Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Experimental volcanism »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Experimental volcanism"
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Pawley, A. R., et J. R. Holloway. « Water Sources for Subduction Zone Volcanism : New Experimental Constraints ». Science 260, no 5108 (30 avril 1993) : 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5108.664.
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Scheu, Bettina, Oliver Spieler et Donald B. Dingwell. « Dynamics of explosive volcanism at Unzen volcano : an experimental contribution ». Bulletin of Volcanology 69, no 2 (11 mai 2006) : 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0066-5.
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Pralle, Norbert, Michael Külzer et Gerd Gudehus. « Experimental evidence on the role of gas in sediment liquefaction and mud volcanism ». Geological Society, London, Special Publications 216, no 1 (2003) : 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.216.01.11.
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Dingwell, Donald B. « Recent experimental progress in the physical description of silicic magma relevant to explosive volcanism ». Geological Society, London, Special Publications 145, no 1 (1998) : 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.145.01.02.
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Righter, K., K. Pando et L. R. Danielson. « Experimental evidence for sulfur-rich martian magmas : Implications for volcanism and surficial sulfur sources ». Earth and Planetary Science Letters 288, no 1-2 (30 octobre 2009) : 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.027.
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Le Corvec, Nicolas, Thierry Menand et Jan Lindsay. « Interaction of ascending magma with pre-existing crustal fractures in monogenetic basaltic volcanism : an experimental approach ». Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth 118, no 3 (mars 2013) : 968–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50142.
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Marzano, Frank S., Errico Picciotti, Mario Montopoli et Gianfranco Vulpiani. « Inside Volcanic Clouds : Remote Sensing of Ash Plumes Using Microwave Weather Radars ». Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, no 10 (1 octobre 2013) : 1567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00160.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Microphysical and dynamical features of volcanic tephra due to Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions can be quantitatively monitored by using ground-based microwave weather radars. The methodological rationale and unique potential of this remote-sensing technique are illustrated and discussed. Volume data, acquired by ground-based weather radars, are processed to automatically classify and estimate ash particle concentration and fallout. The physical– statistical retrieval algorithm is based on a backscattering microphysical model of fine, coarse, and lapilli ash particles, used within a Bayesian classification and optimal estimation methodology. The experimental evidence of the usefulness and limitations of radar acquisitions for volcanic ash monitoring is supported by describing several case studies of volcanic eruptions all over the world. The radar sensitivity due to the distance and the system noise, as well as the various radar bands and configurations (i.e., Doppler and dual polarized), are taken into account. The discussed examples of radar-derived ash concentrations refer to the case studies of the Augustine volcano eruption in 2002, observed in Alaska by an S-band radar; the Grímsvötn volcano eruptions in 2004 and 2011, observed in Iceland by C- and X-band weather radars and compared with in situ samples; and the Mount Etna volcano eruption in 2011, observed by an X-band polarimetric radar. These applications demonstrate the variety of radar-based products that can be derived and exploited for the study of explosive volcanism.
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Makongoro, Mohamed Zengo, Maheswara Rao Vegi, Said Ali Hamad Vuai et Michael Mwita Msabi. « Chronostratigraphic Studies of the Ootun Area Revealing the Late Holocene Plume Volcanism of the Oldoinyo Lengai, Ngorongoro, Tanzania ». Geofluids 2022 (5 septembre 2022) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2429548.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Oldoinyo Lengai has been a subject of international attention for geoscientists because of its uniqueness. The mountain is the world’s only active natrocarbonatite volcano whose recent activities are well documented. However, little is known about its eruptive history during the Holocene. One way of uncovering past volcanic activities is through chronostratigraphic studies. A rare stratigraphic sequence in the Ootun area containing buried tephra beds and paleosols is presented in this article. The beds suggest that the nearby active Oldoinyo Lengai volcano experienced the main plume volcanism during the late Holocene. This work presents the lithology of the area, estimated deposition period, and elemental and mineralogical compositions of strata, and establishing similarities between ash properties and information from previously reported chemistry and eruptions of the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffractometry, and accelerated mass spectrometry techniques were used for elemental, mineralogical, and radiocarbon dating analyses. A 1.3-m vertical soil profile revealed three major strata: topsoil, tephra bed, and paleosols. The paleosols are presumed to have been topsoil of the Ootun area during the Holocene. Subsurface tephra layers were found to contain similar properties to the volcanic material of the Oldoinyo Lengai. Based on the experimental findings and literature data, the study reports the occurrence of two major plume eruption events from the Oldoinyo Lengai, which happened around the minimum (oldest) age of 490 ± 10 BC and 771 AD. This work is essentially important in demonstrating the relevance of the region’s tephra chronostratigraphic studies by revealing the prospect of collecting additional scientific data on past geological processes and paleoenvironmental conditions of northern Tanzania.
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ZANON, VITTORIO. « Geology and volcanology of San Venanzo volcanic field (Umbria, Central Italy) ». Geological Magazine 142, no 6 (novembre 2005) : 683–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805001470.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this paper is to integrate, or even modify where necessary, the geo-volcanological setting outlined by other authors on the history of the small volcanic field of San Venanzo (Umbria, Central Italy). To attain this goal, new accurate field investigations were carried out in that area, coupled with detailed stratigraphic studies and laboratory analyses, to support field evidence with experimental results. The first objective was to stress the importance of a groundwater reservoir whose interaction with magma at various degrees was responsible not only for the explosive character of volcanism in that area, but also for the complex morphology of the volcanic deposits that are widely scattered on the underlying sedimentary basement. Another objective was to clarify the role played by tectonic activity in enhancing the fast and discontinuous ascent of batches of magma from the mantle to the surface, through two different sets of faults, opened by tectonic unrest into the crust, that were also responsible for the morphology and spatial distribution of volcanic centres. This was considered to be very important in consideration of the still-active stress field of the region. Finally, special attention was focused on the presence of a palaeosol between two eruptive sequences, as it most likely denoted a split in the volcanic activity of this site into two separate phases. This observation leads to the conclusion that, in spite of its eruptive characteristics, the small volcano of San Venanzo is not monogenic. For all of these topics, a number of conclusions have been drawn and they are reported with more data in the following sections of this paper.
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Whalen, J. B., A. Zagorevski, V. J. McNicoll et N. Rogers. « Geochemistry, U–Pb geochronology, and genesis of granitoid clasts in transported volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, Buchans, Newfoundland ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no 11 (novembre 2013) : 1116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0040.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Buchans Group, central Newfoundland, represents an Ordovician continental bimodal calc-alkaline arc sequence that hosts numerous volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) occurrences, including both in situ and mechanically transported sulfide breccia–conglomerate orebodies. Diverse lithic clasts associated with transported deposits include rounded granitoid clasts. Earlier workers have suggested that Buchans Group VMS-hosting felsic extrusive units, small granodiorite intrusions (e.g., Wiley’s Brook), and granitoid cobbles associated with transported ore represent co-genetic products of the same magmatic system. The granitoid cobbles and small granodiorite intrusions are geochemically similar and closely resemble Buchans Group felsic volcanic units. U–Pb zircon age determinations show a (i) 466.7 ± 0.5 Ma crystallization age for the Wiley’s Brook granodiorite (WBG), (ii) 464 ± 4 Ma crystallization age for a granitoid cobble, and (iii) 466 ± 4 Ma maximum deposition age for a conglomerate–sandstone sequence associated with transported ore. Thus, Buchans Group felsic plutonic rocks are within experimental error of felsic volcanism and VMS deposition. Furthermore, εNd (T) (T, time of crystallization) values of four granitoid cobbles (–1.95 to –4.0) overlap values obtained from Buchans Group felsic volcanic units. Our results are compatible with plutonic and volcanic rocks being related through fractional crystallization or partial melting processes but do not support a petrogenetic link between VMS deposition and exposed felsic plutons. Comparisons to modern arc analogues favour exhumation of plutonic rocks by extension along caldera or rift walls and (or) subaerial erosion. Enigmatic rounding of Buchans granitoid clasts was likely accomplished in a subaerial or shallow marine environment, and the clasts transported into a VMS-active basin by mass flows.
