Thèses sur le sujet « Field’s elements and forces »

Nonostante i suoi sforzi, il sapere pedagogico risulta ancora incapace di dire qualcosa di nuovo, rispetto agli altri saperi, circa l’educazione, la società e la cultura. Mentre la pedagogia si impegna soprattutto a produrre una sempre maggior quantità di finalità educative, la sua possibilità di dire qualcosa di nuovo circa l’educazione sembra invece legata a una inesplorata interpretazione di tre concetti importanti: quelli di scienza, epistemologia e critica. Assunti radicalmente, questi tre concetti potrebbero cambiare il rapporto tra la pedagogia e l’educazione, colmando anche la storica e riconosciuta spaccatura tra teoria pedagogica e prassi educativa. Nella seconda parte del lavoro, ho studiato e analizzato il pensiero pedagogico di Riccardo Massa, evidenziandone la capacità di rispondere proprio a quei criteri di scientificità e criticità. Massa propone di studiare l’educazione nei termini di uno specifico “campo” di esperienza . Seguendo per primo questa strada, il pedagogista arriva alla formulazione di una precisa teoria della consistenza e del funzionamento del campo educativo . L’educazione, secondo lui, funziona come un “dispositivo”, cioè come un meccanismo, fatto di specifici elementi e di specifici livelli di forza. Nel terzo passaggio del lavoro, al fine di mostrare la capacità trasformativa della teoria massiana – in termini di lettura e progettazione delle pratiche educative –, ho avanzato una proposta di strutturazione e gestione alternative per dei reparti ospedalieri di riabilitazione, e anche una nuova idea di progettazione e conduzione del lavoro educativo con le famiglie.<br>Though its toils, pedagogy is still unable to say something new about education, society and culture. It continues only to produce all sort of teleologies, that is a large quantity of finalities for education. On the contrary, possibility to say something new about education seems linked to a new interpretation of three important concepts: science, epistemology and criticism. They could really let pedagogy to start a new connection with its object (education). In the second part of the work, I try to think of Riccardo Massa’s speech again. I consider his pedagogy as a new theory, able to think education as a particular “field” of experience. Education, in the opinion of Riccardo Massa, is a “device”, that is a mechanism made by specific elements and specific force levels. In the third part of the research, first, I try to use “device” theory to show a new possible way to structure and to run a rehabilitation ward. Finally, I try to use the same theory to show a new possible way to plan educational work with children families.

<p>When a crisis captures the attention of a nation and the world community, the questions are always Why did it happen and How did it happen. Such an event was revealed on April 28, 2004 with a report on CBS's 60 Minute II and in an article by Seymour Hersh posted online in the New Yorker magazine April 30, 2004. The event was the detainee abuse by U.S. Army soldiers at Abu Ghraib Prison in Iraq. The abuse occurred between late 2003 and early 2004, and the story shook the U.S. government and the coalition partners who helped the United States bring down the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq. This case study examined how the detainee abuse occurred and why the detainee abuse occurred by applying the theory of practical drift to the events in Iraq. However, the study revealed that while the abuse was conducted in Iraq the forces and causes were not confined to Iraq. The forces that contributed to the breakdown in soldier discipline in Iraq were the result of leadership and doctrinal decisions made decades earlier and governmental decisions made to fight the War on Terror. The study also identified stages of practical drift that illustrate how practical drift occurs in organizations. The case study avoided dealing with the actual events of the detainee abuse but concentrated on the elements that contributed to setting the conditions for the abuse. Practical drift in the war fighting doctrine development of the U.S. Army and the policies adopted by the U.S. administration to fight the War on Terror were causes of the detainee abuse identified in the case study. Individual behavioral traits of dismissive responsibility and deflected responsibility also contributed to practical drift and ultimately the detainee abuse.

FE-modeling is a rapidly spreading method to analyze structures nowadays. With this theunderstanding of the outcome is of very high importance and potential inaccuracies areimportant to find so that faulty and over dimensioning of the structure does not occur whichleads to unnecessary costs. One of these inaccuracies is the unrealistic sectional forces that occurdue to thermal effects in the transversal direction for concrete frame bridges which leads to anexcessive amount much reinforcement in the structure than actually needed. This has beenstudied with several cases by using two approaches on how to apply the temperature in the framebridge, only in the superstructure and in the whole structure, but also by analyzing severalboundary conditions. By examining the results for the sectional forces and stresses one of thetemperature approaches could be disregarded because of the extreme values in the transitionbetween superstructure and support. But the other approach was much more useful because ofits better compliance with reality. With these results and by calculating the reinforcement neededfor the worst case, one model has been found to be the most favorable and can be used whenmodeling concrete frame bridges with acceptable outcome. The study resulted in a model whereone applies a varying temperature on the whole structure, with spring boundary conditions over asurface that represents the bottom slab.

