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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « External limit »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "External limit"

Herdegen, Andrzej. « Infrared limit in external field scattering ». Journal of Mathematical Physics 53, n^o 5 (mai 2012) : 052306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4720422.

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Makin, Anthony J. « Feasible Limits for External Deficits and Debt ». Global Economy Journal 5, n^o 1 (janvier 2005) : 1850030. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1043.

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Large current account deficits and foreign debt levels remain a source of concern for international financial markets and policymakers. Yet, exactly what an “excessive” external deficit or liability position for an advanced economy is at any time has never been adequately defined. This article addresses the question by proposing new methods for assessing the proximity of current account deficits and the associated foreign debt to their upper bounds. It contends that productive investment fundamentally sets the feasible limit for current account deficits, whereas the capital to output ratio ultimately sets the foreign debt to GDP limit. Benchmark estimates for the United States, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, advanced economies that have borrowed heavily since 1990, reveal external deficits have usually been well within limits, although recent United States experience is an exception.

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Nepal, Pankaj Raj, et Birat Thapa Magar. « Lateral Limit of Superior Sagittal Sinus in Respect to External Part of Sagittal Suture ». Eastern Green Neurosurgery 2, n^o 2 (3 juin 2020) : 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/egn.v2i2.29243.

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Background: Sagittal suture has been used as an external landmark of superior sagittal sinus since the very beginning of neurosurgery. However, most of the time the sinus is not exactly under the suture line, rather, it has some displacement to one side. So, to analyze the variation of the lateral limit of superior sagittal sinus from the external part of sagittal sinus this study was performed. Materials and methods: Consecutive cases of MRI brain with contrast done in B&C Medical College Teaching Hospital was collected over 3 months, Age, gender, right, and left lateral limits of the superior sagittal sinus from the sagittal suture at its mid-point was collected in preformed proforma. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for the continuous variables, ANOVA was done to evaluate the association of gender with the lateral limits of sinus and Pearson correlation was done to see the relation of age with the lateral limits of the sinus. All the analysis was done using IBM SPSS 20. Results: There were a total of 40 patients enrolled in the study. The mean age was 39.8 years with male (75%) predominance. The lateral right limit of the superior sagittal sinus was up to 23mm and in the left up to 17.1mm from the outer limit of the sagittal suture. There was no significant association of gender with both the right and left limits of the superior sagittal sinus. Similarly, there was no significant correlation of age with the lateral limit of the superior sagittal sinus. Conclusion: The mean existence of superior sagittal sinus is 9.57mm in the right to 5.78mm in the left side from the outer limit of the sagittal suture. However, in extreme stances it's lateral limits can extend up to 17mm in left to 23mm in the right from the outer limit of the sagittal suture.

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Yamaguchi, Norihiro. « Japan : Sluggish external demand to limit the recovery ». Economic Outlook 46, n^o 4 (octobre 2022) : 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0319.12657.

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Meng, Fei, et Xiao-Ping Yang. « Elastic limit and vanishing external force for granular systems ». Kinetic & ; Related Models 12, n^o 1 (2019) : 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/krm.2019007.

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Steeb, W. H., et A. Kunick. « Chaos in limit cycle systems with external periodic excitations ». International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 22, n^o 5 (janvier 1987) : 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7462(87)90028-x.

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Deng, Dong-ping, Lian-heng Zhao et Liang Li. « Limit equilibrium stability analysis of slopes under external loads ». Journal of Central South University 23, n^o 9 (septembre 2016) : 2382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-016-3297-4.

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Bleher, Pavel M., et Arno B. J. Kuijlaars. « Large n Limit of Gaussian Random Matrices with External Source, Part III : Double Scaling Limit ». Communications in Mathematical Physics 270, n^o 2 (9 décembre 2006) : 481–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00220-006-0159-1.

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Chernukha, Olha, Yurii Bilushchak, Natalya Shakhovska et Rastislav Kulhánek. « A Numerical Method for Computing Double Integrals with Variable Upper Limits ». Mathematics 10, n^o 1 (30 décembre 2021) : 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10010108.

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We propose and justify a numerical method for computing the double integral with variable upper limits that leads to the variableness of the region of integration. Imposition of simple variables as functions for upper limits provides the form of triangles of integration region and variable in the external limit of integral leads to a continuous set of similar triangles. A variable grid is overlaid on the integration region. We consider three cases of changes of the grid for the division of the integration region into elementary volumes. The first is only the size of the imposed grid changes with the change of variable of the external upper limit. The second case is the number of division elements changes with the change of the external upper limit variable. In the third case, the grid size and the number of division elements change after fixing their multiplication. In these cases, the formulas for computing double integrals are obtained based on the application of cubatures in the internal region of integration and performing triangulation division along the variable boundary. The error of the method is determined by expanding the double integral into the Taylor series using Barrow’s theorem. Test of efficiency and reliability of the obtained formulas of the numerical method for three cases of ways of the division of integration region is carried out on examples of the double integration of sufficiently simple functions. Analysis of the obtained results shows that the smallest absolute and relative errors are obtained in the case of an increase of the number of division elements changes when the increase of variable of the external upper limit and the grid size is fixed.

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Olchawa, Andrzej, et Aleksandra Gorączko. « The relationship between the liquid limit of clayey soils, external specific surface area and the composition of exchangeable cations / Zależność granicy płynności od zewnętrznej powierzchni właściwej i składu kationów w naturalnym kompleksie wymiennym ». Journal of Water and Land Development 17, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2012) : 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-012-0037-5.

