Articles de revues : « Families – Economic aspects – Europe »

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Kovačič, Art. « Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Central Europe ». Management of Sustainable Development 10, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2018) : 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msd-2019-0013.

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Abstract Corporate Social Responsibility can be understand as a way for managing business activities which integrates economic, social and environmental aspects in harmony with principles of sustainable development that have a positive impact not only on our economic performance but also on our surroundings (employees, partners, customers, the city and region) with a consistent reduction of impacts on the environment via enduring development of human resources, the community and society. It is our continuous obligation to do business ethically, transparently and in accord with CSR principles and to contribute to the economic environment along with improvement in the quality of life of our employees, their families, the local community and, equally also, in society in the broader meaning of this word. Management in enterprises implement the Corporate Social Responsibility approach. Business sustainability is high in CEE enterprises.

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Salido, Mirian Fernández, Carolina Moreno-Castro, Francesco Belletti, Stecy Yghemonos, Jorge Garcès Ferrer et Georgia Casanova. « Innovating European Long-Term Care Policies through the Socio-Economic Support of Families : A Lesson from Practices ». Sustainability 14, n^o 7 (30 mars 2022) : 4097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074097.

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TC and socio-economic deprivation of families are two relevant issues in international debate. The economic or time investment made by families in caregiving has an impact on the socio-economic status of family members in terms of economic means and social inclusion. This study analyzes the practices that are supported by home LTC, examining their characteristics, identifying their strengths, weaknesses, drivers, and barriers, as well as identifying social innovation aspects. The study provides a qualitative interpretative comparison of 22 practices from eight countries, representing the four LTC care models existing in Europe. Cross-studies aid in the development of sustainable policies. The study highlights the differences and similarities between selected practices. The results indicate the effectiveness of integrative and coordination strategies at the macro, meso, and micro levels for the development of supportive policies for family members with burdens of care. Nevertheless, the results underline the lack of a genuine focus on families’ socio-economic support for providing care. The partial support provided by compensatory cash benefits or unpaid care leave schemes partially addresses the difficulties of familial burden of care. The study recommends that fair economic compensation and social security benefits be incorporated into innovative and sustainable strategies for supporting caregiving in LTC and welfare schemes.

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SAITO, OSAMU. « Introduction : The economic and social aspects of the family life-cycle in traditional and modern Japan ». Continuity and Change 15, n^o 1 (mai 2000) : 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416099003458.

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Since the publication of the seminal book of essays Household and family in past time in 1972, much research on the history of the family has concentrated on the situation in western and eastern Europe, and relied almost exclusively on census-type documents. It is, for example, established that whereas mean household size was small, the mean age at first marriage fairly high and neo-localism (the formation of an independent household on marriage) dominant in western Europe, almost the opposite applied in eastern Europe. Yet these findings do not preclude the possibility of discovering regions where in statistical terms the mean household size was not large and the proportion of complex households not particularly high, but where the neo-local mode of household formation was not the norm. Such a region could have a preference for joint families (two or more married sons co-residing with their father) with a low-fertility demographic regime, or stem families (one co-residing married son) with that of intermediate to low fertility.Traditional Japan is an example of just such a stem-family society. There the household, not the individual, was perceived as the basic social and legal unit of society. This unit was called ie and its headship, authority and property were expected to be handed down from the father to a particular son, enabling the household to follow alternating stages of ‘simple’, ‘multiple’ and ‘extended’ forms over the developmental cycle, more or less in accordance with the predictions of Lutz Berkner. As articles in the section of Laslett and Wall's Household and family on Japan have already shown, the mean household size in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Japan was not higher than that in England, but the mean age at marriage was lower than in the English population. Moreover, household formation and succession rules under the Japanese ie system were not compatible with the simple family mode.

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Offutt, S. « Policy analysis for globalized agriculture ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 2 (29 février 2012) : 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5267-agricecon.

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Farms, farmers, farm families, and even farm policies have changed in the United States and Europe over the decades since World War II. Now it is time to bring the methods of farm policy analysis and the scope of data collection up to date. Agricultural economics, by tradition an empirical discipline, can offer important insights into the design, implementation, and effectiveness of policy. To succeed in this century, though, requires an emphasis on understanding micro-economic behavior at the level of the farm household. The paper presents fundamental aspects on methodology for micro-level farm policy analysis and data requirements for application of its intruments.

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Hasani, Nikolin. « Human Beings Trafficking. the Albanian Legislation ». European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, n^o 1 (30 avril 2016) : 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i1.p75-80.

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Human trafficking has emerged as a negative phenomenon, with a large multiple social risks, primarily based on human rights violations practices, on the continuous victimization of people and the denial of human dignity. Economic recession, cultural and rural families, tin heterogeneity of the urban population are also other factors which facilitate domestic trafficking. Albania's geographical position at the external borders of the EU is a mitigating factor for Albanians and other populations in the region to move towards Europe illegally. The aim of this paper is to presents the legal aspects of trafficking in human beings in Albania after the communism regime.

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DANA, Hazer, Tomor ÇELA, Addhe KRASNIQI et Vloran CENAJ. « Economic and Tourist Effects of External Migration in Kosovo ». Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, n^o 2 (29 mars 2021) : 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.2(50).26.

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Recently, almost all over the world, migratory movements have become a persistent and very intensive process, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Significant differences in terms of economic, social, political, and demographic development between different countries have affected the intensity of migration. Migration is supplemented by various effects, especially in the economic and social aspects. Kosovo is considered as one of the most underdeveloped countries of the Balkan Peninsula and intrinsically faces large population emigration. Being a small country, Kosovo counts about 1.7 million inhabitants, out of which 700,000-800,000 people were born in Kosovo, but living abroad. Accordingly, the focus of this paper relies on the economic and tourism effects that bring the emigration of people to different countries of Europe and beyond. This emigration is followed up by both positive and negative effects. Emigration has affected the improvement of living conditions for many families, investments in birthplaces, the endowment of various national contributions, continuous assistance and support to the family, remittances, etc. Emigration also has an impact on the development of tourism in Kosovo. Although Kosovo is at its initial stages of tourism development, the influx of emigrants in the homeland during the holidays but also in other periods during the year considerably affects the increase of revenues in the tourism sector.

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Finger, Robert, et Nadja El Benni. « Farm income in European agriculture : new perspectives on measurement and implications for policy evaluation ». European Review of Agricultural Economics 48, n^o 2 (13 février 2021) : 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab011.

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Abstract Viable farm households contribute to the resilience of agricultural and food systems. Farm income is a policy-relevant proxy for this viability. Here, we address three key aspects of farm income: first, the income issue, focusing on (average) income levels; second, the variability issue, focusing on income risks faced by farmers; and third, the inequality issue, focusing on the heterogeneity and (in-)equalities of farm incomes. This special issue presents new perspectives on measurement, modelling, development and policies related to the income of farm families in Europe, especially in the light of increasing complexity of farms and policies and risk exposure.

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Pascau, María Jesús, Laura Pruneda, Ilaria de Barbieri, Matilde Correia, Belén López, Erika Guijarro, Gonzalo Sofío, Esteban Frauca Remacha et Paloma Jara Vega. « Social Resources for Transplanted Children and Families in European Union Hospitals of ERN TransplantChild ». Children 8, n^o 9 (24 août 2021) : 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8090723.

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Social well-being is an intrinsic part of the current concept of health. In the context of chronic disease, there are many challenges we face in order to provide social well-being to patients and their families, even more if we talk about rare diseases. TransplantChild, a European Reference Network (ERN) in paediatric transplantation, works to improve the quality of life of transplanted children. It is not possible to improve the quality of life if the human and material resources are not available. With this study, we want to identify the economic aids, facilities, services, and financed products that are offered to families in different European centres. We also want to find out who provides these resources and the accessibility to them. We designed an ad hoc survey using the EU Survey software tool. The survey was sent to representatives of the 26 ERN members. In this article we present the results obtained in relation to two of the aspects analysed: long-term financial assistance and drugs, pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Some resources are equally available in all participating centres but there are significant differences in others, such as education aids or parapharmacy product financing. A local analysis of these differences is necessary to find feasible solutions for equal opportunities for all transplanted children in Europe. The experience of centres that already provide certain solutions successfully may facilitate the implementation of these solutions in other hospitals.

