Livres : « Eye contact effect »

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Pinker, Susan. The village effect : How face-to-face contact can make us healthier and happier. Toronto : Random House Canada, 2014.

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Contact lens complications. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

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Larke, J. R. The eye in contact lens wear. 2^e éd. Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.

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The eye in contact lens wear. 2^e éd. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

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The eye in contact lens wear. London : Butterworths, 1985.

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Dryness, tears, and contact lens wear. Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

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D, Tomlinson Alan Ph, dir. Complications of contact lens wear. St. Louis : Mosby-Year Book, 1992.

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Contact lenses : Treatment options for ocular disease. St. Louis : Mosby, 1996.

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A, Silbert Joel, dir. Anterior segment complications of contact lens wear. New York : Churchill Livingstone, 1994.

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Dornic, Dean. Ophthalmic pocket companion. 5^e éd. Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

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Ophthalmic pocket companion. 4^e éd. Boston : Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995.

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W, Hobson David, dir. Dermal and ocular toxicology : Fundamentals and methods. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 1991.

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Pinker, Susan. Village Effect : Why Face-To-face Contact Matters. Atlantic Books, Limited, 2014.

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Pinker, Susan. Village Effect : Why Face-To-Face Contact Matters. Atlantic Books, Limited, 2015.

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Pinker, Susan. Village Effect : How Face-To-Face Contact Can Make Us Healthier and Happier. Random House of Canada, 2015.

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Pinker, Susan. The village effect : How face-to-face contact can make us healthier, happier, and smarter. 2014.

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Contact Lens Complications. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2018.

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Contact Lens Complications. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2012.

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Efron, Nathan. Contact Lens Complications. 2^e éd. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.

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Philip, Morgan, et Nathan Efron. Contact Lens Complications : An Interactive Multimedia Tool. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2000.

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Common Contact Lens Complications : Their Recognition and Management. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

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Gilad-Gutnick, Sharon, Rohan Varma et Pawan Sinha. The Bogart Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0089.

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While a geometry-based eye-gaze estimation strategy has been the basis of many theories regarding the direction of one’s gaze, such a strategy relies on relatively detailed curvature information and therefore functions suboptimally under low-resolution viewing conditions. Partly in response to this concern, the past decade has seen the rise of luminance-based theories of eye-gaze estimation. The idea of luminance-based estimation of gaze direction arose from the observation that contrast negation affects eye-gaze perception, and an early demonstration and possible explanation for this phenomenon was offered by Sinha and named the “Bogart effect.” The Bogart Effect is an illusion of perceived gaze reversal in contrast negated images. It provides clues regarding the heuristics the visual system uses to robustly estimate gaze in real-world settings. This chapter discusses this illusion and related concepts.

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Contact Lens Complications : Etiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, Therapy. Thieme Medical Publishers, 2003.

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Anterior Segment Complications of Contact Lens Wear. 2^e éd. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

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Spehar, Branka, et Colin W. G. Clifford. The Wedding Cake Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0059.

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Lightness induction is the shift in surface appearance caused by adjacent or nearby surfaces. Spatial context can make a surface appear more different from (contrast) or more similar to (assimilation) its surround. Although assimilation effects tend to occur with more complex contexts, often containing repetitive patterns, we are still generally unable to ascertain the circumstances in which assimilation or contrast will occur. This chapter explores the interaction of geometric and photometric characteristics leading to contrast and assimilation in lightness induction. Concepts covered include the wedding cake illusion, White’s effect, the checkerboard illusion, the bull’s eye illusion, and luminance contrast.

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Ophthalmic Pocket Companion. 6^e éd. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.

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Smyth, Jolene D., Don A. Dillman et Leah Melani Christian. Context effects in Internet surveys. Sous la direction de Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes et Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0027.

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This article first presents a definition of context effects that eliminates from consideration factors beyond the control of survey researchers yet is sufficiently broad to incorporate diverse but related sources of survey context. It then examines four types of context effects that have been documented in mail and telephone surveys with an eye towards identifying new concerns which have arisen or may arise as a result of conducting Internet surveys. The four sources of context effects discussed are: the survey mode used to pose questions to respondents, the order in which questions are asked, the ordering of response options, and the choice of response scale. In addition to reviewing previous research, the results of new context experiments are reported in which response scales across Internet and telephone modes are manipulated.

