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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Export controls – Germany (West) »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Export controls – Germany (West)"

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Hofhansel, Claus. « Explaining Foreign Economic Policy : A Comparison of U.S and West German Export Controls ». Journal of Public Policy 10, no 3 (juillet 1990) : 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00005845.

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ABSTRACTThis article analyzes differences between United States and West German export controls. It shows that United States controls are more extensive and stricter than controls in West Germany. Three possible explanations for this variation in policy are considered. First, these two states differ in regard to their positions in the international system and in their choice of economic strategies. Second, the extent of domestic political support for strict export control policies varies between the two countries. Finally, West Germany lacks the institutional framework to adequately control its foreign trade. The evidence presented corroborates the first two alternatives, while institutional explanations receive relatively little support. The article then discusses the historical development of United States and West German export control policies and institutions. The analysis shows evidence of both change and stability. More specifically, the article questions the argument that institutions in foreign economic policy, once established, persist and resist change, instead of adapting to environmental changes. Several hypotheses are considered to explain why in the area of export controls changes in policy, and to some extent institutions, occurred more frequently in West Germany than in the United States.
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Schürmann, Heinz Jürgen. « Structural Changes and Performance of the German Oil Industry ». Energy Exploration & ; Exploitation 4, no 4 (août 1986) : 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400401.

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More than in many other countries, the oil market in West Germany is traditionally characterised by liberal trade patterns. This open market allowed a virtually free inflow of oil products. Hence, the pressure on prices at Rotterdam's spot market affected directly the product prices for German consumers. In all end-product markets, oligopoly and strong competition by outsiders prevail. If the cutthroat competition is intensified, this may lead to an alteration of the supply structure within the group of the quite heterogeneous market participants. The West German oil industry is passing through a period of painful economic adjustments. The shrinking of the market, changing demand patterns, and financial losses have led to the shedding of considerable over-capacity in refining and distribution. The process includes both a drastic reduction of simple (straight-run) distillation capacity and an increase in conversion potential, along with toll refining, reduction of marketing outlets, concentration of participants in processing and distribution, attempts at optimisation of downstream activities within the Common Market area, as well as the promotion of joint ventures with foreign state companies. The approach to the adaptation process varies from company to company according to upstream and downstream strength, financial position, access to sources of supply, international linkages, and special areas of interest. Of course, over-capacity of refining is a global phenomenon that cannot be eliminated without international co-operation. The problems may, after all, become even more complex after new export refineries in OPEC countries have been completed. This paper presents the results and features that reflect the reaction of the main companies affected. It describes the chances and challenges of a free oil market system. In recent years the petroleum industry in Germany has suffered heavy financial losses, and has embarked on a radical and seemingly successful adaptation process, but it remains vulnerable to developments on the world oil market. It would gain from better co-ordinated policies within the framework of the European Community—including a free play of market forces and a standardisation of environmental controls. Farther afield, the necessity for closer links to the government-controlled companies in producing countries is perceived to secure sources of supply on a basis of mutual advantage.
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Gracheva, Maria. « Regional Aspect : Commodity Structure of Germany’s Exports ». Contemporary Europe 101, no 1 (28 février 2021) : 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope1202195107.

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The article examines the specificity of commodities exports of Germany’s eastern and western lands. The indicators of sectoral export specialization are determined by comparing sectoral export quotas of the federal lands and the East/West with the general German sectoral export quotas. Calculations are based on data from the country's Federal Statistical Office for 2008 and 2019. As a result of the analysis of the indicators obtained, the general characteristics of the export specifics in relation to industrial branches and federal lands in two parts of the country are formulated, changes among the main specialized branches are explored, the roles of individual lands in the creation of export profiles of East and West Germany and the degree of correspondence between export profiles of the East/West and their lands are determined. The author outlines the convergence of new and old lands in various dimensions of specialization, the success of the East in the competition for specialization in the cars export and the preservation of significant Western advantages in the mechanical engineering’s export specialization and in the formation of new sectoral export focuses, and highlights the federal lands that have achieved high efficiency in the given field (Saxony in the East and Baden-Württemberg in the West).
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Friedrichs, D. A., U. Buntgen, D. C. Frank, J. Esper, B. Neuwirth et J. Loffler. « Complex climate controls on 20th century oak growth in Central-West Germany ». Tree Physiology 29, no 1 (5 décembre 2008) : 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpn003.

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Grünbacher, A. « Profits and Cold War - Politically Motivated Export Finance in West Germany during the 1950s : Two Case Studies ». German Politics 10, no 3 (décembre 2001) : 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644000412331307444.

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Broadman, Harry G., et Chaouki Abdallah. « G7 : Balance security and collaboration ». Science 376, no 6599 (17 juin 2022) : 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.add3956.

