Bibliographies thématiques / Extended Synthesis of Evolution

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Extended Synthesis of Evolution »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Extended Synthesis of Evolution"

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Pigliucci, Massimo, et Gerd B. Müller. « Comentarios Bibliográficos : Evolution : the extended synthesis. 2010. » Natura Neotropicalis 1, no 41 (21 avril 2010) : 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/natura.v1i41.3887.

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Prentiss, Anna Marie. « Theoretical plurality, the extended evolutionary synthesis, and archaeology ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no 2 (5 janvier 2021) : e2006564118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006564118.

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The study of cultural evolution now includes multiple theoretical frameworks. Despite common influence from Darwinian evolutionary theory, there is considerable diversity. Thus, we recognize those most influenced by the tenets of the Modern Synthesis (evolutionary archaeology, cultural transmission theory, and human behavioral ecology) and those most aligned more closely with concepts emerging in the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (cultural macroevolution and evolutionary cognitive archaeology). There has been substantial debate between adherents of these schools of thought as to their appropriateness and priority for addressing the fundamentals of cultural evolution. I argue that theoretical diversity is necessary to address research questions arising from a complex archaeological record. Concepts associated with the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis may offer unique insights into the cultural evolutionary process.
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Szokolszky, Ágnes, et Zsolt Palatinus. « Changing views of evolution and their consequences for psychology. From the Modern Synthesis to the Extended Synthesis, and beyond ». Transylvanian Journal of Psychology 20, no 2 (20 décembre 2019) : 3–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tjp.xx.2.1.

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Reductionist viewpoints have been increasingly replaced by complex systems viewpoints in biological theory and methodology since the turn of the millennium. This tendency has also been reflected in thinking about evolution. Just as the defining evolutionary synthesis of the 20th century - the Modern Synthesis - was born out of the integration of the most up-to-date knowledge of the times, so does a recently emerging new synthesis build on most recent genetic-epigenetic, genomic, eco-devo-evolutionary findings. The "Extended Synthesis" (Pigliucci & Müller, 2010) builds on current understanding of genes, heredity, and multiple evolutionary processes. In this framework, an extended interpretation is offered based on the integration of evolutionary and ecosystem-level processes into the explanation of evolution. In this paper, we aim to review the paths leading to the Extended Synthesis. We aim to present a historically embedded, concise overview of the major issues and developments related to the changing perspectives. The final point of the discussion eventually raises the question: How does psychology relate to the extended view of evolution?
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Schrey, Aaron W., Christina L. Richards, Victoria Meller, Vincent Sollars et Douglas M. Ruden. « The Role of Epigenetics in Evolution : The Extended Synthesis ». Genetics Research International 2012 (5 mars 2012) : 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/286164.

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Brooks, Daniel R. « The Major Metaphors of Evolution : Visualizing the Extended Synthesis ». Evolution : Education and Outreach 4, no 3 (septembre 2011) : 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12052-011-0360-3.

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Laland, Kevin N., Tobias Uller, Marcus W. Feldman, Kim Sterelny, Gerd B. Müller, Armin Moczek, Eva Jablonka et John Odling-Smee. « The extended evolutionary synthesis : its structure, assumptions and predictions ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 282, no 1813 (22 août 2015) : 20151019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1019.

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Scientific activities take place within the structured sets of ideas and assumptions that define a field and its practices. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the Modern Synthesis in the early twentieth century and has since expanded into a highly successful research program to explore the processes of diversification and adaptation. Nonetheless, the ability of that framework satisfactorily to accommodate the rapid advances in developmental biology, genomics and ecology has been questioned. We review some of these arguments, focusing on literatures (evo-devo, developmental plasticity, inclusive inheritance and niche construction) whose implications for evolution can be interpreted in two ways—one that preserves the internal structure of contemporary evolutionary theory and one that points towards an alternative conceptual framework. The latter, which we label the ‘extended evolutionary synthesis' (EES), retains the fundaments of evolutionary theory, but differs in its emphasis on the role of constructive processes in development and evolution, and reciprocal portrayals of causation. In the EES, developmental processes, operating through developmental bias, inclusive inheritance and niche construction, share responsibility for the direction and rate of evolution, the origin of character variation and organism–environment complementarity. We spell out the structure, core assumptions and novel predictions of the EES, and show how it can be deployed to stimulate and advance research in those fields that study or use evolutionary biology.
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Brooks, Daniel R., et Salvatore J. Agosta. « Children of time : the extended synthesis and major metaphors of evolution ». Zoologia (Curitiba) 29, no 6 (décembre 2012) : 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-46702012000600002.

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Kang, Sangmin, Ja-Jung Koo, Hongmin Seo, Quang Trung Truong, Jong Bo Park, Seong Chae Park, Youngjin Jung et al. « Defect-engineered MoS2 with extended photoluminescence lifetime for high-performance hydrogen evolution ». Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no 33 (2019) : 10173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02256b.

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Müller, Gerd B. « Why an extended evolutionary synthesis is necessary ». Interface Focus 7, no 5 (18 août 2017) : 20170015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0015.

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Since the last major theoretical integration in evolutionary biology—the modern synthesis (MS) of the 1940s—the biosciences have made significant advances. The rise of molecular biology and evolutionary developmental biology, the recognition of ecological development, niche construction and multiple inheritance systems, the ‘-omics’ revolution and the science of systems biology, among other developments, have provided a wealth of new knowledge about the factors responsible for evolutionary change. Some of these results are in agreement with the standard theory and others reveal different properties of the evolutionary process. A renewed and extended theoretical synthesis, advocated by several authors in this issue, aims to unite pertinent concepts that emerge from the novel fields with elements of the standard theory. The resulting theoretical framework differs from the latter in its core logic and predictive capacities. Whereas the MS theory and its various amendments concentrate on genetic and adaptive variation in populations, the extended framework emphasizes the role of constructive processes, ecological interactions and systems dynamics in the evolution of organismal complexity as well as its social and cultural conditions. Single-level and unilinear causation is replaced by multilevel and reciprocal causation. Among other consequences, the extended framework overcomes many of the limitations of traditional gene-centric explanation and entails a revised understanding of the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process. All these features stimulate research into new areas of evolutionary biology.
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Dickins, Thomas E., et Qazi Rahman. « The extended evolutionary synthesis and the role of soft inheritance in evolution ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 279, no 1740 (16 mai 2012) : 2913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0273.

