Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Extraterrestrial soil exploration »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Extraterrestrial soil exploration"
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Ding, Jinghang, Gengxin Xie, Linli Guo, Xin Xiong, Ya Han et Xi Wang. « Karst Cave as Terrestrial Simulation Platform to Test and Design Human Base in Lunar Lava Tube ». Space : Science & ; Technology 2022 (4 novembre 2022) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9875780.
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Developing efficient approaches to building a suitable environment for humans on the moon play a key role in future long-term sustainable lunar exploration activities, which has motivated many countries to propose diverse plans to build a lunar base. The lava tubes discovered by the Kaguya mission offer huge potential sites to host such bases. Through computation and analysis, we show that lunar lava tubes offer stable structures, suitable temperatures, low radiation doses, and low meteorite impact rates. We summarize previous research results and put forward the conditions to find and use a suitable lunar lava tube for human habitation on the moon. The establishment of extraterrestrial bases still faces many technical bottlenecks; many countries have begun to use the earth’s environment for extraterrestrial exploration and simulation missions. In this regard, we proposed the idea of using the Earth’s karst caves to simulate extraterrestrial lava tubes, selected caves in Chongqing as the simulation site, and demonstrated the feasibility from both structural and environmental aspects. Finally, we proposed a karst cave simulation platform with three main research directions: cave sealing technology, efficient daylight system, and internal circulation research of artificial ecosystems containing natural soil and rock. We hope to promote the development of related research on extraterrestrial bases through simulation experiments.
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Lednev, Vasily N., Alexey F. Bunkin, Sergey M. Pershin, Mikhail Ya Grishin, Diana G. Artemova, Vladimir A. Zavozin, Pavel A. Sdvizhenskii et Raul A. Nunes. « Remote Laser Induced Fluorescence of Soils and Rocks ». Photonics 8, no 10 (26 septembre 2021) : 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8100411.
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The laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy was systematically utilized for remote sensing of different soils and rocks for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy measurements were carried out by the developed nanosecond LIDAR instrument with variable excitation wavelength (355, 532 and 1064 nm). LIDAR sensing of different Brazil soil samples have been carried out in order to construct a spectral database. The laser induced fluorescence spectra interpretation for different samples has been discussed in detail. The perspectives of LIDAR sensing of organic samples deposited at soils and rock have been discussed including future space exploration missions in the search for extraterrestrial life.
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Cockell, Charles S. « Synthetic geomicrobiology : engineering microbe–mineral interactions for space exploration and settlement ». International Journal of Astrobiology 10, no 4 (27 mai 2011) : 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550411000164.
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AbstractSynthetic geomicrobiology is a potentially new branch of synthetic biology that seeks to achieve improvements in microbe–mineral interactions for practical applications. In this paper, laboratory and field data are provided on three geomicrobiology challenges in space: (1) soil formation from extraterrestrial regolith by biological rock weathering and/or the use of regolith as life support system feedstock, (2) biological extraction of economically important elements from rocks (biomining) and (3) biological solidification of surfaces and dust control on other planetary surfaces. The use of synthetic or engineered organisms in these three applications is discussed. These three examples are used to extract general common principles that might be applied to the design of organisms used in synthetic geomicrobiology.
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Orzechowska, G. E., R. D. Kidd, B. H. Foing, I. Kanik, C. Stoker et P. Ehrenfreund. « Analysis of Mars analogue soil samples using solid-phase microextraction, organic solvent extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ». International Journal of Astrobiology 10, no 3 (20 janvier 2011) : 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550410000443.
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AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are robust and abundant molecules in extraterrestrial environments. They are found ubiquitously in the interstellar medium and have been identified in extracts of meteorites collected on Earth. PAHs are important target molecules for planetary exploration missions that investigate the organic inventory of planets, moons and small bodies. This study is part of an interdisciplinary preparation phase to search for organic molecules and life on Mars. We have investigated PAH compounds in desert soils to determine their composition, distribution and stability. Soil samples (Mars analogue soils) were collected at desert areas of Utah in the vicinity of the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), in the Arequipa region in Peru and from the Jutland region of Denmark. The aim of this study was to optimize the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for fast screening and determination of PAHs in soil samples. This method minimizes sample handling and preserves the chemical integrity of the sample. Complementary liquid extraction was used to obtain information on five- and six-ring PAH compounds. The measured concentrations of PAHs are, in general, very low, ranging from 1 to 60 ng g−1. The texture of soils is mostly sandy loam with few samples being 100 % silt. Collected soils are moderately basic with pH values of 8–9 except for the Salten Skov soil, which is slightly acidic. Although the diverse and variable microbial populations of the samples at the sample sites might have affected the levels and variety of PAHs detected, SPME appears to be a rapid, viable field sampling technique with implications for use on planetary missions.
