of a publication, the higher the sales, circulation and potential profitability will be. Thus it is of the utmost importance for any publication to make the suitable cover selections, considering that the wrong choices can contribute towards a decrease in circulation and eventually fatal consequences for the publication. This study endeavours to determine which requirements magazine covers should meet to be successful and also which tendencies can be identified in the cover choices of SARIE and rooi rose and how these tendencies can be explained. In literature it was found that there are several requirements and directions to which magazine covers should account to be able to be achieving success. It was also found that magazine covers consist of several elements, such as the logo (master-head), cover-girl/-photo, background colours, text and also competitions (announced on the cover). SARIE and rooi rose's covers were analysed in accordance with the requirements for magazine covers. It was found that these magazine covers complied with the formal requirements formulated in the literature consulted. It also appeared that the success of every cover and edition is determined by the cover elements as a whole and not only the popularity of the "cover-girl" only. Several aspects should thus be taken into account when planning the magazine cover. It also appeared that although the cover choice sets an agenda for readers concerning the topics they will eventually be thinking about and discussing, another dimension of agenda-setting rather is to the point, namely the role readers' preferences play (through their personal feedback and buying of magazines) regarding editors' decision in respect of covers.
Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

La prima parte dell’Ottocento ha rappresentato un momento cruciale per il contesto europeo, costretto in un primo momento a fare i conti con le ultime conseguenze della grande ventata rivoluzionaria, e poi – direttamente – con il figlio più spregiudicato di quest’ultima; quel petit diable arrivato dalla Corsica e divenuto imperatore. Anni in cui lo Stato della Chiesa vive alcuni dei momenti più delicati della sua esistenza (basti pensare all’annessione diretta all’impero francese o alla deportazione di Pio VII), senza avere la forza materiale per opporsi a tali vicissitudini. Il lavoro compiuto dai rappresentanti europei a Vienna, durante l’omonimo Congresso, tenta di attuare un “forzato” e precario ritorno al passato, che si rivelerà incapace di resistere allo spirito dei nuovi tempi. Lo Stato pontificio – questa la nuova denominazione adottata dopo la grande adunanza del 1814-1815 (quasi a voler eliminare quell’aura di sacralità destinata a diventare sempre più scomoda nei decenni successivi) – si trova dinanzi all’impellente bisogno di riorganizzare il proprio apparato istituzionale, consapevole di non poter cancellare definitivamente la parentesi degli anni appena trascorsi. In un secolo che vedrà la definitiva scomparsa del dominio temporale dei papi, quanto appena detto è soltanto una delle sfide con cui lo Stato dell’Italia centrale è chiamato a confrontarsi. Tali eventi infatti, si susseguono in uno scenario internazionale in continua evoluzione, dove anche le grandi potenze sono spesso chiamate a confrontarsi con eventi inattesi, ma sempre attente alle dinamiche dell’equilibrio e al bilanciamento degli interessi in gioco. Per una realtà che non è semplicemente un’entità statale, ma anche centro dell’orbe cattolico e sede del successore di Pietro, accettare di stravolgere la propria “natura” non è affatto semplice. Consentire l’accesso dei laici ai