Articles de revues : « EV subpopulation »

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Kwok, Hoi-Hin, Ziyu Ning, Peony Chong, Thomas Wan, Margaret Ng, Gloria Ho, Mary Ip et David Lam. « Transfer of Extracellular Vesicle-Associated-RNAs Induces Drug Resistance in ALK-Translocated Lung Adenocarcinoma ». Cancers 11, n^o 1 (17 janvier 2019) : 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11010104.

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Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation is an actionable mutation in lung adenocarcinoma. Nonetheless tumour consists of heterogeneous cell subpopulations with diverse phenotypes and genotypes, and cancer cells can actively release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to modulate the phenotype of other cells in the tumour microenvironment. We hypothesized that EVs derived from a drug-resistant subpopulation of cells could induce drug resistance in recipient cells. We have established ALK-translocated lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and subclones. The subclones have been characterized and the expression of EV-RNAs determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The effects of EV transfer on drug resistance were examined in vitro. Serum EV-RNA was assayed serially in two patients prescribed ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ALK-TKI) treatment. We demonstrated that the EVs from an ALK-TKI-resistant subclone could induce drug resistance in the originally sensitive subclone. EV-RNA profiling revealed that miRNAs miR-21-5p and miR-486-3p, and lncRNAs MEG3 and XIST were differentially expressed in the EVs secreted by the resistant subclones. These circulating EV-RNA levels have been found to correlate with disease progression of EML4-ALK-translocated lung adenocarcinoma in patients prescribed ALK-TKI treatment. The results from this study suggest that EVs released by a drug-resistant subpopulation can induce drug resistance in other subpopulations and may sustain intratumoural heterogeneity.

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Hussey, George S., Catalina Pineda Molina, Madeline C. Cramer, Yulia Y. Tyurina, Vladimir A. Tyurin, Yoojin C. Lee, Salma O. El-Mossier et al. « Lipidomics and RNA sequencing reveal a novel subpopulation of nanovesicle within extracellular matrix biomaterials ». Science Advances 6, n^o 12 (mars 2020) : eaay4361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay4361.

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Biomaterials composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) provide both mechanical support and a reservoir of constructive signaling molecules that promote functional tissue repair. Recently, matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) have been reported as an integral component of ECM bioscaffolds. Although liquid-phase extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the subject of intense investigation, their similarity to MBV is limited to size and shape. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)–based lipidomics and redox lipidomics were used to conduct a detailed comparison of liquid-phase EV and MBV phospholipids. Combined with comprehensive RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of the intravesicular cargo, we show that MBVs are a distinct and unique subpopulation of EV and a distinguishing feature of ECM-based biomaterials. The results begin to identify the differential biologic activities mediated by EV that are secreted by tissue-resident cells and deposited within the ECM.

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Peng, Chen-Ching, Deborah Im, Shreya Sirivolu, Bibiana Reiser, Aaron Nagiel, Paolo Neviani, Liya Xu et Jesse L. Berry. « Abstract 3416 : Clearance of tumor-derived extracellular vesicle heterogeneity in aqueous humor after chemotherapy in retinoblastoma eyes ». Cancer Research 82, n^o 12_Supplement (15 juin 2022) : 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3416.

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Abstract Introduction: Aqueous humor (AH), the clear fluid in front of the eye, maintains the pressure and vitality of ocular tissues. This fluid is accessible via the cornea which enables use of AH as a liquid biopsy for intraocular disease. Retinoblastoma (Rb), an intraocular cancer in children, is unique in that direct tumor biopsy is prohibited, thus liquid biopsy has great clinical potential. cfDNA in the AH as a biomarker for Rb patients has been investigated and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are detectable in the AH from adults. However, AH EVs in Rb have previously never been explored. We know very little about the heterogeneity of AH EV populations in ocular cancers. Materials and Methods: 27 AH samples from 19 patients from 13 tumor-free eyes and 11 Rb eyes were collected. Rb eyes were further divided into treatment-naïve (Rb_Tn) and treatment-active (Rb_Tx) subgroups. Unprocessed AH samples were subjected to Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) (Nanosight NS300) for size distribution and concentration, and to Single Particle-Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (SP-IRIS) (Exoview R100) for fluorescent-based immunophenotyping of EV marker expression (CD63, CD81, and CD9). Results: NTA demonstrated the concentration of AH EVs is 3.11 x 109-1.38 x 1010 vesicles/mL; majority sized 76.8-103 nm. Study group comparisons showed that non-tumor containing eyes had a smaller nanoparticle mean size compared to Rb containing eyes (P = 0.002). More EVs were significantly detected in Rb_Tn containing eyes compared to Rb_Tx containing eyes (P = 0.022), suggesting the possible presence of tumor-derived EVs in Rb_Tn which were subsequently eliminated by treatment. SP-IRIS revealed distinct patterns of tetraspanin expression of AH small EVs (sEVs). Mono-CD63+ EVs were identified to be the most dominant sEV subpopulation from AH across non-tumor and Rb_Tx eyes. However, more diverse sEV subpopulation profile was detected in Rb_Tn AH samples. Significantly lower percentage of mono-CD63+ EVs could be determined in Rb_Tn eyes compared to Rb_Tx eyes (70.3% vs. 96.1%, P = 0.001). A significant accumulation of CD9/CD63 (4.3% vs. 1.1%, P = 0.035), CD63/CD81 (20.7% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.012) and CD9/CD63/CD81 (4.8% vs. 0.8%, P = 0.022) subpopulations in Rb_Tn was also observed. An enriched mono-CD63+ sEV subpopulation identified in AH indicates this is a potential AH-specific biomarker. In the setting of Rb there was a more heterogeneous population of sEVs which normalized with treatment. Conclusions: Small EVs are readily detectable in unprocessed AH with a dominant mono-CD63+ subpopulation in AH regardless of pediatric eye disease states. Tetraspanin colocalization analysis indicates the clearance of retinoblastoma-derived EV heterogeneity by chemotherapy. These novel finding suggests a potential clinical application of measurement of sEV subpopulations in AH samples to monitor response to therapy. Citation Format: Chen-Ching Peng, Deborah Im, Shreya Sirivolu, Bibiana Reiser, Aaron Nagiel, Paolo Neviani, Liya Xu, Jesse L. Berry. Clearance of tumor-derived extracellular vesicle heterogeneity in aqueous humor after chemotherapy in retinoblastoma eyes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3416.

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Hong, Zhen, Chen Tian, Tessandra Stewart, Patrick Aro, David Soltys, Matt Bercow, Lifu Sheng et al. « Development of a Sensitive Diagnostic Assay for Parkinson Disease Quantifying α-Synuclein–Containing Extracellular Vesicles ». Neurology 96, n^o 18 (23 mars 2021) : e2332-e2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000011853.

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ObjectiveTo develop a reliable and fast assay to quantify the α-synuclein (α-syn)–containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) in CSF and to assess their diagnostic potential for Parkinson disease (PD).MethodsA cross-sectional, multicenter study was designed, including 170 patients with PD and 131 healthy controls (HCs) with a similar distribution of age and sex recruited from existing center studies at the University of Washington and Oregon Health and Science University. CSF EVs carrying α-syn or aggregated α-syn were quantified using antibodies against total or aggregated α-syn, respectively, and highly specific, sensitive, and rapid assays based on the novel Apogee nanoscale flow cytometry technology.ResultsNo significant differences in the number and size distribution of total EVs between patients with PD and HCs in CSF were observed. When examining the total α-syn–positive and aggregated α-syn–positive EV subpopulations, the proportions of both among all detected CSF EVs were significantly lower in patients with PD compared to HCs (p < 0.0001). While each EV subpopulation showed better diagnostic sensitivity and specificity than total CSF α-syn measured directly with an immunoassay, a combination of the 2 EV subpopulations demonstrated a diagnostic accuracy that attained clinical relevance (area under curve 0.819, sensitivity 80%, specificity 71%).ConclusionUsing newly established, sensitive nanoscale flow cytometry assays, we have demonstrated that total α-syn–positive and aggregated α-syn–positive EVs in CSF may serve as a helpful tool in PD diagnosis.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class III evidence that total and aggregated α-syn–positive EVs in CSF identify patients with PD.

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Koch, M., A. Lemke et C. Lange. « Extracellular Vesicles from MSC Modulate the Immune Response to Renal Allografts in a MHC Disparate Rat Model ». Stem Cells International 2015 (2015) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/486141.

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Application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) has been proposed for solid organ transplantation based on their potent immunomodulatory effects. Since side effects from the injection of large cells cannot be excluded, the hypothesis rises that extracellular vesicles (EV) may cause immunomodulatory effects comparable to MSC without additional side effects. We used MSC-derived EV in a rat renal transplant model for acute rejection. We analysed peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), kidney function, graft infiltrating cells, cytokines in the graft, and alloantibody development in animals without (allo) and with EV application (allo EV). There was no difference in kidney function and in the PBL subpopulation including Tregs between allo and allo EV. In the grafts T- and B-cell numbers were significantly higher and NK-cells lower in the allo EV kidneys compared to allo. TNF-αtranscription was lower in allo EV grafts compared to allo; there was no difference regarding IL-10 and in the development of alloantibodies. In conclusion, the different cell infiltrates and cytokine transcription suggest distinct immunomodulatory properties of EV in allotransplantation. While the increased T- and B-cells in the allo EV grafts may represent a missing or negative effect on the adaptive immune system, EV seem to influence the innate immune system in a contrary fashion.

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Howard, Marissa, James Erickson, Amanda Haymond, Alessandra Luchini, Fatah Kashanchi et Lance Liotta. « Abstract 3516 : Reversing extracellular vesicle induced tumor immune suppression at the sentinel lymph node : Role of secretory autophagy and mitophagy ». Cancer Research 82, n^o 12_Supplement (15 juin 2022) : 3516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3516.

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Abstract The goal is to reverse cancer immune evasion at the level of the sentinel lymph node (SLN). Reduced expansion of CD8+ T cells and other innate immune effector cells in the cancer draining SLN is associated with progression and resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are PD-L1+ suppress immune recognition at the level of the SLN. The experimental goal is to remodel the SLN to overcome cancer EV-associated immune suppression and induce immune rejection of the tumor. We developed three methodologies for this project: a) Collection of draining lymph fluid to characterize EVs shed by 4T1 syngeneic breast tumors growing in the mammary fat pad. b) Chromatographic separation and characterization of the repertoire of EVs shed by tumors into the tumor microenvironment interstitial space using western blotting, mass spectrometry, and electron microscopy. c) Nanoparticle (NP) delivery of purified populations of EVs to the tumor draining SLN in combination with cytokine chemoattractants for innate immune cells recruitment. We characterized the in vivo interstitial fluid (IF) content of a GFP-4T1 syngeneic murine cancer model to study resident IF EVs transit to the draining lymph node. GFP labeling confirmed the IF EV tumor cell origin. Molecular analysis revealed an abundance of IF EV-associated proteins specifically involved in mitophagy and secretory autophagy. A set of proteins required for sequential steps of fission-induced mitophagy preferentially populated the CD81+/PD-L1+ IF EVs; including PINK1 and ARIH1 E3 ubiquitin ligase (required for Parkin-independent mitophagy), DRP1 and FIS1 (mitochondrial pinching), and VPS35, SEC22b, and Rab33b (vacuolar sorting). SLN immune cell populations could be massively remodeled by introducing hydrogel NPs which have a controlled release of T-cell and dendritic cell chemoattractant to the subcapsular sinus. NPs were successfully used to deliver concentrated packages of EVs subpopulations to the SLN. Introduction of the large CD81-/VEGF+/PD-L1- EV subpopulation (amphisome characteristics) to the SLN augmented tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, even when cytokine induction was used to remodel the SLN. In marked contrast, introduction of the CD81+/PD-L1+ EV subpopulation (containing mitophagy components) to the SLN in combination with NP release of chemoattractants, induced immune rejection of the syngeneic breast cancer, reducing tumor growth, and blocking metastasis. These findings demonstrate that different populations of EVs have opposite effects on cancer immune evasion at the level of the SLN and that EV-mediated immune suppression can be reversed by SLN remodeling to augment dendritic and CD8+ T cells. Citation Format: Marissa Howard, James Erickson, Amanda Haymond, Alessandra Luchini, Fatah Kashanchi, Lance Liotta. Reversing extracellular vesicle induced tumor immune suppression at the sentinel lymph node: Role of secretory autophagy and mitophagy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3516.