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In recent years, a number of researchers have advocated extending the modern synthesis in evolutionary biology. One of the core arguments made in favour of an extension comes from work on soft inheritance systems, including transgenerational epigenetic effects, cultural transmission and niche construction. In this study, we outline this claim and then take issue with it. We argue that the focus on soft inheritance has led to a conflation of proximate and ultimate causation, which has in turn obscured key questions about biological organization and calibration across the life span to maximize average lifetime inclusive fitness. We illustrate this by presenting hypotheses that we believe incorporate the core phenomena of soft inheritance and will aid in understanding them.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Extended Synthesis of Evolution"

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Santos, Cíntia Graziela. « Da teoria sintética da evolução à síntese estendida : o papel da plasticidade fenotípica ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-05112015-100804/.

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O objetivo desta pesquisa histórica é inicialmente descrever um importante evento (A Síntese moderna) que ocorreu na biologia no período entre guerras. Os biólogos evolutivos chegaram a um acordo sob vários aspectos tais como: o gradualismo do processo evolutivo, o conceito de população e fatores ecológicos, dentre outros. Em segundo lugar, introduzir a chamada Síntese expandida analisando um de seus pressupostos a plasticidade fenotípica e seus antecedentes históricos. Procurará elucidar se algumas ideias relacionadas à plasticidade fenotípica já estavam presentes no início do século XX como alegam alguns autores. Além disso, se essas ideias estavam presentes em trabalhos publicados durante o período da Síntese. Esta tese compreende uma Introdução e seis capítulos. A Introdução apresenta o escopo, metodologia e objetivos da pesquisa. O Capítulo 1 apresenta a Síntese evolutiva e suas relações com a Síntese expandida, introduzindo a plasticidade fenotípica. O Capítulo 2 discute os antecedentes históricos da plasticidade fenotípica. O Capítulo 3 descreve alguns experimentos relacionados à plasticidade fenotípica realizados no início do século XX, focalizando as contribuições de Richard Woltereck. O Capítulo 4 analisa as pesquisas relacionadas ao assunto, desenvolvidas nas décadas de 1940 e 1950 por Ivan I. Schmalhausen e Conrad Waddington. O Capítulo 5 lida principalmente com as pesquisas voltadas à plasticidade fenotípica desenvolvidas na década de 1960 por Anthony D. Bradshaw. O Capítulo 6 esboça um panorama das pesquisas relacionadas ao assunto desenvolvidas após a década de 1960. O Capítulo 7 apresenta algumas considerações sobre o que foi discutido nesta tese. Esta pesquisa leva à conclusão de que algumas ideias que podem ser relacionadas à concepção de plasticidade fenotípica já estavam presentes no final do século XIX. A partir daí, houve mudanças em relação à sua abrangência e terminologia. Concepções relacionadas à plasticidade fenotípica também podem ser encontradas durante o período da Síntese em alguns autores como Schmalhausen, por exemplo. Talvez devido a razões de ordem política elas não foram propagadas. Além disso, é possível que não tenham sido compreendidas completamente pela comunidade científica da época.
The aim of this historical research is firstly to describe an important event (The Modern synthesis) that took place in biology in the inter-war-years. The evolutionary biologists reached agreement to several respects such as the gradualism of the evolutionary process, the concept of population and ecological factors, among others. Secondly, to introduce the so-called extended synthesis analyzing one of its features - the phenotypic plasticity - and its historical antecedents. It will try to elucidate whether some ideas that could be related to phenotypic plasticity were already present in the beginning of the 20th century as it was claimed by some authors. Besides that, whether such ideas were not present in the works published during the Synthesis period. This thesis comprises an Introduction and six chapters. The Introduction presents the scope of the research, the research method and the aim of the research. Chapter 1 presents the Evolutionary synthesis and its relationship with the Extended synthesis, introducing the phenotypic plasticity. Chapter 2 discusses the historical antecedents of the phenotypic plasticity. Chapter 3 describes some experiments related to phenotypic plasticity performed in the beginning of the 20th century, focusing Richard Woltereck contributions. Chapter 4 analyzes the researches related to the subject performed in the 1940s and 1950s by Ivan I. Schmalhausen and Conrad Waddington. Chapter 5 mainly focuses the inquiries related to phenotypic plasticity made by Anthony D. Bradshaw during the 1960s. Chapter 6 presents an outlook of the researches concerning the subject performed after 1960s. Chapter 7 presents the final remarks concerning the subject of this thesis. This research leads to the conclusion that some ideas that could be related to the conception of phenotypic plasticity were already present in the end of 19th century. From this time onwards there were been made changes mainly related to its scope and terminology. Conceptions related to phenotypic plasticity can also be found during the Synthesis period in some authors such as Schmalhausen. In this case, perhaps due to political reasons they were not propagated. Besides that, it is possibly that they were not completely understood by the scientific community of that time.
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SERRELLI, EMANUELE. « Adaptive landscapes : a case study of metaphors, models, and synthesis in evolutionary biology ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19338.