vertici della burocrazia, istituire organismi “realmente” rappresentativi, o pensare di promulgare una Carta fondamentale, continua ad essere per anni un ricorrente miraggio. Anche se da più fronti riecheggia la necessità di portare un ammodernamento all’amministrazione interna dello Stato, sul versante amministrativo, economico, e soprattutto giudiziario, sembra trionfare – quasi sempre – la linea dell’intransigenza e dell’immobilità. A volte si interviene, è vero, ma più per compiacenza che per reale convinzione, dovendo tener conto di pressioni interne ed esterne. Spinte talvolta provenienti dal malcontento sempre più diffuso, talvolta dall'ingerenza dei grandi Stati europei. Il presente lavoro di ricerca, si è posto dunque l’obiettivo di analizzare le principali vicende (specialmente giuridiche) – interne ed esterne – che hanno coinvolto lo Stato della Chiesa nella prima metà dell’Ottocento. Un percorso sviluppato lungo molteplici direttrici, partito dallo sfondo dei grandi eventi storici di questi anni, e intrecciatosi con le vicende di alcuni grandi protagonisti: pontefici, segretari di Stato, capi di governo, monarchi. Uno sguardo gettato non solo sul fronte interno, ma anche su quello internazionale. Capire come Roma provi a gestire le proprie relazioni estere in un contesto sovranazionale che in questi decenni vede sorgere nuovi Stati (si prenda l’esempio rappresentato dal Belgio), assiste a mutamenti rilevanti (si pensi alla Francia del 1830, con l’inizio della monarchia orleanista, o all’indipendenza raggiunta dai Paesi del sud America), o a forti dispute dinastiche (come avviene nella Penisola iberica), è importante per capire come essa debba confrontarsi anche con governi che, a seconda dei casi, assumono caratteri marcatamente conservatori o con forti tendenze liberali. E per quanto sia naturale l’inclinazione, o se vogliamo la “vicinanza” della Curia romana verso posizioni reazionarie, ciò non significa che i rapporti con potenze come Russia o Austria, rimangono sempre idilliaci. Tuttavia, quella appena descritta, non è stata l’unica linea seguita nello sviluppo della presente ricerca. Quasi a voler procedere su due binari paralleli, ci si è soffermati anche sulla figura e sul pensiero politico di uno dei giuristi più rilevanti della prima metà del secolo: Pellegrino Rossi. Giurista certo, anche se tale espressione non basta per racchiudere la grandezza di un “figlio italiano”, nato e vissuto quando l’Italia unita ancora non esisteva. Molto è stato già detto, o meglio scritto, su questo poliedrico personaggio, e sulla sua vita spesa tra l’Italia, la Svizzera, la Francia e poi nuovamente nella Penisola, impegnato presso la corte romana come rappresentante francese, e poi come ministro di sua santità. Eppure, proprio tali aspetti sono stati utili per lo svolgimento del presente lavoro, guardando a sfumature meno indagate, ma di assoluto rilievo. Tali sono stati ad esempio i momenti più rilevanti trascorsi dal Rossi in terra elvetica (in quanto membro del Consiglio rappresentativo di Ginevra e inviato alla Dieta di Lucerna del 1832), o i maggiori interventi tenuti presso la camera dei Pari a Parigi, tra il 1840 e il 1844. Lo stesso dicasi per le delicate vicende che coinvolsero il giurista durante il suo incarico presso la corte papale, o la particolare congiuntura storica in cui assunse l’incarico di ministro dell’interno di Pio IX. Proprio qui, prima nei panni di ambasciatore, e poi come perno del nuovo governo nato nel settembre 1848, il poliedrico italiano avrebbe cercato di scuotere lo Stato romano dal suo torpore, per trainarlo verso un assetto più moderno e realmente costituzionale.
