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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Exposome – Alimentation"
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Kermoison, Gilles, and Ciprian Draganescu. "Role of Dietary and Environmental Factors on Thyroid Cancer in Romania: A Brief Review." Diagnostics 12, no. 8 (2022): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12081959.
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Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine tumor, accounting for about 1% of all human malignancies. There are environmental factors that can potentiate the onset of thyroid cancer, in particular pollutants, lifestyle or radiation exposure. Another major cause responsible for the appearance of thyroid cancer is the habitat in endemic areas where there is a deficit of iodine in the soil, drinking water and food. We operated using the PubMed database in order to find the articles of interest. After a wary review of the literature, we designated the relevant articles necessary for our study including various factors such as alimentation, effects of the Chernobyl fallout radiation and the iodine and vitamin D deficiency in Romania. The aim of this article is to make a correlation between the different environmental and dietary factors in Romania, and the increased incidence of thyroid cancer.
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Le Poder, Marie-Evelyne. "Étude terminographique descriptive, systématique et bilingue dans le domaine des aliments fonctionnels et des nutraceutiques." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 61, no. 4 (2015): 464–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.61.4.02lep.
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Les nouvelles tendances alimentaires observées ces dernières années ont montré un intérêt croissant des populations pour une alimentation saine et équilibrée, c’est-à-dire, fonctionnelle, ayant contribué à l’apparition d’un nouvel axe de recherche dans les domaines des sciences des aliments et de la nutrition : le domaine des aliments fonctionnels et des nutraceutiques. Susceptible d’offrir de nouveaux débouchés sur le marché de la traduction, ce domaine constitue un terrain privilégié pour la formation de traducteurs/trices mais aussi pour les professionnels/elles du secteur. Ledit domaine a donné lieu à la réalisation d’un travail terminographique systématique de type descriptif et bilingue dont nous exposons ici des résultats partiaux. Le présent travail s’articule autour de cinq parties : cadre théorique de la recherche ; objectifs poursuivis ; méthodologie utilisée ; exposition de résultats partiaux de la recherche ; présentation d’un glossaire espagnol-français.
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Gorphe, Philippe, Stéphane Temam, Antoine Moya-Plana, et al. "Indications and Clinical Outcomes of Transoral Robotic Surgery and Free Flap Reconstruction." Cancers 13, no. 11 (2021): 2831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112831.
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We reviewed the indications, peroperative feasibility, and postoperative clinical outcomes of our first 50 consecutive patients who underwent free flap reconstruction after TORS for complex pharyngeal defects at our institution. We analyzed indications according to previous radiotherapy, the size of the resection, and the transoral exposure of critical structures. We reviewed surgical data, postoperative complications, and functional outcomes comprising tracheostomy and alimentation management. Indications were upfront surgery (34%), a second primary surgery after radiotherapy (28%), or salvage surgery after chemoradiotherapy failure (38%). Localizations were the tongue base (44%), tonsillar fossa (28%), pharyngeal wall (22%), and soft palate (6%). T-classifications were T1 (6%), T2 (52%), T3 (20%), and T4 (22%). The mean length of the surgery was 574 min. Two patients were intraoperatively converted to a conventional approach at the beginning of the learning curve. In conclusion, TORS and free flap reconstruction in complex situations were associated with low rates of postoperative complications and satisfactory functional outcomes. They were, however, associated with a renewed learning curve.
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Jan, Gwénaël, Pauline Leverrier, Vianney Pichereau, and Patrick Boyaval. "Changes in Protein Synthesis and Morphology during Acid Adaptation of Propionibacterium freudenreichii." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 5 (2001): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.5.2029-2036.2001.