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Goncharova, A. Yu, S. A. Bugorkova, O. M. Kudryavtseva, V. A. Kozhevnikov, A. L. Kravtsov, T. N. Kashtanova et T. N. Shchukovskaya. « Experimental Evaluation of Application of the Vaccine Strain Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG in Combination with Immune-Modulators ». Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, n^o 2 (12 juillet 2020) : 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2020-2-71-77.

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Abstract. Objective of the work was to conduct a comparative assessment of the immune-modulating effect of the combined use of Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG vaccine strain with Polyoxidonium and Ingaron preparations on a BALB/c mouse model.Materials and methods. Mice of the BALB/c line were immunized subcutaneously with Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG culture at a dose of 2.5 104 m.c. (1st group), in combination with Ingaron at a dose of 150 IU (2nd group) or with Polyoxidonium at a dose of 4 мg (3rd group), the 4th group is intact mice. On days 3, 7, 21 and 90 after immunization, the subpopulation composition of lymphocytes, the production of mediators of the cellular response (INF-ɣ and IL-10), the titers of specific antibodies to the capsular antigen of plague microbe (F1), the nuclear apparatus of lymphocytes, and the nature of histological changes in the organs of mice were determined. Characterization of immunogenic (protective) activity of the combined use of Y. pestis EV NIIEG with immune-modulators against Y. pestis 231 in experiments on BALB/c mice was performed on the 21st day after immunization through determining the number of dead animals and their average life expectancy.Results and discussion. The combined administration of Y. pestis EV NIIEG vaccine strain with Polyoxidonium or Ingaron to experimental animals allowed us to establish differences in the response of the immune system of biomodels, due to the mechanism of action of a specific immune-modulator. It has been established that both Polyoxidonium and Ingaron combined with Y. pestis EV NIIEG enhance the response of immune-competent cells in experimental animals, contribute to the activation of the humoral response and the production of mediators of the cellular response, do not have a damaging effect on the tissue of the macroorganism. At the same time, the efficacy of using combined vaccination of Y. pestis EV NIIEG with immune-modulators in the inoculation test is confirmed for Polyoxidonium only.

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Hernandez-Oller, Laia, Joaquin Seras-Franzoso, Fernanda Andrade, Diana Rafael, Ibane Abasolo, Petra Gener et Simo Schwartz Jr. « Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer ». Pharmaceutics 12, n^o 12 (26 novembre 2020) : 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121146.

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Within tumors, Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) subpopulation has an important role in maintaining growth and dissemination while preserving high resistance against current treatments. It has been shown that, when CSCs are eliminated, the surrounding Differentiated Cancer Cells (DCCs) may reverse their phenotype and gain CSC-like features to preserve tumor progression and ensure tumor survival. This strongly suggests the existence of paracrine communication within tumor cells. It is evidenced that the molecular crosstalk is at least partly mediated by Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), which are cell-derived membranous nanoparticles that contain and transport complex molecules that can affect and modify the biological behavior of distal cells and their molecular background. This ability of directional transport of small molecules prospects EVs as natural Drug Delivery Systems (DDS). EVs present inherent homing abilities and are less immunogenic than synthetic nanoparticles, in general. Currently, strong efforts are focused into the development and improvement of EV-based DDS. Even though EV-DDS have already reached early phases in clinical trials, their clinical application is still far from commercialization since protocols for EVs loading, modification and isolation need to be standardized for large-scale production. Here, we summarized recent knowledge regarding the use of EVs as natural DDS against CSCs and cancer resistance.

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Paolino, Giovanni, Veronica Huber, Serena Camerini, Marialuisa Casella, Alberto Macone, Lucia Bertuccini, Francesca Iosi et al. « The Fatty Acid and Protein Profiles of Circulating CD81-Positive Small Extracellular Vesicles Are Associated with Disease Stage in Melanoma Patients ». Cancers 13, n^o 16 (18 août 2021) : 4157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13164157.

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The early detection of cutaneous melanoma, a potentially lethal cancer with rising incidence, is fundamental to increasing survival and therapeutic adjustment. In stages II–IV especially, additional indications for adjuvant therapy purposes after resection and for treatment of metastatic patients are urgently needed. We investigated whether the fatty acid (FA) and protein compositions of small extracellular vesicles (sEV) derived from the plasma of stage 0–I, II and III–IV melanoma patients (n = 38) could reflect disease stage. The subpopulation of sEV expressing CD81 EV marker (CD81sEV) was captured by an ad hoc immune affinity technique from plasma depleted of large EV. Biological macromolecules were investigated by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in CD81sEV. A higher content of FA was detectable in patients with respect to healthy donors (HD). Moreover, a higher C18:0/C18:1 ratio, as a marker of cell membrane fluidity, distinguished early (stage 0–I) from late (III–IV) stages’ CD81sEV. Proteomics detected increases in CD14, PON1, PON3 and APOA5 exclusively in stage II CD81sEV, and RAP1B was decreased in stage III–IV CD81sEV, in comparison to HD. Our results suggest that stage dependent alterations in CD81sEV’ FA and protein composition may occur early after disease onset, strengthening the potential of circulating sEV as a source of discriminatory information for early diagnosis, prediction of metastatic behavior and following up of melanoma patients.

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Żmigrodzka, Magdalena, Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, Rafał Pingwara et Anna Winnicka. « Platelet Extracellular Vesicles Are Taken up by Canine T Lymphocytes but Do Not Play a Role in Their Proliferation, Differentiation and Cytokine Production In Vitro ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n^o 10 (14 mai 2022) : 5504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105504.

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Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in physiological and pathological conditions form membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, known as EVs. The ability of these submicron structures to transfer their cargoes (miRNA, DNA, protein, cytokines, receptors, etc.) into recipient cells is described. Recent data revealed that platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) crosstalk promotes cancer growth and metastasis formation. Moreover, they exert immunosuppressive activities on phagocytes. This EV subpopulation is the most abundant amongst all types in circulation. According to the authors’ best knowledge, there is no information regarding the impact of PEVs on canine lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of PEVs on lymphocyte proliferation, phenotype and cytokine production in vitro. In the study, it was demonstrated (i) that PEVs interact differently with lymphocyte subsets and are preferentially associated with T-lymphocytes PBMC, while (ii) they are rarely detected in association with B-lymphocytes, and there is evidence that (iii) PEV uptake is observed after 7 h of co-culturing with lymphocytes. In addition, obtained data support the notion that PEVs do not influence in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation and cytokine production in a canine model.

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Abdelhamed, Sherif, Noah I. Hornick et Peter Kurre. « Residual HSPC in the Leukemia Microenvironment Are Reprogrammed Via Extracellular Vesicle Trafficking ». Blood 128, n^o 22 (2 décembre 2016) : 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.888.888.

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Several groups have shown that leukemic cells create a self-reinforcing bone marrow (BM) niche that functionally impairs normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) indirectly through stroma-secreted factors. We recently demonstrated an alternative mechanism whereby extracellular vesicles (EVs) from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and cell lines, but not BM CD34 controls, suppress their clonogenicity through EV trafficking of microRNA that directly downregulate critical transcription factors (c-Myb and HoxA9). Here, we aimed to clarify the fate of residual HSPC in in vivo AML xenografts, as well as ex vivo intrafemural (IF) injection and in vitro exposure of EVs experiments. Among KSL cells we observed a significant increase in the frequency of the long-term hematopoietic stem cell (SLAM, CD150+CD48−) subpopulation, but not the multipotent progenitors even at low levels of AML infiltration or direct IF injection of EVs. The HSPC pool redistribution was accompanied by cell cycle alterations in residual HSPC that showed AML EVs consistently induced quiescence (G0) in KSL (cKit+Sca1+Lin−) HSPC populations. When we assessed their DNA damage, residual HSPC showed a distinct increase in the gH2AX foci relative to control non-engrafted mice as well as the transcriptional upregulation of Rad51 and P21 genes along with gains in phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor p53. Yet, the reprogrammed KSL showed no evidence of apoptosis indicated by the lack of upregulation of the p53 target, Puma, and Annexin V staining, nor evidence of senescence (P16 and Sparc transcripts). To gain additional insight, we performed a tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic profiling of AML-EV exposed HSPC with or without exposure to EVs derived from AML cells. The results showed significant enrichment of DNA methylation regulatory pathway such as DNMT1, HELLS and UHRF1 as well as inflammatory pathways including IL1b, NOS, CEBPB and NFkB pathway-targets, confirmed by transcriptional profiling of KSL from xeno-transplanted mice. Based on our recent report that miR-1246 is one of the most highly enriched miRNA in AML derived EVs and proceeded to determine its target transcripts using an attenuated RISC complex (RISC-Trap), followed by high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis identified a set of 27 miR-1246-specific targets relative to control microRNAs. Strikingly, the target set was selectively enriched for a panel of negative cell-cycle regulator genes (CDK1, CDK7, CDK11, CCNF, HDAC2 and GATA3) as well as the DNA methylation regulators (DNMT1 and HELLS).Collectively, our results demonstrated that residual HSPC in the AML BM are phenotypically reprogrammed and suppressed in their proliferation along with DNA damage accumulation via paracrine EV microRNA trafficking. Our study provides insight into HSPC fates in the AML niche and echoes observations of cell competition, as a mode of non-cell autonomous regulation where p53 activation in the reprogrammed cells leads to a progressive decline in proliferation and fitness. We propose that AML EV trafficking of miR-1246 specifically may contribute to the altered fate of residual HSPC via transcriptional regulation of proliferation-related genes. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Hao, Mu, Zhimin Gu, Reinaldo Franqui Machin, Hongwei Xu, Gregory S. Thomas, Lugui Qiu, Guido J. Tricot et Fenghuang Zhan. « Drug Resistant Myeloma Cells Cause More Severe Bone Destruction in Myeloma ». Blood 126, n^o 23 (3 décembre 2015) : 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.839.839.