This thesis describes work on the problem of the scattering of water waves by fixed objects. The method used to solve this problem is that of finite and infinite elements. In particular the development of a new wave infinite element is described. Various aspects of the wave scattering problem are considered, but always from the perspective of the numerical methods, the algorithms and the computer implementations used. These deal not only with the modelling of the wave equations, but also the pre and post processing of the finite element algorithms. This encompasses the generation of suitable finite element meshes, in an accurate and economical way, and the presentation of the results, particularly as accurate contour plots of the wave surface. The first two chapters gives a brief introduction to water waves, and a summary of the basic concepts of finite and infinite elements. In the third chapter the new infinite element for waves, which is a development of an earlier infinite element, is described in detail, including the new mapping, the necessary shape functions and the integration of the element matrix. The earlier infinite element was restricted to the exterior of circular problems. For scattering objects of large aspect ratio this led to meshes with many finite elements, which performed no useful function, and which were computationally wasteful. The mapping in the new infinite element allows the mesh of infinite elements to be tailored to the shape of the diffracting body, without any observed loss of accuracy. It is therefore much more flexible and computationally efficient, because the infinite elements no longer need to be placed radially. The next three chapters, concentrate on the computer science aspects of the implementation of the finite and infinite elements dealing with the linked list data structures for storage of the element information, the special purpose mesh generation programs, which make it possible to analyse a large range of practical scattering problems and the plotting programs for the display of the results. The chief work in chapter six is the implementation of the Akin and Grey accurate predictor-corrector contour plotting algorithm, with colour fill. The advantage of an accurate contour plotting algorithm is that any discontinuities in the contours represent discontinuities in the results, rather than plotting deficiencies. Chapter seven shows results which validate the new infinite element, particularly on the problem of waves diffracted by an ellipse. In the remaining chapters eight to eleven, the emphasis is on a practical problem of the wave forces on groups of risers, which are the tubes which carry hydrocarbons from the sea-bed to the working areas of offshore platforms. The aim was to see if the forces on a group of risers were different from the sum of the forces on the individual risers, calculated on the assumption that the risers do not modify the wave field. The conclusion is that more detailed studies may well bring financial benefits to the companies operating offshore installations.

A Finite Element model was built to analyze and examine a 2-D axisymmetric MR damper. This model has been validated with the experimental data. The results obtained in this thesis will help designers to create more efficient and reliable MR dampers. We can create some design analysis to change the shape of the piston in the damper or other parameters in the model. The main benefit of this research is to show a 2-D MR damper and generate the magnetic flux density along the MR Fluid gap. We can detect saturation by looking at the nodal solution for the magnetic flux density. Increasing the current in the model, results in an increase in magnetic induction. We studied four different configurations of an MR damper piston in order to determine how changing the shape of the piston affects the maximum force that the damper can provide. In designing MR dampers, the designer always faces the challenge of providing the largest forces in the most compact and efficient envelope. Therefore, it is important to identify the configuration that gives more force in less space. In chapter 4, shows the magnetic flux density contour before and after reaching the rheological saturation. By increasing the current, the color spectrum of the magnetic flux density will shift from the MR fluid gap to the piston centerline. In chapter 5, we provided a reasonably good amount of force in model 4 at 1.4 Amps, but it reaches saturation before the other models. For cases with power constraint or heat build up limitations, this model could work the best among the four designs that we considered. For cases where higher electrical currents can be tolerated, model 3 would be the most advantageous design, since it provides the largest force among the four models.<br>Master of Science