Thèses sur le sujet "Experimental volcanism"
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Renggli, Christian Josef. « Volcanic gases and the reaction of sulfur dioxide with aluminosilicate glasses ». Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147744.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Volcanic gases are an important part of the volatile cycle in
active planetary systems and contribute significantly to the
mobilization and transport of metals to planetary surfaces. On
Earth, Venus, Mars and Io, SO2 is the most abundant corrosive
species in volcanic gases, and basalts are ubiquitous on these
planetary bodies. The reaction between SO2 and silicate rocks
forms oxidized sulfate and reduced sulfide. This reaction is a
key process in the formation of porphyry deposits. In volcanic
eruption plumes SO2 reacts with volcanic ash and is scavenged
onto the surface of the ash particles. Knowledge of the reaction
mechanisms between volcanic gas and rocks, minerals and glasses,
and processes controlling the metal mobilization and transport in
volcanic gas can constrain models of volatile and metal budgets
of planetary crusts and surfaces.
Using thermochemical modelling, I present a new model for the
composition of volcanic gas on the Moon and compare it to a
terrestrial volcanic gas from Erta Ale volcano (Ethiopia). The
main species in lunar volcanic gas are H2, S2 and CO. This
finding is in contrast to previous studies which suggested that
CO was the sole driver of explosive volcanic eruptions on the
Moon. This lunar volcanic gas has a lower capacity for metal
transport compared to the Cl- and H2O-rich volcanic gas from Erta
Ale volcano.
To identify how SO2-glass reactions occur at high temperature and
to investigate what might promote and limit these reactions, I
present results from an experimental study. Pure SO2 was reacted
with silicate glasses in the system anorthite-diopside-albite and
with Fe-bearing natural basaltic glasses.
The sulfate reaction products are relatively enriched in Ca
compared to the silicate glass composition, in particular in
experiments with Fe-free anorthite-diopside glasses. On these
Fe-free glasses CaSO4 is the sole observed phase in the coatings
at 800 °C, whereas at 600 °C minor amounts of MgSO4 were
detected. At 800 °C, the flux of Ca from the silicate glass to
the surface exceeds that of Mg by a factor of up to 330, whereas
at 600 °C this factor is only 3. The rate of reaction is not
constant, decreasing by an order of magnitude from 1 h to 24 h at
800 °C.
The reaction of SO2 with tholeiitic basalt glasses produces
coatings of CaSO4, MgSO4, Na2SO4 and oxides including Fe2O3 and
TiO2. In addition, the reaction modifies the basalt glass because
Ca, Mg and Na are lost to the coating. This results in the
nucleation of crystalline spherulites and needles including SiO2,
Al2O3, as well as Fe-Na-rich and Mg-rich pyroxenes.
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The results suggest that the structural properties of the
silicate glass substrate control the diffusive transport of Ca,
Na, Mg, Fe and Ti to the surface which in turn controls the
overall reaction rate and the formation of sulfates, oxides and
silicates. These findings can be applied to predicting reactions
on planetary surfaces and at shallow levels within their crusts.
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Iacovino, Kayla. « An unexpected journey : experimental insights into magma and volatile transport beneath Erebus volcano, Antarctica ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245333.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Erebus is a well-studied open-vent volcano located on Ross Island, Antarctica (77◦ 32’ S, 167◦ 10’ E). The volcano is the focus of ongoing research aimed at combining petrologic data and experiments with surface gas observations in order to interpret degassing histories and the role of volatiles in magma differentiation, redox evolution, and eruptive style. This research focus has been driven in part by an abundance of studies on various aspects of the Erebus system, such as physical volcanology, gas chemistry, petrology, melt inclusion research, seismic, and more. Despite this large data set, however, interpretations of Erebus rocks, particularly mafic and intermediate lavas, which are thought to originate from deep within the magmatic plumbing system, have been hindered due to a lack of experimental data. Experimental petrology is a common tool used to understand volcanic plumb- ing systems and to tie observations made at the Earth’s surface to the deep pro- cesses responsible for driving volcanic activity. Experimental petrologists essen- tially recreate natural magma chambers in miniature by subjecting lavas to con- ditions of pressure, temperature, and volatile chemistry (P-T-X) relevant to a natural underground volcanic system. Because many important parameters can be constrained in the laboratory, the comparison of experimental products with naturally erupted ones allows for an understanding of the formation conditions of the rocks and gases we see at the surface. In this thesis, I have employed experimental and analytical petrological tech- niques to investigate the magmatic plumbing system of Erebus volcano. Broadly, the research is focused on volatiles (namely H2O, CO2, and S species) in the Ere- bus system: their abundances, solubilities, interactions, evolution, and ultimate contributions to degassing. Specifically, three key themes have been investigated, each employing their own experimental and analytical techniques. Firstly, the mixed volatile H2O-CO2 solubility in Erebus phonotephrite has been investigated under P-T-X conditions representative of the deep plumbing system of Erebus. Understanding the deep system is crucial because the constant supply of deeply derived CO2-rich gases combined with a sustained energy and mass input into the lava lake suggests a direct link between the phonolite lava lake and the volcano’s ultimate mantle source via a deep mafic plumbing system. Secondly, I have mapped the phase equilibria and evolution of primitive, inter- mediate, and evolved Erebus lavas. The chemistries of these experimental products span the full range of lavas on Ross Island and help to constrain magmatic evolu- tion from basanite to phonolite as well as to elucidate the geometry of the deep Ross Island plumbing system. Finally, lower-pressure experiments representing the shallow plumbing system at Erebus have been performed in order to understand the transport properties of sulfur in alkaline magma. Experiments were performed on natural Erebus basanite and phonolite, which represent the most primitive and evolved lavas from Erebus. A distinct cocktail of C-O-H-S fluid was equilibrated with each experiment, and a wide range of experimental oxygen fugacities was explored. Overall, experiments from this work are the first to place constraints on the en- tire magma plumbing system of Erebus volcano. In addition, experimental results foster a new understanding of non-ideal gas behavior at high pressure, the affinity of CO2 to deeply sourced rift magmas, and the effect of alkalis on fluid transport capabilities in melts.