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Peeters, Z., R. Quinn, Z. Martins, M. A. Sephton, L. Becker, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht, J. Brucato, F. Grunthaner et P. Ehrenfreund. « Habitability on planetary surfaces : interdisciplinary preparation phase for future Mars missions ». International Journal of Astrobiology 8, no 4 (30 juillet 2009) : 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550409990140.
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AbstractLife on Earth is one of the outcomes of the formation and evolution of our solar system and has adapted to every explored environment on planet Earth. Recent discoveries have shown that life can exist in extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents, in deserts and in ice lakes in Antarctica. These findings challenge the definition of the ‘planetary habitable zone’. The objective of future international planetary exploration programmes is to implement a long-term plan for the robotic and human exploration of solar system bodies. Mars has been a central object of interest in the context of extraterrestrial life. The search for extinct or extant life on Mars is one of the main goals of space missions to the Red Planet during the next decade. In this paper we describe the investigation of the physical and chemical properties of Mars soil analogues collected in arid deserts. We measure the pH, redox potential and ion concentrations, as well as carbon and amino acid abundances of soils collected from the Atacama desert (Chile and Peru) and the Salten Skov sediment from Denmark. The samples show large differences in their measured properties, even when taken only several meters apart. A desert sample and the Salten Skov sediment were exposed to a simulated Mars environment to test the stability of amino acids in the soils. The presented laboratory and field studies provide limits to exobiological models, evidence on the effects of subsurface mineral matrices, support current and planned space missions and address planetary protection issues.
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Huang, Han, Shucai Xu, Zou Meng, Jianqiao Li et Jinhuan Zhang. « The sinkage characteristics and prediction of a planetary rover based on a similarity model experiment ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G : Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no 10 (12 octobre 2018) : 3762–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410018806808.
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The environment on an extraterrestrial planet is complex, with soft surfaces and low gravity, which make it easy for rovers to sink and skid. Excessive sinkage may occur under large slip conditions of probe rovers and could influence the survey mission. Predicting the sinkage performance of wheels under slip conditions is important for the development and performance evaluation of exploration rovers. This paper presents a dimensional analysis on the main parameters of the wheel–soil interaction system; the analysis was performed based on the similarity law, for which corresponding similar scale values were obtained. Referring to the lunar surface gravity environment, we have produced a 1/2 scaling model rover. To investigate the sinkage characteristics of the model rover, tests were performed with different wheel loads (5 N, 7 N, and 9 N) and soil states (loose, natural, and compact). The characteristic parameters of a rear wheel rut were also analyzed, including rut depth (hereinafter referred to as apparent sinkage) and slip ratio (hereinafter referred to as apparent slip ratio). Experimental results were analyzed to evaluate the sinkage characteristics and to draw conclusions. Sinkage models for the rover under different soil states were proposed, and verification and error analyses for the sinkage models were conducted using indices such as the mean relative error and root mean squared error. The experimental results and conclusions are useful for optimal rover design and improvement/verification of wheel–soil interaction mechanics models.
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Yuan, Philip F., Xinjie Zhou, Hao Wu, Liming Zhang, Lijie Guo, Yun Shi, Zhe Lin, Jinyu Bai, Youhai Yu et Shanglu Yang. « Robotic 3D printed lunar bionic architecture based on lunar regolith selective laser sintering technology ». Architectural Intelligence 1, no 1 (27 septembre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44223-022-00014-9.
