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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « European Union – Latvia »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "European Union – Latvia"

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Ezmale, Sandra. « SPATIAL PLANNING AND PRACTICE IN LATVIA ». SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (25 mai 2018) : 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3102.

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The current system of territorial planning in Latvia has been formed after regaining its independence in 1991. The European Union has had a great impact on the development of the concept and practice of spatial planning throughout the entire Europe and in each of the Member States, including Latvia. The common planning activities and initiatives at the European level had influenced planning practice in all the Member States. The aim of the research is to describe the development of the spatial planning system, as well as the features of planning practice in Latvia in the context of spatial planning activities at the European Union level. During the research, the author describes the development of the spatial planning concept, the typology and system of spatial planning in the European Union. Additionally, the author characterises the development of the legal framework for and practice in the spatial planning system of Latvia, as well as identifies the features of the Latvian spatial planning system and practice in the context of spatial planning activities at the European Union level. Research methods – content analysis, deductive and inductive methods, theoretical analysis of scientific literature, EU and Latvian legislation analysis, comparative analysis, etc.
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Locmelis, Kristaps, Andra Blumberga, Uldis Bariss, Dagnija Blumberga et Lauma Balode. « Industrial Energy Efficiency Towards Green Deal Transition. Case of Latvia. » Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0004.

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Abstract Energy efficiency policy has been one of the European Union top priorities for decades and will continue to play a vital role in the next 10 years with the introduction of The Clean energy for all Europeans. Likewise, in Latvia energy efficiency has been given high priority; however, the energy efficiency targets for industry has lacked ambitions. This research focuses on evaluating the Latvian industrial energy efficiency policy using top-down approach and benchmarking energy intensity of Latvian industry to the average of the European Union’s. Results confirm that on average Latvian industry consumes 2.6 times more energy to produce the same amount of value added compared to the average in the European Union; however, every saved energy unit in Latvia would save twice less CO2 emissions considering already largely decarbonized energy mix. In the spotlights of the Green Deal proposed by the European Commission, much higher contribution in terms of CO2 reduction and energy efficiency will be expected from the industry. Nevertheless, energy efficiency targets for Latvian industry should be sector-specific, separately addressing CO2 intensive sectors, and non-intensive CO2 sectors with low added value.
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Mikelsteins, Zaiga, et Thomas G. Ryan. « Increasing Inclusion and Reducing the Stigma of Special Needs in Latvia : What Can We Learn from Other Countries ? » International Journal of Educational Reform 27, no 4 (septembre 2018) : 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678791802700404.

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Latvia regained its independence in 1991 and has been slowly transforming the education system to meet the standards of the European Union (EU) and the Western world. Since regaining independence Latvia has started to integrate children with special education needs into regular schools and society; yet the process is quite restrained and measured, causing many to suggest that there must be a way and means to accelerate this process. If only Latvians could access and use practices found (Alberta) Canada or another inclusive country (Finland), that has successfully integrated students and adults with disabilities into school and society, to diminish Latvian problems such as life long dependency, poverty and social exclusion that adds to an already existing stigma of intellectual disability according to the European Union Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP, 2005). Stigma is the one issue that keeps surfacing as the key challenge for people with special needs in Latvia (Fine-Davis & Faas, 2014). Latvian society at present has minimal exposure and experience with children and adults with special needs, resulting in unawareness, avoidance, and a general misunderstanding of this population.
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Adijāne, Iveta. « ASYLUM PROCEDURE IN LATVIA - A PART OF COMMON EUROPEAN ASYLUM SYSTEM ». BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 2, no 7 (5 juillet 2018) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v2i7.3494.

