Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « FG. Local government »

Since its establishment in 1923, the Latvian Geographical Society (LGB) has been a non-governmental organisation that brings together geographers and people who are interested in research into nature and human geography. Local history and geography has always been an integral part of the teaching process. Today, the knowledge held by members of the society and the research-based educational work carried out by the society about different cities and regions for the improvement of the study content of Latvian geography is diverse. The Latvian Geographical Society cooperates most extensively with local government, organising seminars and conferences in Latvia at the regional level. This cooperation has helped teachers to schedule lessons and excursions outside the classroom.

This study was conducted to identify of rodent species and the ectoparasites are widely recognized for the type prevalent in homes, at Esna District, Luxor Governorate, Egypt, during 2020 year. The results were revealed that the presence of three species of rats included gray-bellied rat, Rattusrattusalexandrinusthe dominant species from, Rattusrattusfrugivorusand the Nile grass rat, Arvicanthisniloticus. The results also indicated that the identification of two types of fleas, Xenopsyllacheopis&Pulexirritans, and one species of lice, Polyplaxspinulosa, associated with the gray-bellied was identified. The study reports the interest in making integrated control programs for rodents to get rid of them and the risks of their external parasites. Introduction Rodents play an important role as hosts for ectoparasites and as repositories for various types of viruses, bacteria, rickets, protozoa, and parasitic worms that cause zoonotic diseases (Durden and Page, 1991; Azad and Beard, 1998; Coleman et al., 2003; Salibay and Claveria, 2005). Some examples of such diseases are rodent-borne hemorrhagic fever, plague, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, murine typhus, scrub typhus, toxoplasmosis, shistosomiasis, nematodes and tapeworms. The close association between commensal rodents and humans and domestic animals is a risk factor for transmission of these diseases (Kia et al., 2009). The aim of this study is to identify rodent species spread with a study of external parasites of the most dominant species in houses of study area. Materials and methods • Study Area The present study was carried out to inventory of the types of rodent spread in houses with a study of external parasites of the most dominant species at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, Egypt, during 2020 year. • Identification of the different species of rodents Rodent species were collected from the aforementioned sites using 10 common wire traps. Each trap was stabbed with bread and distributed twice every 15 days at 6 PM. The next morning at 7 a.m., traps were examined, rodents identified and recorded for data processing. Captured rodents were graded and recorded (Desoky, 2011). • IdentificationRattusrattusalexandrinusectoparasites: Five rats were taken all Month during the study period, rodent were anesthetized in jar containing a cotton pad with chloroform and then brushed in a deep white plate using a relatively hard brush. After collection of the ectoparasites, they were preserved in plastic bags containing 70% ethyl alcohol and labeled with necessary information. The parasites were sorted and transferred to the microscope slide for identification. The ectoparasites were classified.(Soulsby, 1982&Meerburget al., 2009). Results and discussion The results showed in table 1 and figure 1 a survey of three types of rodents: It was also found that the gray-bellied rat is the most common species in the study area (Esna homes), because the gray-bellied rat is considered a household climbing rodentAbdel-Gawad (1974 and 2010). Table 1: survey of rodent species in houses at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, during 2020 year. Figure 1: Survey of rodent species in houses at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, during 2020 year. Data in table (2) the results showed that two types of fleas, Xenopsyllacheopis&Pulexirritans, and one lice, Polyplaxspinulosa, infested the captured Rattusrattusalexandrinus. Results similar withVatandoostet al. (2003) &Telmadarraiyet al. (2004) found that most medically important rodents belong to the families of Muridae and the Cricetidae. Rodents play a role in many diseases, such as plague, transmitted by the rat flea Xenopsyllacheopisand Weil's disease, a severe form of leptospirosis transmitted via infected rat urine, Dada (2016). The study showed that infecting rodents with external parasites, which have a serious importance in transmitting