Livres : « Extended defect »

1

Claeys, Cor, et Eddy Simoen, dir. Extended Defects in Germanium. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85614-6.

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2

W, Kolb Edward, Liddle Andrew R, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. et Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, dir. Topological defects in extended inflation. [Batavia, Ill.] : Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1990.

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3

Benedek, G., A. Cavallini et W. Schröter, dir. Point and Extended Defects in Semiconductors. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5709-4.

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4

Workshop on Point, Extended, and Surface Defects in Semiconductors (2nd 1988 Erice, Italy). Point and extended defects in semiconductors. New York : Plenum Press, 1989.

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5

(Eddy), Simoen E., dir. Extended defects in Germanium : Fundamental and technological aspects. Berlin : Springer, 2009.

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6

Scheinemann, Artur. Modelling of leakage currents induced by extended defects in extra-functionality devices. Konstanz : Hartung-Gorre Verlag, 2014.

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7

Davidson, J. A. Minority carrier processes and recombination at point and extended defects in silicon. Manchester : UMIST, 1996.

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8

Qian, Y. Characterisation of extended defects induced by oxidation and oxygen implantation in silicon. Manchester : UMIST, 1995.

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9

Hlaing, Yu Yu. A study on the offences relating to when the right of private defence extends to causing death. Prome, Burma] : University of Pyay, Department of Law, 2015.

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10

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Defence : exchange of notes between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America consituting an Agreement to Extend the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) Agreement for a further five-year period = : Défense : échange de notes entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique constituant un accord prolongeant l'Accord du commandement de la défense aérospatiale de l'Amérique du Nord (NORAD) pour une période de cinq ans. Ottawa, Ont : Queen's Printer = Imprimeur de la Reine, 1991.

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11

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Defence : exchange of notes between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America constituting an agreement to extend the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) Agreement for a further five-year period, Washington, March 28, 1996, in force March 28, 1996 with effect from May 12, 1996 = : Défense : échange de notes entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique constituant un accord prolongeant l'Accord du Commandement de la défense aérospatiale de l'Amérique du Nord (NORAD) pour une autre période de cinq ans, Washington, le 28 mars 1996, en vigueur le 28 mars 1996 avec effet à compter du 12 mai 1996. Ottawa, Ont : Queen's Printer = Imprimeur de la Reine, 1998.

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12

Canada. Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Defence : exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America to extend for ten years the agreement of June 17, 1986 providing for the continued operation and maintenance of the torpedo test range in the Strait of Georgia and to amend the annex attached to the exchange of notes of January 13 and April 14, 1976, Washington, December 17, 1999, in force December 17, 1999 = : Défence : échange de notes constituant un accord entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique en vue de prolonger pour dix ans la validité de l'Accord du 17 juin 1986 prévoyant la poursuite de l'exploitation et de l'entretien de la zone d'essais de torpilles dans le détroit de Georgie et visant à modifier l'annexe jointe à l'échange de notes du 13 janvier et du 14 avril 1976, Washington, le 17 décembre 1999, en vigueur le 17 décembre 1999. Ottawa, Ont : Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada = Ministre des travaux publics et services gouvernementaux Canada, 1998.

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13

Gubicza, J. Defect Structure and Properties of Nanomaterials : Second and Extended Edition. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2017.

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14

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Topological Defects in Extended Inflation. Independently Published, 2019.

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15

Benedek, Giorgio. Point and Extended Defects in Semiconductors. Springer, 2013.

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16

Benedek, Giorgio. Point and Extended Defects in Semiconductors. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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17

Yacobi, B. G., et D. B. Holt. Extended Defects in Semiconductors : Electronic Properties, Device Effects and Structures. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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18

Yacobi, B. G., et D. B. Holt. Extended Defects in Semiconductors : Electronic Properties, Device Effects and Structures. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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19

Claeys, Cor, et Eddy Simoen. Extended Defects in Germanium : Fundamental and Technological Aspects. Springer, 2010.

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20

Brown, Jessica. Closure and Defeat. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801771.003.0005.