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The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) conditions apply to Latvia. Development of the Common European Asylum System impacts Latvian legislation and has an effect on the work of judicial institutions. Any European Union scale change affects Latvia. Common European Asylum System conditions in Latvia are being met by direct implementation of the EU instructions. Well-considered position and evaluation of CEAS conditions according to Latvian interests is necessary. Goal of this article is to review demands of the Common European Asylum System towards the member states as well as concordance of the Latvian asylum procedure with conditions of the Common European Asylum System. Objectives of this research is to examine development of legislation in the EU and Latvia, to analyse and compare current legislation of the asylum procedure in the EU member states as well as to analyse impact of CEAS towards the asylum procedure in Latvia. In order to achieve objectives, following research methods were used: monographic research of theoretical and empirical sources in order to analyse and evaluate various asylum domain information, analytical method in order to acquire legislative content and verities, comparative method in order to discover differences in legislation of asylum procedure in the EU countries, systemic method in order to disclose interconnections in legislation, descriptive statistics method and correlation analysis in order to analyse process of the asylum procedure and determine interconnections in the asylum procedure time frame between legislation and practical instances in EU countries.
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Barānova, Daira. « Youth Unemployment Problems in European Union and Latvia ». Journal of Economics and Management Research 6 (2017) : 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jemr.6.2017.05.

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Zaļaiskalne, Anita. « Non-formal adult education in Latvia : opportunities and challenges ». Pedagoģija : teorija un prakse : zinātnisko rakstu krājums = Pedagogy : Theory and Practice : collection of scientific articles, no IX (6 avril 2020) : 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/ptp.2020.09.127.

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The article “Non-formal adult education in Latvia: opportunities and challenges” includes a presentation of adult education planning in the European Union and Latvian education policy documents. Based on data on adult participation in education and theoretical aspects of adult learning, methodological recommendations for developing the content of adult non-formal education programmes are developed.
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Biukšāne, Inese. « THE EUROPEAN UNION STRUCTURAL FUNDS’ SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATGALE ». Latgale National Economy Research 1, no 4 (23 juin 2012) : 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2012vol1.4.1823.

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The European Union structural funds financing is apportioned unevenly among the regions, including counties and cities. When allocating the received structural funds financing, the level of social and economic development of an area is not taken into account. Besides the problems of poor municipalities co–funding in the uptake of the European Union structural funds are not considered. The existing problems do not allow to the regions of Latvia to develop and to compete equally, all in all impeding development and growth of the country. According to the author’s opinion, in order to solve the social and economic problems Latvia makes inefficient use of the allocated European Union structural funds financing.
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Andžāns, Māris, Kārlis Bukovskis et Andris Sprūds. « Europeanization by European Parliament Political Groups : The Case of Latvia 2004-2019 ». Baltic Journal of Law & ; Politics 13, no 2 (1 décembre 2020) : 76–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2020-0012.

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Abstract This article assesses the top-down Europeanization of national political parties by the political groups of the European Parliament. Based on the premise that the national political parties alter their agendas and argumentation because of ties to their respective European Parliament political groups, the paper presents a case study of Latvia in the period from 2004 to 2019. The analysis focuses on the agendas of three political parties whose continuity can be clearly traced during the fifteen years – the “New Unity”, the “National Alliance” and the “Latvian Russian Union”. It concludes that the small number of members of the European Parliament elected from Latvia, migration of individual politicians from party to party, and low durability of Latvian parties themselves has limited the sustainability of Europeanization and impeded downloading of EU topics and principles to the national party level. Meanwhile, party programs of all three observed parties have Europeanized since 2004 in terms of the number and depth of the EU issues addressed.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. « LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CREATION OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BORDER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Latgale National Economy Research 1, no 4 (23 juin 2012) : 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2012vol1.4.1827.

