Thèses sur le sujet « European Union – Latvia »
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BERTINS, ANDRIS, et ERLANDS KRONGORNS. « Latvia in European Monetary Union gains and losses ». Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-19565.
Texte intégralJanusová, Monika. « Pobaltské republiky : vývoj a specifika transformace a cesta do EU ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10426.
Texte intégralSemerád, Lukáš. « Pobaltské ekonomiky v EU - trendy, perspektivy ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10445.
Texte intégralAntanaitis, Tadas. « Les aspects internationaux de la fiscalité directe des entreprises dans les pays baltes ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010251/document.
Texte intégralThe first objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the international aspects of taxation of companies in the Baltic States. The research compares the rules of tax law in the Baltic countries with the OECD proposals and recommendations, EU law requirements as well as with analogical rules in other European countries. It analyzes whether rules of direct taxation of companies in the Baltic countries, which are relatively young and do not have long traditions, follow the international standards proposed by the OECD as well, whether these rules are compatible with EU law requirements and analogical rules of other European states. The second goal of this thesis is to provide advice and recommendations on how national tax law and the provisions of EU law could be improved. Advice and recommendations are being presented at the end of each chapter, then at the end of each major part and finally, at the end of whole thesis. The first part analyses the international aspects of direct taxation of income from business activity. The second part devoted to examining the rules regarding the taxation of passive income (dividends, interest and royalties). Finally, the third part analyses the principles of tax law in the Baltic countries concerning tax havens and the international cooperation between tax administrations
Santos, André Luis Nascimento dos. « A União Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e a sua diplomacia cooperante para a América Latina ». Escola de Administração da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2012. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/17330.
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O presente trabalho busca compreender como a diplomacia dos direitos humanos da União Europeia ao longo dos anos 2000, têm sido concebida e implementada no que concerne à sua agenda de cooperação pública para a América Latina. Diante desta pergunta, o trabalho busca realizar uma ampla reflexão teórica acerca da construção da ideia de uma gramática de Direitos Humanos pelo mundo ocidental e a sua consequente instrumentalização nos tempos atuais por parte das potências. Essa reflexão tenta compreender como a Europa, a partir dos seus processos de integração, internalizou a ideia de ser o berço dos Direitos Humanos, tanto na sua política doméstica, como na sua política externa. Uma ideia que movimenta uma agenda diplomática que se expressa tanto a partir de práticas meritórias de cooperação, como, também, de usos e abusos da retórica de poder em prol da manutenção da potestade europeia no âmbito das Relações Internacionais. Cinco foram os andaimes metodológicos utilizados para a consecução da presente pesquisa, quais sejam: o exercício de um olhar cético sob a temática dos Direitos Humanos; a busca por uma construção histórica em perspectiva de path dependence sobre a tradição desses direitos; um esforço por realizar uma sociologia dos atores; a busca por compreender o fenômeno dos Direitos Humanos sob o prisma multiescalar; e, por fim, a preocupação de não perder de vista a dimensão meritória dos Direitos Humanos enquanto elemento portador de energia avatar capaz de plasmar, a partir de si, os ideários para um mundo menos anárquico, em que pese os cinismos, as instrumentalizações e as políticas de ganho. This study seeks to understand how human rights diplomacy of the European Union throughout the 2000s has been managed in relation to the European Union’s public cooperation agenda for Latin America. Before this question, the study attempts to make a broad theoretical reflection about the construction of the idea of a Human Rights Grammar by the western world and its consequent instrumentalisation by the current established powers. This reflection tries to understand how Europe, through its integration processes, has internalized the idea of being the cradle of human rights, both in its domestic policy as in foreign policy. An idea that moves a diplomatic agenda expressed both from meritorious practices of cooperation, as from uses and misuses of rhetorical power for the maintenance of the European status within the international relations. Five methodological scaffolding have been used for the achievement of this research, which are: the exercise of a skeptical look on the theme of Human Rights; the search for a historical building in perspective of path dependence on the tradition of these rights; an effort to accomplish a sociology of the actors; the quest for understanding the phenomenon of human rights through the multiscale prism; and, finally, the desire not to lose sight of the meritorious dimension of human rights as the carrier of avatar energy capable of shaping from itself the ideals for a less anarchic world, despite the cynicisms, instrumentalizations and the gain policies.
Silva, Parejas María Cristina. « América Latina y El Caribe-Unión Europea : tendencias del diálogo birregional en la era CELAC ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136748.
Texte intégralSoto, Ordenes Rodrigo Andrés, et Imaray Héctor Eduardo Lara. « La dimensión social en la Unión Europea : un ejemplo para la cohesión social en América Latina y el Caribe ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113395.