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Herranz, Raul Martin, et Rosa M. Corrales Herran. Ocular Surface : Anatomy and Physiology, Disorders and Therapeutic Care. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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Ocular Surface : Anatomy and Physiology, Disorders and Therapeutic Care. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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Herran, Rosa M. Corrales, et Raúl Martín Herranz. Ocular Surface. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Herranz, Raul Martin, et Rosa M. Corrales Herran. Ocular Surface : Anatomy and Physiology, Disorders and Therapeutic Care. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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The tear film : Structure, function, and clinical examination. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.

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The tear film. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

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Alan, Tomlinson, Smith George, Donald Korb, Jennifer Craig, Michael J. Doughty et Jean-Pierre Guillon. The Tear Film : Structure, Function. BH/BCLA, 2002.

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Contrast Sensitivity of the Human Eye and Its Effects on Image Quality (SPIE Press Monograph Vol. PM72). SPIE Publications, 1999.

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Mruczek, Ryan E. B., D. Blair Christopher, Lars Strother et Gideon P. Caplovitz. Dynamic Illusory Size Contrast. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0027.

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Static size contrast and assimilation illusions, such as the Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions, show that the size of nearby objects in a scene can influence the perceived size of a central target. This chapter describes a dynamic variant of these classic size illusions, called the Dynamic Illusory Size-Contrast (DISC) effect. In the DISC effect, a surrounding stimulus that continuously changes size causes an illusory size change in a central target. The effect is dramatically enhanced in the presence of additional stimulus dynamics arising from eye movements or target motion. The chapter proposes that this surprisingly powerful effect of motion on perceived size depends on the degree of uncertainty inherent in the size of the retinal image of a moving object.

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Mruczek, Ryan E. B., Christopher D. Blair, Lars Strother et Gideon P. Caplovitz. Size Contrast and Assimilation in the Delboeuf and Ebbinghaus Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0028.

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The Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions are two well-established size illusions, both of which demonstrate that the perceived size of an object depends on the physical size of the object relative to surrounding objects. This chapter reviews some of the primary observations and interpretations of these two classic illusions and some of the current theories regarding size contrast (objects appearing more different than they really are) and size assimilation (objects appearing more similar than they really are). Despite over a century of progress in visual psychology and neuroscience, many of the challenges in explaining assimilation and contrast effects on size perception remain highly relevant. Although unlikely to be due to the muscular effort of the eyes as posited by Delboeuf almost 150 years ago, the precise mechanisms that underlie size contrast and size assimilation remain unknown to this day. New discoveries about these and related effects are still being uncovered.

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Russell, Richard. The Illusion of Sex. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0088.

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In the Illusion of Sex, an androgynous face has been manipulated to have increased or decreased contrast between its features and the surrounding skin. This manipulation makes the face appear male or female. The Illusion of Sex works by manipulating the luminance contrast between the eyes and lips and the rest of the face. It has been shown that manipulating it affects the attractiveness of male and female faces differently. In particular, female faces are more attractive with facial contrast increased than decreased, while male faces are more attractive with facial contrast decreased than increased. This effect of facial contrast on attractiveness is a result of a naturally occurring sex difference in facial contrast. The illusion demonstrates the importance of this kind of contrast for the perception of gender and is related to typical cosmetics use, which involves the darkening of the eyes and lips relative to the surrounding skin.

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Razo, Armando. Integration of Contextual Data. Sous la direction de Lonna Rae Atkeson et R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.20.

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This chapter discusses a conceptual framework that clarifies the nature and importance of context in social scientific research. It first explains how context fits into survey analysis, then addresses major problems that hamper use and collection of contextual data: vague or incomplete conceptual definitions of “context” and lack of methodological guidance to collect and analyze contextual data. It suggests that systematic research and cumulative knowledge on contextual effects are constrained by two factors: the lack of standardized contextual variables across surveys and sporadic empirical inquiries. Finally, it outlines directions for future research with an eye toward advancing contextual data collection and analysis as well as ascertaining the impact of context on public opinion and political behavior. It presents statistical approaches to provide a blueprint for explicit measurements and analysis of contextual data and considers the need to modify conventional sampling techniques to capture relevant contextual variability.

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Moran, Richard. Artifice and Persuasion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190633776.003.0003.