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The proposed theme is topical from the perspective of state and public security as well as the perspectives of the law enforcement institutions tasks in regard to the Schengen Area. Tasks of law enforcement institutions should be based on harmonized international legislation as well as the Latvian and the European Union legislation. Taking into account the socio–economic development level, the small size and quantity of the population in the Republic of Latvia, law enforcement institutions can not afford to tolerate any mistakes in the control of migration process. Such mistakes are not permissible since in 2012 Latvian law enforcement institutions will have to prove the Schengen evaluation committee the ability to implement the Schengen acquis requirements on free movement of persons. The research was done during 2007 and 2012. The research emphasizes the fact that further strengthening of the status of Latvia in the European Union and the Schengen Area is possible upon the improvement of legislation, harmonization of basic concepts in legislation and terminology, standardization of the practice of law according to uniform internationally accepted principles in the context of internal and external borders legislation.
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Bulis, Aldis, Sajal Kabiraj et Md Nur Alam Siddik. « Economic Cooperation Between Latvia and China on the Background of Belt and Road Initiative with Focus on Cargo Potential ». FIIB Business Review 7, no 2 (juin 2018) : 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319714518789760.

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Latvia is a Belt and Road Initiative country and can contribute to its Eurasian Land Bridge. The existing railway infrastructure can be used for establishing the Eurasian Land Bridge Northern Branch via Latvia, but the problem is a lack of cargo for this route. It can be integrated into the existing Eurasian Land Bridge with specialization to connect China and some European countries—the Scandinavian countries. The aim of the study is to assess the potential volume of Latvian cargo for the Eurasian Land Bridge Northern Branch through Latvia. The methods of the study are statistical analyses and the forecasts of experts. Forecast of experts is an innovative method for investigating this topic. The study contributes to the discussion regarding One Belt One Road and Eurasian Land Bridge. The research shows that it is possible to establish regular container block train between Latvia and China for distribution of Chinese goods in the Scandinavian countries and vice versa because cargo potential for this route is growing, the seaport of Riga in Latvia is the shortest route to the seaport in the European Union and previous demonstration trains were successful.
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Thèses sur le sujet "European Union – Latvia"

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BERTINS, ANDRIS, et ERLANDS KRONGORNS. « Latvia in European Monetary Union gains and losses ». Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-19565.

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Janusová, Monika. « Pobaltské republiky : vývoj a specifika transformace a cesta do EU ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10426.

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The thesis focuses on the transition and the EU integration process of the Baltic States since their independence in the beginning of the 1990s until they joined the EU in 2004. Two less detailed parts introduce Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania from general and historical point of view and analyze their regional cooperation.
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Semerád, Lukáš. « Pobaltské ekonomiky v EU - trendy, perspektivy ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10445.

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The work analyses macroeconomic development of the Baltic States from the beginning of the 1990s until today and their position in the European Union evaluated on the basis of nominal and real convergence indicators. A significant part of the text is dedicated to the current economic crisis and to its impacts on the Baltic region. In this context, possible solutions and perspectives for future progress are suggested.
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Antanaitis, Tadas. « Les aspects internationaux de la fiscalité directe des entreprises dans les pays baltes ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010251/document.

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Le premier but de cette thèse de doctorat est d’analyser les aspects internationaux de la fiscalité directe des entreprises dans les pays baltes en comparant les règles des pays baltes avec les propositions de l’OCDE, les exigences du droit communautaire ainsi qu’avec les règles des autres pays européens. On analyse si les systèmes de fiscalité directe des pays baltes, qui sont relativement jeunes et n’ont pas de longues traditions, sont compatibles d’un côté avec les standards de la fiscalité internationale des pays membres de l’OCDE et, d’un autre côté, avec les exigences du droit de l’Union Européenne. Le deuxième but de la thèse est de proposer des conseils et recommandations, sur la façon dont la régulation fiscale nationale, européenne et communautaire pourrait être améliorée. A la fin de chaque chapitre ainsi qu’à la fin de chaque grande partie et à la fin de cette thèse, on présente les conseils et les recommandations. La première partie analyse les aspects internationaux de la fiscalité directe des revenus de l’activité des entreprises. La deuxième partie examine les règles concernant la fiscalité des revenus passifs (dividendes, intérêts et redevances). Dans la troisième partie on analyse les principes du droit fiscal des pays baltes concernant la lutte contre les paradis fiscaux ainsi que les principes de la coopération internationale entre les administrations fiscales
The first objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the international aspects of taxation of companies in the Baltic States. The research compares the rules of tax law in the Baltic countries with the OECD proposals and recommendations, EU law requirements as well as with analogical rules in other European countries. It analyzes whether rules of direct taxation of companies in the Baltic countries, which are relatively young and do not have long traditions, follow the international standards proposed by the OECD as well, whether these rules are compatible with EU law requirements and analogical rules of other European states. The second goal of this thesis is to provide advice and recommendations on how national tax law and the provisions of EU law could be improved. Advice and recommendations are being presented at the end of each chapter, then at the end of each major part and finally, at the end of whole thesis. The first part analyses the international aspects of direct taxation of income from business activity. The second part devoted to examining the rules regarding the taxation of passive income (dividends, interest and royalties). Finally, the third part analyses the principles of tax law in the Baltic countries concerning tax havens and the international cooperation between tax administrations
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Santos, André Luis Nascimento dos. « A União Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e a sua diplomacia cooperante para a América Latina ». Escola de Administração da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2012. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/17330.