Texte intégralLa finalidad de este trabajo, es la de contribuir al mejor entendimiento de los circuitos por los que transitan los aspectos sociales en los diversos procesos de integración, en la Unión Europea y América Latina y El Caribe, así como las relaciones y estrategias adoptadas entre ambos. El primer capitulo de este trabajo, se refiere a la evolución de las políticas sociales en la Unión Europea; Para ello veremos su evolución, partiendo desde sus orígenes, en el Tratado de Roma, hasta la actual Unión Europea en el Tratado de Niza, conoceremos sus instituciones, y su aporte al desarrollo de la dimensión social en la integración europea. Se analizaran las diversas disposiciones sociales y sus principales modificaciones y como ello ha repercutido en el desarrollo de la región, sus logros sociales, políticos y económicos; un ejemplo que debe servir de modelo para aquellas regiones donde los procesos de integración son incipientes, en especial en lo relativo a lo social, tal como ocurre en América latina. En este capitulo estudiaremos los diversos aspectos de la dimensión social del proceso de integración europeo tales como educación, empleo, formación profesional, etcétera, los cuales servirán al lector para conocer y comprender los temas realmente importantes en una sociedad, los que a su vez sirven como parámetro para los países en vías de desarrollo. El tema central de este trabajo, se avoca al estudio de los procesos de integración de América Latina y El Caribe en su dimensión social, orígenes, instituciones, objetivos y disposiciones sociales. Para destacar la importancia del diálogo social, este capitulo nos lleva al estudio de los siguientes procesos de integración: El Mercado Común Centroamericano, El Mercado Común del Caribe, La Comunidad Andina de Naciones y El MERCOSUR. El Tercer Capitulo de este trabajo plantea la necesidad de incluir una Asociación Estratégica entre la Unión Europea y América Latina y El Caribe; en este capitulo analizamos los principios, objetivos y prioridades para una mejor relación económica, social y política entre la Unión Europea y América Latina y El Caribe, elementos comunes que lo permiten, y expectativas futuras, de dicha Asociación Estratégica; En este tercer capitulo, hemos incluido un apartado especial, relativo al Acuerdo de Asociación Política, Económica y de Cooperación entre la Unión Europea y Chile, por la importancia que para nuestro país y la región significa un instrumento de esta naturaleza. El capitulo final de esta investigación, es el relativo a las propuestas acerca del tema; Este capitulo pretende plantear hipótesis y respuestas a interrogantes, que puedan surgir a partir del estudio de los capítulos precedentes. Esto es, sin perjuicio, por ejemplo de la referencia y estudio de las Cumbres Birregionales entre la Unión Europea y América Latina en Río de Janeiro (1999), Madrid (2002) y Guadalajara (2004), sin perjuicio de incluir la de Viena, que se llevara a efecto en Mayo del año 2006.
Wiley, James. « Una política, tres perspectivas : la Unión Europea y el intercambio del banano ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119953.
Texte intégralEinaudi, Luca. « Money and politics : European Monetary Unification and the International Gold Standard (1865-73) ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272808.
Texte intégralMorán, Rodríguez María Ángeles. « Medio ambiente y desarrollo sostenible en las regiones económicas de MERCOSUR y Unión Europea ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119312.
Texte intégralGoldman, Lawrence R. « An Analysis of the Relationship between Cuba and the Soviet Union : 1959-1990 ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625685.
Texte intégralDaza, Aramayo Lourdes Gabriela. « Analysis of Trade Relations between the European Union and Latin America from 1995-2011 ». Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196936.
Texte intégralReis, Ana Isabel Lourenço dos. « As relações político-económicas entre a União Europeia e a América Latina : Os casos do Mercosul e do México ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3730.
Texte intégralDesde meados dos anos 70 que a União Europeia tem vindo a aproximar-se da América Latina; uma relação inicialmente centrada em aspectos comerciais nos acordos de primeira e segunda geração, deu um salto qualificativo nos anos 90 com os acordos de terceira e quarta gerações que começaram a englobar questões de natureza política. A inclusão de questões políticas em acordos comerciais, principalmente como forma de acção externa, diferencia a actuação europeia de outras potências comerciais, nomeadamente a norte-americana, sendo essencial na construção de uma identidade que permita a consideração da União Europeia como actor internacional. A aproximação à América Latina é desenvolvida em torno destes dois eixos, aspectos comerciais e políticos, ao que se junta a promoção do regionalismo como forma de organização comercial complementar ao multilateralismo. A América Latina é um mosaico de sub-regiões pouco institucionalizadas, requerendo, então, diferentes abordagens: bilateral e bi-regional. Como realidade oriunda de um processo de integração regional, a União Europeia irá dar prioridade a acordos de livre comércio com agrupamentos regionais. No entanto, a sua atitude de regionalismo flexível também irá permitir abordagens bilaterais. Assim, como forma de ilustrar a relação com a América Latina escolheram-se exemplos que personificam estas abordagens: bi-regional, o Mercosul; e bilateral, o México. A análise destes dois exemplos irá expor a tese que a UE orienta a sua acção conjugando objectivos comerciais e políticos, mas que na prática será a defesa de interesses comerciais pré-existentes a comandar a negociação de acordos que resultam numa verdadeira aproximação.