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Shalsouz, Sajjad. « Investigating the relations between the Mongols and Christians and its role in the collapse of Islamic governments. From the beginning of the Mongol conquests until Abaqa Khan’s death ». RUDN Journal of World History 14, n^o 1 (26 février 2022) : 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2022-14-1-82-92.

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The emergence of the Mongols and their invasion of Islamic lands is the most important phenomenon of the thirteenth century which dealt a severe blow to the Muslim governments present in the Islamic world and shook and sometimes uprooted their political-military as well as social and economic structures. At this time, the Christians of Europe and the Catholic Church, as well as the Christians living in the Eastern and Islamic lands, who saw the Muslims as their long-time enemy, tried to accompany the Mongols and interact with them from various religious, political, and military aspects to suppress and destroy the existing Islamic governments in the region, including the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, the Ayyubids the Levant and the Mamluks in Egypt. The present research, with theoretical analysis and review of historical events of this time and evaluating the available data, emphasizes not only the effective role of Christians in the Mongols confrontation with Islamic governments. It also explains their relations with the Mongols, taking into account the ruling families of the Mongols.

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Werbart, Bozena. « Complexity in the Use of Culture Concepts - Re-thinking Concepts of Cultures. Example : Fishing/Foragers Neolithic Cultures in NE Europe ». Current Swedish Archaeology 2, n^o 1 (28 décembre 1994) : 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1994.13.

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This paper deals with the general pluralism of opinions concerning the concepts of Neolithic cultures. Variations within the contents and concepts of cultures can represent a great potential, but they are essentially restrictive. The positivist divsion of archaeological cultures is a familiar error of the exponents of "objectivity" of cultural studies —"Neolithic cultures", "Subneolithic cultures". Between the 1970s-1990s researchers could not agree upon the economic, ceramic or other aspects of the identifying features of cultures and sometimes referred to them as "Subneolithic", "Paraneolithic, " or even "Ceramic Mesolithic". All these terms, also including the cultural context, are incomplete, although they do contain information about the prehistoric past, which is real.

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Arabadzhy, Natalia, et Iryna Korniienko. « RETROSPECTIVE AND MODERN ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARITY ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, n^o 5 (11 février 2019) : 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-256-265.

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The article considers the retrospective and modern aspects of the development of charitable activity in the socio-economic sense, which is the assistance to other persons at the expense of own welfare or free time, and provided that this assistance does not harm other persons and is carried out within the law. Charity should benefit not only the immediate recipient of benefit but also society as a whole. The authors emphasize that the conducted study supports their hypothesis that under the conditions of globalization, society increasingly focuses on social issues that arise as a result of insufficient state resources and so charity becomes a factor in their successful resolution. The development of charity is a system of social, economic, and cultural factors. One of the stages of the development of charity was the creation of charitable foundations specializing in various fields: scientific, cultural, sporting, educational projects, assistance to needy families, help for orphanages, hospitals, fundraising for expensive treatment and other projects. In today’s world, the attitude towards charity as a professional occupation has become widespread, becoming a “social norm.” Charitable funds are a separate and important component of the charitable institution. The concept of “charity” came into the public consciousness as a humanistic call of a person to go to the needy, regardless of religious, national, racial, social affiliation or political or ideological beliefs. Retrospective analysis showed that forms of philanthropy in the advanced form existed already in ancient Rome and ancient Greece; in medieval Europe, they already acquired the status of state and social policy at the legislative level. In the Christian aspect of ancient Rus of the adoption of the Orthodox faith in 988, the foundations of charity are laid as socio-ethical norms of society. In the second half of the XVIII century, as a result of secularization, charitable societies, hospitals, almshouses, open by public organizations and private individuals arise, that is, there are social and state institutions of charity. And charitable funds, which are socio-economic professional activities, are beginning to develop. From ancient to modern times, charitable activity is carried out in the forms of patronage, sponsorship, volunteering, fundraising. Modern trends of charity include: increase of the non-profit sector and its internationalization; cooperation of charitable foundations, development of a social partnership with business, state bodies, and foreign funds; professionalization through the creation of network charity. In turn, charity abroad is characterized by growing professionalism, a variety of forms and programs of cooperation, the growth and expansion of the sphere itself and its importance for non-profit, in particular, socio-cultural activities. The undisputed leader in this area is the USA – the birthplace of modern sponsorship and fundraising. The authors conditionally distinguish three levels of charity. The typology and general characteristics of foreign charitable foundations, typical for the USA, European countries, and Ukraine, are presented. Features of creation and functioning of quasi-public funds are considered. On a global scale, the foreign activity of the US foundations is significant, and the expenditures exceed the official foreign aid budgets of many countries. However, their presence in Ukraine is relatively low. The volume of support is negligible compared to official support amounts: according to the OECD, the amount of grants actually received by Ukraine from other states and multilateral donors in 2011–2017 amounted to more than 5 billion USD while less than 0.1 billion USD came to Ukraine from US foundations. But this does not exclude the role of private donors in solving certain problems, in particular, in terms of supporting civil society, protecting the rights of vulnerable groups of the population, etc.

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Sobot, Ankica. « Understanding the gender dimension of low fertility : Employment and childbearing in Europe ». Stanovnistvo 59, n^o 2 (2021) : 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv200831005s.

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In this text, the gender dimension of low fertility is considered on the basis of the relevant literature and statistical data regarding the impact of employment on reproductive behaviour in postmodern societies. A review of fertility rates and employment rates of women with young children from 2010 onwards leads to several interesting observations. For example, during the period of study, the birth rate in Hungary increased, while it decreased in Finland by 0.4 children per woman. The most stable and relatively high fertility rates are observed in France and Sweden. At the same time, the employment rate of women with children aged three to five grew in Hungary, but the employment rate of those with children under the age of three was extremely low. In countries with higher fertility, the lowest employment rates for women with children under the age of three are in Finland and France, but they are about four times higher than the rate in Hungary. During the observed period, the employment of mothers remained stable at a relatively high level in Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands, without differences in female employment according to the age of their children. The fertility rates in these countries are relatively high. The results of empirical research in European countries suggest that the gender dimension of low fertility cannot be understood outside the specific social context, nor without considering the conditions at the micro level. Central to this consideration is the link between low fertility and women?s employment, as raising children is still gender-specific to an extent. However, men can participate in parenthood not only in terms of their reproductive behaviour, but also their right to participate in raising children. In addition, this text identifies negative perceptions of employment that refer to the modalities of worklife balance and the uncertainty regarding female and male employment. Both aspects produce certain effects on the socioeconomic position of the family, which can influence decisions relating to parenthood and the number of children the parents would like to have. In terms of taking action on low birth rates, it could be concluded that endangering families? economic status and reproducing patriarchal gender regimes are not favourable outcomes. This article provides a framework for more concrete research into these issues in Serbian society.

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Sribnyak, Milana. « SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF UKRAINIAN POWS IN GERMANY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR ». Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (17 décembre 2020) : 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-61-66.