It is of great importance to ensure the structural safety of dams during earthquakes since a failure may cause catastrophic consequences. Conventional computation of the structural response of dams is based on a simplified approach where the foundation is considered as massless. However, recent developments have produced several new analysis methods that consider the foundation mass, modelled with absorbing boundaries and free-field forces. These newer methods are intended to simulate the seismic structural response more accurately, optimize the design and minimise future unnecessary reparations. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the influence of foundation modelling in seismic time history analyses. This was done by comparing the established massless foundation approach to two approaches with foundation mass and free-field forces included; the analytical approach presented by Song et al. (2018) and the direct FE approach by Løkke (2018). Both the efficiency of the seismic wave propagation simulation and the structural response of the dam were of interest, and points on the dam and foundation were studied to accurately compare these modelling approaches. The time history analyses showed that the massless approach corresponded perfectly with the ideal theoretical velocity at the foundation surface when studying only the foundation block, as expected. The analytical and direct FE however, differed slightly from the theoretical value but still gave an accurate representation. Both methods using free-field forces obtained equivalent and realistic structural responses when studying the dam-reservoir-foundation model. The massless method however,strongly overestimated the dam response and was therefore found to not capture the actual behavior of the dam accurately, despite modifications such as increased material damping in the concrete. Additionally, another aim was to analyse the influence of modelling in 2D versus 3D for determining the dynamic characteristics of the dam such as natural frequencies and eigenmodes of the dam. These frequency analyses were made using models with and without foundation mass considered and was compared to experimental data.The massless 3D model was found to be the most effective modelling approach for deriving the dynamic characteristics of the dam since the use of a 3D model was necessary in order to study the behaviour of the whole dam and post-processing was simpler when using the massless model.<br>Det är nödvändigt att säkerställa dammars säkerhet mot jordbävningar i design-processen eftersom ett dammbrott kan få katastrofala konsekvenser. Traditionellt används förenklade beräkningar där dammens strukturella respons beräknas med en berggrund där bergets massa är försummad. Den senaste tiden har flera nya analysmetoder tagits fram, som tar hänsyn till bergets massa och är modellerade med absorberande randvillkor och free-field forces. De nyare metoderna förväntas modellera de seismiska krafterna mer exakt för att optimera designen och minimera onödiga reparationer. Syftet med projektet var att undersöka inverkan från olika metoders sätt att beakta berggrunden vid seismiska analyser. Det utfördes genom att jämföra den etablerade masslösa metoden med två metoder som beaktar bergmassan och free-fieldforces; den analytiska metoden av Song et al. (2018) och Direct FE-metoden av Løkke (2018). Både effektiviteten i den seismiska vågutbredningssimuleringen och dammens strukturella respons var av intresse. Modelleringsmetoderna jämfördes genom att studera punkter på både dammen och berget. När enbart berggrunden studerades med den masslösa metoden så erhölls, som förväntat, god överenstämmelse med den ideala teoretiska hastigheten på bergsytan. De analytiska och Direct FE metoderna skiljde sig marginellt från det teoretiska värdet men gav fortfarande en korrekt hastighet på bergsytan. Vid analys av modeller med dam och reservoar inkluderade, gav metoderna som använde free-field forces ekvivalenta och realistiska strukturella responser. Den masslösa metoden däremot, överskattade kraftigt dammens respons och ansågs därför inte modelleradet verkliga beteendet hos dammen på ett korrekt sätt, trots modifieringar med ökad materialdämpning i betongen. Ett annat syfte var att analysera påverkan av modellering i 2D kontra 3D för att bestämma dammens dynamiska egenskaper, som egenfrekvenser och egenmoder. Dessa frekvensanalyser gjordes med hjälp av modeller som både beaktade och försummade bergets massa, och jämfördes med experimentella data. Den masslösa 3D-modellen visade sig vara den mest effektiva modelleringsmetoden för att erhållade dynamiska egenskaperna hos dammen. Det eftersom en 3D-modell var nödvändig för att studera hela dammens beteende och hantering av utdata var förenklad vid användning av den masslösa modellen.

The main goal of CIC-BREL project (Cracked and Inelastic Calculation of BRacing Elements) is to develop an analytical method to distribute horizontal forces on bracing elements, in this case reinforced masonry shear walls, of a building considering the cracked and inelastic state of material. The moment curvature curve of the wall section is created first depending on the section geometry and material properties of both the masonry units and steel reinforcement. This curve will start with an elastic material behavior, then continue in inelastic material behavior where the masonry crushes and the steel start to yield, until the maximum bending moment M_p is reached. Due to reinforced masonry wall ductility, post maximum capacity is also considered assuming a maximum curvature of 0.1%. From the moment curvature curve, the force displacement curve could be extracted depending on the wall height and wall boundary conditions. Matrix formulation has been developed for both elastic and damaged stiffness matrix, considering different boundary conditions. Fixed-fixed boundary condition which usually exists at the middle stories or last story with strong top diaphragm, fixed-pinned which is the case of the last story that has a relatively soft top diaphragm, and pinned-fixed in the first story case. Other boundary conditions could be considered depending on the degree of fixation on the wall both ends at the top and the bottom. The matrix formulation combined with the force-displacement curve which considers different material stages (elastic, inelastic, ductile post peak force) is used to define forces in each bracing element even after elastic behavior. After elastic phase of each wall the stiffness of the element will degrade leading to a less portion of the total lateral force; other elastic walls, i.e., stronger walls, will receive more portion of the total force leading to a redistribution of the total force. This process will be iterated until the total force is distributed on each bracing element depending on the wall section state: elastic, inelastic and ductile post-peak capacity. Flowcharts clearly will show this process. Finally, a Fortran code is developed to show examples using this method. The developed analytical method will be verified by the results of shake table tests held at the University of California in San Diego, USA. Last test performed in the year 2018 uses T-section reinforced masonry walls, subjected to shakings with increased intensity. The total applied force for each shaking could be defined depending on the structural weight and shaking intensity (acceleration). The damage and displacement at each intensity has been recorded and evaluated. Depending on these test results, the results of the analytically developed method will be compared and evaluated. Total system displacement at different lateral load values has been compared for analytical calculations and shake table tests; furthermore, each wall state at increased load has been compared, good agreement could be noticed.:Acknowledgement 5 1. Introduction 7 1.1. State of the Art 9 1.2. Elastic Formulae 9 1.3. Example, Elastic Calculation 12 1.3.1. Stiffnesses of the System 13 1.3.2. Torsion due to Eccentric Lateral Loading 14 1.3.3. Distribution of the Lateral Load on Wall “j” and Floor “i” 15 2. Force Displacement Curve of RM Shear Wall 19 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Cantilever Wall 19 2.2.1. Cantilever Elastic Wall 19 2.2.2. Cantilever Inelastic Wall 21 2.2.3. Cantilever Post-Peak Wall 22 2.3. Fixed-Fixed Wall 23 2.3.1. Fixed-Fixed Elastic Wall 23 2.3.2. Fixed-Fixed Inelastic Wall 24 2.3.3. Fixed-Fixed Post-Peak Wall 26 2.4. Moment – Curvature Analysis 26 2.5. Example, Rectangle Cross Section, Cantilever 29 a) Moment Curvature Curve 29 b) Force Displacement Curve 32 2.6. Example, Rectangle Cross Section, Fixed-Fixed 33 a) Moment Curvature Curve 33 b) Force Displacement Curve 33 2.7. Example, T Cross Section, Cantilever 35 a) Moment Curvature Curve 35 b) Force Displacement Curve 41 2.8. Example, T Cross Section, Fixed-Fixed 43 a) Moment Curvature Curve 43 b) Force Displacement Curve 43 3. Matrix Formulation 47 3.1. Procedure 47 3.2. Structure Discretization 47 3.3. Element, i.e.; Wall, Local Stiffness Matrix 48 3.4. Stiffness Matrix of Fixed-Pinned Beam 52 3.4.1. Elastic 52 3.4.2. Pre-Peak Inelastic 54 3.4.3. Post-Peak Inelastic 55 3.4.4. Normal Force Part in the Stiffness Matrix 56 3.5. Stiffness Matrix of Pinned-Fixed Beam 57 3.5.1. Elastic 57 3.5.2. Post-Peak Inelastic 57 3.6. Stiffness Matrix of Fixed-Fixed Beam 58 3.6.1. Elastic 58 3.6.2. Post-Peak Inelastic 60 3.7. Summary of Stiffness Matrices 61 3.7.1. Fixed-Fixed 61 3.7.2. Fixed-Pinned 62 3.7.3. Pinned-Fixed 63 3.8. Transformation Matrix 63 3.9. Assemble the Structure Stiffness Matrix 65 3.10. Assemble the Structure Nodal Vector 66 3.11. Solve, Get Nodal Displacements and Forces 66 4. Matrix Formulation and Deformation Based Method 69 4.1. Elastic Method in Distributing Lateral Force 69 4.2. Elastic and Inelastic Method in Distributing Lateral Force 70 5. Shake Table Tests 73 5.1. Introduction 73 5.2. Design of Test Structure 73 5.3. Material Properties 75 5.4. Tests and Observations 75 5.4.1. Tests up to Mul-90% 76 5.4.2. Tests with Mul-120% 76 5.4.3. Tests with Mul-133% 76 5.5. Deformations 77 6. Verification 81 6.1. T Cross Section, Dimensions, Reinforcement and Materials 81 6.2. Moment Curvature Curve 82 6.3. Force Displacement Curve 85 6.4. Force Displacement Curve of the Structure 88 7. Conclusions and Suggestions 91 8. References 93 Appendix 1, Timoshenko Beam 95 • Fixed-Fixed 95 • Fixed-Pinned 95 • Pinned-Fixed 96 Appendix 2, Bernoulli Beam 97 • Fixed-Fixed 97 • Fixed-Pinned 97 • Pinned-Fixed 98