Since the mid-'70s the European Union has developed a relationship with Latin America, a relationship centered initially in the commercial aspects, especially in the agreements of the first and second generation; had in the nineties a further development with the third and fourth generation agreements which began to include political issues. The inclusion of political issues in trade agreements, mainly as a form of external action, differentiates European action from other trading powers, particularly of United States action, and is essential in building an identity that allows to considerate the European Union as an international actor. The approach to Latin America is developed around these two axes, commercial and political aspects, which join the promotion of regionalism as a form of commercial organization complementary to multilateralism. Latin America is a mosaic of sub-regions poorly institutionalized, then requiring different approaches: bilateral and bi-regional. As reality coming from a process of regional integration the European Union will give priority to free trade agreements with regional groupings, however, her attitude of flexible regionalism will also allow bilateral approaches. The examples chosen to illustrate this relationship were Mercosur and México, they embody these approaches: bi-regional level and bilateral level. The analysis of these two examples will expose the thesis that the European Union targets its action by combining commercial and political objectives, but in practice will be the defense of pre-existing commercial interests to control the negotiation of agreements that result in a genuine rapprochement.
Ayuso, Pozo Anna. « La coordinación de la política española de cooperación para el desarrollo con América Latina en el contexto de la Unión Europea ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5213.
Texte intégral- La influencia de intereses políticos y económicos ajenos a los objetivos de desarrollo es el mayor obstáculo para perfeccionar la coordinación de donantes.
- La aplicación de la ayuda programa y la condicionalidad política y económica exacerba la necesidad de un acuerdo general sobre objetivos y la concertación entre donantes y receptores.
- Los intereses de los donantes dominan cuanto mayor es la dependencia de la ayuda exterior por el país receptor e impiden cualquier intento de gestión global.
- La heterogeneidad de las políticas y los procesos de gestión de los donantes imponen una enorme carga burocrática e impiden una administración eficaz de la ayuda.
- Existen foros de coordinación en diversos organismos (PNUD, OCDE, Banco Mundial, BID) cuya diferente naturaleza determina postulados divergentes.
- Entre la ONU y las instituciones financieras subyace una rivalidad sobre la cuestión del liderazgo en la conducción de las estrategias de desarrollo
La UE como conjunto de donantes representa más del 50 por ciento de la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo total, pero no ejerce un papel determinante por la falta de posiciones comunes. En América Latina, España podría ejercer un papel dinamizador para una mayor implicación europea, pero precisará llevar adelante algunas de las reformas ya emprendidas:
- La aplicación del principio de coherencia del Tratado de la Unión Europea sitúa la cooperación entre las relaciones políticas y económicas e incrementa la necesidad de concertación entre la CE y los Estados miembros.
- La programación estratégica global que están elaborando CE y España hace posible un modelo de complementariedad basado en ventajas comparativas, pero no existen instrumentos para garantizar su aplicación.
- La falta de un modelo de gestión uniforme para los diferentes instrumentos dificulta la aplicación de las recomendaciones del Consejo sobre coordinación operativa.
- Los programas adolecen de una deficiente identificación y gestión, falta de estudios de viabilidad, escasa evaluación y poca documentación pública.
- Se precisa más colaboración en la elaboración de los documentos de estrategia nacionales o sectoriales y la valoración de las diversas iniciativas de coordinación existentes.
- La participación de la UE y de España en los foros internacionales debe ser más sólida, favorecer los organismos regionales y fortalecer el papel armonizador de la Organización de Naciones Unidas.
The thesis analyses the coordination mechanisms of the bilateral development cooperation policies as instruments to achieve greater efficacy in aid given for targets set in the International Community and to explore ways of increasing the impact of action taken by the EU in the framework of donor community. The study catalogues the coordination modes between donors on three levels: the donor country's internal administration, bilateral relations with development countries and the multilateral coordination donors or them with recipient countries. Each sphere in turn includes three levels interdependent of each other: the political, the organisational and operational, the aim being to identify the main hindrances toward coordination in each one of them. Among the main obstacles identified, the following are worthy of mention:
- The influence of political and economic interest falling outside the realm of the development objectives is the greatest obstacle to perfecting the coordination of donors.
- The aplication of aid programs and the political and economic conditionality exacerbate the need for a global agreement on objectives between donor and recipient countries.
- The interest of the donors dominate in those cases where the recipient country is dependent on external aid, this impeding any attempt at global management.
- The heterogeneity of the politics and management processes of the donors impose a huge bureaucratic overhead and impede the efficient administration of the aid.
- There are coordination forums in several diverse international institutions (UNDP, OECD, World Bank IDB) the different nature of which determines divergent postulates.
- There is an underlying rivalry between the UN and financial institutions concerning the leadership in guiding and shaping development strategies.
The EU as a group of donnors, represents more than 50 percent of the total Official Development Aid, but does not, however, exercise a determinant role owing to the lack of a common position. In Latin America, Spain could exercise a dynamising role leading to greater european involvement, but will need to go ahead with some reforms:
- The application of the principle of policy coherence of European Union Treaty situates cooperation between political and economic dealings and increases the need for agreement between the European Community and its members States.
- The EC and Spain are currently drawing up a global strategic program and this will make possible a complementary model based on comparative advantages. However there are not instruments presently in place to guarantee its application.
- Both parties are lacking a uniform management model for the different instruments, thereby hindering the application of the European Council's recommendations on operational coordination.