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This dissertation brings a contribution to the philosophical debate on adaptive landscapes, an influent "model" or "metaphor" in evolutionary biology. Some elements of innovation are: the distinction between native and migrant metaphor; a processual and communicational idea on what the Modern Synthesis was, and on what role a metaphor could have played in it; a view (taken by Richard Lewontin) of the disunity and theoretical structure of population genetics; the distinction between “adaptive surfaces” (mainly metaphors) and “combination spaces”, two terms normally conflated in the word “landscape”; an analysis of what bridges (including heuristics) may be cast between equations of gene frequency and the genotype space that, due to its huge dimensionality, cannot be handled by mathematics; a specified vocabulary to be used to clear the adaptive landscapes debate, accompanied by a plea in favor of a pragmatic approach - for example, the plurality of available notions of model forces us to choose one notion and see where it brings, otherwise we get stuck in confused, endless debates; an updated analytical comment of recent landscapes - Dobzhansky, Simpson, Dawkins but also the proliferation of combination spaces used in evolutionary biology to address a great variety of problems; the vision (got by Sergey Gavrilets) of a patchwork of tools finally making Mendelian population suitable model also for speciation; the exact position of holey landscapes in this patchwork, and the idea that scientists’s questions - like “how possibly” questions - matter in accessing this patchwork and in deciding “what explains” and “what describes” what in the world; the direct response to some mistakes Massimo Pigliucci made, I think, in his assessment of the adaptive landscape; an analysis of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis project at its present stage, and some reflections on the conditions that will allow such a project to give a fair treatment and a good position to tools from the past, like the adaptive landscapes.
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TARDITI, SPAGNOLI GIORGIO. « Nurture becomes nature : the evolving place of psychology in the theory of evolution ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/80377.

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The thesis here presented establishes a triple parallelism between biology and psychology. First, through Haeckel's recapitulation theory as the source of freudian and jungian psychology. Second, from the reductionist view of science to the new phenomenology of evolutionary developmental biology. Third, by overcoming the reductionist paradigm in biology through the Extended Synthesis and in psychology though the revisited archetype theory. By establishing these parallelisms, the thesis faces the nature vs. nurture debate on three epistemological levels, in which the external and internal levels are being mediatied by a middle one. This turns the dualistic debate into a heuristic paradigm aimed to resolve any irreducible dualism inherent in the reductionist view
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Suman, F. « An updated evolutionary research programme for the co-evolution of language and cumulative culture ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422417.