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After arguing that infallibilism faces serious problems, this chapter turns to consider objections levelled at fallibilism. Chapters 5 and 6 consider the objection that fallibilism undermines closure for knowledge. In reply, it’s been argued that closure fails for reasons quite independently of the fallibilism–infallibilism debate, specifically because of defeat. If that’s right, then closure provides no reason to prefer infallibilism over fallibilism. However, the very idea of defeat has come under recent attack. This and the next chapter provide an extended defence of a variety of kinds of defeat. This chapter provides a positive argument for rebutting and undermining defeat. It also examines and rejects some recent objections to rebutting defeat, including Lasonen-Aarnio’s objection that rebutting defeat fails to answer the dogmatism puzzle.

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21

Cristiano, Filadelfo. Extended defects in SiGe device structures formed by ion implantation. 1998.

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22

Yacobi, B. G., et D. B. Holt. Extended Defects in Semiconductors : Electronic Properties, Device Effects and Structures. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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23

Yacobi, B. G., et D. B. Holt. Extended Defects in Semiconductors : Electronic Properties, Device Effects and Structures. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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24

Yacobi, B. G., et D. B. Holt. Extended Defects in Semiconductors : Electronic Properties, Device Effects and Structures. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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25

Yacobi, B. G., et D. B. Holt. Extended Defects in Semiconductors : Electronic Properties, Device Effects and Structures. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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26

Extended Defects in Semiconductors : Electronic Properties, Device Effects and Structures. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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27

Pawl, Timothy. In Defense of Extended Conciliar Christology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834144.001.0001.

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This book examines the logical consistency and coherence of Extended Conciliar Christology—the Christological doctrine that results from conjoining Conciliar Christology, the Christology of the first seven ecumenical councils of the Christian Church, with five additional theses. These theses are: the claim that multiple incarnations are possible; the claim that Christ descended into hell during his three days of death; the claim that Christ’s human will was free; the claim that Christ was impeccable; and the claim that Christ, via his human intellect, knew all things past, present, and future. These five theses, while not found in the first seven ecumenical councils, are common in the Christian theological tradition. For just one example, St Thomas Aquinas affirmed all five extensions. The main question asked in this book is whether these five theses, when conjoined with Conciliar Christology, imply a contradiction. This book does not undertake to defend the truth of Extended Conciliar Christology. Rather, it shows that the extant philosophical objections to Extended Conciliar Christology fail.

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Point and Extended Defects in Semiconductors (Nato a S I Series Series B, Physics). Plenum Pub Corp, 1989.

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29

Mi, Chienkuo, et Shane Ryan. Reflective Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.003.0010.

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In this paper, we defend the claim that reflective knowledge is necessary for extended knowledge. We begin by examining a recent account of extended knowledge provided by Palermos and Pritchard (2013). We note a weakness with that account and a challenge facing theorists of extended knowledge. The challenge that we identify is to articulate the extended cognition condition necessary for extended knowledge in such a way as to avoid counterexample from the revamped Careless Math Student and Truetemp cases. We consider but reject Pritchard’s (2012b) epistemological disjunctivism as providing a model for doing so. Instead, we set out an account of reflection informed by Confucianism and dual-process theory. We make the case that reflective knowledge offers a way of overcoming the challenge identified. We show why such knowledge is necessary for extended knowledge, while building on Sosa’s (2012) account of meta-competence.

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30

Lieven, Dominic. Imperial Defence. Sous la direction de Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.011.

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Contrary to the influential myth propagated by Tolstoy’sWar and Peace, the Russian war effort in 1812–14 was in reality intelligently conceived and purposefully executed under the overall direction of Alexander I, who was his own foreign minister and also played a significant role in military planning. Having analysed the strengths and weaknesses of the Russian armies, the efficiency of their supply lines, the mobilization of Russian manpower, and the significance of the Russian horse industry, the chapter concludes by examining the consequences of victory over Napoleon. Russian backwardness as revealed in the Crimean War owed less to the failings of Nicholas I than to the fact that the Industrial Revolution originated on Europe’s Western periphery and then took several generations to extend first to central and then to southern and eastern regions of the continent.