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Aristotle is the first philosopher to give sustained attention to metaphor, and this paper is a close reading of the discussion of metaphor his Rhetoric. Aristotle’s remarks on metaphor combine a traditional philosophical mistrust of metaphor and an appreciation of its indispensability in the context of public argument and persuasion. The discussion concentrates on two related questions. First, in the context of persuasion, how should we understand Aristotle’s insistence that successful metaphor achieves its effect in part by “setting something before the eyes” of its audience? And second, why is it thought important to the persuasive effect of a good metaphor that its artfulness or artifice be concealed from its audience? The paper seeks to understand together the role of the imagistic in thinking about metaphor and the idea of “the art that conceals art.”

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Clark, Kelsey L., Behrad Noudoost, Robert J. Schafer et Tirin Moore. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Sous la direction de Anna C. (Kia) Nobre et Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.010.

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Covert spatial attention prioritizes the processing of stimuli at a given peripheral location, away from the direction of gaze, and selectively enhances visual discrimination, speed of processing, contrast sensitivity, and spatial resolution at the attended location. While correlates of this type of attention, which are believed to underlie perceptual benefits, have been found in a variety of visual cortical areas, more recent observations suggest that these effects may originate from frontal and parietal areas. Evidence for a causal role in attention is especially robust for the Frontal Eye Field, an oculomotor area within the prefrontal cortex. FEF firing rates have been shown to reflect the location of voluntarily deployed covert attention in a variety of tasks, and these changes in firing rate precede those observed in extrastriate cortex. In addition, manipulation of FEF activity—whether via electrical microstimulation, pharmacologically, or operant conditioning—can produce attention-like effects on behaviour and can modulate neural signals within posterior visual areas. We review this evidence and discuss the role of the FEF in visual spatial attention.

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Meisner, Nadine. Marius Petipa. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190659295.001.0001.

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Born two hundred years ago in Marseilles, Marius Petipa spent more than sixty years in Imperial Russia as a ballet master, serving directly under the eye of the Emperor. He became the greatest choreographer of the nineteenth century, creating a quantity of work, some of which—such as Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty—has survived to attract audiences all round the world. In Russia, he was revered, even if by the end of his life he had become outmoded and new ideas were circulating, culminating in the experiments of Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes. Yet even the rebels recognized his genius and their indebtedness to him. He had a lasting and profound effect, both in the Soviet Union, where ballet became an emblem of cultural prestige, and in the West, where his spiritual descendants, Diaghilev included, promulgated and extended his work. Marius Petipa: The Emperor’s Ballet Master is a survey of his life and work, before and after his arrival in St Petersburg. It is a cultural biography placing Petipa in his context. It describes the people and events around him; it traces the evolution of the aesthetics of ballet; it analyses the influences that made Petipa unique; and it examines the ways that he, in turn, influenced the course of modern ballet.

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Eikelboom, Lexi. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828839.003.0009.

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My attempt to address rhythm and its theological significance has involved a tension between description and construction. On the one hand, I merely point to rhythm as the ghost haunting theology, describing its varying forms and its effects on that with which it comes into contact. But the other side of this investigation has been a constructive attempt to put together a few of the pieces of what theology would be like if it were performed while keeping one eye on the ghost. The reader may have noticed that in doing so, I have, as far as possible, avoided explicitly aligning myself with any particular theological school, position, denomination, etc., although I offer critiques of certain projects and thinkers. I have, instead, borrowed liberally, though I hope not incoherently, from a wide range of eras, denominations, and theological commitments. The reason for this is that I have attempted to investigate the diversity of approaches to rhythm across Christian theology. Since there exists such a variety of approaches to rhythm, the category is clearly not restricted to a particular theological project. I want this book to reflect that diversity, not to make rhythm the concern of only a subsection of Christian theology. I want to avoid this project becoming absorbed into any particular theological project as a category associated with and somehow belonging to that project....

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Einstein, Mara. Advertising. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190625887.001.0001.