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The aim and the structure of this work are twofold: a general analysis of the current status of the evolutionary research programme will serve as a general framework for an inquiry in specific aspects of a much debated field-study: the evolution of language. This case-study will do as a sort of testing arena to put at work the explanatory tools of the evolutionary research programme, in order to show what conceptual framework can better deal with the unsolved issues associated to the chosen case-study. Hence this work will be characterized by a continuous interplay between specific issues pertaining to the level of evolutionary biology (evolutionary processes at work, morphological, behavioral and cognitive adaptations) and theoretical analysis pertaining to the meta-level of philosophy of science (like conceptual and terminological analysis, causation mechanisms in play, research programmes' evolution). In the Preface we try to delimit the scope of this work, as the chosen case-study is characterized by a strong interdisciplinarity. In the Introduction we provide an essential historical reconstruction of the language evolution debate, starting from Darwin and Wallace's times, identifying some key concepts that will serve to navigate the contemporary debate. We then move forward identifying the common structure of some language evolution hypotheses that have been proposed across the years and highlight some limitations. We also discuss the necessity of providing a proper definition of the language faculty in order to display the evolutionary inquiry accordingly; we take into account the FLB – FLN distinction and highlight some limitations as well. In particular we show the difficulty by the Standard Evolutionary Theory (SET) conceptual framework in integrating the cultural dimension in language evolutionary explanations. We then stress the importance and the necessity of operating such an integration and we argue that the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) conceptual framework provides an explanatory toolkit that is better equipped to solve such a task. We then present an abstract model (the assimilate-stretch principle) that is able to provide in principle this integration, exploiting some of the key concepts of the EES conceptual framework. We then show that a co-evolutionary model between language and cumulative culture might be a promising path to integrate biological and cultural evolutionary processes, trying to rely our argument on results from co-evolutionary comparative studies (the cultural drive hypothesis). The three central chapters of this work consist of independent papers that were written at different stages. Each one of them deepens a specific aspect but all three of them share the common intent to show how the EES conceptual framework can be properly put at use. The first chapter is dedicated to an exploration of the Self-domestication hypothesis in human evolution through the analysis of a selection of critical examples concerning genus Homo evolution, relevant for the evolution of language, such as the evolution of hominin life-history traits, the enlargement of the social group, increased cooperation among individuals, behavioral change and innovations (the use of fire), heterochronic modifications leading to increased synaptic plasticity. It is argued that a relaxation of selective pressures caused by niche construction activity might have played a role both in human and language evolution. In the second chapter, the selected critical examples presented in chapter one are explicitly analyzed through the lenses of the EES conceptual framework. The evolution of language is treated as an open problem in the evolutionary research programme and it is shown how four factors (niche construction, inclusive inheritance, phenotypic plasticity, developmental bias) and two concepts (reciprocal causation, constructive development) can be usefully exploited to gain a better understanding of human and language evolution. The third chapter explores a specific theoretical issue linked to the EES debate, that is the need to revisit the distinction between proximate and ultimate causes of evolution. In fact, cultural transmission, operating at an intermediate level between the ontogenetic and the phylogenetic one, can be assumed to be both a proximate and an ultimate mechanism, with associated different predictions. We argue that assuming one or the other position leads to two different perspectives of how biological and cultural evolution interact. We argue in favor of an integrative perspective, that is acknowledging culture as an ultimate cause, in agreement with an EES-inclined conceptual framework. We also discuss the consequences of this theoretical shift and show how this can shed light on the evolutionary rate of language evolution (punctuationism and gradualism) debate. In the Conclusions we advance some further proposals, two in particular: first, we treat language as a form of teaching, specifically verbal teaching, and re-examine the hypothesis, presented in the previous chapters, that language could have evolved as a form of high-fidelity transmission mechanism; second, we discuss the proposal according to which language can be intended as a major transition in evolution and in particular we propose to split this transition in two steps: the first concerns the evolution of cumulative cultural capacities, the second the evolution of language; these two steps could share a common evolutionary process at their bases and we suggest this could be identified in an expanded version of the assimilate-stretch principle, which we propose in the conclusions, discussing also possible future directions. Finally, we conclude that gene-culture co-evolutionary models are proving their fruitfulness not only to shed light on human evolution, but also on other social species, and that the EES conceptual framework provides a set of explanatory tools that results appropriate to deal with these issues.
Lo scopo e la struttura di questo lavoro sono duplici: un'analisi generale dello stato attuale del programma di ricerca evoluzionistico servirà come cornice concettuale per un'indagine in alcuni aspetti specifici di un campo di studi molto dibattuto: l'evoluzione del linguaggio. Questo caso di studio fungerà da arena di prova per testare gli strumenti esplicativi del programma di ricerca evoluzionistico per mostrare quale cornice concettuale sia più adatta a trattare alcuni problemi irrisolti associati al caso di studio selezionato. Questo lavoro sarà caratterizzato da un continuo rimbalzo tra tematiche specifiche riguardanti il livello esplicativo della biologia evoluzionistica (quali processi evolutivi sono all'opera, quali adattamenti morfologici, comportamentali e cognitivi) e un'analisi teorica di pertinenza del meta-livello d'analisi della filosofia della scienza (analisi terminologica e concettuale, meccanismi causali in gioco, evoluzione del programma di ricerca). Nella Prefazione tentiamo di delimitare la portata del lavoro, poiché il caso di studio scelto è caratterizzato da una forte interdisciplinarità. Nell'Introduzione forniamo una basilare ricostruzione storica del dibattito intorno all'evoluzione del linguaggio, partendo dai tempi di Darwin e Wallace e identificando alcuni concetti chiave che risulteranno utili nell'esplorazione del dibattito contemporaneo. Dopodiché ci spostiamo a identificare la struttura esplicativa comune di alcune ipotesi sull'evoluzione del linguaggio che sono state proposte nel corso degli anni mettendo in luce alcune limitazioni. Discutiamo anche la necessità di fornire una definizione adeguata dela facoltà del linguaggio, per potervi associare un'adeguata analisi evolutiva; prendiamo in considerazione la distinzione FLB – FLN e pure ne mettiamo in evidenza alcune limitazioni. In particolare mostriamo la difficoltà della cornice concettuale della Teoria Evoluzionistica Standard (TES) nell'integrare la dimensione culturale nelle spiegazioni per l'evoluzione del linguaggio. Sottolineiamo quindi l'importanza e la necessità di operare questo tipo di integrazione e sosteniamo che la cornice concettuale della Sintesi Evoluzionistica Estesa (SEE) fornisce una serie di strumenti esplicativi che sono meglio equipaggiati per affrontare questa problematica. Mostriamo quindi che un modello coevolutivo tra linguaggio e cultura cumulativa può risultare un percorso di ricerca promettente per integrare processi evolutivi biologici e culturali, cercando di appoggiare la nostra argomentazione a risultati di studi coevolutivi comparativi (l'ipotesi della spinta culturale). I tre capitoli centrali di questo lavoro sono costituiti da articoli indipendenti tra loro che sono stati scritti in stadi differenti. Ognuno di essi approfondisce uno specifico aspetto ma tutti e tre condividono l'intento comune di mostrare come la cornice concettuale della Sintesi Estesa possa venire messa all'opera adeguatamente. Il primo capitolo è dedicato a un'esplorazione dell'ipotesi dell'Auto-addomesticazione nell'evoluzione umana attraverso un'analisi di una selezione di esempi chiave che risultino rilevanti per l'evoluzione del linguaggio, avvenuti ne corso dell'evoluzione del genere Homo, come l'evoluzione dei tratti relativi ai tempi di sviluppo, l'allargamento delle dimensioni del gruppo sociale, un aumento della cooperazione tra individui, modifiche comportamentali e innovazioni (come l'uso del fuoco), modifiche eterocroniche che hanno condotto a un aumento della plasticità sinaptica. Viene sostenuto che un rilassamento delle pressioni selettive causato da attività di costruzione di nicchia può aver giocato un ruolo fondamentale sia nell'evoluzione umana sia nell'evoluzione del linguaggio. Nel secondo capitolo, gli esempi chiave presentati nel primo capitolo vengono analizzati attraverso le lenti della cornice concettuale della Sintesi Estesa. L'evoluzione del linguaggio è trattata come un problema aperto nel programma di ricerca evoluzionistico e viene mostrato come quattro fattori (costruzione di nicchia, ereditarietà inclusiva, plasticità fenotipica, bias di sviluppo) e due concetti (causalità reciproca, sviluppo costruzionista) possono venire sfruttati per ottenere una migliore comprensione dell'evoluzione umana e del linguaggio. Il terzo capitolo esplora uno specifico problema teorico associato al dibattito intorno alla SEE, ovvero la necessità di riconsiderare la distinzione tra cause prossime e cause remote nell'evoluzione. Infatti, si può alternativamente assumere che la trasmissione culturale, che opera al livello intermedio tra il livello ontogenetico e il livello filogenetico, possa essere o un meccanismo prossimo o un meccanismo remoto, ottenendo predizioni diverse con assunzioni diverse. Noi sosteniamo che assumere l'una o l'altra posizione conduce a due differenti prospettive su come l'evoluzione biologica e l'evoluzione culturale interagiscono. Sosteniamo una prospettiva integrazionista che permette di riconoscere il ruolo di causa ultima della cultura, in accordo con la cornice concettuale della SEE. Discutiamo anche le conseguenze di questo cambiamento concettuale e mostriamo come ciò possa gettar luce sul dibattito intorno ai ritmi dell'evoluzione del linguaggio (puntuazionismo e gradualismo). Nelle Conclusioni avanziamo qualche ulteriore proposta, due in particolare: prima trattiamo il linguaggio come una forma di insegnamento verbale e riesaminiamo l'ipotesi, presentata nei capitoli precedenti, secondo cui il linguaggio potrebbe essersi evoluto come forma di trasmissione culturale di alta precisione; poi discutiamo la proposta secondo cui il linguaggio può venire inteso come una transizione fondamentale dell'evoluzione e in particolare proponiamo di dividere questa transizione in due parti: la prima riguarda l'evoluzione delle capacità per la cultura cumulativa, la seconda riguarda l'evoluzione del linguaggio; queste due parti potrebbero condividere un comune processo evolutivo alla loro base e suggeriamo che questo possa venire identificato nella versione estesa del principio di “assimilazione-allungamento”, che presentiamo nelle conclusioni, discutendone anche possibili future direzioni. Infine, concludiamo sostenendo che i modelli di coevoluzione geni-culutra stanno rivelando la loro fecondità non solo nel gettare luce sull'evoluzione umana, ma anche su altre specie sociali, e la cornice concettuale della SEE fornisce un insieme di strumenti esplicativi che risultano appropriati per trattare queste problematiche.
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Gravel, Pierre. « Evolution of extended satellites in massive halos ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0014/NQ35166.pdf.