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The article analyses the peculiarities of social adaptation of Ukrainian prisoners of war in Germany, particularly its legal, political and social aspects. The problem of repatriation of POWs was discussed at the international conferences and was regulated by various armistices and treaties (the Armistice of Compiègne, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Treaty of Versailles). After German surrender in the war and the demise of its empire, POWs of all nationalities acquired the status of interned persons, which notably improved their condition. At the same time, former POWs faced difficult social and economic life conditions in Germany, particularly food shortages. Besides, late 1918 and early 1919 saw repatriation commissions of various states starting their activity in Germany. They included the Ukrainian repatriation commission, which helped return several tens of thousands of people to Ukraine. Therefore, within the dichotomy faced by Ukrainian soldiers in Germany (repatriation against a decision to stay in Germany as political emigrants with subsequent adaptation to life conditions in this country), most long-term captives decided to return. In the wake of dramatic geopolitical changes in Europe and the world, repatriation to the homeland was regarded by most as the best option. On the other hand, some Ukrainians decided to stay in Germany for a longer period. They became witnesses to considerable changes in German political, economic and civil life. The Germans were suspicious of former POWs staying in the country, regarding them as competitors on the job market and as “aliens” in general. However, despite all obstacles some “brave men” managed to successfully adapt in Germany and even create families, becoming a part of their new country’s society.

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Zimmermann, A., K. P. Wendt, T. Frank et J. Hilpert. « Landscape Archaeology in Central Europe ». Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75 (2009) : 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000281.

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Estimations of population density, which consider regional variability, are an important key variable in archaeology as they have consequences not only for the environmental but also for the economical and social domains. In this paper, a ten-step procedure of a consistent group of methods is described which deals with the data required for estimations of population density at different scale levels (from excavation to large-scale distribution maps). For distribution maps, a method is presented by which densities of sites are displayed using optimal isolines. These demarcate so called ‘settlement areas’ at scales of between 1:25,000 and 1:2.5 million. Our knowledge of the density of households from key areas with the most complete archaeological records is upscaled for the regions within these isolines. The results of this procedure are estimations of population density for the early Neolithic (Bandkeramik, 51st century BC) and the Roman period (2nd century AD) for regions with some 10,000 km2.A simple statistical/graphical method is developed to analyse the relationship between settlement areas, soils, and precipitation. Taking into account the aspects of preservation of sites and the intensity of archaeological observations, an analysis of patterns of land use shows that in prehistory not all areas suitable for use were in fact incorporated into settlement areas. For prehistory, the idea of a most optimised use of land up to its carrying capacity (as it has been proposed for at least 50 years) can be falsified for specific areas. A large number of empty regions with good ecological conditions but lacking in settlement activity can be discussed as resulting from culture historical processes. As an example, the separation of areas inhabited by groups of different identities is discussed. The amount of used space (in terms of ‘settlement area’) however, increases from the early Neolithic to the 4th century BC from 5% to more than 40%. The increase between the Neolithic and the Iron Age is understood in terms of technological developments in farming systems. The percentage of areas with suitable conditions actually utilised between the Bandkeramik and Iron Age increases from 31.1% to 67.5% in the area covered by the Geschichtlicher Atlas der Rheinlande, and is much higher still in the Roman period (84.3%). State societies seem to use the land more efficiently compared to non-state systems. This is becoming even clearer on consideration of the intensity of human impact.Large-scale distribution maps dividing the Neolithic in five periods were analysed. In each of the periods large settlement areas seem to be characterised either by the development of specific cultural innovations or by exchange of a specific raw material. In the course of time, the size of settlement areas in a specific region fluctuates markedly. It is most plausible to assume that this is due to a remarkable mobility of seemingly sedentary populations. Individual families recombine to new socio-cultural units every few hundred years.The relationship between size of settlement areas and the number of households can be used to develop ideas relating to the flow of exchange goods. An example for the Bandkeramik considering the Rijckholt-Flint is presented. The combination of the number of households and the percentage of this raw material in the specific settlement areas visualises the amount needed and the amount transferred to other settlement areas in the neighbourhood. A future economical archaeology could use this information to develop ideas relating to the importance of the economic sector, ie, ‘procurement of flint’ in relation to the ‘production of foodstuffs’ according to the time required for each group of activities.In the last section, the relationship between settlement areas and human impact is discussed. For the periods of subsistence economy, it is argued that the size of the population and its farming system are the two most important factors. For example, in Bandkeramik settlement areas, approximately 2% of the forest covering the landscape was cut down; in Roman times, and depending on the intensity of farming, this reaches magnitudes of between 20% and 50%. Although some of the methods and arguments used in this paper may be exchanged for better ones in the future, it is already apparent that a consistent system of methods is essential to transfer results of analyses on a lower scale level as input on a higher level and vice versa.

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Jones, Christopher A., Amanda Wassel, William Mierse et E. Scott Sills. « The 500-year Cultural & ; Economic Trajectory of Tobacco : A Circle Complete ». Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research 5, n^o 2 (20 décembre 2017) : 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36469/9809.

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Who smokes, and why do they do it? What factors discourage and otherwise reward or incentivize smoking? Tobacco use has been accompanied by controversy from the moment of its entry into European culture, and conflicting opinions regarding its potentially adverse influence on health have coexisted for hundreds of years. Its use in all forms represents the world’s single greatest cause of preventable disease and death. Tobacco was introduced to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who in October 1492 discovered the crop in Cuba. While the next four centuries would see tobacco as the most highly traded economic commodity, by 1900, the now familiar cigarette remained obscure and accounted for only 2% of total tobacco sales. Global tobacco consumption rose sharply after 1914 and became especially prevalent following World War II, particularly among men. Indeed, overall tobacco sales increased by more than 60% by the mid-20th century, and cigarettes were a critical driver of this growth. Cigarettes dominated the tobacco market by 1950, by then accounting for more than 80% of all tobacco purchases. In the absence of clinical and scientific evidence against tobacco, moral and religious arguments dominated opposition voices against tobacco consumption in the 1800s. However, by the mid-20th century, advancements in medical research supported enhanced government and voluntary actions against tobacco advertising and also raised awareness of the dangers associated with passive tobacco smoke exposure. Solid epidemiological work connecting tobacco use with “the shortening of life span” began to appear in the medical literature in the 1950s, linking smoking with lung cancer and related conditions. In subsequent years, these developments led to significant curtailment of tobacco use. This monograph explores aspects of the intersection of tobacco with themes of behavioral incentives, religion, culture, literature, economics, and government over the past five centuries.

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KASIANZUK, MAKSYM, SVIATOSLAV SHEREMET et OLESIA TROFYMENKO. « Status of same-sex partnerships in Ukraine ». Sociology : Theory, Methods, Marketing, stmm 2019 (3) (7 octobre 2020) : 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2020.03.143.

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The proposed article aims to summarize available quantitative and qualitative data on same-sex partnerships in Ukraine, including data on the presence of children in such partnerships, over the last twenty years (1999–2018). The increasing number of publications on various aspects of the existence of same-sex couples in English demonstrates the relevance of the topic. The information available in Ukraine is the richest in comparison with other post-Soviet countries of the Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia region. At the same time, LGBT families remain out of the academic community in Ukraine, and the data collected are mostly contained in the so-called "gray literature" (mainly research reports by public organizations), and are not introduced into scientific circulation. It is shown that, depending on the composition of the sample and the definition of same-sex partnership used by the researchers, this percentage most often falls within the range of 16–28% of surveyed homosexual and bisexual men residing in the capital and regional centers of Ukraine. Quantitative information on women partnerships is extremely limited (one survey of a small sample), and there is no quantitative data for the couples, where one or both partners are transgenders. Quantitative information on children in same-sex partnerships is also very limited, and the data in the literature (with all the methodological disadvantages indicated) ranges from 14% to 29% of LGB, which have children, but it is unknown whether these children were raised in same-sex couples. With regard to quality information, the situation is different — a little bit more is known about the status of women and partly transgender partnerships (including the issue of children in such families) than about male couples. Separate data demonstrates a significant similarity in the same-sex partnership structure to the typical heterosexual egalitarian family model (two partners and their children), taking into account more egalitarian marriage roles, lack of formal status, and associated socio-economic risks. Further research (including national level) should be based on a common understanding of what constitutes “same-sex partnership”, what are the characteristics of same-sex partnership (civil, family), what characteristics of civil partnership turn it into a“family”, etc.