Le couplage de la methode des elements finis avec la methode des elements integrales de frontiere permet de resoudre plus facilement certains problemes d'electromagnetisme. On peut appliquer ce couplage au calcul des forces au sein de dispositifs electromagnetiques, en particulier pour determiner le couple d'une machine a reluctance variable

This thesis deals with numerical investigations on some rheological problems of fibre suspensions: the fibre level simulation of non-dilute fibre suspensions in shear flow; the numerical simulation of complex fibre suspension flows and simulating the particle motion in viscoelastic flows. These are challenging problems in rheology. Two numerical approaches were developed for simulating non-dilute fibre suspensions from the fibre level. The first is based on a model that accounts for full hydrodynamic interactions between fibres, which are approximately calculated as a superposition of the long-range and short-range hydrodynamic interactions. The long-range one is approximated by using slender body theory and includes infinite particle interactions. The short-range one is approximated in terms of the normal lubrication forces between close neighbouring fibres. The second is based on a model that accounts only for short-range interactions, which comprise the lubrication forces and normal contact and friction forces. These two methods were applied to simulate the microstructure evolution and rheological properties of non-dilute fibre suspensions. The Brownian configuration method was combined with the highly stable finite element method to simulate the complex flow of fibre suspensions. The method is stable and robust, and can provide both micro and macro information. It does not require any closure approximations in calculating the fibre stress tensor and is more efficient and variance reduction, compared to CONNFFESSITT, for example. The flow of fibre suspensions past a sphere in a tube and the shear induced fibre migration were successfully simulated using this method The completed double layer boundary element method was extended to viscoelastic flow cases. A point-wise solver was developed to solve the constitutive equation point by point and the fixed least square method was employed to interpolate and differentiate data locally. The method avoids volume meshing and only requires the boundary mesh on particle surfaces and data points in the flow domain. A sphere settling in the Oldroyd-B fluid and a prolate spheroid rotating in shear flow of the Oldroyd-B fluid were simulated. Based on the simulated orbit of a prolate spheroid in shear flow, a constitutive model for the weakly viscoelastic fibre suspensions was proposed and its predictions were compared with some available experimental results. All simulated results are in general agreement with experimental and other numerical results reported in literature. This indicates that these numerical methods are useful tools in rheological research.