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31

Acquisitions : How to Expand, Extend and Defend Your Business (Entrepreneur's Guide Series). Probus Professional Pub, 1991.

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32

Gilmore, Bill. Hot Pursuit. Sous la direction de Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0042.

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This chapter examines the doctrine of ‘hot pursuit’ used by the state to exercise its coercive powers beyond national territory for law enforcement purposes. It discusses hot pursuit by sea, land, and air in the context of international law, particularly with respect to self-defence and reprisal. Whilst hot pursuit is well recognized in the customary international law of the sea, it has yet to achieve that form of normative recognition in relation to pursuit on land or by air. The chapter considers the debate over hot pursuit as a legal justification for cross-border military incursions independent of the right of self-defence and describes the concept of extended constructive presence before concluding with an analysis of hot pursuit in a use of force context.

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Zagzebski, Linda. Authority in Religious Communities. Sous la direction de William J. Abraham et Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.2.

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This chapter defends authority in traditional religious communities on the same general grounds used by Joseph Raz in his well-known defence of the authority of the state in the context of political liberalism. The argument proceeds by discussing practical and epistemic authority in small communities, and then extends it to the justification of authority embedded in religious traditions. The conclusion is that, ironically, a modern liberal defence can be given for authorities in communities such as the Catholic Church that are pre-modern or even anti-modern in structure. The perceived conflict between the premodern acceptance of authority and a modern perspective centred on the authority of the self over the self is an illusion.

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34

Quong, Jonathan. The Morality of Defensive Force. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851103.001.0001.

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This book provides an account of the central moral principles that regulate the permissible use of defensive force. The book argues that we cannot understand the morality of defensive force until we ask and answer deeper questions about how the use of defensive force fits with a more general account of justice and moral rights. In developing this view the book offers original accounts of liability, proportionality, and necessity. It also argues, contra the dominant view in the literature, that self-defence can sometimes be justified on the basis of an agent-relative prerogative to give greater weight to one’s own life and interests. The book also provides a novel conception of individual rights against harm. Unlike some, who believe that our rights against harm are fact-relative, Quong argues that our rights against being harmed by others must, in certain respects, be sensitive to the evidence that others can reasonably be expected to possess. The final chapter provides an extended defence of the means principle, a principle that prohibits harmfully using other persons’ bodies or other rightful property unless those persons are duty bound to permit this use or have otherwise waived their claims against such use.

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35

Stock, Kathleen. Extreme Intentionalism about Fictional Content. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798347.003.0002.

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The defence of extreme intentionalism is launched. The notion of an intention is introduced in some detail, as well as some skeletal presuppositions about the sort of imagining called for by fiction. Grice’s theory of the meaning of conversational utterance is introduced, with an outline of how it might be extended to fictional content, with certain important adjustments. On the view favoured by the author, the content of fiction is what a reader is reflexively intended by the author to imagine, rather than what she is intended to believe. Finally four common objections to extreme intentionalism are introduced, and the first of these is rejected: namely, that extreme intentionalism entails that individual speakers can arbitrarily change or elude the conventionally given, rule-bound meanings of sentences, so that miswriting is ruled out as impossible.

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Wolff Heintschel, von Heinegg. Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 14 The USS Pueblo Incident—1968. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0014.

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This contribution discusses the 1968 USS Pueblo Incident by assessing the factual background on the basis of available documents and by providing a legal analysis on the basis of the then applicable international law. In view of the contentious issue of the USS Pueblo’s location at the time of the attack and her seizure by the armed forces of the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea, the discussion of the legal issues at stake is not limited to the ius ad bellum but must be extended to the law of the sea, in particular the breadth of the territorial sea according to customary international law recognized in 1968 and the status of foreign warships. As regards the ius ad bellum, the unjustified use of force against a sovereign immune warship is considered an armed attack triggering the flag state’s right of self-defence.

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Koslicki, Kathrin. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0001.