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ABSTRACT Survival of bacteria in changing environments depends on their ability to adapt to abiotic stresses. Microorganisms used in food technology face acid stress during fermentation processes. Similarly, probiotic bacteria have to survive acid stress imposed within the stomach in order to reach the intestine and play a beneficial role. Propionibacteria are used both as cheese starters and as probiotics in human alimentation. Adaptation to low pH thus constitutes a limit to their efficacy. Acid stress adaptation in the probiotic SI41 strain ofPropionibacterium freudenreichii was therefore investigated. The acid tolerance response (ATR) was evidenced in a chemically defined medium. Transient exposure to pH 5 afforded protection toward acid challenge at pH 2. Protein neosynthesis was shown to be required for optimal ATR, since chloramphenicol reduced the acquired acid tolerance. Important changes in genetic expression were observed with two-dimensional electrophoresis during adaptation. Among the up-regulated polypeptides, a biotin carboxyl carrier protein and enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and repair were identified during the early stress response, while the universal chaperonins GroEL and GroES corresponded to a later response. The beneficial effect of ATR was evident at both the physiological and morphological levels. This study constitutes a first step toward understanding the very efficient ATR described inP. freudenreichii.
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Turitskaya, T. G., S. N. Lukashev, V. P. Lyashenko, and G. G. Sidorenko. "The features of summary background electric activity of the hypothalamus of rats under conditions of chronic caffeine alimentation." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 3 (2018): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021862.
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One of the factors of the environment which essentially shifts homeostasis is diets which contain caffeine. The aim of the study was to find out the basic characteristics of background electrical activity of trophotrophic and ergotrophic zones of the hypothalamus in conditions of chronic caffeine alimentation. Experiments were carried out on non-linear white male rats. The first group consisted of control animals (n = 22). The second group (n = 24) was represented by the animals that were given pure caffeine in an amount of 150 mg/kg/day with their meal. The registration on a electrohypothalamogram was carried out in conditions of acute experiment, every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. The spectral (mkV2) and the normalized power (%) of electrohypothalamogram waves were analyzed within the common frequency band. The analysis of the results allowed us to establish a certain specificity of the reaction of the neuronal system of the trophotropic and ergotropic zones of the rat hypothalamus to the effect of chronic caffeine alimentation. The main difference in the reactive state of electrophysiological indices in the trophotrophic zone of rats is the lack of a typical desynchronization from the 4th to the 8th week of the study and the hypersynchronization after 12 weeks of the experiment. The most probable mechanism that explains the results obtained is the ultra-powerful GABA-ergic modulation of this zone, the main energy-accumulating center. Perhaps, this powerful inhibitory resource in this cerebral locus is the main stress-limiting factor that makes this zone of the central nervous system of rats less sensitive to caffeine exposure. Instead, under the influence of chronic caffeine load in the ergotropic zone of the hypothalamus, after 6 weeks of the experiment desynchronous high-frequency rhythms dominated. During the subsequent time of the experiment, we observed a decrease in both low-frequency and high-frequency components of the electrohypothalamogram of this zone. This gives reason to assume that the key component of the neurophysiological response of the posterior hypothalamus of rats to the caffeine ration is the powerful glutamatergic effects on the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons under conditions of reactive exhaustion of local neurosynthetics. Caffeine depletion of the hypothalamic neurotransmission at the end of the experiment is replaced by an effective adaptive ergotropic restoration of neurosynthetic activity in this locus of the central nervous system of rats. Thus, caffeine has a powerful activating effect on the ergotropic function of the posterior hypothalamus of rats. Such a difference in the chronic effect of caffeine on the trophotropic and ergotropic zone of the rat hypothalamus is primarily due to the different mediator support of these zones underlying their physiological purpose. GABA is the main mediator of the trophotropic zone and the main neurotransmitter of its synchronous activity. At the same time, neurotransmitter support of the ergotropic zone is represented by glutamate, which, along with other agents, implements its desynchronous activity. Since caffeine stimulates excitation, activating the pathways traditionally associated with motivational and motor reactions in the brain, it can be assumed that this explains the fact of a more powerful influence of caffeine precisely on the ergotrophic zone of the hypothalamus.
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Ruemmele, Frank M. "Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Challenging Diagnosis in Children with Abdominal Pain." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 73, Suppl. 4 (2018): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493929.