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Abstract The liquid limit - wL, the external surface area - Se, the concentration of exchangeable cations - Zi and the cation exchange capacity - CEC of seventeen clayey soils were determined. Finding the correlation between the liquid limit, external specific surface area and exchangeable cation concentration was the aim of this study. Experimental study performed using soils of the external surface area within the range of 4.1 to 118.5 m2·g-1. The relative content of sodium cation (i.e. Na+/CEC) varying between 0.03 and 1.0. Obtained results point to statistically significant relationship between these three properties. The greatest predictive power of linear regression was found for soils of external specific surface area larger than 60 m2·g-1. For the soils of comparable external surface area, the liquid limit increase with increasing the ratio of the content of sodium cation to the cation exchange capacity - Na+/CEC. For the soils of comparable composition of exchangeable cations the liquid limit increase with increasing the external surface area. These relationships indicates that interparticle forces have a prominent role in determining liquid limit of clayey soils.

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Thèses sur le sujet "External limit"

NYS, MANON. « Schrödinger equations with an external magnetic field : spectral problems & ; semiclassical states ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/89252.

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In this thesis, we study Schrödinger equations with an external magnetic field. In the first part, we are interested in an eigenvalue problem. We work in an open, bounded and simply connected domain in dimension two. We consider a magnetic potential singular at one point in the domain, and related to the magnetic field being a multiple of a Dirac delta. Those two objects are related to the Bohm-Aharonov effect, in which a charged particle is influenced by the presence of the magnetic potential although it remains in a region where the magnetic field is zero. We consider the Schrödinger magnetic operator appearing in the Schrödinger equation in presence of an external magnetic field. We want to study the spectrum of this operator, and more particularly how it varies when the singular point moves in the domain. We prove some results of continuity and differentiability of the eigenvalues when the singular point moves in the domain or approaches its boundary. Finally, in case of half-integer circulation of the magnetic potential, we study some asymptotic behaviour of the eigenvalues close to their critical points. In the second part, we study nonlinear Schrödinger equations in a cylindrically setting. We are interested in the semiclassical limit of the equation. We prove the existence of a semiclassical solution concentrating on a circle. Moreover, the radius of that circle is determined by the electric potential, but also by the magnetic potential. This result is totally new with respect to the ones before, in which the concentration is driven only by the electric potential.

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BRIAMONTE, ANNAMARIA. « L'eccesso di potere del giudice amministrativo ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/329940.

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L’indagine verte intorno alla figura dell’eccesso di potere del giudice amministrativo, che rappresenta uno dei motivi di giurisdizione sindacabili dinanzi alla Corte di Cassazione ai sensi dell’art. 111, comma 8, Cost. Ne viene scandagliata la matrice storica, che rinviene il suo fondamento nella legge sui conflitti del 1877, l’evoluzione normativa, l’elaborazione dogmatica nell’ambito del dibattito scientifico e della prassi giurisprudenziale sino ai più recenti sviluppi applicativi. Il fulcro dell’istituto, che si sostanzia nella fattispecie dello sconfinamento, da parte del giudice amministrativo, nelle prerogative attribuite al legislatore o all’amministrazione, viene esplorato nella sua essenza contenutistica: con riguardo al quadro dei rapporti tra giurisdizione e amministrazione, la disamina corre lungo i sentieri ermeneutici in cui si innestano i concetti di discrezionalità (anche tecnica), merito, sindacato di legittimità, sindacato di merito; rispetto all’ipotesi dell’invasione del potere legislativo - la cui analisi viene inserita in una sezione ad hoc, in considerazione delle peculiarità della figura - la riflessione ruota sostanzialmente intorno alla constatazione di un suo rilievo pressoché solamente teorico, in considerazione della ampia portata e della valenza sistemica riconosciuta (e da riconoscersi) all’interpretazione giudiziale, l’attività di creazione sic et simpliciter della norma costituendo una evenienza di difficile (se non rara) verificazione in concreto. L’invasione da parte del giudice amministrativo delle facoltà riconosciute all’amministrazione - che costituisce il campo di elezione del lavoro - viene indagata, oltre che da un punto di vista dogmatico, nella prospettiva del sindacato della Corte regolatrice della giurisdizione nelle varie declinazioni in cui la stessa è suscettibile di tradursi, nella cornice della giurisdizione generale di legittimità, di merito (con specifico riguardo al giudizio di ottemperanza) ed esclusiva del giudice amministrativo. Punto cruciale della trattazione è il tentativo di individuare una netta linea di confine tra l’eccesso di potere giurisdizionale e l’omonimo vizio inficiante l’atto amministrativo, pur nella consapevolezza di una loro matrice dogmatica comune. Una tale direzione di ricerca si rivela proficua in vista della maturazione dei risultati di un’indagine volta essenzialmente ad enucleare e valorizzare la funzione dell’eccesso di potere del giudice amministrativo nel contesto ordinamentale di riferimento, e, per tale via, il ruolo (di garanzia) della Corte di Cassazione nelle sue vesti di giudice dei conflitti.
The research is focused on the excess of power of the administrative judge, one of the reasons of jurisdiction that can be reviewed before the Court of Cassation according to Article 111, paragraph 8, of the Italian Constitution. The historical matrix, which finds its basis in the law on conflicts of 1877, its evolution across the legislation, its dogmatic elaboration within the scientific debate and its development by case law are explored, coming up to its most recent applications. The core of the figure, which corresponds to the trespassing by the court on the prerogatives belonging to the legislator or the administration, is explored in its essence. On the one hand, about the relationships between jurisdiction and administration, the analysis is structured around concepts such as discretion (also technical), merit, legitimacy review and merit review. On the other hand, with respect to the hypothesis of the encroaching on legislative power - whose analysis is included in an ad hoc section, considering the peculiarities of the hypothesis - the reflection essentially revolves around the acknowledgment of its almost purely theoretical importance, due to the broad meaning granted to the judicial interpretation of the norms which precludes the qualification of the activity of the judge as an exercise of normative creation. The trespassing by the administrative judge on the powers belonging to the administration - which constitutes the chosen field of the work - is investigated not only from a dogmatic point of view but also from the perspective of its concrete review by the Court of Cassation, in relation to all forms of the jurisdiction of the administrative judge: from the general jurisdiction of legitimacy to the merit jurisdiction (with specific regard to the judgment of compliance) and to the exclusive jurisdiction. The crucial point of the discussion is the attempt to identify a clear boundary between the excess of jurisdictional power and the homonymous flaw affecting the administrative act, being aware of their common dogmatic foundation. Such an interpretative key appears especially useful in relation to the objectives of a survey essentially aimed at identifying and enhancing the function of the excess of power of the administrative judge in the context of the Italian judicial system, and, in this way, the (guarantor) role of the Court of Cassation as judge of conflicts.