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List, Bernhard. « Evolution of an extended Ricci flow system ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2006/180/index.html.

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Vicario, Andrade Alba. « Development and evolution of the avian extended amygdala ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/314572.

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En esta Tesis Doctoral hemos identificado los componentes de la amígdala extendida (EA) de aves, en base a su posición topológica, perfil genético y origen embrionario. En EA central de pollo y pinzón, identificamos las masas intercaladas y amígdala central, con células de origen estriatal dorsal y/o ventral, pero con subpoblaciones menores de otros orígenes. Además, el núcleo lateral de la estria terminal, de origen palidal, contiene subpoblaciones de células inmigrantes de origen estriatal, preóptico o eminencial. En EA medial del pinzón, hemos identificado distintas subpoblaciones celulares en la amígdala medial y el núcleo medial de la estria terminal con origen palidal, preóptico, hipotalámico o eminencial. Nuestros datos indican que EA está formada por múltiples corredores celulares con distinto origen y perfil genético, lo que supone un cambio de paradigma para entender la conectividad y función de cada tipo celular en el control de las emociones, motivación y comportamiento social.
In this Ph.D. Dissertation, we have identified the components of the avian extended amygdala (EA), based on their topological position, genetic profile and embryonic origin. In central EA of chicken and zebra finch, we identified the intercalated masses and the central amygdala, with cells derived from the dorsal and/or ventral striatal domains, but with minor subpopulations from other origins. Moreover, the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, with pallidal origin, contains subpopulations of immigrant cells with striatal, preoptic or eminential origins. In medial EA of zebra finch, we identified different cell subpopulations with pallidal, preoptic, hypothalamic or eminential origins. Our data indicate that EA is formed by multiple cell corridors with different origin and genetic profile, which opens new venues for investigating the connections and function of each neuron subtype in the control of emotions, motivation and social behavior.
En aquesta Tesi Doctoral hem identificat els components de l'amígdala estesa (EA) d'aus, en base a la seva posició topològica, perfil genètic i origen embrionari. En EA central de pollastre i pinsà, hem identificat les masses intercalades i l'amígdala central, amb cèl·lules estriatals dorsal i/o ventral, però amb subpoblacions menors d'altres orígens. A més, el nucli lateral de l’estria terminal, d'origen palidal, conté subpoblacions de cèl·lules immigrants d'origen estriatal, preòptic o eminèncial. En EA medial del pinsà, hem identificat diferents subpoblacions cel·lulars en l'amígdala medial i el nucli medial de l’estria terminal amb origen palidal, preòptic, hipotalàmic o eminèncial. Les nostres dades indiquen que EA està formada per múltiples corredors cel·lulars amb diferent origen i perfil genètic, la qual cosa suposa un canvi de paradigma per entendre la connectivitat i funció de cada tipus cel·lular en el control de les emocions, motivació i comportament social.
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BANERJEE, SANDIPTO. « DATA WAREHOUSE SCHEMA EVOLUTION WITH EXTENDED HIERARCHY SEMANTICS ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1185287549.

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Li, Yiran. « Synthesis of Cyclo and Backbone Extended Nucleosides ». Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3050.

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Thesis advisor: Larry W. McLaughlin
Nucleic acids are essential biological molecules that encode and transfer genetic information from generation to generation. Intensive efforts have been made by scientists to study the properties of nucleic acids, looking for opportunities that could help diagnose, prevent, and cure disease, and/or gain a greater insight into the wonder of nature. Chapter 2 presents our synthetic attempts towards the rigidified nucleosides 2'-deoxy-6,3'-propanouridine and 2'-deoxy-6,3'-butanouridine. These nucleosides are constrained so that they mimic the native conformation in DNA duplex and are postulated to increase duplex stability, as well as increase the affinity of the nucleobase for its complementary partner. Chapter 3 presents work towards the synthesis of backbone extended nucleosides. These molecules have the potential to form a new type of helical structure when incorporated into a double helix. Through the investigation of these novel nucleic acids, we would like to gain a greater understanding of the properties that contribute to duplex stability
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
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Kumar, Siddhartha. « Synthesis and Characterization of π-Extended Benzoporphyrins ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505216/.

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Porphyrins offer a very synthetically flexible template which can be modified in numerous ways to synthesize molecules with very useful properties applicable in areas such as non-linear optical properties, photodynamic therapy, dye-sensitized solar cells, chemical sensors and organic electronic devices. β-Substituted π-extended porphyrins offer unique capabilities in tuning the properties of the molecule towards practical applications. Increased π-conjugation allows the HOMO-LUMO gap to decrease and hence to redshift the absorption into the near-IR region. β-Fused benzoporphyrins offer additional benefits in which the benzene ring itself can be further modified using electron donating substituents and electron donating substituents to electronically tune these porphyrins for various uses. The goal of the research pursued in this dissertation was to develop new methods for the development of β-Substituted π-extended porphyrins and to study their optical and electronic properties. To accomplish this goal, we developed new method to synthesize A2B2 type tetrabenzoporphyrins and we studied the electron transfer in such systems. We also studied the effectiveness of such systems in dye sensitized solar cells. A new method to synthesize functionalized naphthalene fused porphyrins was also developed and we were also able to use this method to synthesize a push-pull naphthalene fused porphyrin.
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Livres sur le sujet "Extended Synthesis of Evolution"

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1964-, Pigliucci Massimo, et Müller Gerd B, dir. Evolution : The extended synthesis. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, 2010.