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The Introduction briefly lays the groundwork for the main project of Form, Matter, Substance: to defend a hylomorphic analysis of concrete particular objects. According to Aristotle’s doctrine of hylomorphism, entities are in some sense compounds of matter (hulē) and form (morphē or eidos). Since Aristotle introduced this doctrine in the context of his analysis of change in Physics I, it has found wide application throughout the history of philosophy and across many different subdisciplines of philosophy. The Introduction briefly summarizes each of the chapters contained in this book and indicates how the focus of Form, Matter, Substance continues and extends the work first begun in The Structure of Objects.

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Bulson, Eric. Little Magazine, World Form. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231179768.001.0001.

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Little magazines made modernism. These unconventional, noncommercial publications may have brought writers such as James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Marianne Moore, Mina Loy, and Wallace Stevens to the world but, as Eric Bulson shows in Little Magazine, World Form, their reach and importance extended far beyond Europe and the United States. By investigating the global and transnational itineraries of the little-magazine form, Bulson uncovers a worldwide network that influenced the development of literature and criticism in Africa, the West Indies, the Pacific Rim, and South America. In addition to identifying how these circulations and exchanges worked, Bulson also addresses equally formative moments of disconnection and immobility. British and American writers who fled to Europe to escape Anglo-American provincialism, refugees from fascism, wandering surrealists, and displaced communists all contributed to the proliferation of print. Yet the little magazine was equally crucial to literary production and consumption in the postcolonial world, where it helped connect newly independent African nations. Bulson concludes with reflections on the digitization of these defunct little magazines and what it means for our ongoing desire to understand modernism's global dimensions in the past and its digital afterlife.

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Howard, Gary C. The Biology of Death. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687724.001.0001.

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Death is not just the last event of life. Death is interwoven into our growth, development, protection against disease, and more. It foreclosed evolutionary pathways, thus shaping all life. And it involves fascinating questions. How do we define life and death? How do we know when a person is dead? Why do we age and can we do anything about it? Will medical advances continue to extend human life span and even defeat death? Death also involves a host of ethical questions. Most amazingly, living organisms evolved systems to use death to their advantage. The death of specific cells refines our immune system, gives us fingers, allows fruit to drop from trees, and tadpoles to become frogs. Even single-celled organisms use “quorum sensing” to eliminate some cells to ensure the overall survival of the colony in harsh environments. Death is far more than dying, and this book looks at how death is part of life at every level, including cells, tissues, organisms, and populations.

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Cloud, Dana L. The Problem with “Jointness”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036378.003.0005.

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This chapter goes into depth about union reformers' overarching critique, that the union engages in too much cooperation with the company. Such cooperation often manifests itself in joint safety, performance, and team-based management initiatives. These workers' assessment of programs such as Total Quality Management and the implementation of the High Performance Work Organization illustrate two arguments. First, workers possess the resources of their experience to recognize and reject ideological efforts to align their interests with those of the company. Second, scholars and labor union members alike should be skeptical about worker inclusion programs that ask the workers to give up their autonomy from and antagonism toward their employer. Such independence is necessary to the fight to defend and extend workers' standard of living during contract negotiations and grievance procedures.

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41

Lees, James, et John W. Dawson. Guide to the Game of Draughts : Giving the Best Lines of Attack and Defence on the Standard Openings, with Notes and Variations, Also Selected Useful Positions by Various Authors ; Revised and Extended by John W. Dawson. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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42

Lees, James D. 1899. Guide to the Game of Draughts : Giving the Best Lines of Attack and Defence on the Standard Openings, with Notes and Variations, Also Selected Useful Positions by Various Authors ; Revised and Extended by John W. Dawson. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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43

Vallier, Kevin, et Michael Weber. Insubstantial Burdens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666187.003.0015.

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This chapter articulates and defends a “partially subjectivist” way of defining burdens on religious belief under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). On this view, courts should largely defer to plaintiffs as to what is a burden on their religious belief. There is only a minor requirement that the plaintiffs have to satisfy, which is to show that the government is doing something that pressures them to act in a way contrary to their beliefs—a relatively easy hurdle to clear. In general, courts are ill-equipped to determine what people’s religious beliefs really are, and this extends to determining when those beliefs are substantially burdened. More strongly, there is a tradition that says evaluating when people’s religious beliefs are burdened is really none of the court’s business. The partially subjectivist view honors these principles.