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Lund, Gustav. « Model for risk evaluation for fragment debris after a grenade detonation ». Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84576.

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Accidents when using or storing explosives can lead to a large number of casualties and injuries. Hence, it is of vital importance, in all countries, to know the risk and act responsibly when working with explosives. A model for evaluating the risk for fragment-induced injuries from grenade detonation is created starting from experimental data of three different types of grenades. The grenades differ in shape, type of explosives and design. The experiments were conducted shooting the grenades on a wooden target and the fragments from the grenade detonation were collected by witness packages. The witness packages have a layered structure of aluminum plates and polystyrene foam. The collected fragments are weighted and the number of perforated plates for each fragment are counted. From the number of perforated plates the impact velocities of the fragments are calculated and ballistics is then used to obtain the initial velocity of the fragments. Fragmentation is regarded as a stochastic event and a distribution will more correctly describe the variation in shapes and sizes of the fragments. All data obtained in the experiment are evaluated and used to create distributions describing the fragmentation of the grenades. The fragmentized objects are accelerated by the detonation and will, under the influence of the medium, decreases their velocities. The velocity of the fragmentized objects are compared to criterions for skin perforations developed in the 20th century. According to a risk assessments manual, develop by the Swedish defense research agency (FOI), the risk of severe injury can be regarded as acceptable when it occurs one in a million detonations. The distance where only one fragment in one million detonations has the ability to perforate bare skin, according to the injury criterions, is calculated using the developed model. For the three tested grenades the distance at which the injury is acceptable (safety distance) did vary between 55 m and 240 m. The variation in safety distances is assumed to be due to design variation between the three grenades and also dependent on the model for injury criteria that was used.
Det är för alla länder viktigt att veta riskerna med de sprängmedel och ammunition som förvaras och används av deras försvarsmakter. Olyckor som kan uppstå vid förvaring och användning av dessa vapen kan leda till omfattade skador på personer i omgivningen. En modell för att beräkna riskerna för skador från fragmenterade föremål från en detonation har skapats från experiment med tre olika typer av granater. De tre granaterna varierar i form, typ av sprängmedel samt den övergripande designen. Experimenten genomfördes genom skjuta de olika granaterna mot ett mål i trä, fragmenten som skapades vid detonationen fångades sedan upp av vittnespaket. Vittnespaket har en struktur bestående av flera lager aluminiumplåtar och frigolit. Fragment som fångats av dessa paket vägs och från antalet perforerade plåtar räknas. Från antalet perforerade plåtar kan anslagshastigheten för fragmentet beräknas, ballistik används sedan för att beräkna den initiala hastigheten för fragmentet. Från den data som erhållits av experimentet skapas en fördelning av möjliga massor och en för möjliga hastigheter för fragmenten. Fördelningarna används för att beskriva problemet, då fragmentering anses vara en stokastisk process. Fragment som accelererats av detonationen kommer bromsas genom att dessa interagerar med mediet de färdas i. Hastigheten som fragmenten har vid olika distanser från detonationen jämförs med villkor för hudperforering som utvecklats under 1900-talet. Enligt en riskmatris utvecklad av Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut FOI, anses risken för alvarlig skada vara accepterat om skadan inte uppstår oftare än en gång på en miljon fall. Avståndet där endast ett fragment per en miljon detonerade granater har en hastighet tillräckligt hög för att perforera hud beräknas av modellen. För de testade granaterna varierade detta avstånd mellan 55 och 240 m. Skillnaden i avstånd tros bero på skillnader i granaternas är designade, samt vilket villkor för hudperforering som används.