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Abstract Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the US and is characterized by osteolytic disease. More than 80% of MM patients have osteolysis, leading to in fractures, severe bone pain, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia, greatly compromising patient quality of life and resulting in mortality. While bone exists in a dynamic state between resorption and deposition, the molecular mechanisms underlying bone destruction in MM remain elusive. One contributing factor is heparanase (HPSE). In our work, we have previously shown that the expression of NEK2 and HPSE are closely correlated. We have also shown that high expression of chromosomal instability-related genes (e.g. NEK2) induces drug resistance and poor prognosis in MM. Though tumor burden is dramatically decreased in remission, bone destruction is poorly repaired, suggesting drug resistant MM cells may play a critical role in inducing bone destruction or in preventing the repair of bone disease in remission. Materials and Methods: Gene expression profiling (GEP) data and bone lytic lesions detected by MRI were collected from 333 newly diagnosed MM patients from the Total Therapy 2 (TT2) clinical trial. MM cell lines with stable overexpression or knockdown of NEK2 and/or HPSE were created using lentiviral delivery. Protein and mRNA expression was assessed by immunoblotting and real-time PCR, respectively. TRAP staining was used to assess osteoclast differentiation. In vivo studies were performed in the KaLwRij 5TGM1 MM mouse model in 3 different groups: empty vector (EV), NEK2 overexpression (NEK2 OE), or NEK2 OE with HPSE shRNA. Bone density and imaging assessment was performed via X-ray and microCT scanning. HPSE, NFκB, and USP7 contributions were examined using the specific small molecule inhibitors SST0001, BSM-345541, and P5091, respectively. Results: In correlating NEK2 expression with osteolytic lesion from 333 newly diagnosed MMs, we found the expression of NEK2 was significantly higher in MM patients with bone lytic lesion than those without lesions. NEK2 expression was also higher in patients with severe bone disease (7 or more lesions) than those fewer bone lytic lesions (< 7). To determine if NEK2 causes bone lytic lesions in MM, we performed in vivo studies injecting NEK2 OE 5TGM1 cells into KaLwRij mice. MicroCT showed clearly that bone volume and thickness of trabecular bone were decreased significantly in mice injected with NEK2 OE cells compared to EV cells. Strikingly, treatment with the HPSE inhibitor SST0001 dramatically rescued bone mass loss induced by NEK2 overexpression. Histological TRAP staining of decalcified bone sections revealed a significant increase in the number of osteoclasts in the bone surface area in mice injected with NEK2 OE cells compared to EV-treated mice, while addition of the SST0001 significantly reduced the number of osteoclast. Because osteoclast causes bone resorption, we examined the effect of applying conditioned media from MM cells with or without NEK2 overexpression to pre-osteoclast cells derived from MM patients, C57BL6 mice, and the pre-osteoclast RAW264.7 cell line. We found significantly increased mature osteoclasts (>3 nuclei) after culture with media collected from NEK2 MM cells compared to conditioned media collected from EV cells. Consistently, osteoclast differentiation-associated genes (i.e. CTSK, NFATc1, RANK, and TRAP) were upregulated in pre-osteoclasts cultured with NEK2 OE conditioned media. SST0001 suppressed osteoclast differentiation induced by NEK2, strongly suggesting that HPSE mediates NEK2 induced osteoclastogensis and bone destruction in MM. Mechanistic studies revealed that NEK2 directly binds to and activates USP7 resulting in deubiquitination of NFκB. Inhibition of NFκB decreased NEK2-induced HPSE expression induced by NEK2 at both the mRNA and protein level. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that high NEK2 expression may be a biomarker for bone disease in MM. We demonstrate that a subpopulation of drug-resistant, NEK2-overexpressing MM cells leads to increased production and activity of HPSE, and increased osteoclast differentiation contributing to severe bone disease. Mechanistically, we show that NEK2 interacts with USP7, stabilizing NFκB and upregulating HPSE. Our results demonstrate drug resistant MM cells may not only promote tumor cell survival but also contribute to bone destruction in MM. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Aibaidula, Abudumijiti(Zack), Cori Fain, Luz Cumba Garcia, Miyeon Jung, Aaron Johnson et Ian Parney. « BIOM-66. MULTIPARAMETRIC QUALITIES OF PLASMA EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AS NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS FOR GLIOBLASTOMA ». Neuro-Oncology 24, Supplement_7 (1 novembre 2022) : vii19—vii20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac209.076.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown as a promising source for biomarker identification in glioblastoma (GBM) and could help differential diagnosis, treatment evaluation and tumor progression monitoring. These EVs are enriched in molecular signatures indicative of their cell origins, giving an indication of the key players in this pathology. In this project, we aimed to identify diagnostic biomarkers for GBM plasma EVs and their cells of origin. METHODS: Plasma EV samples were prepared following the MIFlowCyt-EV guideline of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles, then stained for EV markers (CD9/CD63/CD81) and markers indicative of cell origins (CD31/CD45/CD41a/CD11b). Actin phalloidin was used as a negative marker. Stained plasma samples were analyzed using a Cytek Aurora flow cytometer. Percentages of different EV subpopulations were analyzed and compared between GBM and normal donor (ND) plasma EVs (reference group). Further clustering analysis was performed on EV events by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and self-organizing maps on flow cytometry data (FlowSOM) analysis. The predictive value of multiparametric qualities derived from the reference group was tested in blinded test group samples. RESULTS: Percentages of CD9, CD81, and CD11b positive EVs were higher in GBM patient plasma, while ND plasma had more CD41a positive EVs. GBM plasma EVs had unique multiparametric signatures compared to ND plasma EVs based on t-SNE and FlowSOM analysis. Our analysis also identified 15 distinct EV subpopulations which differed in size and various surface marker expression levels. Eight of these subpopulations were enriched for GBM EVs, while three were enriched for ND EVs. Our method of multiparametric analysis demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in predicting disease status in human samples. CONCLUSIONS: GBM plasma EVs have a unique surface marker expression profile and distinct EV subpopulations compared to ND plasma EVs. Multiparametric signatures show promise as potential diagnostic markers of GBM.

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Li, Ailin, Jonathan E. Schoenhals, Hampartsoum B. Barsoumian, Xiaohong Wang, David R. Valdecanas, Sharareh Niknam, Ann Klopp et al. « Targeting anti-PD1-resistant tumors via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibition. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, n^o 15_suppl (20 mai 2017) : e14103-e14103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e14103.

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e14103 Background: Anti-PD1 inhibitors are effective in only a subset of lung cancers, and many that respond later develop resistance. We recently found in a mouse model of anti-PD1 resistance that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) overexpressed indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a rate-limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn) often implicated in immunosuppression. We tested whether inhibiting IDO would affect anti-PD1 mediated resistance. Methods: We used our anti-PD1-resistant lung cancer model (344SQ_R), which involved treating the parental 344SQ cells (344SQ_P) with anti-PD1 antibody followed by passage in 129SV/ev mice. We treated 344SQ_P and 344SQ_R mice with or without a selective IDO1 inhibitor (INCB023843) and measured tumor growth and lung metastasis. Plasma Trp and Kyn levels were tested by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. TILs from blood and tumor-draining lymph nodes were isolated, analyzed by flow cytometry, and RNA was extracted for qPCR. Plasma C-C motif chemokine 22 (CCL22) levels were tested by ELISA. Data were analyzed with Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software) and Flowjo V-10. Results: In untreated mice, IDO1 expression was 12 times higher in TILs from 344SQ_R mice than 344SQ_P mice, and mean plasma Kyn and Kyn/Trp levels were 3 times higher in 344SQ_R than in 344SQ_P. IDO inhibition was effective only in the PD1-resistant mice, reducing both tumor growth and lung metastasis. A subpopulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Gr1int/lo CD11b+F4/80+) showed the greatest increase in IDO1 expression when comparing 344SQ_R to 344SQ_P and decreased after INCB023843 treatment only in 344SQ_R. INCB023843 also increased infiltrating CD8+ T cells, decreased CCL22 and regulatory T cells only in 344SQ_R tumors. Conclusions: Our results suggest that IDO1 is overexpressed in TILs from tumors resistant to anti-PD1 therapy; that a high plasma Kyn/Try ratio may be a marker of anti-PD1 resistance; and that IDO1 inhibition could be a promising approach for treating lung cancer that does not respond to anti-PD1 therapy.

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Razavi Bazaz, Sajad, Sareh Zhand, Robert Salomon, Elham Hosseini Beheshti, Dayong Jin et Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani. « ImmunoInertial microfluidics : A novel strategy for isolation of small EV subpopulations ». Applied Materials Today 30 (février 2023) : 101730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101730.

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Kelemen, Andrea, Idan Carmi, Iván Seress, Péter Lőrincz, Tamás Tölgyes, Kristóf Dede, Attila Bursics, Edit I. Buzás et Zoltán Wiener. « CD44 Expression Intensity Marks Colorectal Cancer Cell Subpopulations with Different Extracellular Vesicle Release Capacity ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n^o 4 (16 février 2022) : 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042180.

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Extracellular vesicles (EV) are released by virtually all cells and they transport biologically important molecules from the release site to target cells. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death cases, thus, it represents a major health issue. Although the EV cargo may reflect the molecular composition of the releasing cells and thus, EVs may hold a great promise for tumor diagnostics, the impact of intratumoral heterogeneity on the intensity of EV release is still largely unknown. By using CRC patient-derived organoids that maintain the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of the original epithelial tumor tissue, we proved that CD44high cells produce more organoids with a higher proliferation intensity, as compared to CD44low cells. Interestingly, we detected an increased EV release by CD44high CRC cells. In addition, we found that the miRNA cargos of CD44high and CD44low cell derived EVs largely overlapped and only four miRNAs were specific for one of the above subpopulations. We observed that EVs released by CD44high cells induced the proliferation and activation of colon fibroblasts more strongly than CD44low cells. However, this effect was due to the higher EV number rather than to the miRNA cargo of EVs. Collectively, we identified CRC subpopulations with different EV releasing capabilities and we proved that CRC cell-released EVs have a miRNA-independent effect on fibroblast proliferation and activation.

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Kelemen, Andrea, Idan Carmi, Ádám Oszvald, Péter Lőrincz, Gábor Petővári, Tamás Tölgyes, Kristóf Dede, Attila Bursics, Edit I. Buzás et Zoltán Wiener. « IFITM1 expression determines extracellular vesicle uptake in colorectal cancer ». Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 78, n^o 21-22 (5 octobre 2021) : 7009–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03949-w.

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AbstractThe majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients carry mutations in the APC gene, which lead to the unregulated activation of the Wnt pathway. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are considered potential therapeutic tools. Although CRC is a genetically heterogeneous disease, the significance of the intra-tumor heterogeneity in EV uptake of CRC cells is not yet known. By using mouse and patient-derived organoids, the currently available best model of capturing cellular heterogeneity, we found that Apc mutation induced the expression of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (Ifitm1), a membrane protein that plays a major role in cellular antiviral responses. Importantly, organoids derived from IFITM1high CRC cells contained more proliferating cells and they had a markedly reduced uptake of fibroblast EVs as compared to IFITM1low/− cells. In contrast, there was no difference in the intensity of EV release between CRC subpopulations with high and low IFITM1 levels. Importantly, the difference in cell proliferation between these two subpopulations disappeared in the presence of fibroblast-derived EVs, proving the functional relevance of the enhanced EV uptake by IFITM1low CRC cells. Furthermore, inactivating IFITM1 resulted in an enhanced EV uptake, highlighting the importance of this molecule in establishing the cellular difference for EV effects. Collectively, we identified CRC cells with functional difference in their EV uptake ability that must be taken into consideration when using EVs as therapeutic tools for targeting cancer cells.