The first part of the nineteenth century was a crucial moment for the European context, which was first forced to reckon with the last consequences of the great revolutionary wave, and then - directly - with France's most unscrupulous son; that petit diable arrived from Corsica and become emperor. In these years the Papal States experienced some of the most delicate moments of their existence (suffice it to think of the direct annexation to the French Empire or the deportation of Pius VII), without having the material strength to oppose such vicissitudes. The work carried out by the European representatives in Vienna, during the famous Congress, attempts to implement a “forced” and precarious return to the past, which will prove to be incapable of withstanding the spirit of the new times. The Papal State - this was the new denomination adopted after the great meeting of 1814-1815 (as if to eliminate the aura of sacredness destined to become increasingly uncomfortable in the following decades) - was faced with the urgent need to reorganise its institutional apparatus, aware that it could not definitively cancel the parenthesis of the years that had just passed. In a century that will see the disappearance of the temporal dominion of the popes, it was only one of the challenges with which the State of central Italy was called to confront. In fact, these events took place in a constantly evolving international scenario, where even the great powers were often called upon to deal with unexpected events, but were always attentive to the dynamics of balance and the balancing of interests at stake. For a reality that is not only a state entity, but also the centre of the Catholic world and the seat of the successor of Peter, accepting to change its “nature” is not easy. Allowing lay people access to the upper echelons of the bureaucracy, setting up “truly” representative bodies, or thinking of promulgating a fundamental charter, has been a recurring mirage for years. Although the need to modernise the internal administration of the State is echoed on many fronts, on the administrative, economic and, above all, judicial fronts, the line of intransigence and immobility seems to triumph almost always. It is true that action is sometimes taken, but more out of complacency than real conviction, having to take account of internal and external pressures. Pressure that sometimes comes from increasingly widespread discontent, sometimes from the interference of the large European states. The aim of this research work was therefore to analyse the main (especially legal) events - internal and external - that involved the Church State in the first half of the nineteenth century. A path developed along multiple lines, starting from the background of the great historical events of recent years, and intertwined with the vicissitudes of some great protagonists: popes, secretaries of state, heads of government, monarchs. A look not only at the domestic front, but also at the international one. Understanding how Rome tries to manage its foreign relations in a supranational context that in recent decades has seen the emergence of new states (e.g. Belgium), significant changes (e.g. France in 1830, with the beginning of the Orleanist monarchy, or the independence achieved by the countries of South America), or strong dynastic disputes (e.g. the Iberian Peninsula), is important to understand how it must also deal with governments that, depending on the case, take on markedly conservative characteristics or with strong liberal tendencies. Despite the Roman Curia's natural inclination, “closeness” to reactionary positions, relations with powers such as Russia or Austria don’t remain idyllic. However, the line just described was not the only one followed in the development of this research. As if wishing to proceed on two parallel tracks, we have also focused on the figure and political thought of one of the most important jurists of the first half of the century: Pellegrino Rossi. A jurist of course, although this expression is not enough to encapsulate the greatness of an “Italian son”, born and raised when united Italy did not yet exist. Much has already been said, or rather written, about this multifaceted character, and about his life spent between Italy, Switzerland, France and then back on the peninsula, working at the Roman court as a French representative, and then as a minister of His Holiness. And yet these aspects have been precisely useful in this work, looking at lesser-known but absolutely important aspects. These were, for example, the most important moments Rossi spent in Switzerland (as a member of the Geneva Representative Council and as an envoy to the Diet of Lucerne in 1832), or the major speeches he made at the Chamber of Peers in Paris between 1840 and 1844. The same can be said about the delicate events that involved the jurist during his tenure at the papal court. It was here, first as ambassador, and then as the pivot of the new government formed in September 1848, that the multifaceted Italian tried to shake the Roman State out of its torpor and pull it towards a more modern and truly constitutional order.

This thesis deals with the image of the black madonna, a pre-Christian female deity, in the works of four Italian-Canadian authors: the works include Nina Ricci's novel Lives of the Saints, Frank G. Paci's novel Black Madonna, Vittorio Rossi's play The Last Adam, and Marco Micone's play Addolorata. The black madonna, the central figure of this thesis, is not an exclusively Italian phenomenon. Most people probably associate her with the image of the Southern European, predominantly old, often Italian peasant woman, who is dressed in black clothes from head to toe. The black madonna statues, however, are possibly connected with the veneration of a female divinity, the Great Mother, Great Goddess, primordial goddess, and even earth mother. In his early myth and folklore collection, Sir George Frazer concluded that the "great Mother Goddess (of Western Asia), the personification of all the reproductive energies of nature, was worshipped under different names but with a substantial similarity of myth and ritual" (Frazer 299). (Résumé abrégé par UMI.)