diseases to humans or animals, for example, the eastern mouse flea has been identified, which may be a carrier of the bacteria that causes plague. The transmission of these rat-borne parasites is exacerbated in societies where environmental and personal health standards are not maintained. From these results, an integrated control program for the gray bellied rat must be established inside the houses. Table 2: Types of external parasites identified onRattus r. alexandrinus Data in Table (3) and Figure (2) showed thatthe highest population density of rat ectoparasites was recorded during spring and summer months, followed by autumn, whereas the lowest density was recorded during winter months. Regardless of months, the results showed also, the highest average number of lice was in spring 18, followed by summer 15, followed by autumn 14, and the lowest of them was winter 4, where it was recorded. While the highest average number of fleas was in spring 5, followed by summer and winter 4, and the lowest of them were autumn 3. The results also showed that the numerical density of lice was higher than that of fleas on the body of a gray-bellied rat.Regardless of months, lice exhibited the highest population density, whereas, fleas showed the least population density, this may be attributed to that fleas visit rats for feeding only, but lice are permanent parasites on hosts. The results similar with Embarak (1997); Kia et al. (2009) &Desokyet al. (2010). Table 3: Density numerical of external parasites on Ratttusrattusalexandrinus at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, during 2020 year. Figure 2: Seasonal numbers of ectoparasites for the gray-belliedrat at Esna area, Luxor Governorate, during 2020 year. Conclusion The results are useful in identifying the types of rodents and their external parasites that may transmit many diseases to humans or animals. It also helps in the future to increase the research study on this topic with attention to the participation of society as a whole to get rid of rodents and their external parasites. References Abdel-Gawad, K. H. Ecological and toxicological studies on commensal and household rodents in Assiut area. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ. 1974. Abdel-Gawad K. H. Rodent species composition in the present compared with past, the fifth Scientific Conferences for Agric. Assiut Univ. Oct. 16-17, 2010, 159-167. Azad AF.; CB Beard. Rickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998, 4, 179-186. Coleman R.E.; T. Monkannaand K.J. Linthicum. Occurrence of Orientiatsutsugamushi in small mammals from Thailand. Am Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69, 519-524. Dada, E.O. Study on the Ectoparasites and Haemoparasites of Domestic Rats in Parts of Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State. International Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IJCCLM). 2016, 2(1), 1-5. Desoky, A.S.S. Studies on certain ectoparasites associated with some farm animals and their control, Ph.D. Thesis, Fac., Agric., Assiut Univ., Assiut, Egypt, 179, 2011. Desoky ASS.; Maher Ali A.; KH Abd El-Gawad.; AA Nafady. Survey and population density of some ectoparasites associated with rodents in animal production farm, Assiut University. Assiut J. of Agric. Sci. 2010, 41, 207-215. Durden LA.; BF Page. Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance. Med Vet Entomol. 1991, 5(1), 1-7. Embarak MZ. Ecological and control studies on rodents and their ectoparasites in cultivated and newly-reclaimed areas. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Assiut Univ. 1997. Kia EB.; H Moghddas-Sani.; H Hassanpoor.; H Vatandoost.; F Zahabiun.; AA Akhavan.; AA Hanafi-Bojd.; Z Telmadarraiy. Ectoparasites of rodents captured in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran. Iranian J. Arthropod-Borne Dis. 2009, 3, 44-49. Meerburg B.G.; G.R. Singleton.; A. Kijlstra. Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 35(3), 221–270. Soulsby E.J. Helminthes, Arthropods and Protozoa of domesticated animals. 7th Edition, Bailliere Tindal, London. 1982, 367–703. Salibay CC and FG Claveria. Serologic detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Rattusspp collected from three different sites in Dasmarinas, Cavite, Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005, 36 Suppl 4, S46-S49. Telmadarraiy Z.; A. Bahrami.; H. Vatandoost. A survey on fauna of ticks in west Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Iranian J. Publ. Health. 2004, 33(4), 65-69. Vatandoost H.; A. Ghaderi.; E. Javadian.; A.H. Zahirnia.; Y. Rassi.; Y. Piazak.; E.B. Kia.; M. Shaeghi.; Z. Zelmodarreiy.; M. Aboulghasani. Distribution of soft ticks and their infection with Borrelia in Hamadan Province, Iran&quot. J. Publ. Health. 2003, 32(1), 22-24.