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Several disorders related to the ingestion of gluten are well recognized despite overlapping clinical presentations: celiac disease, an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestions in susceptible individuals, allergy to wheat, and more recently non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). While celiac disease and wheat allergy are well-known disorders with a clear-cut diagnosis based on clinical tests and biological parameters, NCGS is a more difficult diagnosis, especially in children with functional gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. NCGS is considered a syndrome of intestinal but also extraintestinal symptoms occurring within hours, but sometimes even after several days of gluten ingestion. In children, the leading symptoms of NCGS are abdominal pain and diarrhea, while extraintestinal symptoms are rare, in contrast to adult patients. No precise diagnostic test nor specific biomarkers exist, except a rather cumbersome three-phase gluten-exposure, gluten-free diet, followed by a blinded placebo-controlled gluten challenge with crossover to provoke symptoms elicited by gluten in a reproducible manner that disappear on gluten-free alimentation. Recent data indicate that the peptide part of wheat proteins is not necessarily the sole trigger of clinical symptoms. Mono- or oligosaccharides, such as fructan and other constituents of wheat, were able to provoke GI symptoms in clinical trials. These new findings indicate that the term gluten sensitivity is probably too restrictive. The incidence of NCGS was reported in the range of 1–10% in the general population and to increase steadily; however, most data are based on patients’ self-reported gluten intolerance or avoidance without a medically confirmed diagnosis. Treatment consists of gluten avoidance for at least several weeks or months. Patients with NCGS require regular reassessment for gluten tolerance allowing with time the reintroduction of increasing amounts of gluten.
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Dao, Aïchatou Nadia Christelle, Saidou Nacambo, Fernand Sankara, et al. "Evaluation des méthodes de piégeage des termites au nord du Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 7 (2020): 2556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i7.15.
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En Afrique de l’Ouest, les termites sont communément utilisés comme alimentation protéinique pour la volaille. Cette étude avait pour objectif de tester et d’améliorer une méthode traditionnelle de collecte des termites par piégeage avec un récipient renversé, au Nord du Burkina Faso. Des essais ont été menés avec deux genres de termites (Macrotermes et Odontotermes) afin d’évaluer l’effet des saisons, des substrats, des récipients et de l’exposition au soleil sur leur piégeage. Six substrats ont été utilisés avec trois types de récipients (en terre cuite, en fer et en plastique) pour collecter les termites. Les résultats ont montré que le canari en terre cuite est le meilleur récipient pour la collecte des termites. Les meilleurs substrats pour capturer les Macrotermes, ont été les substrats contenant des tiges de sorgho et, pour les Odontotermes, les substrats contenant la bouse de vache. L’exposition des pièges au soleil a eu un effet négatif significatif sur les Odontotermes, mais pas sur les Macrotermes. Ces résultats peuvent aider les aviculteurs à améliorer le piégeage des termites en utilisant le récipient et les substrats les plus adéquats et en protégeant leur piège du soleil.Mots clés : Termites, aliments pour volaille, Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Burkina Faso.
 
 English Title: Evaluation of termite trapping methods in northern Burkina Faso
 In West Africa, termites are commonly used as a protein feed for poultry. The objective of this study was to test and improve a traditional method of trapping termites with an overturned container in northern Burkina Faso. Trials have been conducted with two termite genera (Macrotermes and Odontotermes) to assess the effect of seasons, substrates, containers and sun exposure on their trapping. Six substrates were used with three types of containers (terracotta, iron and plastic) to collect termites. The results showed that the terracotta container is the best container for collecting termites. The best substrates for Macrotermes were the substrates containing sorghum stalks and, for Odontotermes, the substrates containing cow dung. Exposure of the traps to the sun had a significant negative effect on Odontotermes, but not on Macrotermes. These results can help poultry farmers improve termite trapping by using the most suitable container and substrates and protecting their trap from the sun.Keywords: Termites, poultry feed, Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Burkina Faso.
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Botas, Carlos M., Isabel Kurlat, Shirley M. Young, and Augusto Sola. "Disseminated Candidal Infections and Intravenous Hydrocortisone in Preterm Infants." Pediatrics 95, no. 6 (1995): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.95.6.883.