L’indagine prende in esame l’uso e la funzione politica della figura del martire nello spazio pubblico contemporaneo. La ricerca, pur nel riferimento consapevole alla consolidata letteratura ormai classica sull'argomento, ha tra i propri riferimenti filosofici specificatamente la teoria del discorso di Michel Foucault, con la sua metodologia dell’analisi discorsiva, e segue un approccio transdiscipli¬nare fra scienze culturali e filosofia. Essa ha come punto di partenza, come caso di studio, la rappresentazione mediale del politico e statista democristiano Aldo Moro quale martire di stato durante e dopo il suo assassinio per opera delle Brigate Rosse nel 1978. La ricerca si sviluppa sulla scorta dell’ipotesi di una connessione fra procedure di legittimazione dell’autorità politica e delle strutture di potere e l’emergere della figura del martire di Stato. Le rappresentazioni martirologiche sono considerate pratiche discorsive performanti, attraverso le quali la morte di Moro viene ad assumere il significato di un martirio per lo Stato, la Repubblica Italiana e i valori democratici. L’ipotesi di lavoro è che, attraverso l’allocazione dello statuto di martire, la morte di Moro acquisisca il significato di un atto (volontario) di testimonianza della verità assoluta e trascendentale dei diritti umani, garantiti dalla costituzione (in particolare articolo 2 della Costituzione Italiana), così come della necessità dello Stato come garante di tali diritti. Attraverso questa significazione, la figura di Moro assurge inoltre a corpo simbolico dello Stato-nazione, legittimando lo stesso e fungendo da simbolo d’identificazione collettiva con la nazione. Si tratta qui di mettere in luce il rapporto intrinseco fra la figura del martire e una narrazione mitologica dello Stato, dove mito sta a indicare un «assolutismo del reale» (Absolutismus der Wirklichkeit). La ricerca vuole altresì mettere in luce la dimensione strumentale delle rappresentazioni martirologiche di Aldo Moro, le quali hanno mantenuto e tuttora mantengono un’efficacia performativa nonostante il chiaro ed evidente rifiuto, espresso da Moro stesso, di essere sacrificato «in nome di un astratto principio di legalità.» La ricerca si propone di dimostrare la valenza di tale ipotesi di lavoro attraverso l’analisi dell’apparizione e diffusione delle rappresentazioni martirologiche di Aldo Moro in forme mediali differenti nell’intervallo temporale di quattro decenni. Il corpus delle fonti preso in esame include: articoli di giornali e riviste, i documenti prodotti da Moro e della Brigate Rosse durante i 55 giorni di sequestro, trasmissioni televisive (documentari e reportage), opere letterarie e cinematografiche. La teoria discorsiva e l’analisi archeologico-genealogica sviluppate da Michel Foucault fungono da base teorico-metodologica del lavoro. Il taglio transdisciplinare dell’indagine rende necessaria la distinzione di due diversi piani di ricerca. In primo luogo, ci si pone come obiettivo di individuare e analizzare le diverse rappresentazioni come elementi di una formazione discorsiva il cui tema comune è la morte di Aldo Moro. Si tratta di operare una ricognizione, attraverso il lavoro empirico, dei modi di rappresentare l’uccisione di Aldo Moro e di individuare le regole che determinano ciò che può essere detto e mostrato a tale riguardo. In secondo luogo, a partire da qui, ci si propone di fare un’analisi critica dell’uso e della funzione del linguaggio e della simbologia di matrice religiosa all’interno della forma¬zione discorsiva presa in esame. L'obiettivo è di mettere così in luce non solo il dispositivo di legittimazione politica che presiede alla costruzione della figura del martire, ma anche la sua polivalenza.

AbstractThis chapter shows how the social and political changes in Finnish society in the early 1990s were reflected in the images of C. G. E. Mannerheim (1867–1951), the Marshal of Finland. By looking at the debate concerning the construction of the Museum of Contemporary Art right next to the Mannerheim equestrian statue in Helsinki, Tepora analyzes the public dispute as a moral panic that sprang from the 1990s recession, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and joining the European Union. Arguing for the study of nontotalitarian personality cults, Tepora shows how the opposing sides in the debate either rose to defend the conservative Mannerheim image as an unchanging emotional figure or recoded the figure to reflect their liberal and cosmopolitan perspectives.

AbstractSaeeda Khatoon rose as a prominent figure and main voice of the Ali Enterprises Factory Fire Affectees Association (AEFFAA). She lost her son in the fire of 11 September 2012 and was one of the four petitioners in the German case against KiK. In this interview, she speaks to Palvasha Shahab about the events unfolding from her perspective as well as strategic decisions and collective organizing in light of the transnational lawsuits she was involved in.