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Penco, Carlo. Donnellan’s misdescriptions and loose talk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0007.

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The chapter aims at a new interpretation of Donnellan’s claim on the possibility of stating something true with a definite description that appears to be literally false (a misdescription). It presents some problems with Kripke’s account of referential misdescriptions and a strong version of Donnellan’s claims that clashes with Kripke’s interpretation. Next it discusses two versions of a strong inertness thesis aiming at justifying Donnellan’s strong claim. Then it reconsiders Donnellan’s argument against a Humpty Dumpty interpretation of his theory and interprets Donnellan’s work as an anticipation of a theory of loose talk, embedding his ideas in the current debate on the semantics–pragmatics interface. Finally it presents a weak inertness thesis (WIT) as an alternative to Recanati’s and Almog’s treatment of misdescriptions, and tries to defend and extend it and to hint at a “justificationist” version of it (PRODET).

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Karaman, Sinem, Aleksanteri Aspelund, Michael Detmar et Kari Alitalo. The lymphatic system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0009.

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The lymphatic vascular system is an integral component of the circulatory system; it forms a one-way conduit that transports tissue interstitial components back to the venous circulation through lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels extend to most tissues and contribute to the regulation of interstitial fluid homeostasis, trafficking of immune cells, and absorption of dietary fats from the gut. Developmentally, lymphatic vessels originate from embryonic veins and specialized angioblasts. A number of molecules have been identified in the commitment of endothelial cells to the lymphatic lineage, and the sprouting, expansion and maturation of the lymphatic vascular tree. Importantly, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members VEGFC and VEGFD, together with their receptors VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 have been implicated as critical regulators of lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic vessels are involved in several human diseases, including cancer, where they contribute to tumour metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Lymphatic vessels regulate immune responses against foreign pathogens by transporting leucocytes to lymph nodes, but are also in involved in the regulation of self-tolerance. Defects in the lymphatic vascular system are causal for the development of lymphoedema.

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Benton, Matthew A., John Hawthorne et Dani Rabinowitz, dir. Knowledge, Belief, and God. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.001.0001.

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Recent decades have seen a fertile period of theorizing within mainstream epistemology which has had a dramatic impact on how epistemology is done. Investigations into contextualist and pragmatic dimensions of knowledge suggest radically new ways of meeting skeptical challenges and of understanding the relation between the epistemological and practical environment. New insights from social epistemology and formal epistemology about defeat, testimony, a priority, probability, and the nature of evidence all have a potentially revolutionary effect on how we understand our epistemological place in the world. Religion is the place where such rethinking can potentially have its deepest impact and importance. Yet there has been surprisingly little infiltration of these new ideas into philosophy of religion and the epistemology of religious belief. The present volume incorporates these myriad new developments in mainstream epistemology, and extends these developments to questions and arguments in religious epistemology. The investigations proposed in this volume offer substantial new life, breadth, and sophistication to issues in the philosophy of religion and analytic theology. They pose original questions and shed new light on long-standing issues in religious epistemology; and these developments will in turn generate contributions to epistemology itself, since religious belief provides a vital testing ground for recent epistemological ideas.

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Morrell, Kit. Pompey, Cato, and the Governance of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755142.001.0001.

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This book examines attempts to improve provincial governance from 70–50, particularly the contributions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and the younger Marcus Porcius Cato. It contends that Romans of the late republic were more concerned about the problems of their empire than is generally recognized, and were taking steps to address them. These efforts ranged well beyond the sanctions of the extortion law to encompass show trials, exemplary governance, and ideas drawn from moral philosophy, culminating in 52–50 in a reform programme which combined what Cicero called ‘Cato’s policy’ of ethical governance with Pompey’s lex de provinciis, a law which transformed the very nature of provincial command. The book also demonstrates that Pompey and Cato, two figures usually seen as combatants, were capable of collaborating in the cause of reform. The opening chapters examine Pompey’s engagement with problems of imperial governance in his first consulship and in his eastern campaigns, and Cato’s Stoic view of empire. Next, attention turns to the extortion law passed by Julius Caesar in 59 and subsequent attempts by Pompey and Cato to extend its penalties to equestrian officials. The final chapters detail the aims, context, legislative framework, and implementation of the reform programme pursued by Pompey, Cato, and others in 52–50, from the catalyzing effect of Marcus Crassus’ defeat in Parthia to Cato and Cicero’s efforts to promote a new ethos of provincial governance. This programme was cut short by civil war, but provided an important model for Augustus’ reforms.