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AbstractThe lunar base is not only an experimental station for extraterrestrial space exploration but also a dwelling for humans performing this exploration. Building a lunar base presents numerous obstacles and requires environmental perception, feedback design, and construction methods. An integrated fabrication process that incorporates design, 3D printing workflow, and construction details to build a bionic, reconfigurable and high-performance lunar base prototype is presented in this paper. The research comprises the study of the lunar regolith 3D printing mechanism, the real-time control of powder laying and compaction procedure, and the development of a 3D printing tool end system. In this paper, many scientific questions regarding in situ fabrication on the lunar surface are raised and addressed with the proposal of a progressive optimization design method, the molding principle, and gradation strategy of lunar soil-polyaryletherketone (PAEK) hybrid powder, and the principle of dual-light field 3D laser printing. The feasibility of the technical strategy proposed in this paper is verified by the presented empirical samples.
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Ding, L., R. Zhou, Y. Yuan, H. Yang, J. Li, T. Yu, C. Liu et al. « A 2-year locomotive exploration and scientific investigation of the lunar farside by the Yutu-2 rover ». Science Robotics 7, no 62 (19 janvier 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abj6660.
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The lunar nearside has been investigated by many uncrewed and crewed missions, but the farside of the Moon remains poorly known. Lunar farside exploration is challenging because maneuvering rovers with efficient locomotion in harsh extraterrestrial environment is necessary to explore geological characteristics of scientific interest. Chang’E-4 mission successfully targeted the Moon’s farside and deployed a teleoperated rover (Yutu-2) to explore inside the Von Kármán crater, conveying rich information regarding regolith, craters, and rocks. Here, we report mobile exploration on the lunar farside with Yutu-2 over the initial 2 years. During its journey, Yutu-2 has experienced varying degrees of mild slip and skid, indicating that the terrain is relatively flat at large scales but scattered with local gentle slopes. Cloddy soil sticking on its wheels implies a greater cohesion of the lunar soil than encountered at other lunar landing sites. Further identification results indicate that the regolith resembles dry sand and sandy loam on Earth in bearing properties, demonstrating greater bearing strength than that identified during the Apollo missions. In sharp contrast to the sparsity of rocks along the traverse route, small fresh craters with unilateral moldable ejecta are abundant, and some of them contain high-reflectance materials at the bottom, suggestive of secondary impact events. These findings hint at notable differences in the surface geology between the lunar farside and nearside. Experience gained with Yutu-2 improves the understanding of the farside of the Moon, which, in return, may lead to locomotion with improved efficiency and larger range.
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Feng, Yajie, Shuo Huang, Yong Pang, Kai Huang et Caishan Liu. « Granular dynamics in auger sampling ». Journal of Fluid Mechanics 935 (31 janvier 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2022.17.
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From geotechnical applications to space exploration, auger drilling is often used as a standard tool for soil sample collection, instrument installation and others. Focusing on granular flow associated with the rotary drilling process, we investigate the performance of auger drilling in terms of sampling efficiency, defined as the mass ratio of the soil sample collected in the coring tube to its total volume at a given penetration depth, by means of experiments, numerical simulations as well as theoretical analysis. The ratio of rotation to penetration speed is found to play a crucial role in the sampling process. A continuum model for the coupled granular flow in both coring and discharging channels is proposed to elucidate the physical mechanism behind the sampling process. Supported by a comparison with experimental results, the continuum model provides a practical way to predict the performance of auger drilling. Further analysis reveals that the drilling process approaches a steady state with constant granular flow speeds in both channels. In the steady state, sampling efficiency decreases linearly with the growth of the rotation to penetration speed ratio, which can be well captured by the analytical solution of the model. The analytical solution also suggests that the sampling efficiency is independent of gravity in the steady state, which has profound implications for extraterrestrial sample collection in future space missions.
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Wickramarathna, Sudeera, Rohana Chandrajith, Atula Senaratne, Varun Paul, Padmanava Dash, Saumya Wickramasinghe et Patrick J. Biggs. « Bacterial influence on the formation of hematite : implications for Martian dormant life ». International Journal of Astrobiology, 22 avril 2021, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550421000124.