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Background. Intravenous (IV) hydrocortisone (HC) has been used recently in selected preterm infants for hypotension soon after birth. During the same time period that HC was used, there was a marked increase in the incidence of disseminated candidal infections (DCIs). Objective. To determine whether there is an association between DCI in the first 35 days of life and IV HC in preterm infants. Research design. A hospital case-control study comparing the exposure of HC between preterm infants with DCI and matched infants without DCI. Setting. A tertiary level intensive care nursery in a major teaching hospital in San Francisco, CA. Patients. Seventeen preterm infants with DCI and 25 infants without DCI, with gestational age younger than 28 weeks and birth weight less than 1000 g, inborn and outborn admitted to the intensive care nursery between January 1992 and September 1993. Methods. All preterm infants diagnosed with DCI at younger than 35 days of age were identified using a perinatal and neonatal database. DCI was defined as a blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or two urine cultures positive for Candida requiring antifungal therapy. A control group of uninfected infants matched for the major risk factors for DCI (gestational age, birth weight, duration of intubation, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and IV alimentation, including lipids and central venous catheters) admitted during the same period was identified using the same database. Postmatching comparison was performed for several other factors to detect any other differences between the groups. Results. The infants with DCI (n = 17) and control infants (n = 25) had no statistical difference in exposure to the major risk factors for DCI or in postmatching comparison. Ten (59%) of the infants with DCI were receiving HC at the time of infection, whereas four (16%) of the control infants received HC during the first 35 days of life. Infants with DCI were 7.5 times as likely as control infants (95% confidence interval, 5 to 11) to have received IV HC before the onset of fungal infection. Conclusion. We conclude that the administration of IV HC significantly increases the risk of DCI in susceptible preterm infants younger than 35 days of age. The potentially serious risks of DCI should be considered particularly in the patient selection process for administration of IV HC.
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Szasz, Andras. "Peto’s “Paradox” and Six Degrees of Cancer Prevalence." Cells 13, no. 2 (2024): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13020197.
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Peto’s paradox and the epidemiologic observation of the average six degrees of tumor prevalence are studied and hypothetically solved. A simple consideration, Petho’s paradox challenges our intuitive understanding of cancer risk and prevalence. Our simple consideration is that the more a cell divides, the higher the chance of acquiring cancerous mutations, and so the larger or longer-lived organisms have more cells and undergo more cell divisions over their lifetime, expecting to have a higher risk of developing cancer. Paradoxically, it is not supported by the observations. The allometric scaling of species could answer the Peto paradox. Another paradoxical human epidemiology observation in six average mutations is necessary for cancer prevalence, despite the random expectations of the tumor causes. To solve this challenge, game theory could be applied. The inherited and random DNA mutations in the replication process nonlinearly drive cancer development. The statistical variance concept does not reasonably describe tumor development. Instead, the Darwinian natural selection principle is applied. The mutations in the healthy organism’s cellular population can serve the species’ evolutionary adaptation by the selective pressure of the circumstances. Still, some cells collect multiple uncorrected mutations, adapt to the extreme stress in the stromal environment, and develop subclinical phases of cancer in the individual. This process needs extensive subsequent DNA replications to heritage and collect additional mutations, which are only marginal alone. Still, together, they are preparing for the first stage of the precancerous condition. In the second stage, when one of the caretaker genes is accidentally mutated, the caused genetic instability prepares the cell to fight for its survival and avoid apoptosis. This can be described as a competitive game. In the third stage, the precancerous cell develops uncontrolled proliferation with the damaged gatekeeper gene and forces the new game strategy with binary cooperation with stromal cells for alimentation. In the fourth stage, the starving conditions cause a game change again, starting a cooperative game, where the malignant cells cooperate and force the cooperation of the stromal host, too. In the fifth stage, the resetting of homeostasis finishes the subclinical stage, and in the fifth stage, the clinical phase starts. The prevention of the development of mutated cells is more complex than averting exposure to mutagens from the environment throughout the organism’s lifetime. Mutagenic exposure can increase the otherwise random imperfect DNA reproduction, increasing the likelihood of cancer development, but mutations exist. Toxic exposure is more challenging; it may select the tolerant cells on this particular toxic stress, so these mutations have more facility to avoid apoptosis in otherwise collected random mutational states.
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Venner, J., J. Francis, J. Rumore, M. Sargent, M. Jones, and C. Bernstein. "A271 EFFECT OF ANTI-TNF AGENTS ON DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 7, Supplement_1 (2024): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwad061.271.