Doctor of philosophy (Ph D)<br>This thesis deals with numerical investigations on some rheological problems of fibre suspensions: the fibre level simulation of non-dilute fibre suspensions in shear flow; the numerical simulation of complex fibre suspension flows and simulating the particle motion in viscoelastic flows. These are challenging problems in rheology. Two numerical approaches were developed for simulating non-dilute fibre suspensions from the fibre level. The first is based on a model that accounts for full hydrodynamic interactions between fibres, which are approximately calculated as a superposition of the long-range and short-range hydrodynamic interactions. The long-range one is approximated by using slender body theory and includes infinite particle interactions. The short-range one is approximated in terms of the normal lubrication forces between close neighbouring fibres. The second is based on a model that accounts only for short-range interactions, which comprise the lubrication forces and normal contact and friction forces. These two methods were applied to simulate the microstructure evolution and rheological properties of non-dilute fibre suspensions. The Brownian configuration method was combined with the highly stable finite element method to simulate the complex flow of fibre suspensions. The method is stable and robust, and can provide both micro and macro information. It does not require any closure approximations in calculating the fibre stress tensor and is more efficient and variance reduction, compared to CONNFFESSITT, for example. The flow of fibre suspensions past a sphere in a tube and the shear induced fibre migration were successfully simulated using this method The completed double layer boundary element method was extended to viscoelastic flow cases. A point-wise solver was developed to solve the constitutive equation point by point and the fixed least square method was employed to interpolate and differentiate data locally. The method avoids volume meshing and only requires the boundary mesh on particle surfaces and data points in the flow domain. A sphere settling in the Oldroyd-B fluid and a prolate spheroid rotating in shear flow of the Oldroyd-B fluid were simulated. Based on the simulated orbit of a prolate spheroid in shear flow, a constitutive model for the weakly viscoelastic fibre suspensions was proposed and its predictions were compared with some available experimental results. All simulated results are in general agreement with experimental and other numerical results reported in literature. This indicates that these numerical methods are useful tools in rheological research.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited.<br>The Pentagon is planning to gradually increase the Navy's SEAL force over the next several years to meet increasing global demands. The move was authorized by the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) in a program decision memorandum (PDM) in December 2002. The PDM, which directed the growth of Special Operations Forces across the board, called on the Navy to bring the equivalent of two new SEAL Teams to the force between FY-06 and FY-08. Even though funding has been allotted to this task, there may not be enough manpower to fill these slots. Training issues coupled with retention issues have brought the growth process to a standstill. The purpose of this thesis is to identify which major variables and/or combinations of small variables need to be changed in order to increase NSW enlisted SEAL manning. The three major areas that will be looked at are recruitment, training, and retention. The focus will be to determine where NSW can do better at managing personnel in these areas. The end product will be a detailed analysis that will offer suggestions for program changes that can be implemented to increase NSW forces while raising the quality of operators at the same time.<br>Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy<br>Lieutenant, United States Navy

This thesis attempts to stress the decisiveness of armed force for the capitalist hold of state power and that only if a multi-level analytical framework is adopted a fuller account of the reality can be given with reference to the capitalist hold of state power. After laying the methodological and theoretical grounds for a multi-level analysis along with the privilege of armed force as the factor enabling the state power, it concretizes the multi-level analytical framework in the context of Turkey. It drives the attention to the co-existence of micro and macro level factors influential over state practices. The mafia forces are also proposed to be integrated to the analysis of the capitalist state on account of the considerable economic and armed means they hold. The Weberian approach describing the state in terms of its monopoly of legitimate use of force is proposed to be replaced by an alternative one not holding the consent of the inhabitants as an unconditional necessity for the presence of the state. The class struggle process is held to take place at a site embracing the interplay of associative and communal relationships in a micro-macro range. The routes of tendential multiplicity and totality are attempted to be explored at least partially. Also the importance of strategy and tactics are stressed and some threats waiting the forces longing for a world without exploitation and domination are underlined.

The thesis builds up on the significance of the social aspect of the statistics giving direct reference to the standards of the European Union (EU) on statistics. The study concentrates on the modernization, reformation and transformation process of the Turkish Statistical System, particularly the health statistics on the basis of a specific Programme called &ldquo<br>Upgrading the Statistical System of Turkey&rdquo<br>funded by the EU and the Law on Turkish Statistics (No: 5429) within the process of the harmonization of the Turkish Statistical System, which aims the integration of the current system to the international one via the EU acquis communautaire. This thesis presents the causes of the death statistics as one of the most significant dimensions of statistics since it is the most extensive and the oldest public health surveillance system in the world. The reformation in the certification process, the classification stage and the analysis of the cause of the death statistics (COD) are examined in detail hereby. Improvement of the coverage, introduction of the International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision (ICD-10), development of institutional coordination and a new formation of the causes of death statistics in line with the EU requirements are analyzed in depth. Based on the findings of this study, it is proposed that the introduction of ICD-10 and improvement of the coverage of the COD statistics are not sufficient to ameliorate the shortcomings of the current death certificate system rested upon on the two documents including the &ldquo<br>COD forms&rdquo<br>and the &ldquo<br>burial licence&rdquo<br>in Turkey. The study also suggests that solutions to be proposed should be radical and effective since the problems encountered in the death certificate system are deep-rooted. Consequently, with regard to the issues of increasing the coverage of physical autopsy and providing training for the COD forms and with the aim of reducing diversified and complex chain of bureaucratic transactions, it is essential to bring an encompassing new legal base for the current death certificate system.