This dissertation discusses the administration of culture by public institutions and the conflicts inherent to the relation between culture and power mediated by ntellectuals in public office. It presents an historical frame of reference for the relation between culture and power in Brazil from the beginning of the Republic to the l980's when the military dictatorship underwent a process of political democratization. It sets out the visions of several authors concerning cultural policy and its treatment in different periods and countries, emphasizing the specific Brazilian case. In it we test a series of theoretical references with respect to conceptions of culture, the intellectual and the State. We then describe the history and structure of the object of the case study - the Municipal Secretariat of Culture in Uberlândia(MG). Questions related to the methods and techniques employed are also discussed. The statements which were collected were interpreted using such categories of analyses as culture versus bureaucracy, political populism, paternalism, power, the role of the cultural agent, the processural focus of culture, and the limits and weaknesses of the practice under study. The questions identified in the case of Uberlândia are related to other experiences which took place during the same period. We conclude by verifying that cultural policies practised on a large scale in this country in the 1980's we faced, at the end of the decade, with archaic forms of power where there was apparently no place for experiences whose aim was social change and the democratization of culture.

This report will establish the factors that hinder the development of Municipal Public Libraries. For this purpose a questionnaire was developed and conducted fieldwork in 49 municipalities of Lima and Callao, precise tool needed to find the important variables considered in our research answers. To achieve this purpose, this work has been divided into four chapters. In the first one the Professional Project Report is submitted; in the second chapter the theoretical framework of the Public Library, a modern library concept, vision and mission of the same; the relationship between public library and community, emphasizing education, information and culture. A historical review of the public library in the world, Latin America and the development of the Public Library in Peru, is also presented likewise the subject of Municipal Library and corresponding to this type of information units legislation addressed because we consider the key to the process of social change. We boarded the origin of the municipalities, and relations between municipality and education, emphasizing the importance of managing authorities and councilors as one of the defining factors in this relationship officials. In the third chapter the results that describe the current situation of public libraries of Lima and Callao are presented; in the sample taken municipalities that have a library, on the other hand the data collected in surveys of public libraries that are currently operating to show what factors impede the development of municipal libraries are discussed analyzed Maharashtra. The analysis of the survey aims to know how they are organized and managed public libraries of Lima and Callao to support this research. In the fourth chapter a proposal drawn from the results of the investigation, thereby seeks to propose management strategies that enable public libraries full social development consistent with the cultural evolution of the country is formulated.

Since achieving autonomy in 1980, Galician governments have been pursuing a policy of creation of infrastructures that includes the development of a national library system. A legal framework has been created, and resources have increased enormously, particularly over the last decade, including a 407% increase in funding for libraries. In 2003 there were 275 public library authorities and 389 public libraries. The majority of the network is conformed by small community libraries, managed by local authorities. Buildings, staff, opening hours, collections, and other standard indicators show average figures that fall below international recommendations. 50% of all libraries have less than 100 m2, and 87% less than 230 m2. The ratio of library staff per 1,000 residents is 0.17. Opening hours in 2003 averaged 26.30 per week. The current figure of items per resident is 1.024 and acquisitions 0.063 items per capita. There is approximately 1 public PC per 5,000 residents in Galician public libraries. Urban library systems are underdeveloped and need to be created in four of the seven cities including Vigo, the largest, and there are important provincial imbalances. In addition to this, the Galician Library System lacks some of its essential elements, particularly coordinating, inspecting and standards services. Provision of public library services, with the possible exception of ICT related services, and performance statistics are relatively poor as a result of this situation. Comparison with well developed, advanced systems (UK) confirm the need to improve the framework and resources of the Galician Library System to achieve high quality services and satisfactory performances.

Subject of this thesis is a comparison of the library legislation in Denmark and Germany. Administrative structures and the political environment in both countries are introduced and compared from a librarianship perspective. Furthermore, library legislation in Denmark and the German Länder (regional states) is portrayed giving historical background and state of play. Another part of this thesis focuses on a detailled comparison of the Danish library act of 2000 with the Thuringian library act of 2008. In the conclusion perspectives for the German development are drawn from the Danish legislative tradition.

This research has been treating strategic plan, performance programs and annual reports in the context of cause and effect. Strategic plans are the documents that the fundamental aims of institutions have been stated in a particular time. Performance programs are the application documents of the strategic plans annualy. It has seen that not much sufficient researchs that surveying how is the shape of services focusing information and records in the strategic plans and performance programs of municipalities up to date. Study is handling the subject of "in the which level municipalities as a local government agency, could achieve the services focusing information and records management that presented in strategic plans and performance programs." In this study, how the services focusing information and records has been shaped and achieving of the mentioned goals or not has been researched. These services are classified in three ways: providing the service intented to public that includes establishing libraries, resources of institutional information service shaped with consisting institution archive and electronic records management systems and the services scope of e-Government. In this research, strategic plan and performance programs of municipalities have been examined and realization of goals or not have been checked by annual reports and Web sites of municipalities. It has seen that hypothesis was valid for the %60 of district municipalities of Istanbul at least. Keywords: Municipalities - records and information management, strategic planning, performance program.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries of Argentina is part of the Open Government initiatives since 2016 when the administration issued the Decree 117 “Data Opening Plan” that instructs the Executive Branch to create an Open Data Plan so that its dependencies share their datasets through the national portal. In this context, the ministry’s library can join this trend identifying and publishing its own datasets that reflect the library activities and services. This approach can serve as an inspirational model for other government libraries. These actions might trigger more and better engagement with the community, increased visibility, and improved integration in this challenging scenario.

This paper addresses the following topics related to Turkish - European Union (EU) librarianship; the political background of relations between Turkey and the EU, work related to the information society within the EU and its influence on library and information services, development plans, policies, and projects in culture, education and science on the above mentioned fields in the EU, work related to the information society within Turkey, the main developments in library and information services, development plans and science policies, and projects which will enhance the adaptability of Turkey in its accession period to the EU. Policy initiatives issued by the European Union provide useful insights into the ways in which improvements in Turkish libraries may be realized. Although some efforts have been made to enhance the status of libraries according to development plans as well as cultural and science policies, these initiatives still fall short of those enjoyed by many libraries in the European Union.