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Abstract Background Despite the success and ongoing use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there are no predictors of response to therapy. While much research has gone into understanding genetic risks for IBD, less work has been done exploring epigenetic associations with treatment. Hence, we wondered whether epigenetic changes were associated with failure of TNFi in IBD. Aims Describe the association of TNFi response with DNA methylation in patients with IBD. Methods Participants ≥18 years with IBD (N=169) were selected from the Inflammation, Microbiome, and Alimentation: Gastro-Intestinal and Neuropsychiatric Effects (IMAGINE) Strategy for Patient Oriented Research (SPOR) Network. At enrollment participants completed a questionnaire that included their disease diagnosis, therapy, smoking history, and disease activity using the validated IBD Symptom Inventory (IBDSI). Patients provided whole blood samples that were processed for and run on Illumina DNA methylation arrays. Results The 169 patients were in three treatment groups: TNFi naïve (N=98, never exposed to an anti-TNF agent), TNFi responder (N=32, inactive disease on anti-TNF agent), and TNFi nonresponder (N=39, active disease not on any biologic at time of enrollment). The mean symptom score (SIBDSI) was different across the three groups (pampersand:003C0.001): TNFi nonresponders having a higher SIBDSI (24 ± 6.1) than the TNFi naïve (9.1 ± 5.5) or responder (8.3 ± 4.3) treatment groups. Relative proportions of leukocyte populations were estimated using DNA methylation. CD4 and CD8 T cell and B cell counts were higher (pampersand:003C0.05) in the nonresponders and responders versus TNFi naïve group. Neutrophil counts were lower (pampersand:003C0.05) in the TNFi nonresponders and responders compared to the TNFi naïve group (Figure 1). There was a trend towards increased epigenetic estimates of age acceleration (pampersand:003E0.05) in nonresponders versus responders and TNFi naïve patients, likely driven by disease activity (data not shown). Epigenome-wide analysis of the three groups revealed 16 CpGs for responder versus naïve (e.g. CDK5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 1-like 1 (CDKAL1), and two CpGs for nonresponders versus responders (Table 1). This includes a CpG for guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit gamma-2 (GNG2) that was shared between the two comparisons. Conclusions Exposure to TNFi is associated with changes in peripheral leukocyte populations independent of response to treatment, indicating a TNFi effect. This implies that anti-TNF treatment is having some effect on patients even if there is clinical nonresponse. Differentially expressed CpGs implicates possible markers of response to treatment, particularly CDKAL1, a gene that has been associated with TNFi response in psoriasis. Funding Agencies Guts and Roses Charity
Thèses sur le sujet "Exposome – Alimentation"
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Demonteil, Lauriane. "Development of food texture acceptance during early childhood : relationships with oral feeding behaviour and early food experience." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK007.
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Ce travail de thèse a pour objectifs de caractériser quels types de textures sont acceptés à un âge donné entre 4 et 36 mois et d’identifier quels sont les facteurs (caractéristiques de enfants, leurs capacités orales et les pratiques maternelles d’alimentation) contribuant à l’acceptabilité des textures en France. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, une enquête transversale à destination de mères ayant des enfants âgés entre 4 et 36 mois (n=3079 réponses analysées) mesurant l’acceptabilité déclarée, ainsi qu’un suivi longitudinal d’enfants âgés entre 6 et 18 mois (n=49) mesurant l’acceptabilité réelle ont été conduits. Les résultats de l’enquête qui couvrait une large gamme de textures montrent que pendant la première année les enfants sont principalement exposés à des aliments sous forme de purées, alors que les morceaux et les doubles textures (purée avec morceaux) sont introduits après 12 mois. Le développement des compétences orales de l’enfant (nombre de dents, capacité à se nourrir seul) et certaines pratiques maternelles d’alimentation, tel l’âge de diversification et le mode de préparation des aliments, sont associés à une plus grande exposition aux textures alimentaires. L’acceptabilité des aliments de différentes textures est dépendante du développement oral de l’enfant et est fortement associée à l’exposition de l’enfant aux différentes textures. Les résultats de l’étude expérimentale révèlent que la majorité des textures alimentaires proposées lors des séances sont acceptées dès 6 mois. A chaque âge d’étude, l’acceptabilité et les comportements oraux varient suivant les textures ; à partir de 10 mois les enfants ont plus recours à la mastication qu’à la succion. Comme observé dans l’enquête, l’exposition aux différentes textures s’avère le meilleur prédicteur de l’acceptabilité des textures avec l’âge. La prise en compte de ces résultats détaillés pourrait permettre d’établir de nouvelles recommandations concernant l'introduction des textures en France et de développer des produits destinés aux jeunes