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K, Schmidt D., et Langley Research Center, dir. Extended cooperative control synthesis. Hampton, Va : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.

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Ervin, Laszlo. Evolution : The grand synthesis. Boston : New Science Library, 1987.

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Wykes, Til, Steven M. Silverstein et Bita Moghaddam. Schizophrenia : Evolution and synthesis. Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press, 2013.

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Huxley, Julian. Evolution : The modern synthesis. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, 2010.

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Reid, Robert G. B. Evolutionary theory : The unfinished synthesis. London : Croom Helm, 1985.

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Evolutionary theory : The unfinished synthesis. Ithaca, N.Y : Cornell University Press, 1985.

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Thackara, W. T. S. Evolution & creation : A theosophic synthesis. Pasadena, Calif : Theosophical University Press, 2004.

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Gravel, Pierre. Evolution of extended satellites in massive halos. Toronto : Graduate Department of Astronomy, University of Toronto, 1998.

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David, Bechtel, et Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), dir. Extended school day/year programs : A research synthesis. [Philadelphia, PA : Mid-Atlantic Regional Educational Laboratory, 1997.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Extended Synthesis of Evolution"

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Ferreira, Jonathan Luís H. « Extended Synthesis and Jablonka and Lamb’s Four-Dimensional View of Evolution ». Dans Interdisciplinary Evolution Research, 201–17. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85265-8_10.

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Luco, Andrés. « The Cultural Evolution of Extended Benevolence ». Dans Synthese Library, 153–77. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68802-8_8.

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Hemminger, Hansjörg. « Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, Epigenetics and the Contingency of Evolution ». Dans Evolutionary Processes in the Natural History of Religion, 73–87. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70408-7_6.

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Gontier, Nathalie. « Uniting Micro- with Macroevolution into an Extended Synthesis : Reintegrating Life’s Natural History into Evolution Studies ». Dans Interdisciplinary Evolution Research, 227–75. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15045-1_7.

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Van Arsdale, Adam. « Human Evolution as a Theoretical Model for an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis ». Dans The Darwinian Tradition in Context, 105–30. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69123-7_6.

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Boeckx, Cedric. « What Can an Extended Synthesis do for Biolinguistics : On the Needs and Benefits of Eco-Evo-Devo Program ». Dans The Evolution of Social Communication in Primates, 313–26. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02669-5_16.

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Duret-Lutz, Alexandre, Etienne Renault, Maximilien Colange, Florian Renkin, Alexandre Gbaguidi Aisse, Philipp Schlehuber-Caissier, Thomas Medioni et al. « From Spot 2.0 to Spot 2.10 : What’s New ? » Dans Computer Aided Verification, 174–87. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13188-2_9.

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AbstractSpot is a C++17 library for LTL and $$\omega $$ ω -automata manipulation, with command-line utilities, and Python bindings. This paper summarizes its evolution over the past six years, since the release of Spot 2.0, which was the first version to support $$\omega $$ ω -automata with arbitrary acceptance conditions, and the last version presented at a conference. Since then, Spot has been extended with several features such as acceptance transformations, alternating automata, games, LTL synthesis, and more. We also shed some lights on the data-structure used to store automata.Artifact:https://zenodo.org/record/6521395.
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Shron, Alina. « Extended evolutionary synthesis ». Dans Historians Without Borders, 59–94. London ; New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series : Routledge approaches to history : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351244756-7.

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Jou, David, José Casas-Vázquez et Georgy Lebon. « Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics : Evolution Equations ». Dans Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics, 41–70. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3074-0_2.

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Jou, David, José Casas-Vázquez et Georgy Lebon. « Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics : Evolution Equations ». Dans Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics, 39–72. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56565-6_2.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Extended Synthesis of Evolution"

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COT, LÉA, SÉBASTIEN DEJEAN et CAROLE SAUDEJAUD. « A STATE-PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN TWO ENGINEERING DOMAINS : AN EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER APPROACH ». Dans Structural Health Monitoring 2021. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2021/36286.

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This paper intends to present a synthesis of works based on the study of the behavior of the Kalman filters in two different domains. The first area is dedicated to the flocculation process occurring in water treatment. The second one covers aircraft structural damage based on SHM approach. The general methodology consists in modeling a state-parameter observer to perform estimations using the joint EKF. The robustness and efficiency of the Kalman filters is addressed in order to allow a cross-fertilization in the two area. Model propagation and accurate prognostics are therefore allowed due to the improvement of model parameter knowledge. In the context of the flocculation, the prediction of the time evolution of the characteristic diameters is much more efficient than QMOM. For fatigue damage prognostic, the best initial conditions leading to accurate estimation are highlighted according to materials. Whatever the problem is, the estimation error magnitude is known.
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Greene, J. E. « Low-Energy Ion/Surface Interactions During Vapor-Phase Film Growth For Manipulating Microchemistry and Microstructure at the Atomic Level ». Dans The Microphysics of Surfaces : Beam-Induced Processes. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/msbip.1991.ma2.