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García, Pérez Olaya. « The explosive volcanism of Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex, Canary Island ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/130923.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The explosive events in Teide Pico Viejo (TPV) complex in Tenerife Island (Spain) have traditionally been restricted to the subplinian eruption of Montaña Blanca, which occurred about 2000 years ago. A recent revision of the stratigraphy of TPV shows that phonolitic explosive activity has been significant during the Holocene, with several distinct episodes related to eruptions ranging from Strombolian to sub-plinian. Using field, mineralogical and geochemical stratigraphic correlations, we have identified 11 phonolitic explosive eruptions related to the satellite domes present all around TPV complex. One of the most representative eruptions is that of El Boqueron (5,660 yBP), a dome that generated an explosive event of VEI 3 with a minimum volume of 4-6x107 m3 and produced a plume with a height of up to 9km above sea level (MER 6.9-8.2x105 kg/s, during 9-15 h). The occurrence of these explosive events in the recent eruptive record of TPV is of major importance in evaluating the risk imposed by the volcanic complex on Tenerife. These eruptions have generated a wide range of direct hazards, such as fallout, emplacement of pyroclastic density currents, debris flows, lahars, and rock avalanches, which could occur again in case of a renewal of volcanic activity. The results obtained in our study are relevant to define realistic and precise eruptive scenarios for TPV and to assess its associated hazard, a necessary step in the evaluation and mitigations of volcanic risk in TenerifeEl complejo volcánico Teide Pico Viejo (TPV) es un stratovolcano situado en la isla de Tenerife, Islas Canarias, y ha sido considerado por la UNESCO el sistema volcánico activo más peligroso en Europa. Los eventos explosivos en el complejo TPV se han limitado tradicionalmente a la erupción subplinian de Montaña Blanca, que ocurrió hace unos 2000 años. Una reciente revisión de la estratigrafía muestra que la actividad explosiva fonolítica asociada a TPV ha sido significativa durante el Holoceno, presentado distintos episodios relacionados con erupciones que varían en tamaño de estromboliano a sub-pliniano. A través de las correlaciones estratigráficas obtenidas mediante observaciones de campo y datos de mineralógicos y geoquímicos, se han identificado 11 erupciones explosivas fonolítica relacionados con los domos satélite presentes en todo complejo TPV. Una de las erupciones más representativa es El Boquerón (5660 YBP), un domo que generó un evento explosivo de VEI 3 con un volumen mínimo de 4-6x107 m3 y produjo una columna con una altura de hasta 9 kilometros sobre el nivel del mar ( MER 6.9-8.2x105 kg / s, durante 9-15 h). La ocurrencia de estos eventos explosivos en el reciente registro eruptivo del complejo TPV es de gran importancia para evaluar el riesgo impuesto por el complejo volcánico en Tenerife. Estas erupciones han generado una amplia gama de amenazas directas, como los depósitos de caida, emplazamiento de las corrientes piroclásticas densidad, flujo de derrubios, lahares y avalanchas de roca, lo que podría ocurrir de nuevo en caso de renovación de la actividad volcánica. Los resultados obtenidos en nuestro estudio son relevantes para definir escenarios eruptivos realista y precisos para el complejo TPV y para evaluar su riesgo asociado, un paso necesario en la evaluación y mitigación del riesgo volcánico en Tenerife
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Meletlidis, Tsiogalos Stavros. « Eruptive dynamics and petrological evolution of recent volcanism on the El Hierro Island : Implications for volcanic hazard assessment ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461582.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Canarian archipelago, extends over approximately 500 km in total along the passive continental margin off NW Africa, comprises seven major and four minor islands, and it is part of the so called Macaronesia region, together with the archipelagos of Azores, Madeira, Salvajes and Cape Verde.
Within the oceanic geodynamic context, the Canary archipelago is located on oceanic crust of the big African plate, specifically upon the passive continental margin, with thickness exceeding 20 km. It is a good example of oceanic intraplate alkaline volcanism.
According the radioisotopic data available (Carracedo et al., 1998) the archipelago has been formed during the last 60 Ma and is still volcanically active. Multiple periods of volcanic activity accompanied with extreme range in magma compositions and eruptive styles have been exhibited during the evolution.
A wide variety of models have been proposed for the origin of the Canary Islands, such as, hot spot, decompressing fusion, Atlas generated propagating fracture, or the "block" model based on regional fractures that helped elevate the islands.
Holocene sub-aerial activity has occurred on all islands, except La Gomera, with 18 eruptions in the last 520 years (historic activity) on Tenerife, La Palma, Lanzarote and El Hierro. All these eruptive events consist of monogenetic basaltic eruptions along structures or zones identified as rifts (only the 1798 of Montaña Chahorra in Tenerife, expulsed intermediate composition magma and was located at the base of the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex).
Although monogenetic volcanism is the most extended type of volcanic activity on the planet (Walker 2000) and is characterized by a large diversity of eruptive styles and products, it is generally associated to low level volcanic hazard and many times it is underestimated in the hazard assessment.
The main structures generated by these type of eruptions (concentrated as volcanic fields or long rift zones) are cinder cones, formed by the pyroclastic products and lava flows, that can reach several kilometres length. Eventually, can generate phreatomagmatic deposits, when an interaction between magma and water occurs (shallow submarine volcanism or littoral cones).
These eruptions, traditionally, are associated with a single batch and pulse of magma and are greatly influenced by local and regional stress fields. Other parameters that can be important in the evolution
of the activity, as in any other volcanic activity, are magma composition, volume, and rheological contrast beneath the surface.
Recent studies have revealed that, even in a monogenetic eruption, an internal geochemical evolution could be possible, mainly because of the multiple batches involved and the importance of the local stress controls in the migration and finally eruption of magma.
Complexity, derived from these internal and external conditions in combination with the depth where magmas are stored and transported, is reflected in the difficulty to anticipate and forecast these types of eruptions and their evolution, especially, for areas with long quiescent periods and a variety of magmas as in the Canary Islands, where a new volcano could come up in any location.
The reconstruction of the structure, geometry, composition and plumbing system conditions of pre- existed monogenetic eruptions on the Canary Islands along with the data obtained (petrological, seismological, geodetical, etc.) of an eruption in course such was the 2011 El Hierro eruption will help us obtain a significant progress in understanding the processes that take place, improve our knowledge on monogenetic eruptions and as a consequence enhance hazard assessment and reduce the risk to human lives.a última erupción en la isla de El Hierro (2011-12) representa una excelente oportunidad para estudiar el volcanismo monogenético basáltico. La comparación de los productos emitidos durante esa erupción con los emitidos en erupciones anteriores y la interpretación de los resultados petrológicos junto con los datos obtenidos por la red multiparamétrica de vigilancia volcánica del IGN de vigilancia (estaciones sísmicas, GNSS, gravimétricas,…) nos ha permitido lograr un conocimiento integral de los procesos que ocurren antes y durante este tipo de erupciones basáticas monogenéticas, que son las más probables a corto y medio plazo en Canarias. Este enfoque multidisciplinar nos ha proporcionado nueva información sobre el ascenso del magma, las condiciones y procesos internos, los mecanismos de las erupciones basálticas, los mecanismos de deposición y los escenarios de interacción. La interpretación conjunta de todos los datos obtenidos permitirá una mejor evaluación del riesgo volcánico, no solo para la isla de El Hierro, sino para todo el archipiélago canario. En esta tesis, junto con el estudio de la erupción de 2011-12, se han estudiado dos más erupciones; la que ha dado el depósito de productos evolucionados en el centro de la isla (área del Malpaso) donde la dinámica y evolución de ella se ha ligado en la interacción magma/agua y la erupción de Chinyero (1909, Tenerife) que con rasgos similares a la de El Hierro (basáltica) pero con menor volumen de magma involucrado, ha tenido una dinámica más explosiva de lo que se había creído hasta hoy. Por lo tanto, las evaluaciones de riesgo volcánico a largo y corto plazo para el conjunto de las islas Canarias deben tener en cuenta posibles escenarios que no solo incluyen la erupciones basálticas submarinas, como es el caso de 2011-2012, sino también las erupciones sub-aéreas de corta vida como la del Chinyero o las erupciones como la del Malpaso, donde la intrusión basáltica y la interacción con el agua son procesos que aumentan la explosividad de una erupción y como consecuencia, al área afectado de sus productos.