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Kozielska, Joanna. « Adaptational difficulties of Polish economic emigrants in the context of globalisation processes ». Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja 11, n^o 1 (6 mars 2019) : 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kse.2017.11.13.

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Guaranteeing the availability of European labour markets constituted a very important element of the Polish foreign policy during the negotiation of conditions under which Poland would become a member of the European Union. At the time of the Polish accession, Poles as citizens of United Europe gained the right to take up legal work in other Member States. This opportunity was taken by Polish young people – “thirdgeneration emigrants” tempted by better earnings and prospects for the future. The proposed text is an attempt to capture migrants’ reality in the context of adaptative difficulties experienced by migrants with regard to globalisation-related transformations and the construct of a global teenager. The research results were obtained from two research projects carried out: (1) a research project carried out under the promotional grant in the years 2008-2012 (National Center for Science in Krakow – NN 106 348 140 (grant manager: Prof. Magdalena Piorunek, PhD) under the title: ‘Polish emigration and reemigration as an experience. Sociological and pedagogical aspect’, the results of which have been published in: Kozielska J., (2014) Post-accession migration. The theoretical and empirical context. Social support. The research sample in the quantitative analysis consisted of 174 persons who emigrated for at least one year and stayed in Poland for at least 6 months from the time of their return to the time of the research. The sample was targeted, and the target group consisted of return emigrants who emigrated during the pre-accession period and decided to stay in a European state rather than a “traditional” country of migration like the United States of America. The quantitative research was supplemented with a qualitative analysis of texts derived from hermeneutic methods, which included online forums (created by and for emigrants, both those who are still abroad and those who are planning to return or have already returned to Poland) and blogs containing fragments of emigrants’ biographies; (2) a research project carried out in London and Scotland under the POSTDOC scholarship of the Adam Mickiewicz University “Unique Graduate = Opportunities. An increase in the didactic potential of the Adam Mickiewicz University through proinnovative education in English, interdisciplinariness, e-learning, investment in human resources” under the title: ‘Transnational biographical counselling. A paradigm of qualitative research. An in-depth interview – 15 families with children (aged between 3 and 13 years) (2015-2017)’.

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Steel, Michael, Elizabeth Smyth, Hans Vasen, Diana Eccles, Gareth Evans, Pål Møller, Shirley Hodgson et al. « Ethical, Social and Economic Issues in Familial Breast Cancer : A Compilation of Views from the E.C. Biomed II Demonstration Project ». Disease Markers 15, n^o 1-3 (1999) : 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/564893.

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Demand for clinical services for familial breast cancer is continuing to rise across Europe. Service provision is far from uniform and, in most centres, its evolution has been determined by local conditions, specifically by local research interests, rather than by central planning. However, in a number of countries there is evidence of progress towards co-ordinated development and audit of clinics providing risk assessment, counselling, screening and, in some cases, prophylactic intervention. Much important information should emerge from continued observation and comparative assessment of these developments.In most countries for which relevant data are available, there is a distinct bias towards higher social class among those who avail themselves of clinic facilities (in line with findings from many other health-promotion initiatives). This should be addressed when considering future organisation of clinical services.Molecular genetic studies designed to identify the underlying mutations responsible for familial breast cancer are not generally regarded as part of the clinical service and are funded through research grants (if at all). Economic considerations suggest that there is a case for keeping this policy under review.Familial cancers throw into sharp relief certain ethical and legal issues that have received much recent attention from government advisory bodies, patients’ representatives, professional commentators and the popular media. Two are of particular importance; first, the right to gain access to medical records of relatives, in order to provide accurate risk assessment for a given family member, versus the right to privacy in respect of personal medical information and, second, the obligation (or otherwise) to inform family members of their risk status if they have not actively sought that knowledge. The legal position seems to vary from country to country and, in many cases, is unclear. In view of pressures to establish uniform approaches to medical confidentiality across the EC, it is important to evaluate the experience of participants in this Demonstration Programme and to apply the principle of “non-malfeasance” in formulating regu-lations that should govern future practice in this field.Data on economic aspects of familial breast cancer are remarkably sparse and outdated. As evidence accrues on the influence of screening and intervention programmes on morbidity and mortality, there is a strong case for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of different models of service provision.

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Vukovic, Vladimir, Antonella Agodi, Baroukh Assael, Giovanna Elisa Calabro', Paolo Campanella, Carlo Castellani, Domenico Coviello et al. « VP103 Health Technology Assessment Of Genetic Tests For Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Screening In Italy ». International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017) : 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317003658.

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INTRODUCTION:Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in CFTR gene. In Italy, reported prevalence is approximately .70 per 10,000 inhabitants (1). The practice and recommendations for Cystic Fibrosis carrier screening are very heterogeneous in Europe. A proposal of a carrier genetic test in the general population raises many questions. Health Technology Assessment (HTA) could offer a sound methodological basis for this evaluation. The aim of this work was to summarize the available evidence, using the HTA approach, on the genetic tests for Cystic Fibrosis carrier screening.METHODS:A systematic literature search was used to find the best available international and national evidence on genetics test for CF carrier screening. In this report, we specifically addressed the health problem of disease, description and technical characteristics of tests – its analytic and clinical validity, and clinical utility. Economic evaluation of different scenarios was synthesized from the literature. Ethical, organizational, and social aspects of CF and genetic screening were also considered.RESULTS:Several screening strategies have been evaluated in the literature and screening options can be characterized by different timing, model and place of screening (2). The reported cost of a screening test ranged from EUR25 to EUR212 (3). Estimated life time cost of care for CF patients ranged from EUR291,048 to EUR1,105,452. Ethical analysis emphasized that the use of these tests is an advantage in terms of the acquisition of knowledge and of responsible management of choices, but at the same time raises many ethical questions. Social considerations reported among patients and their families an overall positive attitude toward population CF carrier screening.CONCLUSIONS:The advances in the molecular genetics technology have made CF carrier testing reliable and affordable. The multidisciplinary approach of this HTA provided an evidence-based evaluation of genetic tests and offers a firm scientific background for the decision-makers to consider the implementation of a screening for Cystic Fibrosis carriers into the Italian health care system.

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Tsyplakov, Alexander A., et Larisa V. Melnikova. « Fixed Investments and Macroeconomic Agent-Based Modeling ». World of Economics and Management 21, n^o 1 (2021) : 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2021-21-1-5-28.

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The significant progress observed in the field of artificial economy opens up new possibilities for modeling economic growth. Agent-based models (ABM) allow leaving the concept of a representative agent in the past and linking investment decisions of economic agents at the micro level with long-term macroeconomic growth. Modern ABMs offer new algorithms for modeling expectations, agent interaction, technical progress, pricing, and production planning. Our article analyzes the current state of modeling investment in fixed assets in operating macroeconomic ABMs. The subject of the review is the families of models Eurace, CATS, KS, Jamel, Lagom. The authors also present the investment block of the agent-based multiregional input-output model (ABMIOM) being developed. Comparative analysis demonstrates that modern ABMs, as a rule, implement the principle of stock-flow consistency. Modeling the investment process requires detailing the commodity nomenclature, so that the initially adopted two-sector division into investment and consumer goods is replaced by more detailed structures, which gives rise to the problem of accounting for inter-sectoral relations in production and consumption. The Leontief production function copes with this problem, which is confirmed by its widespread use in ABM. The size of firms' investments is often derived from the need to expand capacity in accordance with the current production plan, so that planning turns out to be myopic, and long-term aspects in ABM are still largely unrealized. Nevertheless, already now ABMs reproduce many phenomena associated with the economic cycle. The developed ABMIOM provides horizontal consistency of cash flows between agents and analysis of results using input-output tables. ABMIOM represents a step forward in reflecting intersectoral and interregional flows. The model reproduces the growth and contraction of the economy as a result of independent investment decisions of individual firms and households, which is reflected in the sectoral and spatial structure of the economy. Further development of ABMIOM is associated with the modeling of savings, intrafirm finance, money market, innovation and technical progress.