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Increased government scrutiny of cross-border university research relationships, tightened export controls on technologies, and strengthened national regimes regulating technology-related foreign direct investment are now priorities for most democracies. These policy changes are motivated by the common goal of shoring up economic and national security. But the approaches are neither uniform nor harmonized, even among the relatively homogeneous G7 nations, undermining cross-border research and development (R&D) collaboration. When the leaders of G7 meet in late June in Schloss Elmau, Germany, they should make it a priority to coordinate controls on knowledge flows and technology. They need to act together to demonstrate how democracies can counter illicit activities for acquiring technologies.
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KRASNOZHENOVA, ELENA E. « THE OCCUPANTS AND THE POPULATION OF NORTH-WEST RUSSIA DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR ». CASPIAN REGION : Politics, Economics, Culture 66, no 1 (2021) : 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-510x-2021-66-1-016-023.

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The war of Germany against the USSR was based on the idea of expanding the "living space" of the German nation, capable of using the resources of the occupied territories of the Soviet republics for the benefit of its own development. The population of the countries destined for conquest must feed the German economy with man power resources, the natural reserves of their former territories will provide the economic needs of the German army and the entire German people. The most important tool for the economic use of the occupied territories was the tax system, the export of production equipment, property of organizations and citizens. For staffing industrial production in the occupied territories, labor exchanges were created, distributing the civilian population to work at local enterprises. The occupation caused enormous damage to the population, economy and economy of the North-West of Russia. The number of the local population, which was destroyed in concentration camps, was subjected to robberies and terror, and was mobilized for defensive and other work, significantly decreased. The population experienced constant hunger, only those who were involved in compulsory work in production received the minimum supply. A significant number of able-bodied citizens of the occupied regions of the North-West were sent to forced labor in Germany. The violent deportation of the population to Germany was accompanied by unprecedented cruelty and brutal reprisals. In the face of intensified repression, the process of mass entry of the rural population into partisan detachments began.
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Shin, I. K. C. « The Situation and the Problems of Hazardous Waste Treatment in Germany ». Water Science and Technology 26, no 1-2 (1 juillet 1992) : 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0383.

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Yearly 4 900 000 tons of hazardous waste are generated in West Germany. The Germany Waste Disposal Act regulates not only the import and the export, but also the transit of wastes. Also avoidance of waste generation and recycling of wastes are emphasized by the act. To reduce waste amounts the collected wastes are treated preliminarily by chemical, physical and biological methods. 740 000 tons of hazardous waste are combusted annually in 27 incineration plants. 18 additional incineration plants are planned. Disposal of diluted acids in the North Sea was completely stopped by the end of 1989. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were burned on a German incineration ship. This was stopped in 1989. The most usual disposal process is the sanitary landfill. Rainfall results in water and soil pollution caused by leachates. A roof above the landfill could eliminate the generation of leachates. The safest disposal is the deep underground deposition in salt domes.
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Carlin, Wendy, et David Soskice. « Shocks to the System : the German Political Economy Under Stress ». National Institute Economic Review 159 (janvier 1997) : 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019715900104.

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The German economy is recovering hesitantly from the sharp post-unification boom and recession. Two features of recent West German performance are novel: there has been an unprecedented loss of jobs in industry, and manufacturing profitability has been pushed to its lowest level ever and is now low relative to other OECD economies. Serious problems with labour costs and innovation would be expected to show up in a weakening in the trend of export performance. That this has not yet happened is the consequence of the existence of an apparently robust innovation system which enables companies to pursue high quality incremental innovation strategies. However, the experiment of transferring the West German model to the East has proved extremely costly and has not so far established the basis for self-sustaining growth. Problems in profitability, investment and employment in West Germany reflect the failure of the bargaining system—unions, employers, Bundesbank and public sector—to negotiate the sharing of the burden of unification.
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Sarkar, Jayita. « U.S. Policy to Curb West European Nuclear Exports, 1974–1978 ». Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no 2 (mai 2019) : 110–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00877.

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After India's detonation of a nuclear explosive in 1974 publicly demonstrated the proliferation risks from nuclear assistance, the U.S. government increased its efforts to control nuclear exports worldwide. In doing so, U.S. policymakers faced challenges from two major West European allies, France and West Germany, both of which pursued their commercial interests through nuclear exports to countries such as Pakistan, Brazil, Iran, and India, among others. Despite multilateral efforts including the formation of the Nuclear Suppliers Group and bilateral negotiations with the supplier governments, the administrations of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter attained only partial success. The commercial interests of nuclear firms, the influence of pro-export coalitions inside supplier countries, and the emerging importance of the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries as alternative suppliers influenced the outcome. The United States was more successful in restraining the French through a series of quid pro quo arrangements than it ever was with the West Germans. Using recently declassified archival documents, this article sheds new light on U.S. nonproliferation policy in the aftermath of the 1973 oil price shock.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Export controls – Germany (West)"

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KUSCHKA, Marius. « Amerikanische Exportkontrollen und die Europäische Gemeinschaft : Positionen aus dem Völkerrecht und aus dem Europarecht ». Doctoral thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5450.

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Livres sur le sujet "Export controls – Germany (West)"

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Macdonald, Stuart. Strategic export controls : Hurting the East or weakening the West ? London : Economist Intelligence Unit, 1990.