- The programmes suffer from deficient identification and flawed management, lack of feasibility studies, scant evaluation and a shortfall of public documentation.
- Greater collaboration is needed on the documents of national or sectorial strategies and the evaluation of the diverse initiatives of coordination currently existing.
- The participation of EU and Spain in international forums must be more solid, favouring the regional bodies and strengthening the harmonising role of the United Nations.
La tesi analitza els mecanismes de coordinació de les polítiques bilaterals de cooperació pel desenvolupament com instruments per aconseguir augmentar l'eficàcia de la ajuda en relació als objectius concertats per la Comunitat Internacional i explora com incrementar l'impacte de l'acció de la UE al si de la comunitat de donants. L'estudi cataloga les modalitats de coordinació entre donants en tres nivells: l'administració interna de cada país, les relacions bilaterals amb els receptors i la coordinació multilateral entre donants o de aquests amb els països receptors. Cada un d'aquests àmbits incorpora tres nivells interdependents: el polític, l'organizatiu i l'operatiu, tractant d'identificar els principals obstacles per a la coordinació en cada un d'ells. Entre aquests destaquen:
- La influencia d'interessos polítics i econòmics aliens als objectius de desenvolupament es el més gran obstacle per perfeccionar la coordinació de donants.
- L'aplicació de l'ajuda programa i la condicionalitat política i econòmica exacerba la necessitat d'un acord general sobre objectius i la concertació entre donants i receptors.
- Els interessos dels donants dominen com més gran es la dependència de l'ajuda exterior pel país receptor i impedeix qualsevol intent de gestió global.
- La heterogeneïtat de les polítiques i els procediments de gestió dels donants imposen una carrega burocràtica feixuga e impedeixen una administració eficaç de l'ajuda.
- Existeixen fòrums de coordinació en diversos organismes (PNUD, OCDE, Banc Mundial, BID) amb una naturalesa diversa que determina postulats divergents.
- Entre l'ONU i les institucions financeres hi ha una rivalitat subjacent sobre el lideratge en la conducció de les estratègies de desenvolupament
La UE reuneix un conjunt de donants que representa més del 50 per cent de la Ajuda Oficial al Desenvolupament total, però no exerceix un paper determinant per la manca d'una posició comuna. En relació a Amèrica Llatina Espanya podria exercir un paper dinamitzador per augmentar la implicació europea, però serà necessari continuar amb les reformes que acaben de començar:
- La aplicació del principi de coherència del Tractat de la Unió Europea situa la cooperació entre les relacions polítiques i econòmiques i incrementa la necessitat de concertació entre la CE i els Estats membres.
- La CE y Espanya estan elaborant una primera programació estratègica global, que fa possible un model de complementarietat basat en els avantatges comparatius però no existeixen instruments per garantir la seva aplicació.
- La falta d'un model de gestió uniforme pels diferents instruments dificulta la aplicació de les recomanacions del Consell sobre coordinació operativa.
- Els programes pateixen una deficient identificació i gestió, manca d'estudis de viabilitat, amés d'escassa avaluació i documentació pública.
- Es precisa més col·laboració en l'elaboració dels documents d'estratègia nacionals o sectorials i la valoració de les diverses iniciatives de coordinació existents.
- La participació de la UE i España a les institucions internacionals hauria de ser més solida, afavorir els organismes regionals i reforçar el paper harmonitzador de la Organització de les Nacions Unides.
Puziol, Jeinni Kelly Pereira. « Educação superior e políticas inter-regionais : um estudo sobre o projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina nas universidades brasileiras ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-13062017-113812/.
Texte intégralThis thesis discusses the implementation of the Alfa Tuning Latin America Project in Brazil, as well as if and in what way its guidelines have been incorporated in the context of practice of the participating Brazilian universities. According to official documents, Alfa Tuning Latin America Project is a proposal to fine-tune both Latin American and European higher education, while having a methodology based on the notion of competencies and a network of learning communities as starting points. Alfa Tuning Latin America Project has been developed in two phases: the first one between 2004 and 2007, and the second between 2011 and 2014; it is part of the European Unions international cooperation and development policies and it is funded by the European Commission. In order to analyze the implementation process of Alfa Tuning Latin America Project guidelines within the participating Brazilian universities, while taking into account the multi-level governance scenario, as well as structural and spatio-temporal adjustments of social, political and economic order, Alfa Tuning Latin America Project official reports have been studied, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with participants in the second phase of the Project and the pedagogical projects of six undergraduate programs from Brazilian universities have been reviewed. The theoretical framework of this thesis is guided by the policy cycle approach as well as by the analysis of higher education interregional policies linked to the understanding of the global logic of capitalism, while mainly drawing on the following scholars: Bowe and Ball (1992), Ball (2012) and Harvey (2003; 2006; 2011; 2013). This framework has enabled the understanding of the relation between Alfa Tuning Latin America Project and its context of influence (scenario of capitalist accumulation), its context for the development of the policy (European Union scenario) and its context of practice (participating Brazilian universities). In this way, we found out that Alfa Tuning Latin America Project is one of the actions taken by the European Union for the territorialization, deterritorialization and reterritorialization of educational policies, which in the multi-level governance scenario overcomes national borders toward meeting the demands of the global market, where higher education, featured by competitiveness, is seen as a driver of economic development. We observed that Alfa Tuning Latin America Project has been introduced in Brazil regardless of States regulatory frameworks by being agreed among universities and academics, while being developed through political networks rather than decrees or public policies and also that the implementation of its guidelines in Brazilian universities has happened in a specific and discursive way. Given the complexity of the interregional policies comprised in the dynamics of regions and networks, however, the results of Alfa Tuning Latin America Project cannot be merely assessed by the short-term implementation of its guidelines, but also by its potential of influence on national policies through the adoption of concepts, diagnoses and methodologies, as well as through the possibility to legitimize other policies.