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Gibson, James L., et Michael Nelson. Black and Blue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.001.0001.

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It is not hyperbole to proclaim that a crisis of legal legitimacy exists in the relationships between African Americans and the law and legal authorities and institutions that govern them. However, this legitimacy deficit has largely (but not exclusively) been documented through anecdotal evidence and a steady drumbeat of journalistic reports, but not rigorous scientific research. We posit that both experiences and in-group identities are commanding because they influence the ways in which black people process information, and in particular, the ways in which blacks react to the symbols of legal authority (e.g., judges’ robes). Based on two nationally-representative samples, this book ties together four dominant theories of public opinion: Legitimacy Theory, Social Identity Theory, theories of adulthood political socialization and learning through experience, and information processing theories, especially the Theory of Motivated Reasoning and theories of System 1 and System 2 information processing. Our findings reveal a gaping chasm in legal legitimacy between black and white Americans. More importantly, black people themselves differ in their legal legitimacy. Group identities and experiences with legal authorities play a crucial role in shaping whether and how black people extend legitimacy to the legal institutions that so much affect them.

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Brown, Jessica. Fallibilism : Evidence and Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801771.001.0001.

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This book examines the prospects for infallibilism about knowledge, according to which one can know that p only if one has evidence which guarantees or entails that p. In particular, it focuses on the possibility of a non-sceptical infallibilism which rejects any kind of shifty view of knowledge, whether contextualist, relativist, or subject-sensitive invariantist. The availability of a non-shifty non-sceptical infallibilism seems to depend on whether such a view can defend a generous enough conception of evidence to allow us to have the knowledge we ordinarily take ourselves to have. In particular, such an infallibilist needs to allow that our evidence extends well beyond how things seem to us in our experience and includes claims about the external world. Thus, the infallibilism which is the focus of this book is committed to a generous conception of evidence. More precisely, I argue that infallibilism is committed to the following claims about evidence and evidential support: if p is evidence, then p is true; and if one knows that p, then p is part of one’s evidence, and p is evidence for p. However, I argue that these claims about evidence and evidential support are problematic. Furthermore, I argue that fallibilism can overcome the most serious objections levelled at it, which concern closure, concessive knowledge attributions, practical reasoning, and the threshold problem. So, I conclude that epistemologists who aim to avoid both scepticism and a shifty view of knowledge should be fallibilists.

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Rowland, Richard. The Normative and the Evaluative. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833611.001.0001.

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Many have been attracted to the idea that for something to be good is just for there to be reasons to favour it. This view has come to be known as the buck-passing account of value. According to the buck-passing account, for pleasure to be good is just for there to be reasons for us to desire and pursue it. And for liberty and equality to be values is just for there to be reasons for us to promote and preserve them. There has been extensive discussion of some of the problems that the buck-passing account faces such as the wrong kind of reason problem. But there has been little discussion of why we should accept the buck-passing account or what the theoretical pay-offs and other implications of accepting it are. This book provides the first comprehensive motivation and defence of the buck-passing account of value. It argues that the buck-passing account explains several important features of the relationship between reasons and value, as well as the relationship between the different varieties of value, in a way that its competitors do not. It argues that alternatives to the buck-passing account are inconsistent with important views in normative ethics, are uninformative, and are at odds with the way in which we should see practical and epistemic normativity as related. And it extends the buck-passing account to provide an account of moral properties as well as all other normative and deontic properties, such as fittingness and ought, in terms of reasons.

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