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Nelsen, Anna Carolina Haiduk. « Comportamento estrutural de vigas mistas de aço e concreto com protensão externa ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4685.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5306.pdf: 6510064 bytes, checksum: b7a3095b2eb1b62ba399cfe3a2684382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-11
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This report investigates the structural behavior, procedures for analysis and design of externally prestressed steel-concrete composite beams. Based upon the requirements outlined in ABNT NRB 8800:2008 for conventional composite beams and in the literature review, a systematic procedure was developed to design of externally prestressed steel-concrete composite beams requested the positive bending moment. Was analyzed the main modes of global collapse, especially the ultimate limit state design (ELU), which may occur in this type of structure. Also, elaborated a parametric study aimed to analyze the influence of variation in the level of prestressing and the eccentricity of tendons, as well as the constructive methodology (pretensioning and posttensioning) adopted for the the prestressing steel profile that makes up the of steel-concrete composite beam. The parametric study showed that in both methods the predominant failure mode occurs in 2nd Stage of construction. In models of composite beams analyzed with application of pretensioned when the tendon is positioned above the bottom flange of the profile steel the failure mode occurred for the combined bending and axial compression .As for the composite beams evaluated with posttensioned, independent of the position of the tendon, the failure mode occurred in function of the bending moment more than the allowable flexural strength. However, it is noted that the level of prestressing can be adequately calculated to ensure that there is no loss of carrying capacity of the structure. It was also observed that regardless of the constructive methodology adopted, higher eccentricities result in higher bearing capacity for the steel beam, as exposed in the literature review. While in Brazil is largely unexplored, there was widespread interest in the international literature on the subject in question and their variances, giving rise to theoretical and experimental. Also been mentioned as potential applications in the design of new structures and the renovation and rehabilitation of existing structures.
O presente trabalho discorre sobre o comportamento estrutural, procedimentos de análise e dimensionamento de vigas mistas de aço e concreto protendidas externamente. Embasado nas prescrições expostas na norma ABNT NRB 8800:2008 para vigas mistas convencionais e na revisão bibliográfica, um procedimento de cálculo foi desenvolvido para o dimensionamento de vigas mistas de aço e concreto protendidas externamente e solicitadas a momento fletor positivo. Foram analisados os principais modos de colapso globais, com destaque nos estados limites de últimos (ELU), que podem ocorrer nesse tipo de estrutura. Além disso, elaborou-se um estudo paramétrico que teve como objetivo analisar a influência da variação do nível de protensão e da excentricidade dos cabos de protensão; bem como da metodologia construtiva (pré-tração e pós-tração) adotada para a protensão do perfil de aço que compõe a viga mista de aço e concreto. O estudo paramétrico demonstrou que em ambas as metodologias o modo de colapso predominante ocorre na 2ª Etapa de construção. Nos modelos de vigas mistas analisados com aplicação de pré-tração quando o cabo está posicionado acima da mesa inferior do perfil de aço o modo de falha ocorreu por flexo-compressão. Já para as vigas mistas avaliadas com pós-tração, independe da posição do cabo, ocorre em função do momento fletor solicitante superar o momento fletor resistente da seção. No entanto, observa-se que o nível de protensão pode ser adequadamente dimensionado de maneira que não provoque a perda da capacidade de suporte da estrutura. Observou-se ainda que independente da metodologia construtiva adotada, maiores excentricidades resultam em maior capacidade resistente para a viga de aço, corroborando os estudos expostos na revisão bibliográfica. Embora no Brasil seja pouco explorado, observou-se um amplo interesse na literatura internacional sobre o tema em questão e suas variâncias, dando origem a pesquisas teóricas e experimentais. Também se aponta como potencialidades de aplicação em projetos de novas estruturas bem como na recuperação e reabilitação de estruturas existentes.

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Střecha, Michal. « Vývoj zahraniční zadluženosti veřejného sektoru zemí EU a jeho udržitelnost ». Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264279.

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The public debt is considered as an important indicator of the macroeconomic and financial stability of the domestic economy. It reflects a quality of the fiscal policy and the sustainability of the public finances. The public debt has been recently paid more attention in the context of the last financial and debt crisis initiated in 2008. A considerable amount of literature has been published on the topic of interconnections between budget balances and macroeconomic environment. However, the budget deficit is only a consequence of higher public expenditures than public revenues. Therefore, the debt is only an alternative source of financing the budget deficit. One of the main ideas of the doctoral thesis is that the macroeconomic effects of the fiscal policy represented by the budget deficits and effects of the public debt should differ. While activities of the fiscal policy effect the real economic indicators such as the GDP, an increase in the public debt effects the monetary indicators such as the exchange rate, the market interest rate and the money supply. The main object of the doctoral thesis is the analysis of the public debt development including the changes in the public debt structure broken down by debt instruments, currency, maturity and the holder profile. Besides, other main object is to analyse the macroeconomic effects of various forms of a public debt; firstly the attention is paid to different monetary effects of the domestic and the external public debt. The doctoral thesis suggests a new point of view to the analysis of the macroeconomic effects and sustainability of a public debt. The findings can be used in the decision making process; If a public deficit is supposed to be domestic debt or external debt financed. Apart from the effects of the changes in the outstanding debt, the effects of the changes in the public debt structure are examined.

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Janisch, Filip. « Nosná ŽB konstrukce bytového domu ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226919.

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The project deals with the lower part of the construction of a residential building. The parking spaces are situated in three underground floors. The five floors occur in the over-ground part of the building. The building is based on the secant walls of Milan around the perimeter. Internal walls and columns are supported with micropiles. In this project are designed base plate, external walls and stairs. Static system and the calculation of the internal forces was carried out in Scia Engineer 2012 Student version.

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Heng, Johnny Wong Liang. « Ultimate limit state analysis of externally post-tensioned structures ». Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14442/.

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The UK Department of Transport (DoT) has recently encouraged the use of externally post-tensioned structures for bridge construction. This is due to the durability problems encountered with the conventional internally bonded post-tensioned structures. However, due to the lack of bond between the concrete and the external tendons, the ultimate strength of these structures cannot be determined by just performing a sectional analysis at the section of maximum moment. Although several recommendations have been made for the ultimate analysis of these structures, none were considered satisfactory here. Hence the purpose of this investigation is to study the flexural behaviour of these structures of all stages up to collapse, and to propose a practical methodology for estimating their ultimate strength. The study introduces eight non-linear analytical models developed for the prediction of the moment vs. deflection response of simply supported externally post-tensioned beams (with and without deviators located along their spans) up to ultimate. The models employ an iterative procedure that involves the application of loads to the structure in increments up to the collapse condition, where the curvature distribution predicted at each loading sequence is used to estimate the stress increase and variation in eccentricity in the external tendons. Second-order effects due to variation in eccentricity of external tendons and frictional behaviour of tendons at the deviators are both taken into account in these models. The eight models were then verified by comparing the results derived from them with reported experimental data, whereby good correlation was obtained. An extensive parametric study was subsequently conducted using the proposed models applied to the various parameters that influence the ultimate behaviour of externally prestressed structures Finally, the recommendations in the codes of practice for the ultimate design of these structures were also investigated here.

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Zeitouny, Joya. « Advanced strategies for ultra-high PV efficiency ». Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0056.