Mrnuštík, Jan. « Obchodní politika EU vůči zemím Latinské Ameriky ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74143.
Texte intégralMartínez, Lisana Belén. « Análisis de la incidencia de la crisis financiera a través de los spreads de bonos soberanos en la Unión Europea y América Latina ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126445.
Texte intégralThis thesis aims to analyze the evolution and determinants of sovereign bond spreads, in order to probe that they are a good instrument to assess crisis, since bond spreads reflect the economic situation. We consider the current financial crisis as a critical period of analysis. The evolutions of spreads are observed for two specific geographical areas and we identify their main drivers. In particular, we analyze sovereign bond markets from European Union and Latin America. For each group of markets, we apply three methodologies: Pearson correlations, self-organizing Kohonen maps and panel data. Results of each methodology are consistent and significant, which allows us to obtain interesting conclusions regarding financial markets analyzed.
Benzaquen, Perea Jose Arsenio. « Las cumbres de jefes de estado y de gobierno y sus aportes al Derecho Internacional y Nacional entre los años 2004 y 2009 ». Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/637.
Texte intégral-- The Summit of Heads of State and Government have set in recent years a leading and dynamic international relations movement, which combines the interests of the countries through their representatives. We are witnesses to these meetings at the highest level of representation States that make up the concert of nations are scenarios where they address issues that involve the coexistence of our society in many ways. The agreements, declarations, initiatives and commitments assumed by the Heads of State and Government are forming an important source of law, as a social science that is c hanging with the passing of time. One constant is that the peaks promote dialogues previous meetings on specific political and technical level with various matters which creates a new awareness of a new world, where national must live together sharing common goals, such as: fighting poverty, environmental protection, disarmament, climate change, energy, international financial architecture, drug trafficking, human rights protection, etc. Each Summit is learning and when reviewing your progress observed a positive development beyond some differences between regions. Close ties, progress on specific issues, many times to deepen a development strategy to continue building a consensus that require your time. For these reasons, we decided to investigate part of this vast topic to identify the contributions of these Summits to the right, which undoubtedly have found diverse opinions about.
Tesis
Iguíñiz, Echeverria Javier María. « THORP, Rosemary : Progreso, pobreza y exclusión. Una historia económica de América Latina en el siglo XX. Washington D.C. : Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y Unión Europea, 1998 ». Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117305.
Texte intégralIguíñiz, Echeverria Javier María. « Thorp, Rosernary. Progreso, pobreza y exclusión. Una historia económica de América Latina en el siglo XX. Washington D.C. : Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y Unión Europea, 1998, 189 pp ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122208.
Texte intégralKorolkovas, Audrius. « Tarpregioniniai santykiai : ES-Lotynų Amerikos atvejis ». Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110606_114059-95603.
Texte intégralEuropean regional integration processes have gradually covered most of the world regions. First of all, regions were strengthened internally and after that they began increasingly interact with each other, thus consolidating interregional relations as an integral part of their foreign policy. European Union decided to activate foreign policy actions in Latin America due to its growing economical and political significance. However, EU member’s different interests have increased the gap between the official statements of EU and concrete practical policies. Such inequality of attention to Latin America led other great players of the international system to renew their interest in the region.
Maia, Luis. « L'accord d'association Union Européenne - Chili et la spécificité chilienne dans le contexte latino-américain ». Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030102.
Texte intégralIn 2002, Chile and the European Union signed an ambitious and innovative Association Agreement (AA) based on three pillars: political, trade and cooperation. Why did the EU sign such an accord with a country of 15 million people like Chile? Was this agreement not in contradiction with the EU’s policy of supporting regional integration? In fact, the “Chilean specificity” - characterized by the country’s good economic performance, strong competitive position internationally, and low levels of corruption - reinforced the EU’s decision to sign the AA with Chile. In addition, developments during the 1990s within both the EU and Chile favoured their rapprochement. The EU was also convinced that Chile would become a full member of Mercosur and as a result decided to begin AA negotiations with Chile and Mercosur in parallel. With this strategy, the EU aimed to both reinforce its ties with Chile ahead of a possible association agreement and promote regional integration by creating a link between the two processes, in view of Chile’s integration into Mercosur. When Chile informed the Europeans in June 2000 that it would not become a full member of Mercosur, the new team of European Commission negotiators accepted this position. With their talks with Mercosur at a standstill and Chile’s membership in that bloc off the table, the focus shifted to using the AA with Chile to reinforce the EU’s political and trade presence in a country it viewed as a “model” and a factor that contributed to regional stability
Souri, Eirini. « Global Civil Society : A Study on the Transformative Possibilities of Civil Society as an Agent in International Relations ». Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8530.