AbstractIn this chapter, Taylor-Pirie traces the cultural encounters between the parasitologist and the scientific detective in the medico-popular imagination, revealing how such meetings helped to embed the figure of the doctor-detective in public understandings of science. Parasitologists like Ronald Ross and David Bruce were routinely reported in newspapers using detective fiction’s most famous archetype: Sherlock Holmes, a frame of reference that blurred the boundaries between romance and reality. Recognising the continued cultural currency of Holmesian detection in clinical and diagnostic medicine, she re-immerses the ‘great detective’ and his creator, Arthur Conan Doyle, in the literary-historical contexts of the fin de siècle, demonstrating how material and rhetorical entanglements between criminality, tropical medicine, and empire constructed the microscopic world as new kind of colonial encounter.

We present time resolved measurements of homogeneous dephasing of organic dopants in inorganic sol-gel glasses. A variety of organically doped sol-gel glasses have been synthesized and their dynamics investigated by time-resolved photon echo and fluorescence anisotropy measurements. The homogeneous dephasing rate of the chromophore is determined from photon echo measurements at low temperature (T = 1.4 K), while thermally activated homogeneous dephasing mechanisms are investigated by temperature dependent photon echo measurements. Our results are contrasted with recent hole-burning experiments on doped sol-gel glasses. Aluminosilicate (ASE) and tetraethoxy silane (TEOS) glasses have been doped with rhodamine dyes, polyaromatics, cresylviolet, resorufin and a wide range of chromophores with different nonradiative electronic relaxation rates. A small list includes naphthalene (170ns), rhodamine 6G (2ns), Rose Bengal (500ps), stilbene (70ps), azulene (2ps), as well as quinizarin and chlorin. The visible absorption spectra of some organically doped sol-gel glasses is shown in Figure 1. The low temperature homogeneous dephasing rate for chromophores doped into TEOS and in ASE solgel glasses has been measured utilizing photon echo measurements, as shown in Figure 2.

An experiment is described that combines in situ measurements made with very fast response sensors on a 300 m tower at the Boulder (Colorado) Atmospheric Observatory (Kaimal and Gaynor, 1983), with remote sensing of atmospheric layer structure by acoustic and FM-CW radar sounders (e.g., Little, 1969; Richter, 1969). A finestructure of laminae is often present within elevated inversion layers that is reminiscent of the sheet and layer structure found in the ocean thermocline and in lakes and estuaries (e.g., Gregg, 1982). Figure 1 shows an acoustic record of such a stepped profile event through which a moving carriage on the tower carried temperature, humidity and wind sensors along time-height trajectories shown by the superimposed staight lines. The temperature measurements were made with platinum wires, humidity was measured with a Lyman-α humidiometer, and wind was measured by three-component sonic anemometers. The_data were then digitized at_a 10 Hz rate, and the carriage rose at 0.56 ms-1 and descended at 0.58 ms-1. Figure 2 shows the resulting profiles of temperature, humidity and wind. The transition through the sheets and layers within the inversion is often extremely abrupt with very large gradients. Near_the center of the lower sheet the local gradient of temperature was 6°C m-1. An experiment is described that combines in situ measurements made with very fast response sensors on a 300 m tower at the Boulder (Colorado) Atmospheric Observatory (Kaimal and Gaynor, 1983), with remote sensing of atmospheric layer structure by acoustic and FM-CW radar sounders (e.g., Little, 1969; Richter, 1969). A finestructure of laminae is often present within elevated inversion layers that is reminiscent of the sheet and layer structure found in the ocean thermocline and in lakes and estuaries (e.g., Gregg, 1982). Figure 1 shows an acoustic record of such a stepped profile event through which a moving carriage on the tower carried temperature, humidity and wind sensors along time-height trajectories shown by the superimposed staight lines. The temperature measurements were made with platinum wires, humidity was measured with a Lyman-α humidiometer, and wind was measured by three-component sonic anemometers. The_data were then digitized at_a 10 Hz rate, and the carriage rose at 0.56 ms-1 and descended at 0.58 ms-1. Figure 2 shows the resulting profiles of temperature, humidity and wind. The transition through the sheets and layers within the inversion is often extremely abrupt with very large gradients. Near_the center of the lower sheet the local gradient of temperature was 6°C m-1.