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La limite théorique de rendement des cellules photovoltaïques simple-jonction est de l’ordre de 33% d’après le modèle de Shockley-Queisser, ce qui reste éloigné de la limite de Carnot, prédisant une limite maximale de conversion énergie solaire → électricité de 93%. L’écart important entre ces deux limites découle des pertes intrinsèques, essentiellement liées à la conversion inefficace du spectre solaire et à la disparité entre les angles solides d’absorption et d’émission. Pour surmonter ces pertes et se rapprocher de la limite de Carnot, trois stratégies sont envisagées dans cette thèse : les cellules multi-jonction àconcentration, la combinaison de la concentration et de la restriction angulaire et les systèmes hybrides PV/CSP. Chacune de ces stratégies est limitée par des mécanismes qui dégradent leur performance.L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de comprendre dans quelle mesure les différents mécanismes limitants sont susceptibles d’affecter les performances des différentes stratégies étudiées, et d’optimiser l’architecture des cellules dans le but d’accroitre leur efficacité de conversion. Dans ce but, un modèle détaillé de cellule solaire tenant compte des principaux mécanismes limitant a été développé. Un outil d’optimisation par algorithme génétique a également été mis au point, afin d’explorer l’espace des différents paramètres étudiés pour identifier les conditions d’opération optimales. Nous démontrons l’importance majeure que revêt l’adaptation des propriétés optoélectroniques des matériaux utilisés aux conditions opératoires, que ce soit dans le cas des cellules solaires à concentration endurant des pertes résistives significatives, ou encore dans le cas de cellules solaires fonctionnant à des niveaux de températures très supérieurs à l’ambiante. Enfin, nous avons déterminé l’effet des principaux facteurs limitant que constituent les pertes résistives et les recombinaisons non-radiatives sur les cellules solairessimultanément soumises au flux solaire concentré et à la restriction angulaire du rayonnement émis
The maximum efficiency limit attainable with a single-junction PV cell is ~ 33% according to the detailed balance formalism (also known as Shockley-Queisser model), which remains far from the Carnot limit, predicting a solar to electricity efficiency upper value of 93%. The large gap between both limits is due to intrinsic loss mechanisms, including the inefficient conversion of the solar spectrum and the large discrepancy between the solid angles of absorption and emission. To overcome these losses and get closer to the Carnot limit, three different strategies are considered in this thesis: concentrated multi-junction solarcells, the combination of solar concentration and angular confinement, and hybrid PV/CSP systems. Each strategy is inherently limited by several loss mechanisms that degrade their performances. The objective of this thesis is, hence, to better understand the extent to which these strategies are likely to be penalized by these losses, and to tailor the cell properties toward maximizing their efficiencies. To address these questions, a detailed-balance model of PV cell accounting for the main loss mechanisms was developed. A genetic-algorithm optimization tool was also implemented, aiming at exploring the parameter space and identifying the optimal operation conditions. We demonstrate the uttermost importance of tailoring the electronic properties of the materials used with both multi-junction solar cells undergoing significant series resistance losses, and PV cells operating at temperature levels exceeding ambient temperature. We also investigate the extent to which series resistances losses and non-radiative recombination are likely to affect the ability of PV cells simultaneously submitted to concentrated sunlight and angular restriction of the light emitted by band-to-band recombination

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Macpherson, Maeve. « Scepticism and its limits : an investigation of contextualist strategies ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/scepticism-and-its-limits-an-investigation-of-contextualist-strategies(d42b41ea-be83-4c14-9eff-9a7878ed99f4).html.

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In this thesis, I investigate different Contextualist strategies for responding to the sceptical Argument from Ignorance (AI). Such responses are notable for not challenging the Principle of Epistemic Closure (widely held to be primarily responsible for the argument's conclusion). I am concerned to explore Contextualism's ability to respond to AI in a way which does not result in an uncomfortable concession to scepticism. In Part 1, I discuss Semantic Contextualism; in Part 2, I investigate how AI fares with regards to transmission of warrant when AI utilises either invariantist or Contextualist presuppositions; and in Part 3, I discuss whether Epistemic Contextualism succeeds where Semantic Contextualism fails, arguing that it does. I conclude with an endorsement of Epistemic Contextualism. Part 1: I demonstrate that Semantic Contextualism, of which I will consider three different varieties (externalist, internalist, presuppositionalist), is overly concessive to scepticism because it results in the following four difficulties: (1) knowledge attributions of the form 'I know/S knows that ~B' (where B stands for the sceptical brain-in-a-vat hypothesis) are invariably false; (2) the sceptical context is extremely easy to install; (3) scepticism is said to result from entirely ordinary epistemic practices and; (4) the sceptical context is taken to be an entirely legitimate context of ascription. I conclude Part 1 with the claim that Semantic Contextualism is overly concessive to scepticism. Part 2: Previously, Moore's Proof of an External World has been diagnosed with failing to transmit the warrant on offer for its premises to its conclusion. I argue that it is possible likewise to charge AI with transmission failure but that this cannot be done when some of the conceptual resources of Contextualism are brought to bear on AI. I show that AI can be charged with transmission failure when it is interpreted in support of invariantist (context-unrestricted) scepticism and that only when it is viewed as an argument for a context-restricted form of scepticism does it succeed in transmitting warrant. In this way, the sceptical consequences of AI are considerably reduced. Part 3: The conceptual resources newly deployed in Part 2, which show that a context-restricted, as opposed to invariantist, interpretation of AI can succeed in transmitting warrant, are borrowed from Michael Williams' Epistemic form of Contextualism. But is this form of Contextualism as concessive to scepticism as I showed Semantic Contextualism to be? I argue that it does not represent an overly concessive position vis-a-vis scepticism and therefore represents a superior Contextualist position and response to scepticism. To establish this conclusion, I interrogate the strategy and main elements of Williams' theoretical diagnosis of scepticism and his resultant version of Contextualism so as to determine the extent to which scepticism can be allayed by it. Particular attention is paid to specifying issues that Williams does not discuss, most prominently how the sceptical context has to be understood in order for it to resist his theoretical diagnosis of scepticism and what makes toleration of such resistance by context-bound scepticism reasonable. I conclude my thesis with an endorsement of Williams' Epistemic Contextualism.