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Bartolini, Stefania. « Volcanic hazard assessment in monogenetic volcanic fields ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284845.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One of the most important tasks of modern volcanology, which represents a significant socio-economic implication, is to conduct hazard assessment in active volcanic systems. These volcanological studies are aimed at hazard that allows to constructing hazard maps and simulating different eruptive scenarios, and are mainly addressed to contribute to territorial planning, definition of emergency plans or managing volcanic crisis. The impact of a natural event, as a volcanic eruption, can significantly affect human life, property, infrastructures, and the environment. Long periods of quiescence are quite common in many volcanic areas and this often leads to a fall in the alert. The consequence is lack of preparation to deal with a volcanic crisis.
The present Ph.D. Thesis is focused on the development and application of different tools for the spatial and temporal analyses to assess volcanic hazard in monogenetic volcanic fields. Monogenetic volcanic fields are commonly not regarded as potentially dangerous and only a few studies concerning hazard assessment have been conducted in such environments. In the long-term hazard assessment, we assume that the future eruptive behaviour in the volcanic field could be similar to the last eruptive activity. First, we have developed a new tool, QVAST (QGIS for VolcAnic SuscepTibility), designed to carry out the spatial analysis. This tool allows to calculate the volcanic susceptibility of the area, i.e. the probability of new vent opening, using direct and indirect structural data. Second, we have developed a new tool, HASSET (Hazard Assessment Event Tree), to conduct temporal analysis. Combining both tools and the previous one, VORIS 2.0.1, that uses simulation models to predict the most probable eruptive scenarios and which areas could be affected by a future eruptive event, we can evaluate in a probabilistic way long-term hazard represented by a qualitative hazard map that allows us to identify different levels of hazard in the study area. In this thesis we present different case studies. The first example was carried out at El Hierro Island (Canary Islands), an island essentially characterized by basaltic volcanism with both Strombolian and Hawaiian activity. The last eruption on El Hierro occurred in 2011–2012 demonstrates the importance of reliable data and tools that can enable scientific advisors and decision-makers to consider possible future eruptive scenarios. The second case study was Deception Island (Southern Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica), which is the most active volcano in the South Shetland Islands and has been the scene of more than twenty eruptions over the past two centuries. We identified a number of significant scenarios using our GIS-based tools and evaluated the potential extent of the main volcanic hazards to be expected on the island. The last case study presented is La Garrotxa Volcanic Field (NE of Spain), which is a quaternary volcanic field, located in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, and includes more than 50 well preserved volcanoes.
Finally, considering the importance of both quantity and quality of the available volcanic data and an optimum storage mechanism and as complement to the e-tools we have developed, we describe the design of a new spatial database structure, VERDI (Volcanic managEment Risk Database desIgn), which allows different types of data to be manipulated, organized, managed. The design of purpose-built databases should facilitate spatial and temporal analysis that will produce probabilistic hazard models for future vent opening, simulate volcanic hazards and assess their socio-economic impact, avoiding any duplication of information.
The methodologies described in this thesis establish the general guidelines of a procedure that facilitates undertaking volcanic hazard assessment in a systematic way, which can be easily applied to any volcanic area or system, and in particular to any monogenetic volcanic field.Una de las tareas más importantes de la vulcanología moderna, que representa una implicación socio-económica significativa, es llevar a cabo la evaluación de la peligrosidad en los sistemas volcánicos activos. Estos estudios vulcanológicos están enfocados a la elaboración de mapas de peligro y la simulación de diferentes escenarios eruptivos, y están dirigidas para contribuir a la planificación territorial, a la definición de los planes de emergencia o la gestión de crisis volcánicas. La presente Tesis doctoral está enfocada al desarrollo y aplicación de diferentes herramientas informáticas para los análisis espacial y temporal del peligro volcánico en campos volcánicos monogenéticos. En primer lugar, hemos desarrollado una nueva herramienta, QVAST, diseñada para llevar a cabo el análisis espacial, que permite calcular la susceptibilidad volcánica de la zona de estudio, utilizando datos estructurales directos e indirectos. En segundo lugar, hemos desarrollado una nueva herramienta, HASSET, para llevar a cabo el análisis temporal. La combinación de ambos instrumentos y una herramienta anterior, VORIS 2.0.1, que utiliza modelos de simulación para predecir los escenarios eruptivos más probables y aquellas áreas que podrían verse afectadas por un futuro evento eruptivo, nos permite evaluar de forma probabilística el peligro a largo plazo, representado por un mapa cualitativo que nos permite identificar los diferentes niveles de peligro en el área de estudio. En esta tesis se presentan diferentes casos de estudio en campos volcánicos monogenéticos: la isla de El Hierro (Islas Canarias), la isla Decepción (archipiélago de las Shetland del Sur, Antártida), el campo volcánico de La Garrotxa (NE de España). Por último, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la cantidad y la calidad de los datos volcánologicos disponibles y un mecanismo de almacenamiento óptimo, se describe el diseño de una nueva estructura de base de datos espaciales, VERDI, que permite manipular, organizar y gestionar diferentes tipos de datos. Las metodologías descritas en esta tesis establecen líneas guía generales de un procedimiento que facilita la realización de la evaluación del peligro volcánico de forma sistemática, los cuales se pueden aplicar a cualquier zona volcánica o sistema, y en particular, a cualquier campo volcánico monogenético.
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Pedrazzi, Dario. « Hydrmagmatic monogenetic volcanism in continental and oceanic island enronments ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/229382.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Monogenetic volcanism is characterized by a large diversity of eruptive styles, morphologies and deposits. Monogenetic landforms are the result of a complex merging of internal (magma composition, vesiculation) and external (geological setting, fracturation, hydrogeology, substrate stratigraphy, etc) parameters that govern the physics of the eruptions. Changes in these parameters may cause variations in the eruption style several times during the course of such short-lived volcanoes. Monogenetic volcanoes may form in any type of geological environment with scoria cones being the most common volcano type and hydrovolcanic tuff rings, tuff cones, and maars as the second in abundance. These small-volume volcanoes are generally the result of short-lived eruptions but the activity in a monogenetic volcanic field might exceed the total life of composite volcanoes.
The attention of this work was focused on the relation between monogenetic volcanic landforms and the external variables that influenced the dynamics of the eruptions (i.e. magmatism vs phreatomagmatism) through a multidisciplinary perspective, in marine and continental geological settings under which monogenetic volcanism may develop.