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Kelemen, Andrea, Idan Carmi, Ádám Oszvald, Péter Lőrincz, Gábor Petővári, Tamás Tölgyes, Kristóf Dede, Attila Bursics, Edit I. Buzás et Zoltán Wiener. « IFITM1 expression determines extracellular vesicle uptake in colorectal cancer ». Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 78, n^o 21-22 (5 octobre 2021) : 7009–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03949-w.

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AbstractThe majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients carry mutations in the APC gene, which lead to the unregulated activation of the Wnt pathway. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are considered potential therapeutic tools. Although CRC is a genetically heterogeneous disease, the significance of the intra-tumor heterogeneity in EV uptake of CRC cells is not yet known. By using mouse and patient-derived organoids, the currently available best model of capturing cellular heterogeneity, we found that Apc mutation induced the expression of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (Ifitm1), a membrane protein that plays a major role in cellular antiviral responses. Importantly, organoids derived from IFITM1high CRC cells contained more proliferating cells and they had a markedly reduced uptake of fibroblast EVs as compared to IFITM1low/− cells. In contrast, there was no difference in the intensity of EV release between CRC subpopulations with high and low IFITM1 levels. Importantly, the difference in cell proliferation between these two subpopulations disappeared in the presence of fibroblast-derived EVs, proving the functional relevance of the enhanced EV uptake by IFITM1low CRC cells. Furthermore, inactivating IFITM1 resulted in an enhanced EV uptake, highlighting the importance of this molecule in establishing the cellular difference for EV effects. Collectively, we identified CRC cells with functional difference in their EV uptake ability that must be taken into consideration when using EVs as therapeutic tools for targeting cancer cells.

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Hsia, Tiffaney, Anudeep Yekula, Bob Carter et Leonora Balaj. « BIOM-45. CHARACTERIZATION OF EVs RELEASED FROM 5-ALA DOSED GLIAL AND EXTRA-AXIAL TUMORS ». Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_6 (2 novembre 2021) : vi21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab196.076.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION The administration of 5-Aminolevunlinic acid (5-ALA) in the context of fluorescence-guided surgery is contingent on the highly selective accumulation of PpIX in tumor cells. PpIX is a precursor in the heme pathway that naturally exhibits fluorescent and phototoxic properties upon excitation. We have previously reported evidence of PpIX fluorescence in tumor-specific extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we explore the implications of exogenous 5-ALA on cellular function, EV characteristics, and gene expression. METHODS We have characterized a range of glioblastoma, meningioma, and healthy cell lines (Gli36 EGFRvIII, Gli36 EGFR WT, U87, CH-157, IOMM-Lee, and HBMVEC). At equal confluency, cells were dosed with 0.8 mM 5-ALA or mock dosed. Media was collected and processed to eliminate debris after 24 hours. Analysis of cells and EVs was conducted using Amnis ImageStream (IFC) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. EV subpopulations were analyzed with IFC following antibody staining. RNA was extracted using Qiagen exoRNeasy and RNeasy. Libraries were prepared via Qiagen UPX 3’ Transcriptome kit and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Data analysis was carried out via GeneGlobe, CLC workbench, and MATLAB. RESULTS Following 5-ALA dosing, all tumor cells and their derived EVs exhibit significant levels of fluorescence. Analysis of EV subpopulations demonstrated a general decrease in tetraspanin-positive EVs following 5-ALA dosing. At 24 hours, Gli36 cell lines exhibited increased EV release post 5-ALA whereas U87 and meningioma lines resulted in a decreased EV release rate. This clustering is also reflected in EV size distributions and in cellular and EV differential gene expression analysis. Gene ontology analysis of common genes from mock and dosed EVs demonstrated high counts of genes controlling biological regulation as well as cellular and metabolic processes. CONCLUSION Collection and characterization of cancer specific EVs may be advantageous to liquid biopsy development.

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Viveiros, Anissa, Vaibhavi Kadam, John Monyror, Luis Carlos Morales, Desmond Pink, Aja M. Rieger, Simonetta Sipione et Elena Posse de Chaves. « In-Cell Labeling Coupled to Direct Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles in the Conditioned Medium to Study Extracellular Vesicles Secretion with Minimum Sample Processing and Particle Loss ». Cells 11, n^o 3 (20 janvier 2022) : 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11030351.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in a multitude of physiological functions and play important roles in health and disease. The largest proportion of studies on EVs is based on the analysis and characterization of EVs secreted in the cell culture medium. These studies remain challenging due to the small size of the EV particles, a lack of universal EV markers, and sample loss or technical artifacts that are often associated with EV labeling for single particle tracking and/or separation techniques. To address these problems, we characterized and validated a method for in-cell EV labeling with fluorescent lipids coupled with direct analysis of lipid-labeled EVs in the conditioned medium by imaging flow cytometry (IFC). This approach significantly reduces sample processing and loss compared to established methods for EV separation and labeling in vitro, resulting in improved detection of quantitative changes in EV secretion and subpopulations compared to protocols that rely on EV separation by size-exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation. Our optimized protocol for in-cell EV labeling and analysis of the conditioned medium reduces EV sample processing and loss, and is well-suited for cell biology studies that focus on modulation of EV secretion by cells in culture.

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Kurtjak, Mario, Sami Kereïche, Damir Klepac, Hrvoje Križan, Marko Perčić, Vedrana Krušić Alić, Teja Lavrin et al. « Unveiling the Native Morphology of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Cerebrospinal Fluid by Atomic Force and Cryogenic Electron Microscopy ». Biomedicines 10, n^o 6 (27 mai 2022) : 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061251.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures in biofluids with enormous diagnostic/prognostic potential for application in liquid biopsies. Any such downstream application requires a detailed characterization of EV concentration, size and morphology. This study aimed to observe the native morphology of EVs in human cerebrospinal fluid after traumatic brain injury. Therefore, they were separated by gravity-driven size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in liquid and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The enrichment of EVs in early SEC fractions was confirmed by immunoblot for transmembrane proteins CD9 and CD81. These fractions were then pooled, and the concentration and particle size distribution were determined by Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (around 1010 particles/mL, mode 100 nm) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (around 109 particles/mL, mode 150 nm). Liquid AFM and cryo-TEM investigations showed mode sizes of about 60 and 90 nm, respectively, and various morphology features. AFM revealed round, concave, multilobed EV structures; and cryo-TEM identified single, double and multi-membrane EVs. By combining AFM for the surface morphology investigation and cryo-TEM for internal structure differentiation, EV morphological subpopulations in cerebrospinal fluid could be identified. These subpopulations should be further investigated because they could have different biological functions.

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Deville, Sarah, Pascale Berckmans, Rebekka Van Hoof, Ivo Lambrichts, Anna Salvati et Inge Nelissen. « Comparison of extracellular vesicle isolation and storage methods using high-sensitivity flow cytometry ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 2 (4 février 2021) : e0245835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245835.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of interest for a wide variety of biomedical applications. A major limitation for the clinical use of EVs is the lack of standardized methods for the fast and reproducible separation and subsequent detection of EV subpopulations from biofluids, as well as their storage. To advance this application area, fluorescence-based characterization technologies with single-EV resolution, such as high-sensitivity flow cytometry (HS-FCM), are powerful to allow assessment of EV fractionation methods and storage conditions. Furthermore, the use of HS-FCM and fluorescent labeling of EV subsets is expanding due to the potential of high-throughput, multiplex analysis, but requires further method development to enhance the reproducibility of measurements. In this study, we have applied HS-FCM measurements next to standard EV characterization techniques, including nanoparticle tracking analysis, to compare the yield and purity of EV fractions obtained from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytic THP-1 cells by two EV isolation methods, differential centrifugation followed by ultracentrifugation and the exoEasy membrane affinity spin column purification. We observed differences in EV yield and purity. In addition, we have investigated the influence of EV storage at 4°C or -80°C for up to one month on the EV concentration and the stability of EV-associated fluorescent labels. The concentration of the in vitro cell derived EV fractions was shown to remain stable under the tested storage conditions, however, the fluorescence intensity of labeled EV stored at 4°C started to decline within one day.

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Vacchi, Elena, Jacopo Burrello, Dario Di Silvestre, Alessio Burrello, Sara Bolis, Pierluigi Mauri, Giuseppe Vassalli et al. « Immune profiling of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles identifies Parkinson disease ». Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 7, n^o 6 (12 août 2020) : e866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000866.

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ObjectiveTo develop a diagnostic model based on plasma-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations in Parkinson disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism (AP), we applied an innovative flow cytometric multiplex bead-based platform.MethodsPlasma-derived EVs were isolated from PD, matched healthy controls, multiple system atrophy (MSA), and AP with tauopathies (AP-Tau). The expression levels of 37 EV surface markers were measured by flow cytometry and correlated with clinical scales. A diagnostic model based on EV surface markers expression was built via supervised machine learning algorithms and validated in an external cohort.ResultsDistinctive pools of EV surface markers related to inflammatory and immune cells stratified patients according to the clinical diagnosis. PD and MSA displayed a greater pool of overexpressed immune markers, suggesting a different immune dysregulation in PD and MSA vs AP-Tau. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of a compound EV marker showed optimal diagnostic performance for PD (area under the curve [AUC] 0.908; sensitivity 96.3%, specificity 78.9%) and MSA (AUC 0.974; sensitivity 100%, specificity 94.7%) and good accuracy for AP-Tau (AUC 0.718; sensitivity 77.8%, specificity 89.5%). A diagnostic model based on EV marker expression correctly classified 88.9% of patients with reliable diagnostic performance after internal and external validations.ConclusionsImmune profiling of plasmatic EVs represents a crucial step toward the identification of biomarkers of disease for PD and AP.

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Peng, Cheng, Jizhuang Wang, Qiyuan Bao, Jun Wang, Zhuochao Liu, Junxiang Wen, Weibin Zhang et Yuhui Shen. « Isolation of extracellular vesicle with different precipitation-based methods exerts a tremendous impact on the biomarker analysis for clinical plasma samples ». Cancer Biomarkers 29, n^o 3 (28 octobre 2020) : 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/cbm-201651.

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BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles(EVs) is an emerging approach of cancer liquid biopsy. Although the precipitation-based method with commercial kits has gained popularity as the second most commonly used technique, these protocols vary tremendously with many included reagents still unknown to the community. METHODS: In this study, we assigned each of the 3 clinical plasma samples into 6 aliquots to assess five commercial EV isolation kits, in comparison with ultracentrifugation(UC). We implemented a standardized EV preparation and transcriptome analysis workflow except the EV isolation methods used. The metrics of EVs and its RNA cargo (evRNA) were compared to assess the technical variations versus the biological variations in the clinical setting. RESULTS: Although the size range of the isolated EVs demonstrated a similar distribution, we found significant technical variability among these methods, in terms of EV amount, purity, subpopulations and RNA integrity. Such variabilities were further relayed to a drastic divergence of evRNA expression on a transcriptome-wide fashion. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a highly variable result from polymeric precipitation-based EV isolation methods, making EVs based biomarker analysis difficult to interpret and reproduce. We highlighted the importance of benchmarking and transparent reporting of the precipitation-based protocols in the liquid biopsy research.