Texte intégralGlobal Civil Society is a spectrum of diverse social actors, which offers an alternative to the making of contemporary politics, and towards social change; it provides us with a new approach to change the existing global order through development rather than confrontation. For this reason, global civil society has recently attracted increased interest in the academic and political discourse and consequently has left the margins and is placed in the centre of contemporary International Relations and political theory.
Utilizing neo-Gramscian ideas this study examines global civil society’s concept and core features and focuses on its role as well as transformative possibilities as an agent in contemporary world politics. This thesis demonstrates through the findings of our
case study on "Civil Society Organisations" Response to the Fourth European Union – Latin America and the Caribbean Summit in Vienna 2006” the alternative approach in dealing with political issues and actively working towards those ends.
This research’s conclusions designate the great potentialities of civil society’s organizations, if carefully managed to transform the contemporary world; as well as the necessity of addressing global civil society in order to understand the role of the social realm in reducing the gap of legitimacy in the contemporary world order.
Schwarzkopf, Anke. « Realpolitik or reinforcement of the EU’s normative power : A Case Study on the EU’s relations with the CELAC ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130052.
Texte intégralJuřenčáková, Jana. « Srovnání podmínek podnikání v zemích EU - ČR, SR, Lotyšsko ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221467.
Texte intégralZUKOVA, Galina. « How free is free ? : free trade in goods between the EU and its candidate states : the case of Latvia ». Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4830.
Texte intégralGaziev, Farkhod. « Kondicionalita EU a rusky mluvící menšina v baltských zemích : Problémy integrace během a po vstupu do EU ». Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-368441.
Texte intégralDE, ANDRADE CORRÊA Fabiano. « The implementation of sustainable development in regional trade agreements : a case study on the European Union and MERCOSUR ». Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/28034.
Texte intégralExamining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute (Supervisor) Professor Ernst Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute Professor Markus Gehring, University of Cambridge, England Professor Adriana Dreyzin de Klor, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
First made available online 12 June 2019
This thesis addresses the implementation of sustainable development in the legal frameworks of regional integration agreements (RIAs). Sustainable development is reaffirmed as one of the main priorities of the international community, while poverty eradication and the integration of socio-environmental concerns into all governance levels remain the most pressing challenges to its implementation. Furthermore, the role of law is considered fundamental for sustainable development, but there remains a lack of analysis of how legal frameworks are effectively advancing this objective. In this regard, the thesis focuses on the laws and policies of two of the most important RIAs in force, the European Union and MERCOSUR, with a twofold objective: 1) to analyze how RIAs can provide enabling legal frameworks for the promotion of sustainable development, going beyond trade liberalization and serving as a building block between multilateral goals and their implementation at the national level; 2) to provide case studies of norms and policies developed at the regional level addressing a) poverty eradication and social justice within their internal spheres; b) trade policies and instruments that more effectively integrate socioenvironmental objectives. The research undertaken has also a comparative element that enables the consideration of whether the EU, a more developed regional organization, can provide lessons to MERCOSUR in advancing these specific issues. The conclusions show that RIAs' legal frameworks can facilitate effective translation of sustainable development goals into concrete norms and policies, bridging the divide between a multilateral system of standard setting with low implementation power, and national states with weakened capacity to deal independently with these issues. The RIAs studied have been developing procedural innovations such as 'impact assessment' instruments, and substantive innovations, such as regional development funds aimed at promoting social cohesion internally, and trade instruments that integrate development concerns in their external relations, such as preferential trade systems (GSP) linked to socio-environmental issues and trade agreements that include 'trade and sustainable development' chapters. It also provides evidence that, despite their institutional differences, the development of sustainable development laws and policies within the EU has followed a path that can provide valuable insights for MERCOSUR. Finally, the thesis argues that, despite the tensions that might arise between the implementation of these regional measures and the multilateral trade system rules, regional action might be a way to cope with the difficulty of reaching a global agreement while also reflecting more adequately local concerns. The challenge is to assure coherence and consistency with the international goals, but given the importance of promoting a more sustainable development process, this a task worth pursuing.
Lubieniecka, Ewelina. « In search for China's engagement model in Sub-Saharan Africa. Comparative analysis to the European Union and Latin America ». Doctoral thesis, 2016.