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Low-energy (≤ 200 eV) ion irradiation during crystal growth from the vapor phase can be used to provide new chemical reaction pathways, modify film-growth kinetics, and, hence, controllably alter the physical properties of films deposited by a variety of techniques. The latter includes sputter deposition, ion plating, plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PA-CVD), primary-ion deposition (PID), and molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) using accelerated beam sources. Ion/surface interaction effects such as ion-induced chemistry, trapping, recoil implantation, preferential sputtering, collisional mixing, enhanced diffusion, and alteration in segregation behavior are used to interpret and model experimental results concerning the effects of low-energy particle bombardment on nucleation and growth kinetics, elemental incorporation probabilities, compositional depth distributions, and the growth of metastable phases. Review articles on various aspects of ion irradiation during film growth including effects on nucleation and growth kinetics [1-4], microstructural evolution [4], preferred orientation and stress [2], elemental incorporation probabilities [1-3], dopant incorporation and depth distributions [5], and the synthesis of metastable semiconducting alloys [1-3,6] are available. Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics growth simulations have also been reviewed [4]. In this extended abstract, some of the key features of low-energy ion/surface interactions are outlined and new results are described.
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Khan, Abdul Muqtadir, Vadim Isaev et Vladimir Plyashkevich. « Expanding the Degradable Fluid Loss Additive Application Spectrum Through Advanced Slurry Transport Modeling, Theoretical and Experimental Integration ». Dans International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22144-ms.

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Abstract Chemistry and the materials portfolio play a central role in fracturing success. Challenges in a achieving successful and productive proppant pack are resolved using varying products and fit-for-purpose chemistry utilization. The conventional understanding of using fluid loss additive (FLA) only for reducing fluid leakoff in high-permeability formations can be extended with advanced digital tools for optimum realization of a broader application spectrum for well-specific challenges. Polylactic acid-based powdered degradable FLA (DFLA) was developed with engineered particle size distribution to plug rock pore throats. Core flow tests were conducted with and without DFLA with borate crosslinked base fluid to measure the performance metrics. The application spectrum was extended beyond the fluid loss control in high-permeability rock to aid in screening out multiple fractures and natural fractures, reducing poroelastic tendency of tight, tectonically influenced formations. An advanced numerical modeling simulation approach was used to evaluate the distribution of the DFLA particles along the fracture cross-section and their dynamics to yield optimum fracture geometry with lesser pad volume. Coreflood tests demonstrated a reduction of up to 40% in fluid loss coefficient and spurt loss components with 30 lbm/1,000 gal DFLA loading. A regained permeability reduction of 12% from the baseline was observed when 25% particulate DFLA mass loss occurred, which can be minimized with higher shut-in times and complete degradation. The spectrum was expanded conceptually for up to eight applications based on literature references. Digitally advanced hydrodynamics and an in situ kinetics simulator were used to accurately model the slurry flow with and without DFLA. The model was extended with a sensitivity study with 32 synthetic cases to extend FLA utilization to medium- and low-efficiency formations. The modeling results showed that more than 50% of crosslinked pad volume could be saved while retaining the same fracture geometry evolution. Industry use of FLA chemistry has been minimal. In the digital age, this is the first and a unique demonstration of how digital tools can aid extending the material portfolio spectrum investigated from laboratory, simulation, and field case perspectives. Multiple applications of FLA can enhance project economics and reduce polymer and fracturing fluid formation damage by lowering the difference between differential pressure at the fracture face and drawdown during cleanup and the production phase.
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Brotman Karmin, Lynne S., Doree Duncan Seligmann, Michael Sammon et Ed Peebles. « Evolution of a concept ». Dans CHI '07 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1240866.1240897.

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d'Alessandro, Nicolas, Robert Pritchard, Johnty Wang et Sidney Fels. « Ubiquitous voice synthesis ». Dans the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1979742.1979700.

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Quiroz, Juan C., Sergiu M. Dascalu et Sushil J. Louis. « Human guided evolution of XUL user interfaces ». Dans CHI '07 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1240866.1241052.

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PŘIKRYL, Vojtěch, Zuzana BYTEŠNÍKOVÁ, Pavel ŠVEC, Lukáš RICHTERA et Vojtěch ADAM. « ZnO NANOPARTICLES : SYNTHESIS AND EVOLUTION ». Dans NANOCON 2020. TANGER Ltd., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/nanocon.2020.3771.

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Linder, Natan, et Pattie Maes. « The design evolution of LuminAR ». Dans the 2012 ACM annual conference extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2212776.2212473.

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Zhao, Na, Fei Dai, Yong Yu et Tong Li. « An Extended Process Model Supporting Software Evolution ». Dans 2008 International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application Workshops (IITAW). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iita.workshops.2008.174.

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Perry, Dewayne E. « Software evolution and “light” semantics (extended abstract) ». Dans the 21st international conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/302405.302706.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Extended Synthesis of Evolution"

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Chiu, Lynn Chiu. Extended Evolutionary Synthesis : A review of the latest scientific research. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania United States : John Templeton Foundation, septembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.40950.

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Yoo, C., W. Evans et H. Cynn. Synthesis of Novel Extended Phases of Molecular Solids at High Pressures and Temperatures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mars 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15009824.

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Zhengyu Liu. Synthesis of Transient Climate Evolution of the last 21-kyr (SynTraCE-21). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mai 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1012756.

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Tsao, Jeffrey. The Structure and Evolution of Science and Technology : A Modern Synthesis (UUR LDRD Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1890626.

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Penn, R. L., J. F. Banfield et J. Voigt. Synthesis of nanocrystalline barium-hexaferrite from nanocrystalline goethite using the hydrothermal method : Particle size evolution and magnetic properties. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mars 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/459417.

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Habert, Guillaume, et Francesco Pittau. Joint synthesis “Sustainable Concrete Structures” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), février 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.5.en.

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All structures in Switzerland - that is, all buildings, roads, infrastructure constructions and so on - consume over their entire life cycle around 50 % of Switzerland's final energy requirement. They are also responsible for around 30 % of emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2. In recent decades, the energy requirements and CO2 emissions resulting from the use of such structures have fallen sharply. However, the grey energy contained within the structures as well as the CO2 emissions associated with the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, remain high. There is great potential for improvement here. The joint project “Low energy concrete” provides an important basis for transforming the construction industry into a sustainable sector. It primarily focuses on the building material concrete, which is responsible for an especially high amount of grey energy and significant CO2 emissions. The results of this joint project are summarised and interpreted in this synthesis on “Sustainable Concrete Structures”. The chief objectives of the joint project were as follows: CO2 emissions and grey energy are reduced by drastically decreasing the amount of clinker in the cement. Grey energy is reduced by replacing reinforcing and prestressing steel in concrete structures with wood and plastic. The service life of the structures is extended by professional monitoring and adequate renovation measures; this reduces the average annual grey energy and CO2 emissions. The research work shows that the CO2 emissions caused by concrete and concrete structures can be reduced by a factor of 4, while the bound grey energy can be decreased by a factor of 3.
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Tschirhart, V., S. Pehrsson, N. Wodicka, J. A. Percival, C. W. Jefferson, T. Peterson et R G Berman. Geophysical contributions to a synthesis of western Churchill geology and metallogeny. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330639.