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Yim, Kevin Ho Wai, Ala’a Al Hrout, Simone Borgoni et Richard Chahwan. « Extracellular Vesicles Orchestrate Immune and Tumor Interaction Networks ». Cancers 12, n^o 12 (9 décembre 2020) : 3696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123696.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as potent and intricate intercellular communication networks. From their first discovery almost forty years ago, several studies have bolstered our understanding of these nano-vesicular structures. EV subpopulations are now characterized by differences in size, surface markers, cargo, and biological effects. Studies have highlighted the importance of EVs in biology and intercellular communication, particularly during immune and tumor interactions. These responses can be equally mediated at the proteomic and epigenomic levels through surface markers or nucleic acid cargo signaling, respectively. Following the exponential growth of EV studies in recent years, we herein synthesize new aspects of the emerging immune–tumor EV-based intercellular communications. We also discuss the potential role of EVs in fundamental immunological processes under physiological conditions, viral infections, and tumorigenic conditions. Finally, we provide insights on the future prospects of immune–tumor EVs and suggest potential avenues for the use of EVs in diagnostics and therapeutics.

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Zhou, Wenbo, Julia Craft, Alex Ojemann, Luke Bergen, Arin Graner, Aitana Gonzales, Qianbin He et al. « Glioblastoma Extracellular Vesicle-Specific Peptides Inhibit EV-Induced Neuronal Cytotoxicity ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n^o 13 (28 juin 2022) : 7200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137200.

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WHO Grade 4 IDH-wild type astrocytoma (GBM) is the deadliest brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Meningioma (MMA) is a more common “benign” central nervous system tumor but with significant recurrence rates. There is an urgent need for brain tumor biomarkers for early diagnosis and effective treatment options. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny membrane-enclosed vesicles that play essential functions in cell-to-cell communications among tumor cells. We aimed to identify epitopes of brain tumor EVs by phage peptide libraries. EVs from GBM plasma, MMA plasma, or brain tumor cell lines were used to screen phage-displayed random peptide libraries to identify high-affinity peptides. We purified EVs from three GBM plasma pools (23 patients), one MMA pool (10 patients), and four brain tumor cell lines. We identified a total of 21 high-affinity phage peptides (12 unique) specific to brain tumor EVs. The peptides shared high sequence homologies among those selected by the same EVs. Dose–response ELISA demonstrated that phage peptides were specific to brain tumor EVs compared to controls. Peptide affinity purification identified unique brain tumor EV subpopulations. Significantly, GBM EV peptides inhibit brain tumor EV-induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity (necrosis) in neurons. We conclude that phage display technology could identify specific peptides to isolate and characterize tumor EVs.

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You, Sixian, Ronit Barkalifa, Eric J. Chaney, Haohua Tu, Jaena Park, Janet Elise Sorrells, Yi Sun et al. « Label-free visualization and characterization of extracellular vesicles in breast cancer ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, n^o 48 (15 novembre 2019) : 24012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909243116.

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Despite extensive interest, extracellular vesicle (EV) research remains technically challenging. One of the unexplored gaps in EV research has been the inability to characterize the spatially and functionally heterogeneous populations of EVs based on their metabolic profile. In this paper, we utilize the intrinsic optical metabolic and structural contrast of EVs and demonstrate in vivo/in situ characterization of EVs in a variety of unprocessed (pre)clinical samples. With a pixel-level segmentation mask provided by the deep neural network, individual EVs can be analyzed in terms of their optical signature in the context of their spatial distribution. Quantitative analysis of living tumor-bearing animals and fresh excised human breast tissue revealed abundance of NAD(P)H-rich EVs within the tumor, near the tumor boundary, and around vessel structures. Furthermore, the percentage of NAD(P)H-rich EVs is highly correlated with human breast cancer diagnosis, which emphasizes the important role of metabolic imaging for EV characterization as well as its potential for clinical applications. In addition to the characterization of EV properties, we also demonstrate label-free monitoring of EV dynamics (uptake, release, and movement) in live cells and animals. The in situ metabolic profiling capacity of the proposed method together with the finding of increasing NAD(P)H-rich EV subpopulations in breast cancer have the potential for empowering applications in basic science and enhancing our understanding of the active metabolic roles that EVs play in cancer progression.

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Ender, Fanny, Piet Zamzow, Nikolas von Bubnoff et Frank Gieseler. « Detection and Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles via FACS : Membrane Labeling Matters ! » International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2019) : 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010291.

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The field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research is challenged by the lack of standardized protocols to identify and specifically distinguish between exosomes and ectosomes, which are released via exocytosis or plasma membrane shedding, respectively. Using sequential centrifugation, we separated EV subpopulations from supernatants of COLO 357 pancreas carcinoma cells based on size and mass. After 10,000× g centrifugation, we reconstituted high-speed (hs) EVs from the pellet, directly labeled them with the membrane dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), and performed flow cytometry based analysis. The aim was to optimize the conditions for EV labeling and detection and hence to obtain a maximum yield of intact hsEVs. We found that, for sufficient labeling of EVs, minimal temperature variations and short incubation times correlated with EV stability. Furthermore, threshold adjustment significantly improved the sensitivity of the flow cytometer for the detection of CFSE labeled hsEVs. When cells were CFSE labeled, we observed a transition of fluorescence onto EVs that were reconstituted from the pellet but not onto those that remained in the supernatant after hs centrifugation, suggesting the indirect labeling of EVs based on the way of biogenesis as a specific method for the distinction of exosomes and ectosomes. Protocol standardization is of major importance for the use of EVs as diagnostic markers in liquid biopsies.

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Oba, Ryutaro, Motomichi Isomura, Akira Igarashi et Kinya Nagata. « Circulating CD3+HLA-DR+Extracellular Vesicles as a Marker for Th1/Tc1-Type Immune Responses ». Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (8 mai 2019) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6720819.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to contain unique proteins that reflect the cells of origins. Activated T cells are reported to secrete various EVs. To establish T cell subset-specific biomarkers, we performed proteomic analysis with Th1- and Th2-derived EVs and identified HLA-DR as a Th1-dominated EV membrane protein. We designed a measurement system for CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, and CD3+HLA-DR+EVs to specifically determine EV subpopulations derived from CD4+, CD8+, and Th1-type T cells, respectively.In vitroanalysis showed that CD3+CD4+EVs and CD3+CD8+EVs were selectively secreted from activated CD4+and CD8+T cells, respectively, and that CD3+HLA-DR+EVs were actively secreted from not only Th1 but also activated CD8+T (probably mostly Tc1) cells. To evaluate the clinical usefulness of these EVs, we measured the serum levels in patients with inflammatory diseases, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV,n=13) infection, atopic dermatitis (AD,n=10), rheumatoid arthritis (RA,n=20), and osteoarthritis (OA,n=20) and compared the levels with those of healthy adults (n=20). CD3+CD4+EVs were significantly higher in all of EBV infection, AD, RA, and OA while CD3+CD8+EVs were higher in EBV infection, lower in RA, and not different in AD and OA relative to the control. The levels of CD3+HLA-DR+EVs were markedly higher in EBV infection and significantly lower in AD. The results suggest that these EV subpopulations reflectin vivoactivation status of total CD4+, total CD8+, and Th1/Tc1-type T cells, respectively, and may be helpful in T cell-related clinical settings, such as cancer immunotherapy and treatment of chronic infection, autoimmune diseases, and graft-versus-host disease.

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Aibaidula, Abudumijiti(Zack), Cori E. Fain, Luz Cumba Garcia, Miyeon Jung, Aaron J. Johnson et Ian F. Parney. « Multiparametric analysis in GBM plasma extracellular vesicles (Evs) and surface marker expression profile. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, n^o 16_suppl (1 juin 2022) : 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.2038.

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2038 Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor with poor clinical prognosis. Management of GBM is hampered by the lack of an accurate test that can be used for differential diagnosis of tumor progression from inflammatory pseudoprogression. Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been shown to be a promising source for biomarker identification. In this project, we aimed to identify GBM plasma EV markers that could serve as the basis of a liquid biopsy. Methods: Sample preparation, assay controls and instrument calibration were performed following MIFlowCyt-EV guideline. Plasma samples were subjected to 2-step centrifugations to remove cell debris and platelets. 10ul of plasma sample was diluted with 90ul filtered PBS, then stained for EV surface markers including CD9, CD31, CD45, CD41a and CD11b, as well as actin phalloidin. Stained plasma samples were purified using IZON qEV1/70nm column, then EV fractions were analyzed using full spectrum Cytek Aurora flow cytometer. Clustering analysis was performed on EV events (CD9 +/ actin phalloidin -) using t-SNE and FlowSOM extensions from FlowJo plugins. Results: Compared to normal donors, GBM plasma EVs were bigger in size (higher SSC value) and expressed higher levels of CD9, CD31, CD45 and CD11b while ND plasma EVs had higher CD41a expression. t-SNE and FlowSOM analysis demonstrated that GBM plasma EVs had a unique surface marker expression profile compared to ND EVs. It also showed 10 EV sub-populations that differed in size as well as various surface marker expression levels. Four of these subpopulations were enriched in GBM EVs, while three of these were enriched in ND EVs. Conclusions: This multiparametric analysis revealed that GBM plasma EVs had a unique surface marker expression profile compared to ND plasma EVs. Further separation and molecular profiling analysis based on each sub population could reveal EV biomarkers that are unique to each sample population.

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Aibaidula, Abudumijiti(Zack), Cori E. Fain, Luz Cumba Garcia, Miyeon Jung, Aaron J. Johnson et Ian F. Parney. « Multiparametric analysis in GBM plasma extracellular vesicles (Evs) and surface marker expression profile. » Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, n^o 16_suppl (1 juin 2022) : 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.2038.

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2038 Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor with poor clinical prognosis. Management of GBM is hampered by the lack of an accurate test that can be used for differential diagnosis of tumor progression from inflammatory pseudoprogression. Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been shown to be a promising source for biomarker identification. In this project, we aimed to identify GBM plasma EV markers that could serve as the basis of a liquid biopsy. Methods: Sample preparation, assay controls and instrument calibration were performed following MIFlowCyt-EV guideline. Plasma samples were subjected to 2-step centrifugations to remove cell debris and platelets. 10ul of plasma sample was diluted with 90ul filtered PBS, then stained for EV surface markers including CD9, CD31, CD45, CD41a and CD11b, as well as actin phalloidin. Stained plasma samples were purified using IZON qEV1/70nm column, then EV fractions were analyzed using full spectrum Cytek Aurora flow cytometer. Clustering analysis was performed on EV events (CD9 +/ actin phalloidin -) using t-SNE and FlowSOM extensions from FlowJo plugins. Results: Compared to normal donors, GBM plasma EVs were bigger in size (higher SSC value) and expressed higher levels of CD9, CD31, CD45 and CD11b while ND plasma EVs had higher CD41a expression. t-SNE and FlowSOM analysis demonstrated that GBM plasma EVs had a unique surface marker expression profile compared to ND EVs. It also showed 10 EV sub-populations that differed in size as well as various surface marker expression levels. Four of these subpopulations were enriched in GBM EVs, while three of these were enriched in ND EVs. Conclusions: This multiparametric analysis revealed that GBM plasma EVs had a unique surface marker expression profile compared to ND plasma EVs. Further separation and molecular profiling analysis based on each sub population could reveal EV biomarkers that are unique to each sample population.