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M, Kemme David, et Institute for East-West Security Studies., dir. Technology markets and export controls in the 1990s. New York : New York University Press, 1991.

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Stockholm International Peace Research Institute., dir. The regulation of arms and dual-use exports : Germany, Sweden and the UK. Solna, Sweden : SIPRI, 2002.

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Miklós, Losoncz. Erők és érdekek : Nyugati stratégiai koncepciók a kelet-nyugati gazdasági kapcsolatokban. Budapest : Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, 1986.

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Economic containment : CoCom and the politics of East-West trade. Ithaca, N.Y : Cornell University Press, 1992.

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1952-, Oda Hiroshi, dir. Law and politics of West-East technology transfer. Dordrecht : M. Nijhoff/Graham & Trotman, 1991.

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Cold economic warfare : Cocom and the forging of strategic export controls. Dordrecht : Republic of Letters, 2009.

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Kuttner, Klaus. Mittel- und langfristige Exportfinanzierung : Besondere Erscheinungsformen in der Aussenhandelsfinanzierung. Wiesbaden : Gabler, 1988.

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K, Bertsch Gary, et University of Georgia. Center for East-West Trade Policy., dir. Controlling East-West trade and technology transfer : Power, politics, and policies. Durham [N.C.] : Duke University Press, 1988.

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Schaller, André. Schweizer Neutralität im West-Ost-Handel : Das Hotz-Linder-Agreement vom 23. Juli 1951. Bern : P. Haupt, 1987.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Export controls – Germany (West)"

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Lamoureux, Christian. « Sanctions and Export Controls in France ». Dans East-West Trade and the Atlantic Alliance, 145–65. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21049-7_7.

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Bailey, Michael, Drew Johnston, Theresa Kuchler, Dominic Russel, Bogdan State et Johannes Stroebel. « The Determinants of Social Connectedness in Europe ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1–14. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60975-7_1.

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Abstract We use de-identified and aggregated data from Facebook to study the structure of social networks across European regions. Social connectedness declines strongly in geographic distance and at country borders. Historical borders and unions—such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Czechoslovakia, and East/West Germany—shape present-day social connectedness over and above today’s political boundaries and other controls. All else equal, social connectedness is stronger between regions with residents of similar ages and education levels, as well as between regions that share a language and religion. In contrast, region-pairs with dissimilar incomes tend to be more connected, likely due to increased migration from poorer to richer regions.
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Bertsch, Gary K. « U.S. Export Controls ». Dans National Security and Technology Transfer : The Strategic Dimensions of East-West Trade, 126–39. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429044731-13.

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« Export Potential ? » Dans Managers and Management in West Germany, 176–90. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315223056-9.

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Goodman, S. E. « The Impact of U.S. Export Controls on the Soviet Computer Industry ». Dans The Politics of East-West Trade, 109–27. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429313868-5.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Export controls – Germany (West)"

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Dauster, Manfred. « Criminal Proceedings in Times of Pandemic ». Dans The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.18.

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COVID-19 caught humanity off guard at the turn of 2019/2020. Even when the Chinese government sealed off Wuhan, a city of millions, for weeks to contain the epidemic, no one in other parts of the world had any idea of what specifically was heading for the countries. The ignorant and belittling public statements and tweets of the former US president are still fresh in everyone's memory. Only when the Italian army carried the coffins with the COVID-19 victims in northern Italy, the gravesites spread in the Bergamo region, as well as the intensive care beds filled in the overcrowded hospitals, the countries of the European Union and other parts of the world realised how serious the situation threatened to become. Together with the World Health Organisation (WHO), the terms changed to pandemic. Much of the pandemic evoked reminiscences originating in the Black Death raging between 1346 and 1353 or in the Spanish flu after the First World War. Meanwhile, life went on. The administration of justice in criminal cases could not and should not come to a standstill. Emergency measures, such as those that began to emerge in February 2020, are always the hour of the executive. In their efforts to stop the spread of the virus, in Germany, governments particularly reflected on criminal proceedings. Neither criminal procedural law nor the courts and court administrations applying this procedural law were adequately prepared for the challenges. Deadlines threatened to expire, access to court buildings and halls had to be restricted to reduce the risk of infection, public hearings represented a potential source of infection for both the parties to the proceedings and the public, virtual criminal hearings via conference calls had not yet been tested in civil proceedings, but were legally possible, but not so in criminal cases. The taking of evidence in criminal cases in Germany is governed by the rules of strict evidence and is largely not at the disposal of the parties to the proceedings. Especially in criminal cases, fundamental and human rights guarantees serve to protect the accused, but also the victims and witnesses. Executive measures of pandemic containment might impact these guarantees. Here, an attempt will be made to discuss at some neuralgic points how Germany has attempted to balance the resulting contradictory interests in the conflict between pandemic control and constitutional requirements for criminal court proceedings.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Export controls – Germany (West)"

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Strawser, Larry D. Conflicts in East-West Trade and Technology Transfer (1949-1989) : Were Export Controls Worth the Cost ? Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, décembre 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328916.

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