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O presente trabalho busca compreender como a diplomacia dos direitos humanos da União Europeia ao longo dos anos 2000, têm sido concebida e implementada no que concerne à sua agenda de cooperação pública para a América Latina. Diante desta pergunta, o trabalho busca realizar uma ampla reflexão teórica acerca da construção da ideia de uma gramática de Direitos Humanos pelo mundo ocidental e a sua consequente instrumentalização nos tempos atuais por parte das potências. Essa reflexão tenta compreender como a Europa, a partir dos seus processos de integração, internalizou a ideia de ser o berço dos Direitos Humanos, tanto na sua política doméstica, como na sua política externa. Uma ideia que movimenta uma agenda diplomática que se expressa tanto a partir de práticas meritórias de cooperação, como, também, de usos e abusos da retórica de poder em prol da manutenção da potestade europeia no âmbito das Relações Internacionais. Cinco foram os andaimes metodológicos utilizados para a consecução da presente pesquisa, quais sejam: o exercício de um olhar cético sob a temática dos Direitos Humanos; a busca por uma construção histórica em perspectiva de path dependence sobre a tradição desses direitos; um esforço por realizar uma sociologia dos atores; a busca por compreender o fenômeno dos Direitos Humanos sob o prisma multiescalar; e, por fim, a preocupação de não perder de vista a dimensão meritória dos Direitos Humanos enquanto elemento portador de energia avatar capaz de plasmar, a partir de si, os ideários para um mundo menos anárquico, em que pese os cinismos, as instrumentalizações e as políticas de ganho. This study seeks to understand how human rights diplomacy of the European Union throughout the 2000s has been managed in relation to the European Union’s public cooperation agenda for Latin America. Before this question, the study attempts to make a broad theoretical reflection about the construction of the idea of a Human Rights Grammar by the western world and its consequent instrumentalisation by the current established powers. This reflection tries to understand how Europe, through its integration processes, has internalized the idea of being the cradle of human rights, both in its domestic policy as in foreign policy. An idea that moves a diplomatic agenda expressed both from meritorious practices of cooperation, as from uses and misuses of rhetorical power for the maintenance of the European status within the international relations. Five methodological scaffolding have been used for the achievement of this research, which are: the exercise of a skeptical look on the theme of Human Rights; the search for a historical building in perspective of path dependence on the tradition of these rights; an effort to accomplish a sociology of the actors; the quest for understanding the phenomenon of human rights through the multiscale prism; and, finally, the desire not to lose sight of the meritorious dimension of human rights as the carrier of avatar energy capable of shaping from itself the ideals for a less anarchic world, despite the cynicisms, instrumentalizations and the gain policies.
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Silva, Parejas María Cristina. « América Latina y El Caribe-Unión Europea : tendencias del diálogo birregional en la era CELAC ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136748.

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Soto, Ordenes Rodrigo Andrés, et Imaray Héctor Eduardo Lara. « La dimensión social en la Unión Europea : un ejemplo para la cohesión social en América Latina y el Caribe ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2007. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113395.