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Kowal, Joanna, Guillaume Arras, Marina Colombo, Mabel Jouve, Jakob Paul Morath, Bjarke Primdal-Bengtson, Florent Dingli, Damarys Loew, Mercedes Tkach et Clotilde Théry. « Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n^o 8 (8 février 2016) : E968—E977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521230113.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become the focus of rising interest because of their numerous functions in physiology and pathology. Cells release heterogeneous vesicles of different sizes and intracellular origins, including small EVs formed inside endosomal compartments (i.e., exosomes) and EVs of various sizes budding from the plasma membrane. Specific markers for the analysis and isolation of different EV populations are missing, imposing important limitations to understanding EV functions. Here, EVs from human dendritic cells were first separated by their sedimentation speed, and then either by their behavior upon upward floatation into iodixanol gradients or by immuno-isolation. Extensive quantitative proteomic analysis allowing comparison of the isolated populations showed that several classically used exosome markers, like major histocompatibility complex, flotillin, and heat-shock 70-kDa proteins, are similarly present in all EVs. We identified proteins specifically enriched in small EVs, and define a set of five protein categories displaying different relative abundance in distinct EV populations. We demonstrate the presence of exosomal and nonexosomal subpopulations within small EVs, and propose their differential separation by immuno-isolation using either CD63, CD81, or CD9. Our work thus provides guidelines to define subtypes of EVs for future functional studies.

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Royo, Felix, Patricia Zuñiga-Garcia, Pilar Sanchez-Mosquera, Ainara Egia, Amparo Perez, Ana Loizaga, Raquel Arceo et al. « Different EV enrichment methods suitable for clinical settings yield different subpopulations of urinary extracellular vesicles from human samples ». Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 5, n^o 1 (janvier 2016) : 29497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v5.29497.

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Zanetti-Domingues, Laura C., Scott E. Bonner, R. Sumanth Iyer, Marisa L. Martin-Fernandez et Veronica Huber. « Cooperation and Interplay between EGFR Signalling and Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis in Cancer ». Cells 9, n^o 12 (8 décembre 2020) : 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9122639.

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Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) takes centre stage in carcinogenesis throughout its entire cellular trafficking odyssey. When loaded in extracellular vesicles (EVs), EGFR is one of the key proteins involved in the transfer of information between parental cancer and bystander cells in the tumour microenvironment. To hijack EVs, EGFR needs to play multiple signalling roles in the life cycle of EVs. The receptor is involved in the biogenesis of specific EV subpopulations, it signals as an active cargo, and it can influence the uptake of EVs by recipient cells. EGFR regulates its own inclusion in EVs through feedback loops during disease progression and in response to challenges such as hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and drugs. Here, we highlight how the spatiotemporal rules that regulate EGFR intracellular function intersect with and influence different EV biogenesis pathways and discuss key regulatory features and interactions of this interplay. We also elaborate on outstanding questions relating to EGFR-driven EV biogenesis and available methods to explore them. This mechanistic understanding will be key to unravelling the functional consequences of direct anti-EGFR targeted and indirect EGFR-impacting cancer therapies on the secretion of pro-tumoural EVs and on their effects on drug resistance and microenvironment subversion.

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Fortunato, Diogo, Danilo Mladenović, Mattia Criscuoli, Francesca Loria, Kadi-Liis Veiman, Davide Zocco, Kairi Koort et Natasa Zarovni. « Opportunities and Pitfalls of Fluorescent Labeling Methodologies for Extracellular Vesicle Profiling on High-Resolution Single-Particle Platforms ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n^o 19 (29 septembre 2021) : 10510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910510.

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The relevance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown exponentially, together with innovative basic research branches that feed medical and bioengineering applications. Such attraction has been fostered by the biological roles of EVs, as they carry biomolecules from any cell type to trigger systemic paracrine signaling or to dispose metabolism products. To fulfill their roles, EVs are transported through circulating biofluids, which can be exploited for the administration of therapeutic nanostructures or collected to intercept relevant EV-contained biomarkers. Despite their potential, EVs are ubiquitous and considerably heterogeneous. Therefore, it is fundamental to profile and identify subpopulations of interest. In this study, we optimized EV-labeling protocols on two different high-resolution single-particle platforms, the NanoFCM NanoAnalyzer (nFCM) and Particle Metrix ZetaView Fluorescence Nanoparticle Tracking Analyzer (F-NTA). In addition to the information obtained by particles’ scattered light, purified and non-purified EVs from different cell sources were fluorescently stained with combinations of specific dyes and antibodies to facilitate their identification and characterization. Despite the validity and compatibility of EV-labeling strategies, they should be optimized for each platform. Since EVs can be easily confounded with similar-sized nanoparticles, it is imperative to control instrument settings and the specificity of staining protocols in order to conduct a rigorous and informative analysis.

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Ricklefs, Franz, Ines Stevic, Christian Mende, Joshua Welsh, Jennifer Jones, Manfred Westphal, Katrin Lamszus et Sven Eicker. « BIOM-09. MULTIPLEX ANALYSIS OF CSF EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES OF INTRASPINAL TUMORS ». Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (novembre 2020) : ii3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.009.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell-cell communication in different types of tumors, carrying multiple layers of biological functional molecules, including proteins, RNA, DNA and lipids. We previously demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EV) from central nervous system tumors reflect the molecular subtype of the original tumor and mediate an exchange of pro-oncogenic signals. Their implication as biomarkers in tumor disease is under current investigation. It is unclear, however, to what extent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) EVs from intraspinal tumors are utilizable for diagnostical purposes and how their marker profiles overlap with EVs derived from non tumorous EVs. We analyzed CSF EVs of intraspinal tumors to define CSF EV profiles that allow tumor subtype classification. METHODS: EVs were isolated from CSF of patients suffering from intraspinal meningioma (n=5), ependymoma (n=7) and neurinoma (n=5). Patients suffering from normal pressure hydrocephalus were used as controls (n=5). EVs were analyzed by multiplex bead based assay, immunoblotting, electron microscopy and NTA. RESULTS: CSF EVs were 97.21 ± 3.37nm (intraspinal tumor patients) and 101.6 ± 3.68nm (controls) in sizes and showed vesicular structures by electron microscopy. Particle number were not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.103). Using our 37 protein mutliplex EV profiling kit we found 29 proteins to be expressed in a sufficient manner on CSF EVs. CSF EVs of intraspinal meningioma showed elevated CD62P, HLA-DR, CD40, CD42a and CD45 expression levels, while ependymoma showed decreased levels of CD9, CD63, CD81, whereas neurinomas had elevated levels of SSEA-3 and CD25. CONCLUSION: This is the first comprehensive analysis of CSF EV of intraspinal tumor patients. CSF EV display distinct subpopulations that may allow tumor classification and long-term surveillance. However as tumor-specific EVs may be rare, there is still the need to identify markers that can enrich tumor-specific EVs for molecular profiling.

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Conley, Sabena M., John E. Shook, Xiang-Yang Zhu, Alfonso Eirin, Kyra L. Jordan, John R. Woollard, Busra Isik, LaTonya J. Hickson, Amrutesh S. Puranik et Lilach O. Lerman. « Metabolic Syndrome Induces Release of Smaller Extracellular Vesicles from Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells ». Cell Transplantation 28, n^o 9-10 (28 juin 2019) : 1271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689719860840.

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Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) belong to the endogenous cellular reparative system, and can be used exogenously in cell-based therapy. MSCs release extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, which mediate some of their therapeutic activity through intercellular communication. We have previously demonstrated that metabolic syndrome (MetS) modifies the cargo packed within swine EV, but whether it influences their phenotypical characteristics remains unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that MetS shifts the size distribution of MSC-derived EVs. Adipose tissue-derived MSC-EV subpopulations from Lean ( n = 6) and MetS ( n = 6) pigs were characterized for number and size using nanoparticle-tracking analysis, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Expression of exosomal genes was determined using next-generation RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The number of EV released from Lean and MetS pig MSCs was similar, yet MetS-MSCs yielded a higher proportion of small-size EVs (202.4 ± 17.7 nm vs. 280.3 ± 15.1 nm), consistent with exosomes. RNA-seq showed that their EVs were enriched with exosomal markers. Lysosomal activity remained unaltered in MetS-MSCs. Therefore, MetS alters the size distribution of MSC-derived EVs in favor of exosome release. These observations may reflect MSC injury and membrane recycling in MetS or increased expulsion of waste products, and may have important implications for development of adequate cell-based treatments.

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Wong, Le-Wei, Siow-Hui Mak, Bey-Hing Goh et Wai-Leng Lee. « The Convergence of FTIR and EVs : Emergence Strategy for Non-Invasive Cancer Markers Discovery ». Diagnostics 13, n^o 1 (21 décembre 2022) : 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13010022.

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In conjunction with imaging analysis, pathology-based assessments of biopsied tissue are the gold standard for diagnosing solid tumors. However, the disadvantages of tissue biopsies, such as being invasive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive, have urged the development of an alternate method, liquid biopsy, that involves sampling and clinical assessment of various bodily fluids for cancer diagnosis. Meanwhile, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are circulating biomarkers that carry molecular profiles of their cell or tissue origins and have emerged as one of the most promising biomarkers for cancer. Owing to the biological information that can be obtained through EVs’ membrane surface markers and their cargo loaded with biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, EVs have become useful in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) allows rapid, non-destructive, label-free molecular profiling of EVs with minimal sample preparation. Since the heterogeneity of EV subpopulations may result in complicated FTIR spectra that are highly diverse, computational-assisted FTIR spectroscopy is employed in many studies to provide fingerprint spectra of malignant and non-malignant samples, allowing classification with high accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. In view of this, FTIR-EV approach carries a great potential in cancer detection. The progression of FTIR-based biomarker identification in EV research, the rationale of the integration of a computationally assisted approach, along with the challenges of clinical translation are the focus of this review.

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Moeng, Sokviseth, Seung Wan Son, Jong Sun Lee, Han Yeoung Lee, Tae Hee Kim, Soo Young Choi, Hyo Jeong Kuh et Jong Kook Park. « Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and Pancreatic Cancer : From the Role of EVs to the Interference with EV-Mediated Reciprocal Communication ». Biomedicines 8, n^o 8 (3 août 2020) : 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080267.

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Pancreatic cancer is malignant and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are—at most—moderately effective, indicating the need for new and different kinds of therapies to manage this disease. It has been proposed that the biologic properties of pancreatic cancer cells are finely tuned by the dynamic microenvironment, which includes extracellular matrix, cancer-associated cells, and diverse immune cells. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in communication between heterogeneous subpopulations of cells by transmitting multiplex biomolecules. EV-mediated cell–cell communication ultimately contributes to several aspects of pancreatic cancer, such as growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we discuss the role of extracellular vesicles and their cargo molecules in pancreatic cancer. We also present the feasibility of the inhibition of extracellular biosynthesis and their itinerary (release and uptake) for a new attractive therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer.

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Zhang, Xin, Janet L. Huebner et Virginia Byers Kraus. « Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Indicators and Potential Sources of Autologous Therapeutics in Osteoarthritis ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n^o 15 (3 août 2021) : 8351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158351.