enfants qui intégreront ces enseignements<br>This thesis aimed to characterize which food textures are accepted at a given age between 4 to 36 mo of age, and to identify factors (children’s characteristics, feeding skills and maternal feeding practices) that contribute to food texture acceptance in France. To meet these purposes a cross-sectional survey intended for mothers having children aged between 4 and 36 mo (n=3079 answers analysed) measuring declared acceptance and a prospective longitudinal study with children aged between 6 and 18 mo (n=49) measuring actual acceptance were carried out. Results from the survey, which covered a larger range of food textures, showed that over the first year, infants were mainly exposed to foods in pureed forms, whereas pieces and double textures (e.g. puree with pieces) were introduced after 12 mo. Factors such as the development of feeding skills (number of teeth; ability to eat autonomously) and some maternal feeding practices (age of CF, type of food preparation) were associated with a higher food texture exposure. The acceptance of food with different textures increased steadily up to 3 years, with a sharper increase for soft and hard solid foods from 13-15mo. The acceptance was dependent of the child’s feeding skills readiness, and was strongly associated with the child exposure to food with different textures. Results from the experimental study showed that most of the food textures offered in the study were accepted by children from 6 mo onward. At each studied age, children’s food acceptance and feeding behaviours varied according to the food textures; from 10 mo, chewing predominated over sucking. As found in the survey approach, the food texture exposure was the best predictor of food texture acceptance. Taking into account these detailed results could make it possible to establish new guidelines with regards to food texture introduction in France, and to develop food products for infants and toddlers including these learning
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Rioux, Camille. "Feeding the mind : the development of food categories and its association with food neophobia and pickiness in young children." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0351/document.
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La néophobie et la sélectivité alimentaire des jeunes enfants ont des conséquences préoccupantes sur la santé notamment parce qu’elles concernent les fruits et les légumes. Il est donc essentiel de promouvoir l’adoption de comportements alimentaires sains chez le jeune enfant. Dans ce contexte, le premier objectif de la thèse était de développer un questionnaire pour mesurer efficacement la néophobie et la sélectivité alimentaire chez les enfants français dès l'âge de 2 ans. Le questionnaire développé dans cette thèse est un outil efficace pour étudier les rejets chez cette population. Le deuxième objectif était de mieux définir le concept de sélectivité alimentaire et d’étudier la relation entre néophobie et sélectivité. Les résultats ont montré que la néophobie et la sélectivité capturent un même type de peur pour les aliments nouveaux et potentiellement toxiques. Le troisième objectif était d'étudier directement la relation entre le développement de la catégorisation des aliments chez les jeunes enfants et leur niveau de néophobie et sélectivité alimentaire. Les résultats ont montré des liens négatifs entre développement cognitif et rejets alimentaires. L'acceptation des aliments dépend probablement de la maturité du système de catégorisation alimentaire. Enfin, le quatrième objectif était de concevoir une intervention, en exploitant les données empiriques sur la relation entre développement cognitif et rejets alimentaires, afin d'influencer positivement ces derniers chez les enfants. Les résultats montrent que l'exposition visuelle est efficace pour diminuer les comportements de rejets alimentaires<br>Food neophobia and pickiness in young children are two strong barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption. It is therefore essential to understand the mechanisms underpinning these two kinds of food rejections to promote the adoption of healthy eating behaviors among preschoolers. In this context, the first objective of the thesis was to develop a hetero-assessment scale to measure efficiently food neophobia and pickiness for French children as young as 2 years of age. The scale developed represents an efficient tool for studying food rejection dispositions in this young population. The second objective was to clarify the concept of pickiness and to provide an insight into the relationship between food neophobia and pickiness. The results revealed that food neophobia and pickiness capture a same kind of fear for new and potentially toxic food. The third objective was to directly investigate the relationship between food categorization development in young children and their food neophobia and pickiness. The thesis is one of the first studies to investigate directly this relationship.This investigation revealed negative connections between cognitive development and food rejection dispositions. Food acceptance probably depends on the maturity of the food categorization system. Finally, the fourth objective was to design an intervention, exploiting the empirical evidence on the relationship between food categorization and food rejections, to positively influence children food rejections. The results add to the promising body of evidence that visual exposure is effective to decrease food rejection behaviors