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Yastrebova, A. Yu, et E. E. Gulyaeva. « Right to Health in the International Legal System of Human Rights at the Universal and Regional Levels ». Moscow Journal of International Law, n^o 2 (9 juillet 2021) : 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2021-2-99-121.

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INTRODUCTION. The individual's right to health is a set of natural and positive legal frameworks that govern a person’s life activity, individual and family wellbeing, enforcement of health guarantees by the statesparticipants of universal and regional treaties of the field under question. The formation of this right stems from biological characteristics of each person, socio-economic conditions, environment, access to health and sanitation services, national health-care system progress, existence of vulnerable groups of population. Goals of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 (UN General Assembly resolution 70/1) include such essential aspects of the right to health as ending poverty and hunger in all its forms everywhere; promote food security and healthy lifestyle; the well-being of all individuals at any age; ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all; protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems; enhancement of the States capacity to prevent and reduce national and global health risks. According to the position of the World Health Organization (WHO) the right to health imposes on the States a legal obligation to ensure timely access to adequate levels of high-quality health care, clean and safe drinking water, sanitation, adequate nutrition, shelter, health-related information and education, gender equality. As a result, the considerable amount of attention is paid to the analysis of the content of general and specific international instruments at the universal level and the international legal specificities of enshrining and maintaining an individual's right to health. The text also places the emphasis on its normative framing in the law of the Council of Europe and the European Union, reflecting the decisions and rulings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR).MATERIALS AND METHODS. The legal framework of the study is based on universal international treaties of the UN system, regional regulations of the Council of Europe and the EU, legal position of the UN specialized agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the ECHR. The scientific works of domestic and foreign authors related to the study of the right to health are used as a theoretical foundation. The research uses general scientific and special cognitive techniques wherein legal analysis and synthesis, systemic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal and dialectical methods are applied.RESEARCH RESULTS. The research indicates that the modern international legal concept of the right to health is being developed at the universal and regional level. Furthermore, specific international legal guarantees for the protection of this right are emerging for special groups such as women and children, refugees, stateless persons and migrant workers, protected persons, the wounded and the sick – all persons affected by international armed conflicts. There is a certain trend in Council of Europe and EU law towards an extended interpretation of the human right to health responding to new challenges to the realization that right, concerning bioethics, human genome editing, and the effects of nuclear testing and environmental pollution.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Following a review of the content and implementation of the right to health in the universal and regional international legal systems for the human rights and freedoms protection, the authors suggest its incorporation in a group of personal rights, social benefits provided by the state, and simultaneously in a collective right to development pertaining to the population as a whole. The universal international legal institutions establishing special rights for vulnerable groups will continue to be applied by member states in the context of a situational response to the global needs of families, women and children, international migration, armed conflicts, environmental conditions, and bioethical issues. The authors encourage the complement of the European system of human rights protection with an additional protocol to the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, involving the right to health security.

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Lowin, A., M. Knapp, D. Grant, G. Gandhi et E. T. Edgell. « Economic aspects of bipolar disorder in Europe ». European Psychiatry 17 (mai 2002) : 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)80656-3.

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Ponsard, C., et P. Tranqui. « Fuzzy Economic Regions in Europe ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 17, n^o 7 (juillet 1985) : 873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a170873.

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Economic regions are fuzzy spaces. A taxonomic method of fuzzy regionalization is presented to describe regions which maintain their imprecise characteristics and frontiers. All fuzzy aspects of elementary spatial units, from which regionalization is carried out, can thus be integrated at every stage of the classification process. This method is then applied to the member States of the European Economic Community. The results are original because they lead to interesting conclusions about the regional structures of the European Community.

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Gruber, Siegfried, et Mikołaj Szołtysek. « Stem Families, Joint Families, and the European Pattern ». Journal of Family History 37, n^o 1 (janvier 2012) : 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199011428124.

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This article makes a new contribution to the discussion of historical European family forms. Its starting points are two recent contributions by Steven Ruggles in which the author discussed the historical appearances of stem and joint families across the globe. Drawing on most recent developments in census microdata infrastructure from historical Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, the authors pinpoint limitations pertaining to the usage of IPUMS (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series) and NAPP (North Atlantic Population Project) collections for the investigation of European family systems. Using newly acquired materials and refined conceptual tools, they enhance the knowledge about the spatiotemporal distribution of stem- and joint-family arrangements in a broader European context. As the frequency of joint families in the regions under study cannot be fully accounted for by referring to measures of economic conditions and demographic structures alone, the authors speculate about some additional factors which may explain the observed differences in joint-family coresidence across historic Eastern Europe.

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Beker, Emilija. « Economic aspects of globalization ». Privredna izgradnja 48, n^o 3-4 (2005) : 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0504135b.

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Economic aspects of globalization are related to the increasing economic integration and interdependence on a global level through the processes of overall trade and financial liberalization and deregulation, minimization the role of the state, domination of market principles and mechanisms, and appearance of new actors on international economic scene. Ideological background of the new globalization wave is neoliberalism or market fundamentalism that is institutionalized in the form of trilateralism in international economic relations. Trilateralism includes concentrating the power of governing and regulation of international relations on three regional blocks in the world economy (SAD, Western Europe and Asia) and three international economic institutions (IMF, WTO and WB) that regulate specific area of international economic relations. Although globalization represents huge potential for creation of enormous economic prosperity these benefits aren't evenly distributed, so there exists an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor that deepens the discontents of the globalization process. Considering that the only alternative is autarky and isolation of economy, globalization cannot be an option, but a reality that must be accepted, however, not at the cost of annulling national interests and sovereignty, degrading economic positions and initiating enormous social tensions.

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Clegg, E. J. « Aspects of Fertility in Suva, Fiji ». Journal of Biosocial Science 20, n^o 3 (juillet 1988) : 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006635.

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SummaryRecent changes in vital rates in Fiji suggest that the Melanesian (MF) component of the population is growing faster than the Indian (IF) component, thus reversing a long-standing demographic trend.Patterns of family building were studied in the respondent families of 302 MF and 324 IF children at school in the capital, Suva. Melanesian families were larger than IF families, even when corrected for differences in maternal age and social class. Particularly among IF families, there was a significant effect of social class on family size, higher status families having fewer children. Among all groups there was evidence of a secular trend to earlier childbearing and, less clearly, to an earlier cessation of childbearing. Among both races age-specific fertility levels were similar in younger age-groups, but older IF mothers showed significantly lower fertility.It is suggested that among IF families, who form a more urbanized and commercially/industrially oriented segment of the Fijian population, two factors may account for the reduction in fertility: (i) pressure to limit population growth in the interests of racial harmony; and (ii) economic pressure resulting in a demographic transition. The latter suggestion is supported by the fact that the greatest decrease in fertility occurs among high status families. Among MFs the reduction in fertility has been less, due probably to the absence of a ‘racial harmony’ incentive and also to a lesser economic stimulus.

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Lachmann, Richard. « Origins of Capitalism in Western Europe : Economic and Political Aspects ». Annual Review of Sociology 15, n^o 1 (août 1989) : 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.000403.

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Chambaz, Christine. « Lone-parent Families in Europe : A Variety of Economic and Social Circumstances ». Social Policy & ; Administration 35, n^o 6 (décembre 2001) : 658–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00259.

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Eremeeva, Ekaterina Alexandrovna, Natalia Vasilievna Volkova et Tatiana Viktorovna Khalilova. « Providing Young Families With Housing in Russia : Financial, Economical, Administrative, and Regulatory Aspects ». International Journal of Financial Research 12, n^o 1 (25 décembre 2020) : 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n1p123.