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Along with cytokines, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by immune cells in the joint contribute to osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. By high-resolution flow cytometry, we characterized 18 surface markers and 4 proinflammatory cytokines carried by EVs of various sizes in plasma and synovial fluid (SF) from individuals with knee OA, with a primary focus on immune cells that play a major role in OA pathogenesis. By multiplex immunoassay, we also measured concentrations of cytokines within (endo) and outside (exo) EVs. EVs carrying HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ were the most enriched subpopulations in SF relative to plasma (25–50-fold higher depending on size), suggesting a major contribution to the SF EV pool from infiltrating immune cells in OA joints. In contrast, the CD34+ medium and small EVs, reflecting hematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells, and endothelial cells, were the most significantly enriched subpopulations in plasma relative to SF (7.3- and 7.7-fold higher). Ratios of EVs derived from neutrophils and lymphocytes were highly correlated between SF and plasma, indicating that plasma EVs could reflect OA severity and serve as systemic biomarkers of OA joint pathogenesis. Select subsets of plasma EVs might also provide next generation autologous biological products for intra-articular therapy of OA joints.

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Stępień, Ewa Ł., Agnieszka Kamińska, Magdalena Surman, Dagmara Karbowska, Andrzej Wróbel et Małgorzata Przybyło. « Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy to show alterations in molecular composition of EV subpopulations from melanoma cell lines in different malignancy ». Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 25 (mars 2021) : 100888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100888.

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Qureshi, Moosa, Fernando Calero-Nieto, Iwo Kucinski, Sarah Kinston, George Giotopoulos, Dean Pask, Rebecca Hannah et al. « Single Cell RNA-Seq Characterises Pre-Leukemic Transformation Driven By CEBPA N321D in the Hoxb8-FL Cell Line ». Blood 132, Supplement 1 (29 novembre 2018) : 3887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-110626.

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Abstract The C/EBPα transcription factor plays a pivotal role in myeloid differentiation and E2F-mediated cell cycle regulation. Although CEBPA mutations are common in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), little is known regarding pre-leukemic alterations caused by mutated CEBPA. Here, we investigated early events involved in pre-leukemic transformation driven by CEBPA N321D in the LMPP-like cell line Hoxb8-FL (Redecke et al., Nat Methods 2013), which can be maintained in vitro as a self-renewing LMPP population using Flt3L and estradiol, as well as differentiated both in vitro and in vivo into myeloid and lymphoid cell types. Hoxb8-FL cells were retrovirally transduced with Empty Vector (EV), wild-type CEBPA (CEBPA WT) or its N321D mutant form (CEBPA N321D). CEBPA WT-transduced cells showed increased expression of cd11b and SIRPα and downregulation of c-kit, suggesting that wild-type CEBPA was sufficient to promote differentiation even under LMPP growth conditions. Interestingly, we did not observe the same phenotype in CEBPA N321D-transduced cells. Upon withdrawal of estradiol, both EV and CEBPA WT-transduced cells differentiated rapidly into a conventional dendritic cell (cDC) phenotype by day 7 and died within 12 days. By contrast, CEBPA N321D-transduced cells continued to grow for in excess of 56 days, with an initial cDC phenotype but by day 30 demonstrating a plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursor phenotype. CEBPA N321D-transduced cells were morphologically distinct from EV-transduced cells. To test leukemogenic potential in vivo, we performed transplantation experiments in lethally irradiated mice. Serial monitoring of peripheral blood demonstrated that Hoxb8-FL derived cells had disappeared by 4 weeks, and did not reappear. However, at 6 months CEBPA N321D-transduced cells could still be detected in bone marrow in contrast to EV-transduced cells but without any leukemic phenotype. To identify early events involved in pre-leukemic transformation, the differentiation profiles of EV, CEBPA WT and CEBPA N321D-transduced cells were examined with single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). 576 single cells were taken from 3 biological replicates at days 0 and 5 post-differentiation, and analysed using the Automated Single-Cell Analysis Pipeline (Gardeux et al., Bioinformatics 2017). Visualisation by t-SNE (Fig 1) demonstrated: (i) CEBPA WT-transduced cells formed a distinct cluster at day 0 before withdrawal of estradiol; (ii) CEBPA N321D-transduced cells separated from EV and CEBPA WT-transduced cells after 5 days of differentiation, (iii) two subpopulations could be identified within the CEBPA N321D-transduced cells at day 5, with a cluster of five CEBPA N321D-transduced single cells distributed amongst or very close to the day 0 non-differentiated cells. Differential expression analysis identified 224 genes upregulated and 633 genes downregulated specifically in the CEBPA N321D-transduced cells when compared to EV cells after 5 days of differentiation. This gene expression signature revealed that CEBPA N321D-transduced cells switched on a HSC/MEP/CMP transcriptional program and switched off a myeloid dendritic cell program. Finally, in order to further dissect the effect of the N321D mutation, the binding profile of endogenous and CEBPA N321D was compared by ChIP-seq before and after 5 days of differentiation. Integration with scRNA-seq data identified 160 genes specifically downregulated in CEBPA N321D-transduced cells which were associated with the binding of the mutant protein. This list of genes included genes previously implicated in dendritic cell differentiation (such as NOTCH2, JAK2), as well as a number of genes not previously implicated in the evolution of AML, representing potentially novel therapeutic targets. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Stenz, Katrine Tang, Jesper Just, Rolf Ankerlund Blauenfeldt et Kim Ryun Drasbek. « Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Stroke Diagnostics ». Biomedicines 8, n^o 8 (28 juillet 2020) : 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080248.

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There is a large unmet need for fast and reliable diagnostics in several diseases. One such disease is stroke, where the efficacy of modern reperfusion therapies is highly time-dependent. Diagnosis of stroke and treatment initiation should be performed as soon as possible, and preferably before arrival at the stroke center. In recent years, several potential blood biomarkers for stroke have been evaluated, but without success. In this review, we will go into detail on the possibility of utilizing extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the blood as novel biomarkers for stroke diagnostics. EVs are known to reflect the immediate state of the secreting cells and to be able to cross the blood–brain barrier, thus making them attractive as diagnostic biomarkers of brain diseases. Indeed, several studies have reported EV markers that enable differentiation between stroke patients and controls and, to a lesser extent, the ability to correctly classify the different stroke types. Most of the studies rely on the use of sophisticated and time-consuming methods to quantify specific subpopulations of the nanosized EVs. As these methods cannot be easily implemented in a rapid point of care (POC) test, technical developments followed by prospective clinical studies are needed.

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Ricklefs, Franz, Cecile Maire, Katharina Kolbe, Mareike Holz, Rudolph Reimer, Markus Glatzel, Ennio Chiocca, Manfred Westphal et Katrin Lamszus. « CSIG-11. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR PATIENTS HAVE ELEVATED LEVELS OF CIRCULATING EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES ». Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (novembre 2019) : vi46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.182.

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Abstract BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EV) from CNS tumors reflect the molecular subtype of the original tumor and mediate an exchange of pro-oncogenic signals. EVs are commonly characterized by nanoparticle analysis (NTA), electron microscopy and tetraspanin markers, including CD9, CD81 and CD63. It is unclear, however, to what extent circulating tumor EVs are utilizable for diagnostic purposes and how their marker profile overlaps with EVs derived from other cell types. Aiming to define markers that allow distinction and enrichment of glioma EVs from patient blood, we utilized Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) to discriminate single EVs via multiple surface markers. METHODS EVs were isolated from blood of patients suffering from glioblastoma (n=24), anaplastic astrocytoma (n=8), brain metastasis (n=7), meningioma (n=12), pituitary gland tumor (n=11), epilepsy (n=11) and from healthy controls (n=18) and were analyzed by IFC, immunoblotting, electron microscopy and NTA. In addition, circulating EVs from PALM-GFP-GL261 and PALM-GFP-CT2A tumor-bearing mice (n=5) as well as from glioblastoma stem-like (GSC) cultures (n=4), neural stem cells (NSC), cerebral endothelial cells (cEC) and T-cells (n=4) were characterized. RESULTS CNS tumor patients have significantly elevated levels of circulating EVs (P < 0.001), as measured by NTA and IFC. In particular, the proportion of double positive CD9+/CD81+, CD9+/CD63+and CD63+/CD81+EVs is increased in glioblastoma patients (p=0.018) compared with healthy controls[L1]. In accordance, cultured GSCs secrete increased levels of CD9+/CD81+EVs in vitro. In the two syngeneic murine PALM-GFP glioma models, only 0.1-0.01% of circulating plasma EVs were found to be derived from intracranial tumors, underlining the need to identify markers that can enrich tumor-specific EVs for molecular profiling. CONCLUSION Glioma patients display increased levels of circulating plasma EVs that can be profiled by IFC, which is a unique and novel technique that facilitates discrimination of different EV subpopulations.

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Ribecco, Valentino, Matteo Tamborini, Elisabetta Stanzani, Marco Pizzocri, Milena Mattioli, Simone Olei, Maria Pia Tropeano, Federico Pessina, Michela Matteoli et Lorena Passoni. « Abstract 274 : Deciphering the role of tumor-released microvesicles in glioblastoma mobility and invasion ». Cancer Research 82, n^o 12_Supplement (15 juin 2022) : 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-274.

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Abstract To promote cell growth, invasion and therapy resistance, glioblastoma (GBM) makes use of different communication routes with the neighbor environment which include Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). EVs are a heterogeneous group of cell-released membranous structures, which contain a wide mixture of active molecules. Each cell type secretes a unique combination of different EV subpopulations that vary in size, content and function. In GBM, the subfraction of small-EVs derived from multivesicular bodies, also referred as exosomes (EXOs), have received considerable attention for their capacity to create a tumor-supportive microenvironment through their actions on immune cells, vasculature and glial cells. Only recently it has been observed that large-EVs formed by the budding of the cell membrane, classically called microvesicles (MVs), are more abundant than EXOs in the plasma of GBM patients. Large-MVs have been associated with disease progression in the context of prostate cancer, but their functional significance remain largely uncharacterized in GBM. To explore EV migratory potential in the GBM context, an in vitro migration test performed on spheroids of patient-derived Glioma Stem-like Cells (GSC) has been set up. EXOs from GSC culture supernatants exert no migratory effects, whereas MVs triggered remarkable cell migration. Differently from GSC culture supernatants, both EXOs and MVs isolated from surgical washing exerted a remarkable migratory effect suggesting that not only EVs from tumoral cells are actively implicated in GSC mobility but also EVs from the non-tumoral microenvironment act synergistically to sustain GBM invasion. To better understand the contribution of the cell sub-population of the tumor environment, an EV separation based on CD45(leukocyte common antigen) expression was performed. CD45-positive EVs (released by immune cells) and CD45-negative EVs (released by tumor and stroma cells) were employed in the spheroid migration assay. Results showed the absence of any migratory effect of CD45-positive subsets, both EXOs and MVs, indicating that EVs selectively generated by tumor and stroma cells play a key role in tumoral invasion. Furthermore, a multiplex bead-based flow-cytometry analysis performed on EVs from six GBM patients revealed the presence of specific antigen clusters related to migration and could also be investigated as tumoral biomarkers in a liquid biopsy context. Citation Format: Valentino Ribecco, Matteo Tamborini, Elisabetta Stanzani, Marco Pizzocri, Milena Mattioli, Simone Olei, Maria Pia Tropeano, Federico Pessina, Michela Matteoli, Lorena Passoni. Deciphering the role of tumor-released microvesicles in glioblastoma mobility and invasion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 274.

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Kis, Dávid, Eszter Persa, Tünde Szatmári, Lilla Antal, Attila Bóta, Ilona Barbara Csordás, Rita Hargitai et al. « The effect of ionising radiation on the phenotype of bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles ». British Journal of Radiology 93, n^o 1115 (1 novembre 2020) : 20200319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200319.