This study aims to find out the structure, logic and meaning patterns of the concept of t&ouml<br>re as the ethos, that is all social practices, of the Kurdish tribal formation and which, up until now, has been studied in the framework of honour killings (namus cinayetleri) debates rather than a distinct issue in academia. By this way it is aimed to redefine the concept at theoretical and empirical levels. In this study, first of all, the concept of tribe is tackling and it is questioning that what tribe means today as a social and political structure<br>and searching for the essential tension between the state and tribe due to their perception of sovereignty. In addition to this, it is intended to introduce how t&ouml<br>re operates in the resolution of everyday disputes of a tribe member. It is aimed to analyze how to articulate and/or dislocate of modern state law and t&ouml<br>re which based on tribal resolution mechanisms over intra tribal and inter tribal disputes. For this purpose, I conducted a field research with the help of informal interview and participant observation techniques within Kurdish tribes in Mardin, Kiziltepe.

Le but de la présente étude était de vérifier l'influence de deux compartiments du latex d'Hevea brasiliensis, les lutoïdes et le sérum C, sur le durcissement au stockage et sur la mésostructure du caoutchouc naturel (NR). L'implication des composants minéraux du latex a fait l'objet d'un focus spécial. La mésostructure du NR a été étudié par fractionnement par couplage flux-force à flux asymétrique couplé à un détecteur à diffusion de lumière multiangulaire (AF4-MALS) et par chromatographie d'exclusion de tailles équipée d'un détecteur de diffusion de lumière multiangulaire (SEC- MALS). La spectrométrie de masse couplée à une torche à plasma (ICP- MS) a été utilisée pour déterminer la composition en éléments minéraux du NR.L'AF4 - MALS et l'ICP-MS n'ayant jamais été utilisées pour l'analyse du NR, les méthodes ont été développées. Pour l'AF4 - MALS, la meilleure séparation entre les deux populations principales, chaînes de polyisoprène isolées (pelote statistique) et les microagrégats (Gel&lt;1μ), a été obtenue avec une diminution linéaire, plutôt qu'exponentielle, du flux croisé. Pour l'ICP-MS, les optimisations réalisées concernent la quantité de NR à échantillonner, la méthodologie de solubilisation des cendres, la concentration des solutions de cendres et la gestion des interférences m/z . Tous les éléments, excepté le soufre, ont été analysés en utilisant un mélange H2/He comme gaz de collision-réaction (mode CCT H2/He). La teneur en soufre a été déterminée par le rapport m/z égal à 48 (32S16O+) en mode CCT O2.Les différents compartiments du latex des champs (crème, skim, sérum C et lutoïdes) ont été séparés par centrifugation à grande vitesse. L'évolution de la mésostructure des films obtenus à partir de ces trois latex; latex des champ (FL), le latex de crème (CL) et de latex de skim (SK), par un procédé de structuration lente (échantillons stockés à température ambiante dans le laboratoire pendant 3 mois) a été suivie par SEC- MALS. Le skim n'étant pas sensible au processus de structuration lente, le nombre des étapes de centrifugation a été réduit. La stabilité des lutoïdes a été étudiée par un paramètre qualitatif (état visuel des lutoïdes après centrifugation) et un paramètre quantitatif (indice d'éclatement ou BI). Bien que les deux méthodes n'aient pas donné de résultats strictement corrélées, le BI peut être un bon indicateur de la stabilité des lutoïdes. Pour les échantillons de FL, une bonne corrélation entre la stabilité des lutoïdes et le durcissement au stockage (P) a été observée. Pour déterminer si des composés du C-sérum étaient également impliqués dans le durcissement au stockage, des expériences supplémentaires ont été effectuées en ajoutant des quantités variables de sérum C ou de lutoïdes à des particules de caoutchouc purifiées. L'augmentation à la fois de les quantités de sérum C et des lutoïdes a entrainé une augmentation du durcissement au stockage (P).La mésostructure des films et des feuilles séchées de l'air (ADS) préparés à partir des FL et CL a été analysée par SEC-MALS et AF4-MALS. Pour les échantillons d'ADS, quelle que soit la technique utilisée, les échantillons de FL présentaient des Mw, Mn et Gel&gt;1μ supérieurs aux échantillons de CL. Cette différence entre échantillons de FL et de CL n'a pas été observée pour les échantillons de films<br>The aim of the present work was to study the influence of two Hevea brasiliensis latex compartments, namely lutoids and C-serum, on the storage hardening and on mesostructure of natural rubber (NR). A special focus was done on the involvement of mineral components of latex. The NR mesostructure was studied by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to a multiangular light scattering detector (AF4-MALS) and by size exclusion chromatography equipped with a multiangular light scattering detector (SEC-MALS). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the mineral element composition of NR.As AF4-MALS and ICP-MS were never used for NR analysis, the methodologies were developed. For AF4-MALS, the best separation between the two main populations, namely isolated polyisoprene chains (random coil) and microaggregates (Gel&lt;1µ) was given by a linear decrease, rather than exponential, of the cross-flow. For ICP-MS, the optimizations were in terms of amount of NR to be sampled, ash solubilisation methodology, ash solutions concentrations and m/z interference management. All elements, except sulfur, were determined using a mixture H2/He as collision-reaction gas (CCT H2/He mode). Sulfur content was determined through the m/z equal to 48 (32S16O+) in the CCT O2 mode.The different compartments of the whole field latex (cream, skim, C-serum and lutoids) were separated by high speed centrifugation. The mesostructure evolution of films obtained from these 3 lattices; whole field latex (FL), cream latex (CL), and skim latex (SK), by a slow structuring process (samples stored at room temperature in the laboratory for 3 months) was followed by SEC-MALS. As it was observed that the skim was not sensitive to the slow structuring, the centrifugation steps were reduced.Lutoid stability was studied by a qualitative parameter (visual lutoid status after centrifugation) and a quantitative parameter (bursting index or BI). Although the two methods could not provide strictly correlated results, BI can be a good indicator of lutoid stability. For the FL samples, a good correlation between the lutoid stability and storage hardening (ΔP) was observed. To determine if some compounds of C-serum are also involved in the storage hardening, additional experiments were done adding variable quantities of C-serum or lutoids to purified rubber particles. The storage hardening (ΔP) increased by the increase of both C-serum and lutoid quantities.The mesostructure of films and air dried sheet (ADS) made from FL and CL lattices (obtained from reduced centrifugation process) were analyzed by SEC-MALS and AF4-MALS. Concerning the ADS samples, whatever the technique used, FL samples exhibited a higher Mw, Mn, and Gel&gt;1µ than CL samples. This difference between FL and CL samples was not observed for film samples. The microaggregates (Gel&lt;1µ) were presented in all samples but the FL samples had more compact microaggregates, with a much higher Mw than the CL samples. Moreover, AF4 showed that the structure of microaggregates was very different between ADS and film samples. The Mw of microaggregates of ADS was 2 to 4 times higher than that of films. The mineral elements were determined only on samples from ADS (FL and CL). The main elements in NR were K, P, Mg, and S, in decreasing order. The purification of rubber particles affected the decrease in the element contents. During the storage of the latex at room temperature, only calcium content decreased, for both FL and CL samples