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Betelli, Laetitia. "Développement et évaluation d'une méthode fondée sur la PCR temps réel pour la caractérisation des bioaérosols : application au groupe des actinomycètes." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935647.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les actinomycètes sont des bactéries ubiquitaires et certains sont reconnus comme potentiellement pathogènes pour l'Homme, dans l'air de certains lieux de travail. C'est notamment le cas dans l'air des plates-formes de compostage où les concentrations peuvent atteindre des valeurs relativement élevées. L'exposition des salariés à ce type de bioaérosols peut être la cause de pathologies diverses (notamment des pneumopathies d'hypersensibilité). Bien que le problème soit reconnu, la bibliographie démontre un manque de connaissances à propos de l'évaluation du risque : aucune méthode globale de prélèvement et d'analyse n'est, à l'heure actuelle, standardisée pour l'étude de ces bioaérosols, si bien qu'il n'existe aucune relation dose-effets pour la plupart de ces agents ni même de valeur limite d'exposition professionnelle. Les méthodes traditionnellement utilisées ne sont pas sans inconvénient (sous-estimation de la concentration réelle notamment) et le plus souvent non-spécificiques. C'est pourquoi l'objectif de la thèse, ici décrite, est le développement et l'évaluation de la technique de biologie moléculaire qu'est la PCR temps réel pour la quantification de bactéries dans ces bioaérosols. La méthode a tout d'abord été développée et optimisée notamment par le dessin d'oligonucléotides, par la comparaison de protocoles d'extraction d'ADN et par la réalisation de gammes étalons. Elle a ensuite été comparée aux techniques plus traditionnelles, encore largement utilisées, que sont le dénombrement du bacteries cultivable par mise en culture et l'épifluorescence, à la fois sur des cultures de cellules et sur des bioaérosols expérimentaux. Ce n'est qu'après l'avoir caractérisé qu'elle a été appliquée sur des bioaérosols prélevés en conditions réelles d'exposition, sur des plates-formes de compostage.La méthode développée, basée sur une extraction d'ADN et une PCR temps réel, permet la quantification de l'ADN de Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (basée sur l'amplification du gène GyrB), de Thermobifida fusca et T. alba (gène ecf) et des streptomycètes mésophiles (ARNr 23S). La PCR permet l'obtention de résultats fortement corrélés à ceux issus du dénombrement sur milieux gélosés mais offre de réels avantages par rapport à la culture. Comme ces quantifications prennent en compte n'importe quelle forme de la bactérie (cellules végétatives et spores), la PCR dépasse les inconvénients de sous-estimation liés aux méthodes traditionnelles. La technique a un réel avantage de spécificité, elle est répétable et sensible. Les campagnes de prélèvements effectuées sur 5 plates-formes de compostage en France ont permis de mesurer les concentrations en bactéries mésophiles et thermophiles par culture et d'établir celles en Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. et Streptomyces sp. par PCR. L'étude confirme que les activités de compostage sont génératrices de bioaérosols avec parfois des valeurs relativement élevées selon les points échantillonnés. Elle met également en exergue des informations comme la distribution granulométrique du bioaérosol ou l'adéquation entre le type de prélèvement effectué et l'analyse par PCR. Les travaux menés, du développement de la méthode qPCR appliquée au groupe des actinomycètes à son application sur des échantillons environnementaux, apportent de nombreuses données pour la quantification des actinomycètes aéroportés. Ils ont permis d'acquérir des éléments de validation concernant la méthode mise en place et ont livré les seules mesures de concentrations disponibles à l'heure actuelle, pour T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., et les streptomycètes mésophiles dans l'air des plates-formes de compostage
4
Labarre, Elisabeth. "Mise à jour et étude de sources de variation des niveaux d’exposition au chlordane, au BPC, au toxaphène et au mercure chez les Inuits de l’Arctique canadien." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4969.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La nourriture traditionnelle compose une part essentielle de la culture Inuit. Néanmoins, la contamination de cette nourriture par les organochlorés et les métaux lourds fait l’objet d’une attention toute particulière, car elle excède dans certains cas les recommandations canadiennes. Le but de ce travail est, d’une part de mettre à jour les estimés d’exposition au chlordane, au BPC, au toxaphène et au mercure, et d’autre part d’en explorer certaines sources de variation. Pour ce faire, de nouvelles données sur la concentration de ces contaminants parmi les plus importants aliments traditionnels ont été combinées aux relevés alimentaires assemblés dans l’Arctique canadien en 1998 et 1999, la quantité et le type de nourriture traditionnelle consommés étant supposés ne pas avoir changé.