A throughflow method for designing and analysing compressors has to be supplied with loss, deviation, and blockage estimates for every blade row. The earliest methods used empirical correlations for profile loss and deviation, together with an empirical blockage or “work done” factor, and empirical estimates of additional losses near the endwalls. Previous papers by the author have described how to replace the empirical blockage factor and endwall corrections by explicit calculations using a new mathematical model of the endwall phenomena. Those papers illustrated the application of the method near design conditions, using either design profile loss and deviation figures or computations by a viscous-inviscid interaction blade-to-blade method. In order to estimate off-design performance rapidly over the whole operating range, some way of estimating off-design profile loss and deviation must be chosen. In this paper, the previously-derived design point loss and deviation figures are retained, and an empirical correlation due to Miller, Wasdell, and Wright is used to predict the changes in loss and deviation off-design. It is shown by means of sample three-dimensional Navier-Stokes computations that the endwall model remains applicable off-design. The method has been tested against two low speed and two high speed compressors, one of each example having controlled-diffusion blading. The low speed compressor characteristic maps are predicted only approximately, but the predicted high speed compressor maps are good. It is widely believed that endwall flow separation can initiate stall or surge. As stall or surge was approached the shape factor of the annulus wall boundary layer at one location rose sharply, but no single stall-predicting value could be found.

Macroeconomic summary Annual inflation continued to rise in the first quarter (8.5%) and again outpaced both market expectations and the technical staff’s projections. Inflation in major consumer price index (CPI) baskets has accelerated year-to-date, rising in March at an annual rate above 3%. Food prices (25.4%) continued to contribute most to rising inflation, mainly affected by a deterioration in external supply and rising costs of agricultural inputs. Increases in transportation prices and in some utility rates (energy and gas) can explain the acceleration in regulated items prices (8.3%). For its part, the increase in inflation excluding food and regulated items (4.5%) would be the result of shocks in supply and external costs that have been more persistent than expected, the effects of indexation, accumulated inflationary pressures from the exchange rate, and a faster-than-anticipated tightening of excess productive capacity. Within the basket excluding food and regulated items, external inflationary pressures have meaningfully impacted on goods prices (6.4%), which have been accelerating since the last quarter of 2021. Annual growth in services prices (3.8%) above the target rate is due primarily to food away from home (14.1%), which was affected by significant increases in food and utilities prices and by a rise in the legal monthly minimum wage. Housing rentals and other services prices also increased, though at rates below 3%. Forecast and expected inflation have increased and remain above the target rate, partly due to external pressures (prices and costs) that have been more persistent than projected in the January report (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine accentuated inflationary pressures, particularly on international prices for certain agricultural goods and inputs, energy, and oil. The current inflation projection assumes international food prices will increase through the middle of this year, then remain high and relatively stable for the remainder of 2022. Recovery in the perishable food supply is forecast to be less dynamic than previously anticipated due to high agricultural input prices. Oil prices should begin to recede starting in the second half of the year, but from higher levels than those presented in the previous report. Given the above, higher forecast inflation could accentuate indexation effects and increase inflation expectations. The reversion of a rebate on value-added tax (VAT) applied to cleaning and hygiene products, alongside the end of Colombia’s COVID-19 health emergency, could increase the prices of those goods. The elimination of excess productive capacity on the forecast horizon, with an output gap close to zero and somewhat higher than projected in January, is another factor to consider. As a consequence, annual inflation is expected to remain at high levels through June. Inflation should then decline, though at a slower pace than projected in the previous report. The adjustment process of the monetary policy rate wouldcontribute to pushing inflation and its expectations toward the target on the forecast horizon. Year-end inflation for 2022 is expected to be around 7.1%, declining to 4.8% in 2023. Economic activity again outperformed expectations. The technical staff’s growth forecast for 2022 has been revised upward from 4.3% to 5% (Graph 1.3). Output increased more than expected in annual terms in the fourth quarter of 2021 (10.7%), driven by domestic demand that came primarily because of private consumption above pre-pandemic levels. Investment also registered a