This thesis analyses linguistic policies in Bulgaria, during the Ottoman, monarchical, communist and post-communist periods and its effects on the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. The linguistic policies in Bulgaria did not follow consistent policies<br>on the contrary, it followed different policies in different periods. The aim of this thesis is to analyse how the Turkish minority experiences and perceives linguistic rights in the post-communist period, such as study of and in Turkish language, Turkish minority media, use of minority personal names, naming of topographical places and the status of Turkish language in official and administrative institutions. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were carried out in ISiklar (Samuil) municipality in Bulgaria, where Turks constitute the absolute majority of the population. As a result of the analyses of the experiences of the Turkish minority, it was observed that (Turkish) linguistic rights and language were experienced by the Turkish minority in terms of ethnolinguistic identity. It is concluded that symbolic power and diglossia relationships between Turkish and Bulgarian languages affected the ways of perception of (Turkish) linguistic rights by the Turkish minority in Bulgaria.

The main objective of the thesis is to perform static and dynamic analysis of prestressed concrete bridge structures in computational system ANSYS. For the analysis was chosen footbridge over the river Svratka in Brno. In relation to this topic are solved various types of modeling prestress at a finite element level. Before analyzing the footbridge is analyzed in detail the static system and the corresponding final geometry of the structure. Knowledge of the functioning of the static system is used to build the computational model of the structure, on which is subsequently performed static and dynamic analysis.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de différents aspects de la physique nucléaire depuis les basses énergies jusqu'aux énergies intermédiaires. Pour les basses énergies, où la matière nucléaire est essentiellement constituée de nucléons en interaction, la partie I traite de la fusion-fission des noyaux super-lourds, et la partie II des règles de somme associées aux interactions de type Skyrme. Pour les énergies intermédiaires, la matière nucléaire étant alors considérée comme une phase hadronique principalement constituée de pions, la partie III se focalise sur l'hydrodynamique relativiste de la matière nucléaire avec brisure spontanée de symétrie chirale. Dans la partie I, on s'intéresse à la formation puis à la désexcitation des noyaux super-lourds. On étudie donc la formation du noyau composé avec effets de mémoire. Pour la désexcitation d'un noyau super-lourd, l'existence d'un puits isomérique dans la barrière de potentiel change la dynamique de désexcitation et augmente les temps de fission. Cette dernière étude pourrait être utile à l'étude de la dynamique de la fission des actinides. Dans la partie II, les règles de somme M1 et M3 associées aux potentiels phénoménologiques de type Skyrme sont calculées à partir de leurs définitions intrinsèques. On détermine alors M1 jusqu'au niveau tensoriel et M3 avec potentiel central. Dans la partie III, pour le traitement hydrodynamique de la matière hadronique appliqué aux collisions d'ions lourds on peut, en première approximation, écarter les modifications induites par la brisure spontanée de symétrie chirale mais pas celles dues à l'aspect dissipatif.