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Siqueira, João Bosco de. « Limite de altas temperaturas em presença de campos externos estáticos ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-16102014-143540/.

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Investigamos certas propriedades físicas da teoria de campos a temperatura finita. Mostramos que, na presença de campos externos bosonicos, o limite de altas temperaturas das funções de Green pode ser obtido supondo que todas as componentes dos momentos externos sao nulas, para todas as funções de Green 1PI em ordem de um laco e em ordem de dois laços para a auto-energia. No contexto do método do campo de fundo, este resultado implica que a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo externo bosonico pode ser obtida calculando a pressão na presença de um campo externo independente do espaço-tempo, no limite de altas temperaturas. Aplicamos este resultado para obter a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo de Maxwell interagindo com um plasma da QED em ordem de dois laços. Obtivemos também a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo gravitacional interagindo com um campo escalar real livre, e com um plasma da QED em ordem de dois laços.
We have investigated some physical proprieties of nite temperature field theory. We have shown that, in the presence of an external bosonic field, the high temperature limit of the static Green\'s functions can be obtained assuming that all components of the external momenta are zero. This was shown to be the case for all 1PI Green\'s functions, at one-loop order, as well as for the self-energy, at two-loop order. In the context of the background field method, this result implies that the static efective Lagrangian of an external field can be obtained computing the pressure in the presence of an external field which is independent of the space-time, in the high temperature limit. We have applied this result in order to obtain the efective Lagrangian of an external Maxwell field interacting with a QED plasma at two-loop order. We have also obtained the efective Lagrangian of the gravitational field interacting with a free neutral scalar field, as well as with a QED plasma at two-loop order.

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Livres sur le sujet "External limit"

States, United. Public debt limit provisions. Washington, D.C. ? : U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Eduardo, Borensztein, Levy Yeyati Eduardo et Panizza Ugo, dir. Living with debt : How to limit the risks of sovereign finance. Washington, DC : Inter-American Development Bank, 2006.

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Armin, Gutowski, et Holthus Manfred, dir. Limits to international indebtedness. New Brunswick, [N.J.], U.S.A : Transaction Books, 1988.

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Staff, International Monetary Fund. Burundi : Request for Modification of Nonconcessional External Debt Limit under the Extended Credit Facility. International Monetary Fund, 2011.

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Staff, International Monetary Fund. Burundi : Request for Modification of Nonconcessional External Debt Limit under the Extended Credit Facility. International Monetary Fund, 2011.

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Fund, International Monetary. Burundi : Request for Modification of Nonconcessional External Debt Limit under the Extended Credit Facility. International Monetary Fund, 2011.

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Staff, International Monetary Fund. Burundi : Request for Modification of Nonconcessional External Debt Limit under the Extended Credit Facility. International Monetary Fund, 2011.

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Fund, International Monetary. Burundi : Request for Modification of Nonconcessional External Debt Limit under the Extended Credit Facility. International Monetary Fund, 2011.

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Staff, International Monetary Fund. Burundi : Request for Modification of Nonconcessional External Debt Limit under the Extended Credit Facility. International Monetary Fund, 2011.

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Bank, Inter-Amer Dev. Living with Debt : How to Limit the Risks of Sovereign Finance (David Rockefeller/Inter-American Development Bank) (David Rockefeller/Inter-American Development Bank). Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, 2006.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "External limit"

Zhao, Lijun, et Tiesheng Dou. « Theoretical Study of the Reinforcement of Pre-stressed Concrete Cylinder Pipes with External Pre-stressed Strands ». Dans Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 467–73. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_42.

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AbstractReinforcement of the pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes with external pre-stressed strands is an effective way to enhance a prestressed concrete cylinder pipe’s ability to bear the design hydraulic pressure. A theoretical derivation is studied, and this formula derivation could be used to determine the cross-sectional area per unit length. This derivation determine the cross-sectional area and target tensile strength of steel strands in order to meet the requirements of ultimate limit states, serviceability limit states, and quasi-permanent limit states. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental results. This paper could provide technical supports for the application of the external reinforcement of PCCPs with strands.

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Nuzzo, Silvano, et Michelangelo Zarcone. « Cross Section for Potential Scattering in the Presence of a Magnetic Field and Limit for B + 0 ». Dans Atomic Spectra and Collisions in External Fields, 129–33. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1061-7_11.

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Buceta, R. C., M. S. Torre et H. F. Ranea-Sandoval. « Laser Model with Periodic External Injected Signal and Noise : Small Net Gain Limit ». Dans Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, 137–43. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0239-8_13.

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Hanen, Albert. « A Limit Theorem for Mean Magnetisation in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick Model with an External Field ». Dans Spin Glasses : Statics and Dynamics, 177–201. Basel : Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9891-0_8.

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Schonmann, Roberto H. « Relaxation Times for Stochastic Ising Models in the Limit of Vanishing External Field at Fixed Low Temperatures ». Dans Cellular Automata and Cooperative Systems, 543–46. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1691-6_45.

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Hanen, Albert. « A non Gaussian Limit Law for the Covariances of Spins in a SK Model with an External Field ». Dans Spin Glasses : Statics and Dynamics, 159–76. Basel : Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9891-0_7.

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Hahn, Ernst Moritz, Mateo Perez, Sven Schewe, Fabio Somenzi, Ashutosh Trivedi et Dominik Wojtczak. « Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Branching Markov Decision Processes ». Dans Computer Aided Verification, 651–73. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81688-9_30.