Different case studies representative of this type of activity and of these different environments have been considered. The first one corresponds to the La Crosa De Sant Dalmai volcano (Garrotxa Volcanic Field, southern sector of the Catalan Volcanic Zone), a roughly circular asymmetrical maar-diatreme volcano, which is one of the most characteristic volcanic edifices of this continental monogenetic volcanic field and the largest Quaternary volcanic crater on the Iberian Peninsula. This edifice is an example of monogenetic landform, mostly composed of phreatomagmatic deposits with subordinate Strombolian phases, constructed on a mixed basement made of hard Paleozoic granites and schists rocks and soft Plio-Quaternary deposits. Here, I reconstructed the hydrogeological conditions of the substrate and the implication for the eruptive dynamics. As a second case study, I carried out detailed stratigraphic and sedimentological studies of the succession of El Golfo tuff cone (Lanzarote, Canary Islands). The main objective of the work was to describe in detail the structure and association of facies of this edifice and use this information to infer changes in eruption style and depositional processes. Another type of eruption was studied in the same archipelago at El Hierro, an island essentially characterized by basaltic volcanism with both Strombolian and Hawaiian activity. Here I reported the stratigraphic, lithological, sedimentological and petrographic characteristics of a felsic hydrovolcanic episode in order to discuss, transport/depositional mechanisms, dynamics, relative age and implications for hazard assessment on the island. Finally, the same type of methodology was applied at Deception Island (Southern Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica), determining the lithological and sedimentological characteristics, and clasts distribution (isopach and isopleth maps) of the eruption of 1970. This information was, then, used to determine depositional processes, eruption style and physical parameters (i.e. plume height, erupted volume, VEI) of the eruption in order to compare this episode with the previous 1967 episode, and to deduce their implications to conduct hazard assessment at the island.
Each work represents a diverse aspect of hydrovolcanism and the results obtained helped to better understand the eruptive behavior of this type of volcanoes, which is a fundamental task in order to understand the possible future hazards associated with this type of volcanism. The results obtained can be applied to monogenetic volcanic fields worldwide and are, therefore, useful to reconstruct the evolution of a certain volcanic fields, through the study of single monogenetic volcanoes, and to evaluate the possible volcanic hazards, as similar eruptions represent a serious threat, which is often underestimated. A more systematic study is, thus, needed in order to understand the role of shallow-level conditions in the formation of specific volcano types in such complex volcanic fields.El vulcanismo monogenético se caracteriza por una gran diversidad de estilos eruptivos, morfologías y depósitos. Los tipos de edificios que se forman son el resultado de una compleja combinación de parámetros que rigen la física de la erupción. La atención de este trabajo se centra en la relación entre los edificios volcánicos monogenéticos y las variables externas que influyen en la dinámica de las erupciones (es decir, magmatismo vs freatomagmatismo) a través de un punto de vista multidisciplinar, en ambientes continentales y marinos en los que el vulcanismo puede desarrollar. Diferentes estudios, representativos de este tipo de actividad en diferentes entornos geográficos y geológicos, se han llevado a cabo. El primer ejemplo corresponde al volcán de La Crosa de Sant Dalmai (Campo Volcánico de La Garrotxa) donde se han reconstruido las condiciones hidrogeológicas del sustrato y la implicación para la dinámica eruptiva. Como segundo caso de estudio, se ha realizado una estratigrafía de detalle del cono de toba de El Golfo (Lanzarote, Islas Canarias), donde se han estudiado los mecanismos de emplazamiento de los depósitos para inferir cambios en la interacción magma/agua. Otro tipo de erupción se ha investigado en el mismo archipiélago, en la Isla de El Hierro, determinando las características físicas de un episodio félsico de origen hidrovolcánico ocurrido en una isla que se caracteriza esencialmente por el vulcanismo basáltico tanto Estromboliano como Hawaiiano. Por último, este mismo tipo de metodología se ha aplicado a la Isla Decepción (archipiélago de las Shetland del Sur, Antártida), estableciendo los parámetros físicos de la erupción del 1970 con el fin de comparar este episodio con el evento anterior del 1967, y deducir sus consecuencias para llevar a cabo la evaluación de peligrosidad en la isla. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser aplicados a campos volcánicos monogenéticos en todo el mundo y, por tanto, son útiles para reconstruir la evolución de ciertos campos volcánicos, a través del estudio de volcanes monogenéticos individuales, para evaluar los posibles riesgos volcánicos, teniendo en cuenta como erupciones similares representan una grave amenaza, que es a menudo subestimada.
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Albert, Mínguez Helena. « Processes, time scales and unrest of monogenetic volcanism ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334689.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Seismic, deformation, and gas activity (unrest) typically precedes volcanic eruptions. Successful volcanic event forecasting depends on the quality of the surveillance network for detecting any changes in volcano behaviour. To interpret the geochemical and geophysical precursors correctly it is important to understand the volcanic processes that occur prior and during volcanic eruptions. Detailed knowledge of the volcano internal structure, the rheology of the magmas, the time scales of the processes occurring at depth and the characteristics of past unrest episodes, must be combined with an adequate monitoring network to improve the volcanic hazard forecast. However, these aspects have received little attention in monogenetic volcanoes.
The aim of my PhD Thesis is to improve our understanding on monogenetic volcanism, its causes and dynamics, and to help anticipating the volcanic activity. I have focused on three main aspects of this problem. The first one is the calculation of the rheological properties of magmas during mixing. The second aspect I have addressed are the processes and time scales that lead to monogenetic eruptions with the aim to better interpret volcanic unrest and improve eruption forecasts. Finally, I have investigated the seismic unrest periods of historical monogenetic eruptions from a compilation of historical accounts worldwide. The results provide a conceptual framework for better anticipating monogenetic eruptions and should lead to improved strategies for mitigation of their associated hazards and risks.Las erupciones volcánicas están generalmente precedidas por la actividad sísmica, la deformación y la desgasificación (unrest). El éxito en la predicción del evento volcánico depende de la calidad de la red de vigilancia para detectar cualquier cambio en el comportamiento del volcán. Para interpretar los precursores geoquímicos y geofísicos correctamente es importante entender los procesos volcánicos que ocurren antes y durante las erupciones volcánicas. El conocimiento en detalle de la estructura interna del volcán, la reología de los magmas, las escalas de tiempo de los procesos que ocurren en profundidad y las características de los episodios pasados de unrest, debe combinarse con una red de vigilancia adecuada para mejorar el pronóstico de los eventos volcánicos. Sin embargo, estos aspectos han recibido poca atención en los volcanes monogenéticos. El objetivo de mi tesis doctoral es mejorar nuestra comprensión sobre el vulcanismo monogenético, sus causas y su dinámica, con el objetivo de mejorar la posibilidad de anticiparse a la actividad volcánica. Me he centrado en tres aspectos principales de este problema. El primero es el cálculo de las propiedades reológicas de los magmas durante los eventos de mezcla. El segundo aspecto es el estudio de los procesos, junto con sus escalas temporales, que llevan a erupciones monogenéticas con el fin de interpretar mejor la actividad volcánica y mejorar los pronósticos de una erupción. Por último, he investigado los períodos de unrest sísmico de erupciones monogenéticas históricas en todo el mundo mediante una compilación de documentos históricos. Los resultados proporcionan un marco conceptual que permite mejorar la predicción de erupciones monogenéticas y deberían conducir a mejores estrategias para mitigar sus peligros y riesgos asociados.