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This article considers methods of state support of young families in Russia and Russian regions. In current socio-economic conditions, young families' support can be viewed as a useful course of state policy. Providing housing to young families allows young adults not only to solve their social, economic, and psychological issues but also creates a background for young families for active participation in societal, economic development, and demographic state policy. Logics of the research is based on that young family support is executed in Russia on federal and regional management levels as part of youth and housing policy. In the article, regulatory, administrative, and financial aspects have been reviewed as in the frame of youth and housing policies. During their studies, methods were used, such as comparison study, compilatory analysis of documents, software, and analysis and evaluation of financial and statistical data based on algebraic calculations. Judging on the results of the study conclusion was carried out on how well young families support is organised on federal and regional levels, how effective were the measures taken for society. In conclusion, suggestions were made on how to better young families' support when acquiring housing. Their usage will allow to structure of young families' aid, make it more expedient and of current interest.

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Olsevich, Yu. « Psychological Aspects of the Current Economic Crisis ». Voprosy Ekonomiki, n^o 3 (20 mars 2009) : 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-3-39-53.

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In this article the formation of new «market psychology» in the conditions of pyramidal globalization and liberalization, as a general precondition of the current crisis, is considered. Basic elements of this psychology - shift of US households from saving up behavior to credit-dependent consumption, transition of large American corporations under the control of financial hawks, creation of the system of global capital inflow to the USA. On this basis a quasi-keynesian model of unstable equilibrium at the stage of growth generated by external credits is put forward. The conclusion is made that psychological disbalance of ruling elites of the USA, on the one hand, and Western Europe and Japan - on another interferes with maintaining global economy stability.

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Sokolovska, Valentina, et Ana Bilinovic. « Families in Serbia as a factor of regional economic development ». Sociologija 56, n^o 4 (2014) : 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1404565s.

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This paper broadly analyzes the nature of the impact of family types on the (regional) economic development. Results of the research of these issue at the level of regions in Europe have pointed to the relevance of the ?family perspective? for the study of differential economic development, which opens the way for consideration of this issue at the level of regions in Serbia. In order to test the impact of family types on regional economic development in Serbia we have collected and analyzed data on average household size, family composition of households, types of families, the average number of household members, educational attainment measured by the proportion of the population with basic and higher education, the overall share of employees in the workforce, data on employment of women, as well as data on gross domestic product. The above demographic and socio-economic data are collected based on data from the 2011. census, and are represented at the level of four regions of Serbia (Belgrade region, the region of Vojvodina, Sumadija and Western Serbia, the region of Eastern and Southern Serbia). The research was largely done based on theoretical and methodological foundation used to investigate the impact of family types on regional socio-economic development of Europe, with extensive use of Emmanuel Todd descriptions of family types. The results suggest that although many factors exogenous to family structure seem likely to cause major economic changes, family structure itself may be a key determinant in adapting such changes.

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Zsiborács, Henrik, Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, András Vincze, István Háber et Gábor Pintér. « Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe ». Energies 11, n^o 6 (4 juin 2018) : 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11061445.

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Burkhart, Gregor. « Is the Strengthening Families Programme feasible in Europe ? » Journal of Children's Services 10, n^o 2 (15 juin 2015) : 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-02-2014-0009.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the potential of technology transfer in prevention interventions. It argues that contextual factors are more identifiable and more malleable than the cliché of “culture” as a barrier to implementation might suggest. The key question is how various contextual factors impact on programme implementation and effectiveness in the different cultures of a multifaceted continent such as Europe, and how successful programmes adapt to various contexts. Design/methodology/approach – Using a questionnaire survey, input was collected from people involved in the adaptation and implementation of the Strengthening Families Programme (SFP) in several European countries. Findings – The publications and experiences of the SFP implementers and evaluators in most of the European countries where it was introduced suggest that the programme is both feasible and effective (where outcomes are available). To achieve this, however, the implementers spent a considerable amount of time and effort to prepare, pre-test and consult with their target populations in order to adjust SFP to culture and context. This paper suggests restricting the use of “culture” to a set of norms and values, and to distinguish this from “context” which describes social and political organisation. Even though both condition each other, it is helpful to address culture and context separately when adapting prevention programmes. Research limitations/implications – Outcome data were not available for all implementations of SFP and some very recent ones in Austria, France and Italy could not be included in the questionnaire survey. Practical implications – An examination of social capital might help implementers to anticipate resistance from the target population that seems to emanate from history, culture and context. The level of trust of others and institutions and the willingness to co-operate with them can heavily influence the readiness of drug prevention service planners, commissioners and providers, as well as the target population, to adopt interventions and other behaviours. Programmes seem to have key principles that make them effective and that should not be modified in an adaptation: a particular example is the programme protocol. Other aspects, such as wording, pictures and the content of examples used to illustrate some issues do have to be modified and are essential for an intervention to be well-accepted and understood. In some programmes, the effective principles – so-called “kernels” – are identifiable although, overall, prevention research still strives to identify them. Social implications – Implementing complex programmes that require the cooperation of many stakeholders might increase social capital in the communities involved. Originality/value – The paper examines the common belief among many European prevention professionals that programmes from abroad, particularly from North America, cannot be implemented in Europe.

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Maier-Rabler, Ursula. « Cultural Aspects and Digital Divide in Europe ». MedienJournal 26, n^o 3 (2 mai 2017) : 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/medienjournal.v26i3.419.

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This paper aims to make a contribution toward an improvement of European e-policy practice. lt is inspired by the conviction that successfuJ e-policy strategies can lead to balanced chances for all members in certain societies to aquire the absolutely indispensable capabilities for decision-making in the context of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Following the path of the development of e-policy papers it has to be stated that many goals have not yet been achieved. The techno-deterministic concepts 'access' and 'usage' seem not to reach far enough to get people really involved andinformed. Many more aspects have tobe considered in order to create a clirnate for innovation where different choices made by different individuals according to their different social, economic or cuJtural backgrounds do not lead automatically to the well known either or not, connected or not-connected, haves or have-nots, but to a variety of patterns of involvement. In this paper, we argue for different e-policy strategies according to cultural aspects in certain societies. And hereby we will focus on the cultural aspects of information itself, on the notion of information in different information cultures. lt also seems important to mention at this stage that we believe that getting all members of society involved in the ICT-innovation process in order to provide the basis for informed decisions by each individual member is the most important task of e-policy.

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GONAK, Igor. « ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CRYPTOCURRENCY MINING ». WORLD OF FINANCE, n^o 2(71) (2022) : 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2022.02.043.

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Introduction. Economic development of Ukraine in the third decade of the 21st century largely depends on the development of digital technologies, on which the cryptocurrency business directly depends. According to the Index proposed by chainalysis.com, Ukraine is one of the leaders in the world and the undisputed leader in Europe in the adoption of cryptocurrencies. This became possible thanks to the active development of financial and information technologies in Ukraine, and the financial, economic and military-political crises only give additional impetus to the development of the cryptocurrency business due to its global nature and full or indirect independence from attempts at state regulation. One of the areas of cryptocurrency business development is cryptocurrency mining. The purpose of the article is to reveal the algorithm of conducting business in the field of cryptocurrency mining and the economic efficiency of mining in Ukraine and the possibility of its impact on economic growth in the country. Results. Cryptocurrency mining is the process of creating cryptocurrency coins. It has been investigated that the cryptocurrency mining process is not a financial pyramid or some kind of virtual game, but is one of the newest types of business activity, which requires significant theoretical and practical economic and technical knowledge, is economically expedient both in the short and long term. When mining, you can use a variety of computer equipment, depending on the miner’s economic tasks and desired results. ASIC equipment has been developed for mining on an industrial scale. Cloud mining is used for investing. If there is no knowledge about mining and limited financial resources, you should use browser mining or mine on your own PC, laptop or smartphone. However, the most efficient and widespread mining takes place on video cards. It was found to be a by-product of mining. It is estimated that there is a slight correlation between the earnings of miners on the Ethermine mining pool and the daily mining profit. Conclusions. Although the history of cryptocurrency business is only one and a half decades, mining, as an object of business activity in Ukraine, is a significant economically effective type of business activity, which is noted in the world rating of the perception of cryptocurrencies, according to which Ukraine is one of the world leaders. Attempts to implement legal regulation of cryptocurrency mining both in Ukraine and in other countries, and its gradual implementation do not significantly harm the creation, distribution and use of cryptocurrency coins, however, will create transformed conditions for the economic attractiveness of cryptocurrency mining as business objects.