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3000. That's the number of marketing messages the average American confronts on a daily basis from TV commercials, magazine and newspaper print ads, radio commercials, pop-up ads on gaming apps, to pre-roll on YouTube videos and native advertising on mobile news apps. These commercial messages are so pervasive that we cannot help but be affected by perpetual come-ons to keeping buying. Over the last decade, advertising has become more devious, more digital, and more deceptive, with an increasing number of ads designed to appear to the untrained eye to be editorial content. It's easy to see why. As we have become smarter at avoiding ads, advertisers have become smarter about disguising them. Mara Einstein exposes how our shopping, political and even dating preferences are unwittingly formed by brand images and the mythologies embedded in them. Advertising: What Everyone Needs to Know® helps us combat the effects of manipulative advertising, and enables the reader to understand how marketing industries work in the digital age, particularly in their uses and abuses of Big Data. Most importantly, it awakens us to advertising's subtle and not so subtle impact on our lives-both as individuals and as a global society. What ideas and information are being communicated to us-and to what end?

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Provenzano, Catherine. Auto-Tune, Labor, and the Pop-Music Voice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199985227.003.0008.

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Long used in popular music to smooth vocal imperfections, Auto-Tune has become a much-discussed production tool since the early 2000s through artists including Cher, Daft Punk, and Kanye West. This chapter examines the relationship among artist skill, Auto-Tune, and reception. Artist T-Pain overtly used Auto-Tune to give his voice a synthetic, often robotic quality. Through T-Pain, overt use of Auto-Tune became associated with black music and was often reviled by the general public. T-Pain’s acoustic performance on NPR’s Tiny Desk Concert series redeemed him in the eyes of many listeners whose disdain for Auto-Tune arises from a belief that the technology erodes authenticity by making skillful singing irrelevant. In contrast, Taylor Swift’s producers also use Auto-Tune as well, but rather than treating it as a special effect, they use it to correct intonation and amplify desirable vocal timbre. This use is also controversial, as Swift’s recordings are often considered disingenuous.

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Mack, Adam. Smelling Civic Peril. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039188.003.0002.

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This chapter focuses on the public debate over the pollution of the Chicago River between the Civil War and the 1871 effort to “reverse” its flow. The Chicago River, which served as the fountainhead of the city's commercial expansion in the second half of the nineteenth century, constituted a potent sensory nuisance; the obnoxious odors forced a raw confrontation with water pollution that sometimes left residents feeling physically ill. The river offended the eyes and tongue too, but the stenches generated the most complaint. The chapter first explores the reasons why the Chicago River's malodors offended the senses of the affluent classes before discussing how the control of odors figured in broader efforts to create a healthy urban order throughout the city. It examines two of Chicago's most substantial public works projects in the context of the stench of the Chicago River: a water tunnel under Lake Michigan for drinking water and the deepening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal to change the flow of the river.

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Białowąs, Sylwester, dir. Experimental design and biometric research. Toward innovations. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-079-1.

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This e-book aims to present the most critical aspects of knowledge about using experiments in economics and practical tools for using them. The topic is extended to the more advanced and increasing in popularity area of biometric research. The book is divided into three parts mirroring experimentation. The first part provides theoretical background and tips about organising own research. The chapter is concluded with a guide focused on writing a research report in APA style. This part includes an example of the actual research report. The next part has two chapters, and both are guided tours allowing to plan and conduct eye-tracking research and electrodermal activity research (EDA). The chapters contain details about preparing experiments, conducting them, using the dedicated software to analyse collected data and interpreting the default charts. The last part is devoted to the data analysis and is universal, goes beyond the biometric experiments. There are three chapters in this part covering the standard procedures used in the analysis of experiments. The first part includes tests for one hypothesis: parametric t-test and One-Way ANOVA and non-parametric siblings: Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The next part describes tests allowing testing more hypotheses: ANOVA without repetition and ANOVA with repetitions. Furthermore, the last chapter deals with dependent samples, which are a popular approach in experiments. This part describes the dependent sample t-test and Wilcoxon test. The effect sizes calculations are included; each test is shown with screenshots from SPSS and some additional screenshots from Excel. This approach allows following the procedure step by step. The examples help easily understand procedures and interpretations; they were chosen from areas of sustainability and innovations to match the general idea of the e-books series prepared within the CENETSIE program. The book contains texts that can be useful in the teaching process. It can be helpful in graduate programs in economics and business schools. Programs of doctoral schools cab benefit from this book as well.

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Mauk, Marlene. Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854852.001.0001.