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Telling, Jennifer Whitney. « Microphysical processes of volcanic ash aggregation and their implications for volcanic eruption dynamics ». Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52925.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although numerous hazard models exist to assess possible ash fallout from explosive volcanic eruptions around the world, these models frequently neglect to consider ash aggregation or use a simple percent proxy to represent aggregation, without considering the varying processes at work throughout the volcanic flow. Eruption dynamics are sensitive to ash aggregation, and ash aggregates are commonly found in eruptive deposits, yet few experiments have been conducted on aggregation phenomena using natural materials. In this work, experiments were developed to produce both probabilistic and process-based relationships for the efficiency of ash aggregation with respect particle size, collision kinetic energy, atmospheric water vapor and residence time. A synthetic ash proxy, ballotini, and ash from the 2006 eruption of Tungurahua, Ecuador, and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, WA, were examined for their aggregation potential.
Two aggregation regimes, wet and dry, were identified based on their potential for aggregation. The wet flow regime occurs when particles are circulated in high relative humidity environments long enough to develop a water layer with a thickness that exceeds the particle roughness scale. Hydrodynamic forces control aggregation in the wet flow regime. The dry flow regime includes particles in low relative humidity environments as well as those that circulate too briefly in high humidity environments to fully develop a water layer. Electrostatic forces control aggregation in the dry flow regime. Aggregation efficiency in both regimes was dominantly controlled by collision kinetic energy; however, this effect is significantly dampened in the wet flow regime. Equations governing the relationships between aggregation efficiency, collision kinetic energy and the related forcings in the wet or dry flow regimes have been developed for implementation into large-scale numerical volcanic models.
The results of this experimental work have been developed into a probability distribution that has been integrated and incorporated into a multifluid numerical model. The numerical simulation was tested on a range of explosive depths and overpressure estimates from the 1790 eruption of Kilauea volcano, HI. The model output was compared to field data collected on the deposit thickness moving away from the source and the distribution, including both size and density, of aggregates. The mass fraction of ash removed from the eruption column in the form of aggregates was also calculated to examine how efficiently aggregation processes remove ash throughout the eruption. Cumulatively, the work presented here furthers our understanding of aggregation processes and the role they play in volcanic eruptions.
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Bai, Liping. « Experimental study of bubble growth in Stromboli basalt melts at 1 atmosphere ». Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101831.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In order to investigate bubble formation and growth at 1 atmosphere, degassing experiments using a Stromboli basalt with dissolved H2O or H2O + CO2 were performed in a custom furnace on a beamline at the Advanced Photon Source. The glasses were synthesized at 1250°C and 1000 MPa, with ~3.0 wt%, ~5.0 wt%, or ~7.0 wt% H2O or with mixtures of H2O + CO2, ~3.0 wt% H2O and ~440 ppm CO2, ~5.0 wt% H2O and 880 ppm CO2, ~7.0 wt% H2O and ~1480 ppm CO2, then heated on the beamline while recording the bubble growth. The 3D bubble size distributions in the quenched samples were then studied with synchrotron X-ray microtomography.The experimental results show that bubble nucleation and growth are volatile-concentration dependent. Bubbles can easily nucleate in melts initially containing high volatile concentrations. CO2 has no significant effect on bubble formation and growth because of low CO2 concentrations. Multiple nucleation events occur in most of these degassing samples, and they are more pronounced in more supersaturated melts. Bubble growth is initially controlled by viscosity near glass transition temperatures and by diffusion at higher temperatures where melt viscous relaxation occurs rapidly. Bubble foam forms when bubbles are highly connected due to coalescence, and bubbles begin pop, 10 to 20 seconds after the foam is developed. The degree of bubble coalescence increases with time, and bubble coalescence can significantly change the bubble size distribution. Bubble size distributions follow power-law relations at vesicularities of 1.0% to 65%, and bubble size distributions evolve from power-law relations to exponential relations at vesicularities of 65% to 83%. This evolution is associated with the change from far-from-equilibrium degassing to near-equilibrium degassing.
The experimental results imply that during basaltic eruptions both far-from-equilibrium degassing and near-equilibrium degassing can occur. The far-from-equilibrium degassing generally generates the power-law bubble size distributions whereas the near-equilibrium degassing produces exponential bubble size distributions Bubbles begin to pop when the vesicularities attain 65% to 83%. Bubble expansion in the foam possibly accounts for the mechanism of magma fragmentation.
Afin d'étudier la formation et la croissance de bulle; sous pression d'une atmosphère, desexpériences de dégazage sur un basalte de Stromboli, avec HiO ou H20 + CO2 dissouts,ont été exécutées dans un four pilote sous rayonnement synchrotron à l'APS (AdvancedPhoton Source). Les verres ont été synthétisés à une température de 1250°C et unepression de 1000 MPa, avec des teneurs en eau dissoute de ~ 3.0, ~ 5.0 ou ~ 7.0% (enpoids), et des mélanges H20 + C02 à teneurs de ~ 3.0% H20 (en poids) et 440 ppm CO2,~ 5% H20 et 880 ppm CO2, et de ~ 7.0% H20 et 1480 ppm CO2. La croissance des bullesest enregistrée pendant le chauffage du mélange en utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron.Les distributions tridimensionnelles de la taille des bulles dans les échantillons trempésont été étudiées par microtomographie à rayon X synchrotron.
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COSTA, Michela. « Bromine degassing in basaltic volcanic systems ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/91244.
Texte intégralLivres sur le sujet "Experimental volcanism"
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Sinton, Christopher W. The evolution of the Galap'agos Platform : Results from radiometric dating and experimental petrology. 1992.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Experimental volcanism"
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Lane, Stephen J., et Michael R. James. « Volcanic Eruptions, Explosive : Experimental Insights ». Dans Extreme Environmental Events, 1082–103. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7695-6_55.
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Lane, Stephen J., et Michael R. James. « Volcanic Eruptions, Explosive : Experimental Insights ». Dans Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, 9784–831. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_579.
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Lane, Stephen J., et Michael R. James. « Volcanic Eruptions, Explosive : Experimental Insights ». Dans Complexity in Tsunamis, Volcanoes, and their Hazards, 561–617. New York, NY : Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1705-2_579.
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Hammer, Julia E. « 2. Experimental Studies of the Kinetics and Energetics of Magma Crystallization ». Dans Minerals, Inclusions And Volcanic Processes, sous la direction de Keith D. Putirka et Frank J. Tepley III, 9–60. Berlin, Boston : De Gruyter, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508486-003.
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Segura, Antígona, et Rafael Navarro-González. « Experimental Simulation of Volcanic Lightning on Early Mars ». Dans Astrobiology, 293–96. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4313-4_31.
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Moore, Gordon. « 9. Interpreting H2O and CO2 Contents in Melt Inclusions : Constraints from Solubility Experiments and Modeling ». Dans Minerals, Inclusions And Volcanic Processes, sous la direction de Keith D. Putirka et Frank J. Tepley III, 333–62. Berlin, Boston : De Gruyter, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508486-010.
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Li, Yang, Hinako Hosono, Takato Takemura et Daisuke Asahina. « Experimental study on the mechanical properties of past submarine landslide layers including volcaniclastic material ». Dans Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology in Volcanic Fields, 251–54. London : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003293590-31.
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Murayama, Yuki, Ömer Aydan, Naohiko Tokashiki et Takashi Ito. « An experimental study on the dynamic stability of rock slopes with hexagonal discontinuity pattern ». Dans Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology in Volcanic Fields, 42–49. London : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003293590-6.