Trouver le texte intégralCelem pracy jest identyfikacja chińskiego modelu zaangażowania w Afryce subsaharyjskiej od połowy lat 90. XX wieku poprzez pokazanie, analizę i wyjaśnienie przejawów chińskiej obecności w tym regionie w porównaniu do i) zaangażowania Chin w Ameryce Łacińskiej, oraz ii) zaangażowania UE w Afryce subsaharyjskiej. Takie porównania pozwolą znaleźć ewentualne specyficzne cechy zaangażowania Chin w Afryce subsaharyjskiej. Dopiero biorąc pod uwagę szerszą perspektywę i dokonując zestawienia, można próbować ocenić domniemany eksploatacyjny charakter stosunków Chin z tym regionem. Chińskie zaangażowanie w Afryce subsaharyjskiej tworzy specyficzny model na który składają się m.in. szczególne warunki Afryki subsaharyjskiej (naturalne, geopolityczne i społeczno-kulturalne) i samych Chin.Ponadto autorka udowadnia, że zaangażowanie Chin w Afryce subsaharyjskiej ma wpływ na chińskie rozumienie zasady nieingerencji w sprawy wewnętrzne. Od początku lat 90. XX wieku Chiny przystąpiły w ograniczonym stopniu do misji pokojowych ONZ. Jednak dopiero w ostatnich latach państwo to zaangażowało swoje oddziały piechoty w misje pokojowe w Afryce (Mali i Sudan Południowy). Wcześniej żołnierze chińscy służyli w nich wyłącznie jako personel techniczny (np. jako inżynierowie). Praca opiera się na paradygmacie konstruktywistycznym, ponieważ autorka uznaje, że międzynarodowa rzeczywistość jest konstruktem społecznym kształtowanym w procesie interakcji. Autorka odrzuca neorealistyczne założenie co do decydującego wpływu anarchii na zachowania podmiotów międzynarodowych, a także uznaje znaczenie tworzonych społecznie tożsamości i interesów, które są również narażone na zmiany (np. zasada nieingerencji w sprawy wewnętrzne). Główną metodą badawczą jest analiza porównawcza. Dodatkowo autorka wykorzystuje metodę analizy systemowej, bo uznaje arenę międzynarodową za system, w którym dochodzi do interakcji aktorów. W jej wyniku dochodzi nie tylko do wewnętrznej zmiany systemu, ale także do zmian w ramach samych aktorów. Agenci w stosunkach międzynarodowych wpływają na strukturę, a struktura kształtuje ich zachowania. Na przykład Chiny wpływają na stosunki UE z państwami Afryki subsaharyjskiej (również na dyskusję na temat ich kształtu po 2020 roku) i vice versa.W celu uporządkowania analizy porównawczej, autorka postanowiła przeanalizować zjawisko rosnącej obecności Chin w Afryce subsaharyjskiej w wymiarze sektorowym, opisując: i) perspektywę historyczną i ramy instytucjonalne; ii) handel i inwestycje; iii) pokój i bezpieczeństwo; iv) pomoc i wizerunek. Takie podejście pozwala ocenić wyjątkowość lub brak wyjątkowości polityki Chin wobec Afryki subsaharyjskiej, w stosunku do głównego partnera zewnętrznego (UE) tego regionu, a także w stosunku do zaangażowania Chin w innym regionie rozwijającym się (Ameryka Łacińska) we wszystkich wyżej wymienionych sektorach. Wybór UE jako tła porównawczego wynika z faktu, że jest ona aktorem, którego polityka afrykańska jest najbardziej wszechstronna, historycznie i instytucjonalnie najmocniej zakorzeniona w porównaniu do wszystkich innych partnerów międzynarodowych Afryki subsaharyjskiej. Autorka bada również zaangażowanie Chin w Ameryce Łacińskiej w celu przeprowadzenia porównania. Jest to zasadne, ponieważ są to dwa regiony, w których agenda rozwoju ustanowiona przez Grupę Banku Światowego w latach 80. XX wieku nie powiodła się. Sukces gospodarczy Chin może być zatem rozpatrywany zarówno w Afryce subsaharyjskiej, jak i Ameryce Łacińskiej jako alternatywny modelu rozwoju.
Bartesaghi, Ignacio. « La estrategia de inserción internacional seguida por Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea en América Latina : impactos para el MERCOSUR ». Tesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/43127.
Texte intégralAleixo, Beatriz de Carvalho Ramos. « O Papel do Instituto para a Promoção da América Latina e Caraíbas na promoção do Triângulo Estratégico América Latina - Europa - África ». Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/37777.
Texte intégralIn an environment in which numerous international organisations use advocacy strategies to draw decision makers’ attention to specific themes, it is relevant to analyse the importance of Portugal in the promotion of the triangular relation Latin America – Europe – Africa in the framework of the Portuguese foreign policy and the European Union foreign policy. This work aims to conduct a study about the “Strategic Triangle Latin America – Europe – Africa” and analyses the importance of Portugal (Member-State of the European Union and a country with privileged relations and strategic position in this triangulation) in the promotion of the relation between Europe, Latin America and Africa. More specifically, this work aims to understand if the Institute for the Promotion of Latin America and the Caribbean (IPDAL) uses instruments of advocacy in promoting the strategic triangle in the framework of the Portuguese foreign policy in order to respond to the research question - How does IPDAL promote the Strategic Triangle Latin America – Europe – Africa in the framework of the Portuguese foreign policy? The presentation of the Institute, the analyses of the initiatives organized about the Strategic Triangle and the framework of this theme in the Portuguese foreign policy and in the European Union foreign policy are also described in this report, as well as a critical appraisal about the activities developed during the internship in IPDAL. Finally, it is concluded that the Institute uses instruments of advocacy in the promotion of the triangular dynamic and, consequently, it is also concluded that Portugal is a hub and a connecting link between the three regions, Latin America, Europe and Africa.