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The book takes a political-culture perspective on the struggle between democracy and autocracy by examining how these regimes fare in the eyes of their citizens. Taking a globally comparative approach, it studies both the levels as well as the individual- and system-level sources of political support in democracies and autocracies worldwide. The book develops an explanatory model of regime support which includes both individual- and system-level determinants and specifies not only the general causal mechanisms and pathways through which these determinants affect regime support but also spells out how these effects might vary between the two types of regimes. It empirically tests its propositions using multi-level structural equation modeling and a comprehensive dataset that combines recent public-opinion data from six cross-national survey projects with aggregate data from various sources for more than one hundred democracies and autocracies. It finds that both the levels and individual-level sources of regime support are the same in democracies and autocracies, but that the way in which system-level context factors affect regime support differs between the two types of regimes. The results enhance our understanding of what determines citizen support for fundamentally different regimes, help assessing the present and future stability of democracies and autocracies, and provide clear policy implications to those interested in strengthening support for democracy and/or fostering democratic change in autocracies.

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Bucy, Erik P., et Patrick Stewart. The Personalization of Campaigns : Nonverbal Cues in Presidential Debates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.52.

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Nonverbal cues are important elements of persuasive communication whose influence in political debates are receiving renewed attention. Recent advances in political debate research have been driven by biologically grounded explanations of behavior that draw on evolutionary theory and view televised debates as contests for social dominance. The application of biobehavioral coding to televised presidential debates opens new vistas for investigating this time-honored campaign tradition by introducing a systematic and readily replicated analytical framework for documenting the unspoken signals that are a continuous feature of competitive candidate encounters. As research utilizing biobehavioral measures of presidential debates and other political communication progresses, studies are becoming increasingly characterized by the use of multiple methodologies and merging of disparate data into combined systems of coding that support predictive modeling.Key elements of nonverbal persuasion include candidate appearance, communication style and behavior, as well as gender dynamics that regulate candidate interactions. Together, the use of facial expressions, voice tone, and bodily gestures form uniquely identifiable display repertoires that candidates perform within televised debate settings. Also at play are social and political norms that govern candidate encounters. From an evaluative standpoint, the visual equivalent of a verbal gaffe is the commission of a nonverbal expectancy violation, which draws viewer attention and interferes with information intake. Through second screens, viewers are able to register their reactions to candidate behavior in real time, and merging biobehavioral and social media approaches to debate effects is showing how such activity can be used as an outcome measure to assess the efficacy of candidate nonverbal communication during televised presidential debates.Methodological approaches employed to investigate nonverbal cues in presidential debates have expanded well beyond the time-honored technique of content analysis to include lab experiments, focus groups, continuous response measurement, eye tracking, vocalic analysis, biobehavioral coding, and use of the Facial Action Coding System to document the muscle movements that comprise leader expressions. Given the tradeoffs and myriad considerations involved in analyzing nonverbal cues, critical issues in measurement and methodology must be addressed when conducting research in this evolving area. With automated coding of nonverbal behavior just around the corner, future research should be designed to take advantage of the growing number of methodological advances in this rapidly evolving area of political communication research.

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Lehman, Frank. Hollywood Harmony. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190606398.001.0001.

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Film music represents one of the few remaining underexplored frontiers for the field of music theory. Discovering its inner workings from a theoretical perspective is imperative if we wish to understand its tremendous effects on the ears (and eyes) of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Hollywood Harmony applies for the first time the tools of contemporary music theory and analysis to this corpus in a thorough and systematic way. In order to help readers appreciate how film music works, this study enlists a number critical apparatuses, ranging from abstract theoretical description to psychological models and sensitive close reading. It argues that matters of musical structure in film are matters of musical meaning, and pitch relations are inherently expressive, always somehow collaborating with visuals and narrative. One harmonic idiom, pantriadic chromaticism, plays an especially important role in the “Hollywood Sound,” and much of this study is dedicated to understanding its aesthetic and expressive content—of which the elicitation of a feeling of wonder is paramount. For better understanding of this tonal practice on a rigorous level, the transformational tools of neo-Riemannian theory are introduced and applied in an accessible and novel way. Neo-Riemannian theory emphasizes musical change and gesture over fixed objects or structures, and by recognizing the innate spatiality of musical experience in extended-tonal settings, it serves as an excellent lens through which to inspect film music. The works of a diverse assortment of composers are examined, with particular attention given to recent “New Hollywood” scoring practices.

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