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Tamashiro, Michio, Ömer Aydan, Takashi Ito et Naohiko Tokashiki. « An experimental study on the shallow underground openings in rock mass with hexagonal discontinuity pattern ». Dans Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology in Volcanic Fields, 385–91. London : CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003293590-47.
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Otsu, Kyohei, Masatsugu Otsuki et Takashi Kubota. « Experiments on Stereo Visual Odometry in Feature-Less Volcanic Fields ». Dans Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 365–78. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07488-7_25.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Experimental volcanism"
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Saffaraval, Farhad, et Stephen A. Solovitz. « Experimental Study of Entrainment Ratio of the Near Exit Region of High-Speed Jets ». Dans ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63661.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The growth of volcanic plumes is highly dependent on entrainment ratio, which is a ratio of the radial mass inflow to a jet to its axial mass flow. This fraction is relatively constant in many conditions, and its magnitude is a factor in whether a volcanic column either becomes buoyant and rises or collapses. Under fully-developed, self-similar conditions, the value of this fraction is approximately 0.065 for neutrally buoyant-jets and 0.09 for buoyant jets. However, volcanic eruptions generally involve much higher pressures than these conditions, resulting in overpressured exit flows and supersonic speeds downstream, which likely impact entrainment. A small-scale laboratory model of a high-speed jet was developed, and particle image velocimetry was used to study the velocity fields both along the jet centerline and in the ambient atmosphere. The experiments consider exit speeds ranging from low subsonic levels up to overpressure ratios, K = pexit/patm, of approximately three. The resulting instantaneous fields were then integrated to determine the entrainment ratio. At these higher pressure conditions, the entrainment was significantly reduced downstream of the exit, with the mass flow more than 40% lower. This may have significant impact on analytical models of volcanic plume development, as the expected plume growth may be overpredicted.
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De Giorgi, Maria Grazia, Stefano Campilongo, Antonio Ficarella, Mauro Coltelli, Valerio Pfister et Francesco Sepe. « Experimental and Numerical Study of Particle Ingestion in Aircraft Engine ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2013 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95662.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study is focused on volcanic ash ingestion in aircraft engines, that can lead to slow but constant deterioration in engine performance and engine failure because of the mechanical damages to the wall surface. In particular the particles that impact on blades surfaces cause erosion damage and permanent losses in engine performance. Aircraft engine fans could be severely damaged by the ash flow.. In order to clarify the erosion phenomenon the fan has been simulated through the general-purpose CFD code and the numerical simulations were performed using the Reynolds–Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS). After validating the numerical modeling of the flow without erosion by comparisons with experimental data in literature, a surface injection of a discrete phase has been introduced in order to evaluate particle ingestion of volcanic ash. This phenomenon is a typical gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow and a multi-physics problem where the flow field, particle trajectory and wall deformation interact with among others. A wide experimental investigation has been carried out on an ash sample from Etna volcano. In particular a sieve analysis to obtain particles dimensional distribution and an analysis of SEM images to calculate particles shape factor. These data were used to modeling the particle injection in the CFD model. The numerical investigation was aimed to clarify the effects of particle erosion and to evaluate the change of the flow field in the case of eroded blades. By erosion rate patterns, the eroded mass was estimated and it was used to model the eroded geometry, by a user routine implemented in the dynamic mesh module of the code. So the performances of the damaged fan were estimated and compared with the baseline geometry without erosion.
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Wylie, Sebastien, Alexander Bucknell, Peter Forsyth, Matthew McGilvray et David R. H. Gillespie. « Reduction in Flow Parameter Resulting From Volcanic Ash Deposition in Engine Representative Cooling Passages ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2016 : Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57296.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Internal cooling passages of turbine blades have long been at risk to blockage through the deposition of sand and dust during fleet service life. The ingestion of high volumes of volcanic ash therefore poses a real risk to engine operability. An additional difficulty is that the cooling system is frequently impossible to inspect in order to assess the level of deposition. This paper reports results from experiments carried out at typical HP turbine blade metal temperatures (1163K to 1293K) and coolant inlet temperatures (800K to 900K) in engine scale models of a turbine cooling passage with film-cooling offtakes. Volcanic ash samples from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption were used for the majority of the experiments conducted. A further ash sample from the Chaiten eruption allowed the effect of changing ash chemical composition to be investigated. The experimental rig allows the metered delivery of volcanic ash through the coolant system at the start of a test. The key metric indicating blockage is the flow parameter which can be determined over a range of pressure ratios (1.01–1.06) before and after each experiment, with visual inspection used to determine the deposition location. Results from the experiments have determined the threshold metal temperature at which blockage occurs for the ash samples available, and characterise the reduction of flow parameter with changing particle size distribution, blade metal temperature, ash sample composition, film-cooling hole configuration and pressure ratio across the holes. There is qualitative evidence that hole geometry can be manipulated to decrease the likelihood of blockage. A discrete phase CFD model implemented in Fluent has allowed the trajectory of the ash particles within the coolant passages to be modelled, and these results are used to help explain the behaviour observed.
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Brau, Joanna, Marco Matzka, Bettina Scheu, Norbert Hertkorn, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin et Donald Bruce Dingwell. « Experimental Determination of Thermal Stability of Metalorganic Compounds in Volcanic Olivines ». Dans Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.255.
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Dominguez, Ivy Tarazona, Vitaliano Sulca Llacccho, Gary Duran Ramirez et Gustavo Llerena Cano. « Experimental study of mechanical behavior of stabilized volcanic soil with lime ». Dans 2020 Congreso Internacional de Innovación y Tendencias en Ingeniería (CONIITI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coniiti51147.2020.9240283.
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Liao, Jingyun, Aijun An et Zhihong Nie. « Experimental Study on Volcanic Cinder Gravels as Filler of Railway Surface Layer of Subgrade ». Dans International Conference on Transportation and Development 2018. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481547.028.
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Mulyanti, Juriah, Sukamto, Novi Arviyanto, Sazkia Noor Anggraini et Muhammad Kunta Biddinika. « Experimental Study of Aluminum Composite Material by the Percentage Variation of Volcanic Ash Reinforcement ». Dans International Conference on Applied Science, Engineering and Social Science. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009879501340138.
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Hudak, Michael R., Ilya N. Bindeman et Yunbin Guan. « EXPERIMENTALLY CONSTRAINED H AND O ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BETWEEN WATER AND VOLCANIC GLASS ». Dans GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306785.
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Zhang, Yuanzhong. « Experimental study of the matrix paramagnetic effects on nuclear magnetic resonance T2measurement for volcanic breccia ». Dans SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2008. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3059250.