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The geophysical data sets available for the western Churchill Province have had a bearing on the understanding of its structure, evolution and metal endowment. New data were acquired and interpreted during the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Program (2008-2020). Regional, high-resolution aeromagnetic, and targeted gravity and magnetotelluric surveys were collected in GEM, in conjunction with geological mapping projects, in order to provide control on bedrock features beneath widespread glacial overburden and flat-lying sedimentary basins. Quantitative estimates of three-dimensional geometry were obtained in key areas through geophysical models integrating the geophysical characteristics with local rock property measurements. These geophysical data sets contributed to new knowledge and interpretations in three related research fields: 1) location and nature of Rae cratonmp;gt;'s boundaries within the western Churchill Province; 2) definition of internal Rae architecture; and 3) identification of reactivated structures controlling gold and uranium mineralization. The new data, models and emerging tectonic and metallogenic frameworks will serve as guides for future exploration in this remote, complex, challenging region.
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Nangia, Raj K. Assessment of Air Vehicle Design Evolution over Mach Number and Altitude Operating Envelope With and Without S&C Considerations as Part of the Design Synthesis. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, août 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada548732.

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Grafi, Gideon, et Brian Larkins. Endoreduplication in Maize Endosperm : An Approach for Increasing Crop Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, septembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575285.bard.

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The focus of this research project is to investigate the role of endoreduplication in maize endosperm development and the extent to which this process contributes to high levels of starch and storage protein synthesis. Although endoreduplication has been widely observed in many cells and tissues, especially those with high levels of metabolic activity, the molecular mechanisms through which the cell cycle is altered to produce consecutive cycles of S-phase without an intervening M-phase are unknown. Our previous research has shown that changes in the expression of several cell cycle regulatory genes coincide with the onset of endoreduplication. During this process, there is a sharp reduction in the activity of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and activation of the S-phase CDK. It appears the M-phase CDK is stable, but its activity is blocked by a proteinaceous inhibitor. Coincidentally, the S-phase checkpoint protein, retinoblastoma (ZmRb), becomes phosphorylated, presumably releasing an E2F-type transcriptional regulator which promotes the expression of genes responsible for DNA synthesis. To investigate the role of these cell cycle proteins in endoreduplication, we have created transgenic maize plants that express various genes in an endosperm-specific manner using a storage protein (g-zein) promoter. During the first year of the grant, we constructed point mutations of the maize M-phase kinase, p34cdc2. One alteration replaced aspartic acid at position 146 with asparagine (p3630-CdcD146N), while another changed threonine 161 to alanine (p3630-CdcT161A). These mutations abolish the activity of the CDK. We hypothesized that expression of the mutant forms of p34cdc2 in endoreduplicating endosperm, compared to a control p34cdc2, would lead to extra cycles of DNA synthesis. We also fused the gene encoding the regulatory subunit of the M- phase kinase, cyclin B, under the g-zein promoter. Normally, cyclin B is expected to be destroyed prior to the onset of endoreduplication. By producing high levels of this protein in developing endosperm, we hypothesized that the M-phase would be extended, potentially reducing the number of cycles of endoreduplication. Finally, we genetically engineered the wheat dwarf virus RepA protein for endosperm-specific expression. RepA binds to the maize retinoblastoma protein and presumably releases E2F-like transcription factors that activate DNA synthesis. We anticipated that inactivation of ZmRb by RepA would lead to additional cycles of DNA synthesis.
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Schaffer, Arthur, Jack Preiss, Marina Petreikov et Ilan Levin. Increasing Starch Accumulation via Genetic Modification of the ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591740.bard.

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The overall objective of the research project was to utilize biochemical insights together with both classical and molecular genetic strategies to improve tomato starch accumulation. The proposal was based on the observation that the transient starch accumulation in the immature fruit serves as a reservoir for carbohydrate and soluble sugar content in the mature fruit, thereby impacting on fruit quality. The general objectives were to optimize AGPase function and activity in developing fruit in order to increase its transient starch levels. The specific research objectives were to: a) perform directed molecular evolution of the limiting enzyme of starch synthesis, AGPase, focussing on the interaction of its regulatory and catalytic subunits; b) determine the mode of action of the recently identified allelic variant for the regulatory subunit in tomato fruit that leads to increased AGPase activity and hence starch content. During the course of the research project major advances were made in understanding the interaction of the small and large subunits of AGPase, in particular the regulatory roles of the different large subunits, in determining starch synthesis. The research was performed using various experimental systems, including bacteria and Arabidopsis, potato and tomato, allowing for broad and meaningful conclusions to be drawn. A novel discovery was that one of the large subunits of tomato AGPase is functional as a monomer. A dozen publications describing the research were published in leading biochemical and horticultural journals. The research results clearly indicated that increasing AGPase activity temporally in the developing fruit increase the starch reservoir and, subsequently, the fruit sugar content. This was shown by a comparison of the carbohydrate balance in near-isogenic tomato lines differing in a gene encoding for the fruit-specific large subunit (LS1). The research also revealed that the increase in AGPase activity is due to a temporal extension of LS1 gene expression in the developing fruit which in turn stabilizes the limiting heterotetrameric enzyme, leading to sustained starch synthesis. This genetic variation can successfully be utilized in the breeding of high quality tomatoes.
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