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AbstractWe study reinforcement learning for the optimal control of Branching Markov Decision Processes (BMDPs), a natural extension of (multitype) Branching Markov Chains (BMCs). The state of a (discrete-time) BMCs is a collection of entities of various types that, while spawning other entities, generate a payoff. In comparison with BMCs, where the evolution of a each entity of the same type follows the same probabilistic pattern, BMDPs allow an external controller to pick from a range of options. This permits us to study the best/worst behaviour of the system. We generalise model-free reinforcement learning techniques to compute an optimal control strategy of an unknown BMDP in the limit. We present results of an implementation that demonstrate the practicality of the approach.

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Hall, John L. « External Laser Stabilization ». Dans Laser Physics at the Limits, 51–59. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04897-9_6.

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Bothner, Thomas, Percy Deift, Alexander Its et Igor Krasovsky. « On the Asymptotic Behavior of a Log Gas in the Bulk Scaling Limit in the Presence of a Varying External Potential II ». Dans Large Truncated Toeplitz Matrices, Toeplitz Operators, and Related Topics, 213–34. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49182-0_12.

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Xhindi, Nevila, et Blerjana Bino. « Removing Political Barriers to Engagement : The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Albania ». Dans The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in Europe, 67–83. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86005-9_4.

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AbstractThis chapter analyzes Albania’s policy advisory system focusing on the advisory roles of political scientists. Albania’s political science discipline is relatively new, as it has mainly developed since the turn of the century. After exploring how the policy development process happens and how different factors may hinder the demand for Albania’s policy advice, this chapter considers political scientists’ role within the national context. Political barriers limit the role of political scientists in the policy process. In general, Albanian political scientists do engage in policy advice, but not in a structured and well-organized way. Mostly it is informal and based on a network of connections. Also, in the Albanian system, they have little incentives for such engagement external to their university work. Political scientists engage in policy advice more with societal actors than directly with legislative or executive institutions and officials. Future research may include the demand side of policy advice to understand the role of political scientists better and provide clues for their future engagement.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "External limit"

Stanescu, Cornel, Radu Iacob, Cristian Dinca et Ovidiu Profirescu. « External control technique for current limit in LDOs ». Dans 2011 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smicnd.2011.6095833.

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Chen, P., D. Sarhaddi et D. Liu. « Limit-cycle oscillation studies of a fighter with external stores ». Dans 39th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1727.

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Liu, Jianhui, et Andrew Francis. « New Limit State Functions for Determining the Puncture Resistance to External Force ». Dans ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28029.

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Traditionally, a key component of the design philosophy applied to high-pressure pipelines has been the stipulation that the nominal hoop stress is less than some fraction of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). However, more recently both designers and operators have recognised that whilst this approach generally leads to conservatively safe designs, there may be some situations in which the conservatism is not adequate. This has resulted in a move towards limit state, and structural reliability based, methods that address actual failure modes, and consequently the contributions to structural integrity of other factors in addition to stress. One such failure mode is the puncture of a pipeline wall due an external force. This situation can arise from the impact of excavating machinery for onshore pipelines or drop objects and anchors for offshore lines. A limit state function describing this failure mode is given in DNV guidelines No 13. However, this function does not take account of the internal pressure. In this paper the influence of pressure on the pipeline indentation is addressed using both theoretical and finite element analyses. A closed-form solution of force-deformation relationship based on a consideration of rigid-plastic deformation theory, that gives a good agreement with results from both FE analyses and experimental tests, is presented. The analytical results show that indentation force, and the maximum stress/strain, required to produce a given dent depth, increase with increasing internal pressure. However, the relationship between indentation force and maximum stress/strain is not sensitive to internal pressure. The analysis therefore shows that an indentation force criterion governed solely by the dent depth, such as that given in DNV guidelines No. 13, may be highly unconservative when the pressure in the pipeline is high. Consequently, a new local denting criterion for puncture of pressurised pipes, which is based the maximum acceptable strain of the pipe material, and thereby removes the above unconservatsim, has been proposed and is presented in this paper.

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Denegri, Jr., Charles. « Limit cycle oscillation flight test results of a fighter with external stores ». Dans 41st Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-1394.

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Dawson, Kenneth, et Daniel Maxwell. « Limit Cycle Oscillation Prediction of Asymmetric External Store Configurations Using Neural Networks ». Dans 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
14th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
7th. Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-1850.

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Li, Longchuan, Isao Tokuda et Fumihiko Asano. « Optimal Fast Entrainment Waveform for Indirectly Controlled Limit Cycle Walker Against External Disturbances ». Dans 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra40945.2020.9196525.

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Sreeja, S., S. Venugopal Rao, P. Radhakrishnan, Surya P. Tewari et P. Prem Kiran. « Supercontinuum emission from water using fs pulses in the external tight focusing limit ». Dans SPIE LASE, sous la direction de Alexander Heisterkamp, Michel Meunier et Stefan Nolte. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.907278.

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Albert, Ferdinand, Caspar Hopfmann, Christian Schneider, Sven Höfling, Lukas Worschech, Martin Kamp, Wolfgang Kinzel, Alfred Forchel, Stephan Reitzenstein et Ido Kanter. « Quantum dot microlasers with external feedback : a chaotic system close to the quantum limit ». Dans SPIE Photonics Europe, sous la direction de Krassimir Panajotov, Marc Sciamanna, Angel Valle et Rainer Michalzik. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.921783.

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Sreeja, S., S. Venugopal Rao, Suman Bagchi, S. Sreedhar, T. Shuvan Prashant, P. Radhakrishnan, Surya P. Tewari et al. « Supercontinuum Emission from Water using 40 fs Pulses in the External Tight Focusing Limit ». Dans OPTICS : PHENOMENA, MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND CHARACTERIZATION : OPTICS 2011 : International Conference on Light. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3646863.