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Objectives: Ionising radiation-induced alterations affecting intercellular communication in the bone marrow (BM) contribute to the development of haematological pathologies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane-coated particles released by cells, have important roles in intercellular signalling in the BM. Our objective was to investigate the effects of ionising radiation on the phenotype of BM-derived EVs of total-body irradiated mice. Methods: CBA mice were irradiated with 0.1 Gy or 3 Gy X-rays. BM was isolated from the femur and tibia 24 h after irradiation. EVs were isolated from the BM supernatant. The phenotype of BM cells and EVs was analysed by flow cytometry. Results: The mean size of BM-derived EVs was below 300 nm and was not altered by ionising radiation. Their phenotype was very heterogeneous with EVs carrying either CD29 or CD44 integrins representing the major fraction. High-dose ionising radiation induced a strong rearrangement in the pool of BM-derived EVs which were markedly different from BM cell pool changes. The proportion of CD29 and CD44 integrin-harbouring EVs significantly decreased and the relative proportion of EVs with haematopoietic stem cell or lymphoid progenitor markers increased. Low-dose irradiation had limited effect on EV secretion. Conclusions: Ionising radiation induced selective changes in the secretion of EVs by the different BM cell subpopulations. Advances in knowledge: The novelty of the paper consists of performing a detailed phenotyping of BM-derived EVs after in vivo irradiation of mice.

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Tawil, Nadim, Rayhaan Bassawon, Brian Meehan, Laura Montermini, Ali Nehme, Dongsic Choi, Cristiana Spinelli et al. « TAMI-73. GLIOBLASTOMA CELL POPULATIONS WITH DISTINCT ONCOGENIC PROGRAMS RELEASE PODOPLANIN AS PROCOAGULANT EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES ». Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_6 (2 novembre 2021) : vi213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab196.855.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Vascular anomalies, including thrombosis, are a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM) and an aftermath of dysregulated cancer cell genome and epigenome. Up-regulation of podoplanin (PDPN) by cancer cells has recently been linked to an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in glioblastoma patients. Thus, regulation of this platelet activating protein by transforming events and release from cancer cells is of considerable interest. AIMS I. Investigate the pattern of PDPN expression and characterize PDPN-expressing cellular populations in GBM. II. Evaluate the contribution of oncogenic drivers to PDPN expression in GBM models. III. Investigate the potential involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a mechanism for systemic dissemination of PDPN and tissue factor (TF). IV. Examine the role of PDPN in intratumoral and systemic thrombosis. METHODS Bioinformatics (single-cell and bulk transcriptome data mining), GBM cell lines and stem cell lines, xenograft models in mice, ELISA assays for PDPN and TF, platelet (PF4) and clotting activation markers (D-dimer), EV electron microscopy, density gradient fractionation, and nano-flow cytometry. RESULTS PDPN is expressed by distinct glioblastoma cell subpopulations (mesenchymal) and downregulated by oncogenic mutations of EGFR and IDH1 genes, via changes in chromatin modifications (EZH2) and DNA methylation, respectively. GBM cells exteriorize PDPN and/or TF as cargo of exosome-like EVs shed both in vitro and in vivo. Injection of glioma PDPN-EVs activates platelets. Increase of platelet activation (PF4) or coagulation markers (D-dimer) occurs in mice harboring the corresponding glioma xenografts expressing PDPN or TF, respectively. Co-expression of PDPN and TF by GBM cells cooperatively increases tumor microthrombosis. CONCLUSION Distinct cellular subsets drive multiple facets of GBM-associated thrombosis and may represent targets for diagnosis and intervention. We suggest that the preponderance of PDPN expression as a risk factor in glioblastoma and the involvement of platelets may merit investigating anti-platelets for potential inclusion in thrombosis management in GBM.

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Gutiérrez-Fernández, María, Fernando de la Cuesta, Antonio Tallón, Inmaculada Cuesta, Mireya Fernández-Fournier, Fernando Laso-García, Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos, Exuperio Díez-Tejedor et Laura Otero-Ortega. « Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and a Novel Treatment Approach in Multiple Sclerosis ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n^o 16 (20 août 2021) : 9011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169011.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bilayer membrane-wrapped molecules that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, participating in many physiological processes and in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In recent years, many studies have focused on EVs, with promising results indicating their potential role as biomarkers in MS and helping us better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent evidence suggests that there are novel subpopulations of EVs according to cell origin, with those derived from cells belonging to the nervous and immune systems providing information regarding inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, astrocyte and microglia reaction, blood–brain barrier permeability, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and ultimately synaptic loss and neuronal death in MS. These biomarkers can also provide insight into disease activity and progression and can differentiate patients’ disease phenotype. This information can enable new pathways for therapeutic target discovery, and consequently the development of novel treatments. Recent evidence also suggests that current disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for MS modify the levels and content of circulating EVs. EVs might also serve as biomarkers to help monitor the response to DMTs, which could improve medical decisions concerning DMT initiation, choice, escalation, and withdrawal. Furthermore, EVs could act not only as biomarkers but also as treatment for brain repair and immunomodulation in MS. EVs are considered excellent delivery vehicles. Studies in progress show that EVs containing myelin antigens could play a pivotal role in inducing antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells as a novel strategy for the treatment as “EV-based vaccines” for MS. This review explores the breakthrough role of nervous and immune system cell-derived EVs as markers of pathological disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers of treatment response in MS. In addition, this review explores the novel role of EVs as vehicles for antigen delivery as a therapeutic vaccine to restore immune tolerance in MS autoimmunity.

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Majidi, Fatemeh, Oumaima Stambouli, Ron-Patrick Cadeddu, Simon Kai Brille, Jasmin Ewert, Ulrich Germing, Robert Zeiser, Bernd Giebel et Norbert Gattermann. « Effect of the Neddylation Inhibitor Pevonedistat on Normal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Subsets and Immune Cell Composition ». Blood 138, Supplement 1 (5 novembre 2021) : 4787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-150095.

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Abstract Introduction: Antitumor activity of the neddylation inhibitor pevonedistat has been documented in several hematologic and non-hematologic malignancies. Unexpectedly, Zhou et al (PNAS, 2016) discovered a dose-dependent biphasic effect of pevonedistat in solid tumor cell lines. While micromolar concentrations inhibited tumor cell growth, low nanomolar concentrations significantly increased cell proliferation and tumor stem cell self-renewal both in vitro and in vivo. The effect of low-dose pevonedistat has not yet been explored in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, we evaluated how pevonedistat affects the viabiilty, growth and proportions of CD34 + cell subpopulations. In view of the emerging role of neddylation in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, we also investigated the influence of pevonedistat on T-cell activation to explore a potentially beneficial effect on posttransplant immune complications. Methods and Results: Using the WST-1 assay we confirmed the biphasic effect of pevonedistat on normal mobilized CD34 + cells. Incubation for 72 h with 0.1 µM pevonedistat significantly increased metabolic activity as a surrogate parameter for proliferation, while 1.0 µM pevonedistat showed a cytotoxic effect. We explored the underlying mechanism for the low-dose effect. Since Zhou et al. previously showed that pevonedistat can promote tumor stem cell proliferation by inducing EGFR homodimerization, we used a proximity ligation assay and found that 0.1 µM pevonedistat induced EGFR homodimerization in normal mobilized CD34 + cells, too. In addition to homodimerization, we also looked at phosphorylation at Tyr1068, a marker of EGFR activation. By flow cytometry, we showed that phosphorylation was increased by 0.01 µM and 0.1 µM pevonedistat. Using an ELISA-based transcription assay, we also observed a biphasic effect of pevonedistat on c-Myc expression, which is regarded as a marker of 'stemness'. Incubation with pevonedistat for 72 hrs at 0.01 and 0.1 µM stimulated expression of c-Myc, whereas incubation at 1.0 µM downregulated c-Myc. Fractions of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) subpopulations were measured in CD34 + cells from cord blood after incubation with 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 µM pevonedistat. Flow cytometry was performed using antibodies against CD34, CD45RA and CD133, as well as 7-AAD for testing cell viability. Exposure to pevonedistat for 72 hrs at 0.1 µM caused an increase in the number of CD34 + cells compared to vehicle-treated CD34+ cells at 72 h as well as compared to initial number of CD34+ cells, whereas 1.0 µM caused a significant decrease. The absolute number of multipotent progenitors (MPP) (CD34 +CD133 +CD45RA -) remained relatively stable at all concentrations, while lympho-myeloid progenitors (LMPP) (CD34+CD133+CD45RA+) and late progenitors (LP) (CD34+CD133-CD45RA+) increased slightly with 0.1 µM pevonedistat compared with controls. However, a significant decrease in LMPP and LP cell numbers was observed at 1.0 µM. Different concentrations of pevonedistat were tested for their capability to modulate allogeneically stimulated T cell activation in a multi-donor mixed lymphocyte reaction (mdMLR) assay in vitro. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EV) were used as internal immuno-modulatory and non-immuno-modulatory controls in the assay. After 5 days, alterations in the immune cell composition were analyzed by flow cytometry. Pevonedistat was not toxic for MNCs in the mdMLR. However, it decreased the number of activated (CD25high CD54+) CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells. Conclusions: One of the problems in the post-transplant period is a rapid decline in MPP numbers, associated with increased risk of engraftment failure. We showed that low-dose pevonedistat (0.1 µM) is capable of increasing the number of CD34 + cells in vitro while keeping the absolute number of MPPs stable. This finding, together with the observed increase in c-Myc expression, suggests that pevonedistat may help to preserve 'stemness' of CD34+ donor cells, thus supporting engraftment of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive effects revealed by mdMLR suggest that low-dose pevonedistat may also play a useful immunomodulatory role in the post-transplant setting to potentially reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Majidi: Takeda: Research Funding. Germing: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Other: advisory activity, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria. Zeiser: Incyte, Mallinckrodt, Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Gattermann: Celgene: Honoraria; Takeda: Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria.

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Giusti, Ilaria, Marianna Di Francesco, Giuseppina Poppa, Letizia Esposito, Sandra D’Ascenzo et Vincenza Dolo. « Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate Normal Human Fibroblasts to a Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Like Phenotype, Sustaining a Pro-Tumorigenic Microenvironment ». Frontiers in Oncology 12 (23 février 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.839880.

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Fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment have been proven to actively participate in tumor progression; they can be “educated” by cancer cells acquiring an activated state and, as such, are identified as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs); CAFs, in turn, remodel tumor stroma to be more advantageous for cancer progression by modulating several processes, including angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and drug access, presumably driving the chemoresistance. That is why they are believed to hamper the response to clinical therapeutic options. The communication between cancer cells and fibroblasts can be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), composed of both exosomes (EXOs) and microvesicles (MVs). To verify the role of different subpopulations of EVs in this cross-talk, a nearly pure subpopulation of EXO-like EVs and the second one of mixed EXO- and MV-like EVs were isolated from ovarian cancer cells and administered to fibroblasts. It turned out that EVs can activate fibroblasts to a CAF-like state, supporting their proliferation, motility, invasiveness, and enzyme expression; EXO-like EV subpopulation seems to be more efficient in some of those processes, suggesting different roles for different EV subpopulations. Moreover, the secretome of these “activated” fibroblasts, composed of both soluble and EV-associated molecules, was, in turn, able to modulate the response of bystander cells (fibroblasts, tumor, and endothelial cells), supporting the idea that EVs sustain the mutual cross-talk between tumor cells and CAFs.

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