D’après l’ensemble des nouveaux estimés obtenus, les changements dans la banque de données sur les contaminants affectent plus les extrémités des distributions que les mesures de tendance centrale. Les estimés d’apports en organochlorés peuvent être considérés comme toujours actuels étant donné que les cinq types d’aliments pour lesquels il y a des nouvelles données disponibles représentent la majorité de l’exposition totale. En ce qui concerne le mercure, toutefois, des données additionnelles sont nécessaires à propos du caribou, du narval, du muktuk du béluga et de la truite de lac pour générer des niveaux d’exposition plus exacts.
Les sources de variations de ces estimés d’exposition ont été explorées en évaluant les coefficients de variation propres aux apports alimentaires et ceux propres aux concentrations de contaminants dans les aliments traditionnels. Il s’avère que la variation attribuable aux méthodes de collecte de données alimentaires est plus élevée que celle attribuable à la mesure des contaminants dans les banques de données. De nouvelles méthodes pour mesurer les niveaux de consommation d’aliments traditionnels devraient être développées.<br>Traditional food is a part of Inuit culture. Nevertheless, contamination of this food by organochlorines and heavy metals is the subject of constant attention since it’s exceeding Canadians guidelines in some cases. The purpose of this work is to do an update of the exposure estimates for chlordane, PCB, toxaphene and mercury and to explore sources of variation. To do so, new data on concentration of contaminants in traditional food have been combined to dietary recalls collected in the Canadian arctic in 1998 and 1999 assuming that the quantity and the type of traditional food consumed didn’t change.
According to the new estimates, changes in the contaminant database affected more the extremes of the distributions rather than the measures of central tendency. The estimates of organochlorines intakes can be considered updated since the five types of food for which data are available represent the majority of total exposure. For mercury, additional data are necessary for caribou, narwhal, beluga muktuk and lake trout to generate more exact estimates of exposure.
The sources of variation of the exposure estimates have been explored by evaluating the coefficients of variation related to the measure of the dietary intake and those related to the contaminant concentrations in traditional food. The variation attributable to the methods of collecting food intake data is higher than the variability attributable to the contaminant database. New methods to measure the levels of traditional food consumption should be developed.
Livres sur le sujet "Exposome – Alimentation"
1
C, Langley-Evans S., ed. Fetal nutrition and adult disease: Programming of chronic disease through fetal exposure to undernutrition. CABI Pub. in association with The Nutrition Society, 2004.
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2
Patel, Mulchand S., and Jens H. Nielsen. Fetal and Early Postnatal Programming and Its Influence on Adult Health. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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3
Patel, Mulchand S., and Jens Høiriis Nielsen. Fetal and Early Postnatal Programming and Its Influence on Adult Health. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
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4
Patel, Mulchand S., and Jens H. Nielsen. Fetal and Early Postnatal Programming and Its Influence on Adult Health. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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5
Patel, Mulchand S., and Jens H. Nielsen. Fetal and Early Postnatal Programming and Its Influence on Adult Health. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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6
Fetal and Early Postnatal Programming and Its Influence on Adult Health. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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7
Patel, Mulchand S., and Jens H. Nielsen. Fetal and Early Postnatal Programming and Its Influence on Adult Health. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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