significant recovery without returning to 2019 levels and with mixed performance by component. The trade deficit increased, with significant growth in imports similar to that for exports. The economic tracking indicator (ISE) for January and February suggested that firstquarter output would be higher than previously expected and that the positive demand shock observed at the end of 2021 could be fading slower than anticipated. Imports in consumer goods, retail sales figures, real restaurant and hotel income, and credit card purchases suggest that household spending continues to be dynamic, with levels similar to those registered at the end of 2021. Project launch and housing starts figures and capital goods import data suggest that investment also continues to recover but would remain below pre-pandemic levels. Consumption growth is expected to decelerate over the year from high levels reached over the last two quarters. This would come amid tighter domestic and external financial conditions, the exhaustion of suppressed demand, and a deterioration of available household income due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue to recover, while the trade deficit should tighten alongside high oil and other export commodity prices. Given all of the above, first-quarter economic growth is now expected to be 7.2% (previously 5.2%) and 5.0% for 2022 as a whole (previously 4.3%). Output growth would continue to moderate in 2023 (2.9%, previously 3.1%), converging similar to long-term rates. The technical staff’s revised projections suggest that the output gap would remain at levels close to zero on the forecast horizon but be tighter than forecast in January (Graph 1.4). These estimates continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with geopolitical tensions, external financial conditions, Colombia’s electoral cycle, and the COVID-19 pandemic. External demand is now projected to grow at a slower pace than previously expected amid increased global inflationary pressures, high oil prices, and tighter international financial conditions than forecast in January. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its inflationary effects on prices for oil and certain agricultural goods and inputs accentuated existing global inflationary pressures originating in supply restrictions and increased international costs. A decline in the supply of Russian oil, low inventory levels, and continued production limits on behalf of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies (OPEC+) can explain increased projected oil prices for 2022 (USD 100.8/barrel, previously USD 75.3) and 2023 (USD 86.8/barrel, previously USD 71.2). The forecast trajectory for the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate has increased for this and next year to reflect higher real and expected inflation and positive performance in the labormarket and economic activity. The normalization of monetary policy in various developed and emerging market economies, more persistent supply and cost shocks, and outbreaks of COVID-19 in some Asian countries contributed to a reduction in the average growth outlook for Colombia’s trade partners for 2022 (2.8%, previously 3.3%) and 2023 (2.4%, previously 2.6%). In this context, the projected path for Colombia’s risk premium increased, partly due to increased geopolitical global tensions, less expansionary monetary policy in the United States, an increase in perceived risk for emerging markets, and domestic factors such as accumulated macroeconomic imbalances and political uncertainty. Given all the above, external financial conditions are tighter than projected in January report. External forecasts and their impact on Colombia’s macroeconomic scenario continue to be affected by considerable uncertainty, given the unpredictability of both the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the pandemic. The current macroeconomic scenario, characterized by high real inflation levels, forecast and expected inflation above 3%, and an output gap close to zero, suggests an increased risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored. This scenario offers very limited space for expansionary monetary policy. Domestic demand has been more dynamic than projected in the January report and excess productive capacity would have tightened more quickly than anticipated. Headline and core inflation rose above expectations, reflecting more persistent and important external shocks on supply and costs. The Russian invasion of Ukraine accentuated supply restrictions and pressures on international costs. This partly explains the increase in the inflation forecast trajectory to levels above the target in the next two years. Inflation expectations increased again and are above 3%. All of this increased the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored and could generate indexation effects that move inflation still further from the target rate. This macroeconomic context also implies reduced space for expansionary monetary policy. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) continues to adjust its monetary policy. In its meetings both in March and April of 2022, it decided by majority to increase the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points, bringing it to 6.0% (Graph 1.5).

Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.