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Pupeza, I., T. Eidam, O. Pronin, J. Rauschenberger, B. Bernhardt, A. Ozawa, Th Udem et al. « Femtosecond High Repetition Rate External Cavity Beyond The Average Power Limit for Linear Enhancement ». Dans Advanced Solid-State Photonics. Washington, D.C. : OSA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assp.2010.awc6.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "External limit"

Sears, Jason A., Thomas P. Intrator et Glen A. Wurden. Stabilizing a laboratory plasma column beyond the external kink limit. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), février 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1062710.

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Sonder, E., et A. B. Ahmed. Background radiation accumulation and lower limit of detection in thermoluminescent beta-gamma dosimeters used by the centralized external dosimetry system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), décembre 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10109602.

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Dubois, Diego, Amirali Eskandariyun, Suprabha Das, Andriy Durygin et Zhe Cheng. Flash Sintering of Commercial Zirconium Nitride Powders. Florida International University, octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009777.

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Flash sintering is an electrical field-assisted densification technique that requires passing a current through a ceramic powder compact. Pressure-assisted flash sintering of commercially available Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) powders has been demonstrated. Near fully dense samples can be obtained within a short period of time. The influences of parameters such as electrical field strength, voltage ramping rate, current limit, external pressure, pre-heating, and holding time on the onset of the flash event were investigated. Some post-flash sintered samples were subjected to the same condition to observe if the material would experience repeated flash. In addition, material properties such as density and hardness were measured and correlated with SEM and XRD. Implications of the observations on underlying flash sintering mechanism will also be discussed.

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Islam, Wajid, et Junaid Ahmed. To Borrow or Not to Borrow : Empirical Evidence from the Public Debt Sustainability of Pakistan. Asian Development Bank Institute, janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/mowj8135.

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We aim to evaluate the public debt sustainability of Pakistan using the debt sustainability analysis (DSA) framework and fiscal reaction function (FRF). For the empirical analysis, we use relevant important macroeconomic variables, such as public debt, external debt, primary balance, output growth, current account balance, and oil prices, over the period 1976–2021. The results of the DSA suggest that, at the 10% growth rate with a real interest rate lower than 10%, the public debt level can be brought under the 60% standard sustainable limit from the current 80% by the year 2030. Furthermore, the estimates of the FRF reveal no evidence of debt sustainability. Besides this, the COVID-19 pandemic is positively associated with the primary balance mainly due to the decrease in the primary balance from –3.5% in 2019 to –0.9% in 2020. This is expected as a large amount of debt relief was provided to Pakistan during this period. Overall, our findings indicate that, if the rapid debt accumulation trend continues, the country will be unable to bear such a hefty load of ballooning debt. Therefore, a strategy of continuing coordination of fiscal and monetary policy is crucial for robust growth momentum to keep the debt sustainable.

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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro et Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, février 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.

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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.

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Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.

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This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.

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Wolf, Shmuel, et William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.

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Clausen, Jay, D. Moore, K. Miller et L. Haines-Ecklund. VI preferential pathways of a large government building. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43260.

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) releases from leaks and spills next to a large government building occurred over several decades with the most recent event occurring 20 years ago. In response to a perceived conventional vapor intrusion (VI) issue a sub-slab depressurization system (SSDS) was installed 6 years ago. The SSDS is operating within design limits and has achieved building TCE vapor concentration reductions. However, subsequent periodic TCE vapor spikes based on daily HAPSITE™ measurements indicate additional source(s). Two rounds of smoke tests conducted in 2017 and 2018 involved introduction of smoke into a sanitary sewer and storm drain manholes located on effluent lines coming from the building until smoke was observed exiting system vents on the roof. Smoke testing revealed many leaks in both the storm sewer and sanitary sewer systems within the building. Sleuthing of the VI source term using a portable HAPSITE™ indicate elevated vapor TCE levels correspond with observed smoke emanation from utility lines. Sleuthing activities also found building roof materials explain some of the elevated TCE levels on the 2nd floor. Installation of an external blower in the roof truss space has greatly reduced TCE levels. Preferential VI pathways and unexpected source terms may be overlooked mechanisms as compared to conventional VI.

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Clausen, Jay, D. Moore, L. Cain et K. Malinowski. VI preferential pathways : rule or exception. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), juillet 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41305.

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) releases from leaks and spills next to a large government building occurred over several decades with the most recent event occurring 20 years ago. In response to a perceived conventional vapor intrusion (VI) issue a sub-slab depressurization system (SSDS) was installed 6 years ago. The SSDS is operating within design limits and has achieved building TCE vapor concentration reductions. However, subsequent periodic TCE vapor spikes based on daily HAPSITE™ measurements indicate additional source(s). Two rounds of smoke tests conducted in 2017 and 2018 involved introduction of smoke into a sanitary sewer and storm drain manholes located on effluent lines coming from the building until smoke was observed exiting system vents on the roof. Smoke testing revealed many leaks in both the storm sewer and sanitary sewer systems within the building. Sleuthing of the VI source term using a portable HAPSITE™ indicate elevated vapor TCE levels correspond with observed smoke emanation from utility lines. In some instances, smoke odors were perceived but no leak or suspect pipe was identified suggesting the odor originates from an unidentified pipe located behind or enclosed in a wall. Sleuthing activities also found building roof materials explain some of the elevated TCE levels on the 2nd floor. A relationship was found between TCE concentrations in the roof truss area, plenum space above 2nd floor offices, and breathing zone of 2nd floor offices. Installation of an external blower in the roof truss space has greatly reduced TCE levels in the plenum and office spaces. Preferential VI pathways and unexpected source terms may be overlooked mechanisms as compared to conventional VI.

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