A review of the international codes, including the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the American Concrete Institute (ACI), indicates that these codes do not corporate the forces induced in the super-structural elements due to differential settlement of foundation elements in the design of multi-story structures. In fact the current design procedure, stipulates that foundation and superstructure are designed separately; furthermore, individual foundation elements may settle up to a total of one inch and 0.75 inch in differential settlement between the elements. It is then assumed that the adopted factor of safety for the superstructure will compensate for these additional stresses. This procedure may leads to a conservative design in some cases or serious cracks and damage. This thesis presents a two-dimensional analytical model for multi-story structures subjected to differential settlement of the foundation elements. The objective of this research is create a dialogue between the superstructure and its foundation during the design stage, to allow designer to tradeoff between the additional stresses due to the differential settlements and the factor of safety of the superstructure. The results will leads to the choice of an allowable differential settlement and appropriate factor of safety of the superstructure, which will produce the most economical design for the building, without jeopardizing its safety. In this study, 7 and 10-storey structures were analyzed using linear and non-linear techniques, (geometric and material nonlinearity). In this investigation, the computer program STAAD and ADINA were used to perform this analysis. The rigidity of the structure was represented by the relative slenderness ratio between beams and columns. Empirical formulae were developed and validated with the available analytical models to predict the stresses induced on the elements of the superstructure due to differential settlement of its foundation. These formulae will assist designers to include differential settlement as external load on its superstructure and further to perform a tradeoff between the superstructure and substructure to achieve the most economical design for the building. Detailed design examples were presented to demonstrate the proposed design procedure. The results of the present study will impact on the safety and economy of our building. It should be noted herein that the differential settlements take place at the working load level, and accordingly, they are relatively small. Thus the only difference between linear and non-linear stress-strain (moment curvature) relationship is that the second accounts for the first crack which is insignificant. It is hoped that the results and conclusions of this thesis to be incorporated in the current design codes for multi-story buildings.

For centuries physicians, scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and many others have been asking: 'what are the forces that drive tissues in an embryo to their final geometric forms?' At the tissue and whole embryo level, a multitude of very different morphogenetic processes, such as gastrulation and neurulation are involved. However, at the cellular level, virtually all of these processes are evidently driven by a relatively small number of internal structures all of whose forces can be resolved into equivalent interfacial tensions γ. Measuring the cell-level forces that drive specific morphogenetic events remains one of the great unsolved problems of biomechanics. Here I present a novel approach that allows these forces to be estimated from time lapse images. In this approach, the motions of all visible triple junctions formed between trios of cells adjacent to each other in epithelia (2D cell sheets) are tracked in time-lapse images. An existing cell-based Finite Element (FE) model is then used to calculate the viscous forces needed to deform each cell in the observed way. A recursive least squares technique with variable forgetting factors is then used to estimate the interfacial tensions that would have to be present along each cell-cell interface to provide those forces, along with the attendant pressures in each cell. The algorithm is tested extensively using synthetic data from an FE model. Emphasis is placed on features likely to be encountered in data from live tissues during morphogenesis and wound healing. Those features include algorithm stability and tracking despite input noise, interfacial tensions that could change slowly or suddenly, and complications from imaging small regions of a larger epithelial tissue (the frayed boundary problem). Although the basic algorithm is highly sensitive to input noise due to the ill-conditioned nature of the system of equations that must be solved to obtain the interfacial tensions, methods are introduced to improve the resulting force and pressure estimates. The final algorithm returns very good estimates for interfacial tensions and intracellular cellular pressures when used with synthetic data, and it holds great promise for calculating the forces that remodel live tissue.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>土木與防災研究所<br>100<br>In this study, the main purpose of this study is to add new four functions into the Platform for Numerical Simulation - Point Based Computing (PNS-PBC) framework in National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE). These four functions include the five and nine point rigid elements, the geometry shape solver, the contact force models and the nonlinear hysteresis models. In addition, the PNS-PBC developer, user and vector manuals are written. The geometry shape solver includes the area, volume and moment of inertia. The contact force model is superimposed from the stiffness and damping forces. The contact force for the concrete block can be used to consider the different contact detections such as the line to line and line to surface et al. According to the numerical results, the new functions in PNS-PBC are the accuracy and effective.

Members in the service employment to the armed forces and the security corps are currently in the States of the European Union and NATO considered as the special separate category of the State administration staff. This is due to their mostly "negative'' specifics of the service for a democratic political system, it manifests in the areas of human rights and freedoms, political rights, social work and criminal justice. Therefore, the special rules of the social security system, which is also characterized by the ethical dimension, are related to these groups. Specifically, in the Czech Republic this is the attitude to the service in the former totalitarian regime. There is also monitored the merit of the systematized places in the service employment.