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Zelinskaya, Dina I., R. N. Terletskaya et S. A. Rozhkovskaya. « Medico-social aspects of health of children in large families ». Russian Pediatric Journal 19, n^o 6 (30 avril 2019) : 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2016-19-6-361-366.

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The prevalence rate of large families in Russia has distinct regional character. So, a number of the subjects referred to the North Caucasus Federal Okrug are characterized by traditionally high level of a possession of many children. Such families distinguish from other categories of families on all socio-economic indices of the life quality and differ in both the maximum risk and degree ofpoverty. The share of the families having three and more children among needy households with children for the last decade has increased. Questions in the sphere of legislative and practical providing the rights and interests of members of large families which are regarded as insufficiently effective are discussed. Small number of studies devoted to the state of health, the organization of medical care and medico-social escort of children from large families was noted. There were sufficiently studied psychological and pedagogical aspects of this problem. Children of various age groups from large families were established to retard on all quantitative and qualitative indices of the physical development, differ in lower level of health and bigger prevalence of disability. There was substantiated the need for the elaboration of system of medico-social escort of the children who are brought up in large families as a real opportunity in modern conditions to influence on the shaping of health and its level for this category of the children’s population of Russia.

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Jia, Linhan. « The impact of different family socio-economic classes on the use of Internet learning by adolescence in two regions, Europe and China ». BCP Social Sciences & ; Humanities 19 (30 août 2022) : 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v19i.1631.

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Society is evolving rapidly, families from different socio-economic backgrounds also influence the learning of adolescence, to the extent that access to a proper education as well as access to better learning opportunities is another way of proving the socio-economic status (SES) of the family. Similarly, the spread of electronic information technology is something that every adolescence is exposed to, and the role that electronic technology plays in family learning has received more attention from society, with different family socio-economic status having a clear impact on the networks that adolescence use for learning. Another manifestation of the family life environment is the socio-economic situation of the family. It will depend on the material conditions of the family can reach a different manifestation and family-led activities available to parents to help support their adolescence. In other words, the socio-economic status of the family will affect the learning and academic performance of adolescents in different families. How families from diverse socio-economic status influence the internet used by adolescence for learning will be the topic of this study. The Internet does not necessarily reflect effective in helping adolescence to learn, but it can also distract them from their studies. Parents from different socioeconomic backgrounds, each with different levels of education, different educational habits, and different experience with emerging technologies, influence the impact of adolescents' use of the Internet for help. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of families across all classes on young people's learning was, and still is in some regions, also critical to their academic success.

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Kochan, Izabela. « The effects of economic migration of Poles for functioning of the family-selected aspects ». Studia z Teorii Wychowania X, n^o 3 (28) (30 novembre 2019) : 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6778.

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About one billion people around the world move abroad or outside their birthplace seeking better earning possibilities. Economic migration has been accepted by many families as a strategy aiming improvement of their functioning. In a long-term prospect it affects the family’s well-being among others through investing in education and health. The mobility of one or several family members colours the leaving and those who remain at home both in positive and negative way depending individual conditions. Although postal orders are potentially an important way to mitigate the limits of the family budget, the weakest family members who need attention, repeatedly bear high cost of migration decisions. The individualistic effect of the economic migration of the Poles for functioning of their families is migrational orpanhood of the children and older people which is the main theme of intellectualizing in the present article. Special attention should be drawn to people in grand old age whose proportion in our country is still rising. In the context of relevant issues, it is necessary to take steps aiming to mitigate the costs of migration born by families, offering support recouping the losses coming from the mobility.

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Blom, Niels, Gerbert Kraaykamp et Ellen Verbakel. « Current and Expected Economic Hardship and Satisfaction With Family Life in Europe ». Journal of Family Issues 40, n^o 1 (28 septembre 2018) : 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18802328.

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This study investigated how people’s satisfaction with their family life is influenced by economic circumstances. Expectations were formulated that people who experienced or expected economic hardship would be less satisfied with their family life. Additionally, it was hypothesized that current and expected economic hardship would amplify each other’s consequences on satisfaction, and that current and expected economic hardship was more harmful for people with children and when the rise of unemployment in a country was larger. Multilevel analyses were conducted using a sample from the European Quality of Life Survey 2012 ( N = 13,013 in 30 countries). Results indeed indicated that people who experienced or expected economic hardship were less satisfied with their family life. Expecting a financial decline was (slightly) more harmful for people in larger families. Generally, current and expected economic problems were not more harmful for parents or when a country’s rise of unemployment was larger.

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de Bot, Kees. « Applied linguistics in Europe ». AILA Review 17 (31 décembre 2004) : 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.17.07bot.

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In this contribution developments in Applied Linguistics in Europe are linked to major social changes that have taken place over the last decades. These include: The decline of the USSR and the end of the cold war; The development of the EEC and the EU and fading of borders; The economic growth of Western Europe; Labor migration from the south to the north of Europe; The emergence of regionalism. All of these developments have shaped the role of languages in society and they have sparked research on linguistic aspects related to the languages in contact due to these developments.

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Bošnjaković, Branko. « Europe Between Climate and Energy Insecurity : Geopolitical Aspects ». Journal of Maritime & ; Transportation Science Special edition, n^o 1 (avril 2016) : 29–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2016-00.29.

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EU sees itself as a world leader in coping with the challenge of climate change. At the same time, the Ukraine crisis has demonstrated how vulnerable its energy supply security is due to EU’s dependence on import oil and gas. The paper addresses the interlinkages and prospects of EU’s climate and energy policies with respect to ethical and security dimensions. The ethical dimension is addressed in terms of how to fairly allocate responsibility among nations, regions and states to reduce GHG emissions to non-dangerous levels, a central issue at the upcoming UN summit in Paris. The proposed principles, such as the common but differentiated responsibility, are discussed in view of a growing literature, political controversies and converging diplomatic moves. At the same time the fundamental values of the EU may be at stake if the security dimension of all EU member states cannot be guaranteed. Both ethical and security challenges EU is confronted with points strongly towards accelerated introduction of a low-carbon economy and corresponding infrastructure, with renewables to play a central role in the medium/long term. A review of the literature shows that continuing import dependence on oil and gas, including from Russia, is a risk factor both in economic, political and environmental terms. Some recently proposed policy responses, such as the creation of an EU energy union, are reviewed and critically evaluated.

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Edsanty, Ghea, et Jalius Jalius. « Empowerment Of Family Welfare (PKK) In Gender-Based Families Economic Empowerment In Rao District ». SPEKTRUM : Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah (PLS) 10, n^o 2 (30 mai 2022) : 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/spektrumpls.v10i2.115778.