Kosiel, Marika. « Kwestia spójności społecznej we współpracy rozwojowej Unii Europejskiej z Ameryką Łacińską ». Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/119.
Texte intégralThe dissertation addresses the topic of EU relations with Latin America in the field of development cooperation. European integration has created an internal model of the cohesion policy, in which the priorities to achieve ever-greater social cohesion between the Member States and the regions were included. The aim of the dissertation is to examine the extent to which the EU's development policy in Latin America is motivated by the promotion of social cohesion, its values and instruments typical for intra-EU solutions. Development cooperation policy of the European Union is one of the most interesting dimensions of the integration process, based largely on the idea of solidarity. It was built in a more or less improvised way since 1958 but only the Treaty of Maastricht provided it with a legal basis. This policy is now one of the pillars of the EU's external relations and clearly shows the creativity of European political integration movement as well as it gives ample room to carry out the role of 'civilian power'. From its beginnings is also under heavy criticism from both sides: researchers in various fields of study areas and organizations calling for more ambitious actions and on the other side those who consider this policy as a waste of EU taxpayers' money or an expression of Unions selfishness which embodies in carrying only about the safety of its global environment. In the most extreme cases EU is considered as a neoimperial power which imposes its model of development to other countries. The Latin America region is not of a highest concern in EU external policy, despite the assurances of its strategic importance in a number of political acts. However, basing on political declarations, legal acts and working documents and development cooperation projects it may be seen how EU‘s policy towards Latin America in the studied area evolved. It was the EU that proposed a joint responsibility for social cohesion and to set the item as a central axis of the bi-regional relations. What is equally important, is that the methods used in intra-EU and accession negotiations began to be implemented in development cooperation (although in a far less intense way than in the case of cooperation with countries geographically closer to the EU). Diffusion of the concept of social cohesion is evident in various spheres of activities outside the EU: cross-border projects, enlargement policy, the European Neighbourhood Policy and development cooperation with Latin America. At the same time the issues of social development and social policy are increasingly analyzed on the international agendas. Adaptation of EU solutions and sharing the best practices is also consistent within theories on regional integration in Latin America, which may well use, for its purposes, a part of european ideas and experiences. Institutional strengthening of the region, as a partner in its relations with the EU, preserving the chosen direction of policy, may increase the effectiveness of programs (currently working thematically, regionally, subregionally and bilaterally). The EU‘s involvement in Latin America, however, should also be examined critically and various possibilities of development of the situation and the impact of economic crises on both regions shall be taken under consideration. The dissertation applied the role theory in international relations and partly the concept of mutual inter-dependence. Working hypothesis assumed that in the relations of the European Union's development cooperation with Latin America the promotion of social cohesion has become a priority. This happened as a result of evaluation of experiences in EU‘s cohesion policy and its gradual expansion in external relations. Taking this under consideration there has been made a re-evaluation of the goals eventually to make social cohesion a priority in the development of cooperation between the two regions. Interregional cooperation for development is specific and was constructed separately in comparison with previously established co-operation with the region of the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP hereinafter). According to the research objectives, the EU's development cooperation policy with Latin America has other tools than that of ACP and is closer to the the framework of the EU cohesion policy, enlargement and the European Neighbourhood Policy. At the same time social cohesion, for the fact of its weight in internal relations, by extending the European integration and the increasing diversity of integration group, led to the re-evaluation of traditional development aid. This change can be illustrated by the example of the EU's relations with Latin America. The threat to further EU‘s involvement in development cooperation and social cohesion promotion outside EU may depend on economic and social situation in th EU, especially when it comes to keeping the general public opinion as well as decision-makers view on solidarity within and outside the EU. Within the analyzed framework of development cooperation relationships, particularly in the nineties, there has been a change in the approach to the partners, the shape and priorities of development cooperation policy, the management of projects, and the language used in the policy documents, implementation and evaluation. A discourse of EU projects was imposed. On the one hand this is due to the international trends in the field of development cooperation, which supported the change in the direction of creating a more partner-oriented relationships and a new way of managing the life cycle of the project. On the other hand, the trend of increasing the effectiveness of development assistance and the importance of social cohesion is based on the controversial hypothesis of economists and practitioners. Social cohesion has become a term used frequently both in european domestic and external policies. As the term promoted by integration movement in Europe, it also affects the perception of the problem and its solutions in other areas of world, partcuarly in Latin America, where huge inequalities posed a great challenge. Furthermore, after reaching its peak, when political acts left not much room for other issues, social cohesion is now increasingly replaced by the dimension of territorial cohesion, in particular in terms of sustainable development and climate change issues, and on the other hand, in the exchange of technology.
Frýda, Jiří. « Ohrožení ekonomických zájmů EU v Jižní a Střední Americe ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-342293.
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