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Nekvasil, Hanna, et Nicholas DiFrancesco. « VOLCANIC GAS : EXPERIMENTALLY INVESTIGATING SUBLIMATION AND ROCK/GAS REACTIONS IN MULTI-COMPONENT SYSTEMS ». Dans GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338722.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Experimental volcanism"
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Weinberg, Zwi G., Adegbola Adesogan, Itzhak Mizrahi, Shlomo Sela, Kwnag Jeong et Diwakar Vyas. effect of selected lactic acid bacteria on the microbial composition and on the survival of pathogens in the rumen in context with their probiotic effects on ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598162.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research project was performed in context of the apparent probiotic effect of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants on the performance of ruminants (improved feed intake, faster live-weight gain, higher milk yields and improved feed efficiency). The overall objective was to find out how LAB affect ruminant performance. The project included several “chapters” as follows: 1. The effect of LAB silage inoculants on the survival of detrimental bacteria in rumen fluid, in vitro study (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). An in vitro model was developed to study the interaction between selected LAB and an E. coli strain tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) in buffered RF. Results indicated that both LAB inoculants and E. coli survived in the RF for several days; both LAB inoculants and LAB-treated silages did not affect survival of E. coli in rumen fluid in vitro. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the performance of high-lactating cows (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). Treatments included control (no additive), Lacobacillusbuchneri40788 (LB), Lactobacillus plantarumMTD1 40027 (LP) and Pediococcuspentosaceus30168 (PP), each applied at 10⁶ cfu/g FM. The silages were included in the TMR of 32 high milking Holstein cows in a controlled feeding experiment. All baled silages were of good quality. The LB silage had the numerically highest acetic acid and were the most stable upon aerobic exposure. The cows fed the LB silages had the highest daily milk yields, percent milk fat and protein. The microbiome of baled wheat silages and changes during ensiling of wheat and corn (Sela et al., The Volcani Center). Bacterial community of the baled silages was dominated mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Lactobacillus and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 with 300 other genera at very low abundance. Fungal community was composed mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Candida and Monascuswith 20 other genera at very low abundance. In addition, changes in the microbiome during ensiling of wheat and corn with and without addition of L. plantarumMTD1 was studied in mini-silos. Overall 236 bacterial genera were identified in the fresh corn but after 3 months Lactobacillus outnumbered all other species by acquiring 95% of relative abundance. The wheat silage samples are still under analysis. The effect of applying LAB inoculants at ensiling on survival of E. coli O157:H7 in alfalfa and corn silages(Adesogan et al., University of Florida). E. coli (10⁵ cfu/g) was applied to fresh alfalfa and corn at ensiling with or without L. plantarumor L. buchneri. The pathogen was added again after about 3 moths at the beginning of an aerobic exposure period. The inoculants resulted in faster decrease in pH as compared with the control (no additives) or E. coli alone and therefore, the pathogen was eliminated faster from these silages. After aerobic exposure the pathogen was not detected in the LAB treated silages, whereas it was still present in the E. coli alone samples. 5. The effect of feeding corn silage treated with or without L. buchnerion shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by dairy cows (Adesogan et al., UFL). BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 2 of 12 Five hundred cows from the dairy herd of the University of Florida were screened for E. coli shedding, out of which 14 low and 13 high shedders were selected. These cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) which was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 for 21 days. The TMR included corn silage treated with or without L. buchneri. The inoculated silages were more stable upon aerobic exposure than the control silages; the silage inoculant had no significant effect on any milk or cow blood parameters. However, the silage inoculant tended to reduce shedding of E. coli regardless of high or low shedders (p = 0.06). 6. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the rumen microbiome (Mizrahi et al., BGU). Rumen fluid was sampled throughout the feeding experiment in which inoculated wheat silages were included in the rations. Microbial DNA was subsequently purified from each sample and the 16S rRNA was sequenced, thus obtaining an overview of the microbiome and its dynamic changes for each experimental treatment. We observed an increase in OTU richness in the group which received the baled silage inoculated with Lactobacillus Plantarum(LP). In contrast the group fed Lactobacillus buchneri(LB) inoculated silage resulted in a significant decrease in richness. Lower OTU richness was recently associated in lactating cows with higher performance (Ben Shabatet al., 2016). No significant clustering could be observed between the different inoculation treatments and the control in non metric multi-dimentional scaling, suggesting that the effect of the treatments is not the result of an overall modulation of the microbiome composition but possibly the result of more discrete interactions. Significant phylum level changes in composition also indicates that no broad changes in taxa identity and composition occurred under any treatment A more discrete modulation could be observed in the fold change of several taxonomic groups (genus level analysis), unique to each treatment, before and after the treatment. Of particular interest is the LB treated group, in which several taxa significantly decreased in abundance. BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 3 of 12
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen et Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen et Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Grumet, Rebecca, et Benjamin Raccah. Identification of Potyviral Domains Controlling Systemic Infection, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, juillet 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695842.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Potyviruses form one of the largest and most economically important groups of plant viruses. Individual potyviruses and their isolates vary in symptom expression, host range, and ability to overcome host resistance genes. Understanding factors influencing these biological characteristics is of agricultural importance for epidemiology and deployment of resistance strategies. Cucurbit crops are subject to severe losses by several potyviruses including the highly aggressive and variable zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In this project we sought to investigate protein domains in ZYMV that influence systemic infection and host range. Particular emphasis was on coat protein (CP), because of known functions in both cell to cell and long distance movement, and helper component-protease (HC-Pro), which has been implicated to play a role in symptom development and long distance movement. These two genes are also essential for aphid mediated transmission, and domains that influence disease development may also influence transmissibility. The objectives of the approved BARD project were to test roles of specific domains in the CP and HC-Pro by making sequence alterations or switches between different isolates and viruses, and testing for infectivity, host range, and aphid transmissibility. These objectives were largely achieved as described below. Finally, we also initiated new research to identify host factors interacting with potyviral proteins and demonstrated interaction between the ZYMV RNA dependent RNA polymerase and host poly-(A)-binding protein (Wang et al., in press). The focus of the CP studies (MSU) was to investigate the role of the highly variable amino terminus (NT) in host range determination and systemic infection. Hybrid ZYMV infectious clones were produced by substituting the CP-NT of ZYMV with either the CP-NT from watermelon mosaic virus (overlapping, but broader host range) or tobacco etch virus (TEV) (non- overlapping host range) (Grumet et al., 2000; Ullah ct al., in prep). Although both hybrid viruses initially established systemic infection, indicating that even the non-cucurbit adapted TEV CP-NT could facilitate long distance transport in cucurbits, after approximately 4-6, the plants inoculated with the TEV-CPNT hybrid exhibited a distinct recovery of reduced symptoms, virus titer, and virus specific protection against secondary infection. These results suggest that the plant recognizes the presence of the TEV CP-NT, which has not been adapted to infection of cucurbits, and initiates defense responses. The CP-NT also appears to play a role in naturally occurring resistance conferred by the zym locus in the cucumber line 'Dina-1'. Patterns of virus accumulation indicated that expression of resistance is developmentally controlled and is due to a block in virus movement. Switches between the core and NT domains of ZYMV-NAA (does not cause veinal chlorosis on 'Dina-1'), and ZYMV-Ct (causes veinal chlorosis), indicated that the resistance response likely involves interaction with the CP-NT (Ullah and Grumet, submitted). At the Volcani Center the main thrust was to identify domains in the HC-Pro that affect symptom expression or aphid transmissibility. From the data reported in the first and second year report and in the attached publications (Peng et al. 1998; Kadouri et al. 1998; Raccah et al. 2000: it was shown that: 1. The mutation from PTK to PAK resulted in milder symptoms of the virus on squash, 2. Two mutations, PAK and ATK, resulted in total loss of helper activity, 3. It was established for the first time that the PTK domain is involved in binding of the HC-Pro to the potyvirus particle, and 4. Some of these experiments required greater amount of HC-Pro, therefore a simpler and more efficient purification method was developed based on Ni2+ resin.