This work is inserted within the discipline of Information Sciences and Documentation, and more specifically in the field of analysis of official statistical information. The object of study is thus a subset of the information generated and disseminated by government, what is known in this field of knowledge as Public Sector Information.

Background: This master’s degree dissertation has as its central theme policies on archival appraisal in practice in regional administration of the Autonomous Region of Madeira (RAM). An exploratory and comparative analysis to the concepts, models and theoretical and methodological influences, processes and procedures for archival appraisal is carried out, based on a theoretical scientific corpus and its international, national and regional legal-normative framework. Also, an analysis of procedures for the appraisal of archival information in the autonomous regional administration of Madeira (RAM) is made. This analysis is based on a corpus of records management ordinances published in the Jornal Oficial da Região Autónoma da Madeira, through which we identify semantic patterns around the objectives and strategic guidelines that the producers have adopted for the management and control of their informational resources. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyze the policies of archival appraisal from a scientific, legal and regulatory corpora, within the framework of the madeiran regional archival system, particularly around legal and normative dispositions (portarias de gestão de documentos) recommended by the regional law, as Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 26/99/M, de 27 de agosto and Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 5/2004/M, de 14 de julho. Design research and method: This master dissertation has a qualitative approach to the theoretical framework of organizational phronesis, through a review of literature and content analysis of textual corpora of the “portarias de gestão de documentos”. To support our content analysis, the specific software CADQAS was used. Results and conclusions: Regarding to the literature review around the scientific and legal corpora and the regulatory framework about records appraisal, we observe a methodological diversity practiced through different archival appraisal traditions, in particular the schellenberguian tradition, whose theoretical and methodological assumptions were incorporated by various national archival systems. The madeiran regional archival system, as extension of the national public administration, encodes the archival appraisal in records management ordinances. The results of content analysis show that the portarias de gestão de documentos are key instruments for public archival appraisal in regional public administration, for the purposes of reduction of information/documentation and for the constitution of the Archival Heritage. However, the majority of the ordinances for records appraisal focuses on idiosyncrasies of producer organization and the perspective of the archival appraisal processes and procedures only consist of a vertical relationship between the producer body and the management body of the regional system of archives. To cope with the obsolescence of the archival appraisal instrumenta and the subsequent problems of control of archival goods of the madeiran public government, we propose an increase of functions and attributions of the main managing body of the regional archival system and the regional archival network’s implementation to strengthen the existing architecture of the regional archival system.

Background: This master’s degree dissertation has as its central theme policies on archival appraisal in practice in regional administration of the Autonomous Region of Madeira (RAM). An exploratory and comparative analysis to the concepts, models and theoretical and methodological influences, processes and procedures for archival appraisal is carried out, based on a theoretical scientific corpus and its international, national and regional legal-normative framework. Also, an analysis of procedures for the appraisal of archival information in the autonomous regional administration of Madeira (RAM) is made. This analysis is based on a corpus of records management ordinances published in the Jornal Oficial da Região Autónoma da Madeira, through which we identify semantic patterns around the objectives and strategic guidelines that the producers have adopted for the management and control of their informational resources. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyze the policies of archival appraisal from a scientific, legal and regulatory corpora, within the framework of the madeiran regional archival system, particularly around legal and normative dispositions (portarias de gestão de documentos) recommended by the regional law, as Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 26/99/M, de 27 de agosto and Decreto Legislativo Regional no. 5/2004/M, de 14 de julho. Design research and method: This master dissertation has a qualitative approach to the theoretical framework of organizational phronesis, through a review of literature and content analysis of textual corpora of the “portarias de gestão de documentos”. To support our content analysis, the specific software CADQAS was used. Results and conclusions: Regarding to the literature review around the scientific and legal corpora and the regulatory framework about records appraisal, we observe a methodological diversity practiced through different archival appraisal traditions, in particular the schellenberguian tradition, whose theoretical and methodological assumptions were incorporated by various national archival systems. The madeiran regional archival system, as extension of the national public administration, encodes the archival appraisal in records management ordinances. The results of content analysis show that the portarias de gestão de documentos are key instruments for public archival appraisal in regional public administration, for the purposes of reduction of information/documentation and for the constitution of the Archival Heritage. However, the majority of the ordinances for records appraisal focuses on idiosyncrasies of producer organization and the perspective of the archival appraisal processes and procedures only consist of a vertical relationship between the producer body and the management body of the regional system of archives. To cope with the obsolescence of the archival appraisal instrumenta and the subsequent problems of control of archival goods of the madeiran public government, we propose an increase of functions and attributions of the main managing body of the regional archival system and the regional archival network’s implementation to strengthen the existing architecture of the regional archival system.