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This research is motivated by the success of the community in Rao District in making sinhok fish into processed sinhok fish chips so that this skill can support the family economy and improve the community's economy. The aim of this research is to describe the role of empowering family welfare in gender-based family economic empowerment which is seen from the aspect of capital assistance, aspects of infrastructure development assistance, and aspects of mentoring assistance.The research approach is qualitative while the type is a case study. Sources of data used are women in Rao sub-district as research subjects and instructors and local residents as research informants. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Source triangulation is used as a data validity technique.The results of this study indicate that the empowerment of family welfare skills in processing Sinhok fish into Sinhok fish chips is very good, this can be noted from: (1) Aspects of capital assistance, the results show that gender-based family welfare empowerment of Sinhok fish processing into Sinhok fish chips is seen to increase knowledge the community about processing sinhok fish into delicious preparations. (2) Aspects of infrastructure development assistance obtained results that the processing of Sinhok fish already has the support of good facilities and infrastructure. (3) Aspects of assistance assistance obtained from gender-based family empowerment in processing sinhok fish into sinhok fish chips can be seen from the assistance and monitoring carried out by PKK members who are tasked with accommodating and facilitating the smooth production of sinhok fish chips.Keywords: Elderly Empowerment, Processing of Sinhok Fish Chips, Rao District

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Smolen, Slavomir, et Marzena Budnik-Rodz. « Technical and economic aspects of waste heat utilization ». Thermal Science 11, n^o 3 (2007) : 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0703165s.

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The main aim of the following presentation is the comparison and evaluation of the conditions for waste heat utilization in Germany and in Poland. This paper presents synthetically the results of economic analysis of the different technical variants. The employment of heat pumps and other heat transformers, respectively, can reduce the energy consumption, but using of those technical possibilities depends mainly on the economic aspects. The main parameters of the financial calculations were the energy and equipment costs but beyond it a number of other factors were also considered and compared, for example calculation interests, profit tax level and similar. Four different technical alternatives were analyzed, it is using of absorption heat pump, compression heat pump, heat transformer (absorption), and a special combined system with gas motor to drive of heat pump compressor. The capital value as main result of the investigations is in Poland generally lower because of relatively high investment cost and lower energy prices compared to the situation in Germany and West Europe. The basis for the presented comparative analysis was an industrial project in Germany which effected in development of concepts for waste heat using. .

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Diebold, William, et Jozef M. Van Brabant. « Adjustment, Structural Change, and Economic Efficiency : Aspects of Monetary Cooperation in Eastern Europe ». Foreign Affairs 66, n^o 5 (1988) : 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043596.

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Brentford, Philip. « Constitutional Aspects of the Independence of the European Central Bank ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, n^o 1 (janvier 1998) : 75–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300061571.

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At the celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the signature of the Treaty of Rome 1957 on 26 March 1997, Romano Prodi, President of the Italian Council, said that, with the Maastricht Treaty “we are perfecting our common economic constitution”, and that this Treaty should not be seen simply as an “instrument for the introduction of the single currency, but also as the awakening of the European peoples to the necessity of setting limits on the action of governments”. This notion of constitution or of economic constitution has received much attention from European legal scholars within the ongoing debate on constitutionalism and constitutionalisation within the Community legal order. However, constitutionalisation presents us with semantic difficulties, as legal doctrine has to adapt itself to the specificity of Community law. The discussion is further complicated by the divergence of views on the subject of whether the Treaties are a constitution for Europe and, indeed, whether Europe needs a constitution. Before we consider what constitutionalisation signifies, the notion of a constitution and an economic constitution in Community law merit consideration.

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Ceballos-Vásquez, Paula, María Fernanda Campos-Fuentes, Valentina González-Alegría et Camila Lobos-Lavín. « Impacto familiar en la recuperación de personas adultas críticamente enfermas : una revisión de la literatura ». SANUS 6 (4 novembre 2021) : e201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36789/revsanus.vi1.201.

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Introducción: Las unidades de paciente crítico son descritas por las familias de las personas hospitalizadas como un lugar apartado, con acceso restringido, donde la gravedad y complejidad del usuario es lo primordial. A pesar de contar con evidencia de lo importante que podría ser considerar e incluir a los familiares en la recuperación de las personas críticamente enfermas ha sido subvalorada y difícil de concretar por las condiciones complejas de estas unidades. Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura el impacto que tiene la familia en la recuperación de las personas adultas hospitalizadas en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Metodología: Revisión de la literatura, en las bases de datos CINAHL Complete, Scopus, PubMed y Scielo, en periodo de búsqueda del 2014 al 2019. Resultados: Se analizaron 9 artículos y en base a lectura crítica se seleccionaron los aspectos más relevantes para su estudio. Respecto a la distribución por años el 33,3% de los artículos fue publicado el año 2016. Respecto a la distribución geográfica, el 44,4% de los manuscritos seleccionados fueron realizados en Europa. Conclusión: Existe una brecha investigativa que relacione el impacto de las familias en la recuperación de los usuarios. Los estudios localizados evidencian datos con tendencias positivas, sin embargo, estos emergen de forma indirecta. Por ello, se propone realizar estudios que entreguen estrategias innovadoras con resultados concretos para verificar dichos beneficios, los cuales sean replicables en otras unidades críticas.

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Marzec, Arkadiusz. « Transitions and Threats to Family from the Standpoint of People in Their Thirties ». Pedagogika Rodziny 5, n^o 2 (1 juin 2015) : 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fampe-2015-0022.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to present certain aspects connected with transformation of contemporary Polish families and to indicate threats to performing their functions. Systematic, economic, social and cultural transformations have influenced lives of people and families and new opportunities emerged to improve standards of living, change attitudes and lifestyles. Contemporary families are characterized by varied structure and dominance of non-productive families formed primarily on non-economic grounds, which control and plan birth of children. However, families are facing a number of challenges and threats that affect performing the basic family functions. High unemployment rate, poverty, violence and addictions are only part of the phenomena that negatively affect quality of living of Polish families. This study presents opinions of young people about transitions and threats concerning family functions.

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Xu, Huang, Zhang et Chen. « Family Economic Burden of Elderly Chronic Diseases : Evidence from China ». Healthcare 7, n^o 3 (21 août 2019) : 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7030099.

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Chronic diseases among the elderly and their huge economic burden on family have caught much attention from economists and sociologists over the past decade in China. This study measured the economic burden of elderly chronic disease (ECD) in families using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data set from Peking University (China). We studied some aspects of this burden, including health-service utilization, out-of-pocket expenditure on inpatient and outpatient, total family expenditures on items, and labor force participation rates of family members, etc. Some interesting things were found, for example, the additional annual expenditure on inpatient care (per member) in ECD-families was 37 to 45 percent of the annual expenditure in the control group; the labor-force participation rate in ECD-families was 2.4 to 3.3 percent of points lower than in the control group.

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Nowakowska -Grunt, Joanna, et Piotr Maśloch. « Globalization and New Trends in Management – Europe Union Security Aspects ». International Journal of Engineering & ; Technology 7, n^o 2.28 (16 mai 2018) : 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.28.12916.

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This article attempts to define what contemporary globalization is and present opportunities and threats this process generates. The purpose of this paper is also to show how dynamically the reality in Europe is changing and how new threats associated with economy, management and other processes. The globalization processes of the economies worldwide and the dynamic development of trade and international cooperation create new conditions and threats, under which countries and social-political-economic organizations (e.g. EU) must operate.Experience over the last years has shown, that even the strongest supporters of openness to other values and culture, which are new for Europe, have revised their views, surprised by the scale of illegal immigrations and others EU security aspects.

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Vietti, Francesco. « Euro-stil. Storia di una famiglia transnazionale moldava ». MONDI MIGRANTI, n^o 1 (juin 2009) : 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mm2009-001009.

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- This study analyses the impact of migration on the family roles in Moldova and the changing dynamics within transnational families. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the economic collapse of the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Moldovans have left their country over the past decade to seek opportunities abroad. The mass migration has become the dominant socio-economic phenomenon of the country and has prompted the redefinition of family structure and ideology.Keywords Etnography, Family, Transnationalism, Eastern Europe, RemittancesThe migration of a large number of women leads to a reorganization of the division of labour and the gender roles within the transnational family. These changes can influence communities as well as families. Taking a closer look at the transnational experience of a family in the rural context of Pîrlita, a village near the Romanian border, the study explores the migrants' consumption desires and practices as reflective not only of commodified exchange but also of affection and sentiment.Keywords Etnography, Family, Transnationalism, Eastern Europe, Remittances

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