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Abstract Previous exploration missions have revealed Mars as a potential candidate for the existence of extraterrestrial life. If life could have existed beneath the Martian subsurface, biosignatures would have been preserved in iron-rich minerals. Prior investigations of terrestrial biosignatures and metabolic processes of geological analogues would be beneficial for identifying past metabolic processes on Mars, particularly morphological and chemical signatures indicative of past life, where biological components could potentially be denatured following continued exposure to extreme conditions. The objective of the research was to find potential implications for Martian subsurface life by characterizing morphological, mineralogical and microbial signatures of hematite deposits, both hematite rock and related soil samples, collected from Highland Complex of Sri Lanka. Rock samples examined through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy. Analysis showed globular and spherical growth layers nucleated by bacteria. EDX results showed a higher iron to oxygen ratio in nuclei colonies compared to growth layers, which indicated a compositional variation due to microbial interaction. X-ray diffraction analysis of the hematite samples revealed variations in chemical composition along the vertical soil profile, with the top surface soil layer being particularly enriched with Fe2O3, suggesting internal dissolution of hematite through weathering. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses carried out on both rock and soil samples showed a possible indication of microbially induced mineral-weathering, particularly release of trapped trace metals in the parent rock. Microbial diversity analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the rock sample was dominated by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, specifically, members of iron-metabolizing bacterial genera, including Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter, Amycolatopsis, Nocardia and Pedomicrobium. These results suggest that morphological and biogeochemical clues derived from studying the role of bacterial activity in hematite weathering and precipitation processes can be implemented as potential comparative tools to interpret similar processes that could have occurred on early Mars.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Extraterrestrial soil exploration"
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Rossmann, Juergen, Thomas Josef Jung et Malte Rast. « Developing Virtual Testbeds for Tasks in Research and Engineering ». Dans ASME 2010 World Conference on Innovative Virtual Reality. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/winvr2010-3719.
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Simulation in the context of robotic engineering often focuses on very special details of global systems. For example robot designers usually begin with the analysis of new actuators and joint designs. This corresponds to a “bottom-up”-strategy in the development of complex simulation models. This is probably a good choice for classical fields of robotic applications, e.g. in production plants with well defined system states and environments, because it allows very detailed insights into the analyzed subsystems. On the other hand, unpredictable effects of the interaction of multiple subsystems may easily be overseen. To overcome this problem, this paper presents the idea and some practical aspects of the implementation of a virtual test environment (Virtual Testbed). In a Virtual Testbed, the entire system is simulated as a whole in virtual reality — not only small subsystems of a global system. According to requirements simulation of special subsystems is refined by specific simulation methods and integrated into the overall simulation framework. In contrast to the classical “bottom-up”-strategy this can be seen as a “top-down”-approach in the development of complex simulation models. Therefore a platform for the development of versatile simulation and testing environments is presented. Using the example of the evaluation and testing of an extraterrestrial walking exploration robot design in its Virtual Testbed, the idea is further deepened. As a special field of attention the integration of a method of soil simulation for the refinement of foot-ground-interaction as a particular requirement of this kind of simulation is described.
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Rosa, Isamar, Henning Roedel, Michael D. Lepech et David J. Loftus. « Creation of Statistically Equivalent Periodic Unit Cells for Protein-Bound Soils ». Dans ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52029.
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In 2010, NASA was directed to develop technologies to reduce the cost and risk of space exploration and send humans beyond the International Space Station. A central challenge to long-duration space missions is a lack of available construction materials in situ. This work focuses on a novel class of composites that can be produced extraterrestrially in situ by desiccating a mixture of soil, water, and protein binder to create a strong, versatile material. To date, experimental tests of mechanical properties have shown significant variability among samples. This paper focuses on the creation of Statistically Equivalent Periodic Unit Cells (SEPUC) to stochastically model protein-bound composites for the purpose of creating FE models that provide insights into experimental results. Model inputs include the soil granulometry and volume fractions of the phases. Ellipsoidal particles are placed, and protein coatings and bridges are created, using a Level Set based Random Sequential Addition algorithm. Each image is assigned a statistical descriptor and a simple genetic algorithm is used to optimize for a statistical descriptor close to that of experimental specimens. The framework is validated by comparing experimental images of protein-bound soils obtained by micro-CT scanning with those obtained through the SEPUC framework.