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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
La finalidad de este trabajo, es la de contribuir al mejor entendimiento de los circuitos por los que transitan los aspectos sociales en los diversos procesos de integración, en la Unión Europea y América Latina y El Caribe, así como las relaciones y estrategias adoptadas entre ambos. El primer capitulo de este trabajo, se refiere a la evolución de las políticas sociales en la Unión Europea; Para ello veremos su evolución, partiendo desde sus orígenes, en el Tratado de Roma, hasta la actual Unión Europea en el Tratado de Niza, conoceremos sus instituciones, y su aporte al desarrollo de la dimensión social en la integración europea. Se analizaran las diversas disposiciones sociales y sus principales modificaciones y como ello ha repercutido en el desarrollo de la región, sus logros sociales, políticos y económicos; un ejemplo que debe servir de modelo para aquellas regiones donde los procesos de integración son incipientes, en especial en lo relativo a lo social, tal como ocurre en América latina. En este capitulo estudiaremos los diversos aspectos de la dimensión social del proceso de integración europeo tales como educación, empleo, formación profesional, etcétera, los cuales servirán al lector para conocer y comprender los temas realmente importantes en una sociedad, los que a su vez sirven como parámetro para los países en vías de desarrollo. El tema central de este trabajo, se avoca al estudio de los procesos de integración de América Latina y El Caribe en su dimensión social, orígenes, instituciones, objetivos y disposiciones sociales. Para destacar la importancia del diálogo social, este capitulo nos lleva al estudio de los siguientes procesos de integración: El Mercado Común Centroamericano, El Mercado Común del Caribe, La Comunidad Andina de Naciones y El MERCOSUR. El Tercer Capitulo de este trabajo plantea la necesidad de incluir una Asociación Estratégica entre la Unión Europea y América Latina y El Caribe; en este capitulo analizamos los principios, objetivos y prioridades para una mejor relación económica, social y política entre la Unión Europea y América Latina y El Caribe, elementos comunes que lo permiten, y expectativas futuras, de dicha Asociación Estratégica; En este tercer capitulo, hemos incluido un apartado especial, relativo al Acuerdo de Asociación Política, Económica y de Cooperación entre la Unión Europea y Chile, por la importancia que para nuestro país y la región significa un instrumento de esta naturaleza. El capitulo final de esta investigación, es el relativo a las propuestas acerca del tema; Este capitulo pretende plantear hipótesis y respuestas a interrogantes, que puedan surgir a partir del estudio de los capítulos precedentes. Esto es, sin perjuicio, por ejemplo de la referencia y estudio de las Cumbres Birregionales entre la Unión Europea y América Latina en Río de Janeiro (1999), Madrid (2002) y Guadalajara (2004), sin perjuicio de incluir la de Viena, que se llevara a efecto en Mayo del año 2006.
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Wiley, James. « Una política, tres perspectivas : la Unión Europea y el intercambio del banano ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119953.

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En julio de 1993, la Unión Europea (U.E.) inició el Reglamento (C.E.E.) Número 404/93 como su nueva política para gobernar la importación del banano. Este acto fue parte de su intento de crear un mercado común entre los quince países miembros. Como el mercado bananero más grande del mundo, la UE y sus políticas tienen un gran impacto sobre la producción y el intercambio de esta fruta, la fruta fresca del volumen más grande del intercambio mundial. Esta ponencia considera la nueva política y sus impactos desde tres perspectivas, las cuales representan las tres categorías mayores de productores de los bananos que consumen los residentes de los quince países. Estas categorías incluyen los países exportadores latinoamericanos, el grupo Mricano-CaribeñoPacífico  (A.C.P.) de productores vinculados con la U.E. por medio del Convenio de Lomé, y la U.E. por sí misma. Este grupo de países tan diversos también indican las dimensiones Norte-Sur de la situación. La ponencia es basada en investigaciones realizadas en Costa Rica, en Dominica, y en Bruselas, sede de la Comisión Europea, rama ejecutiva de la U.E. Las perspectivas de las tres categorías de productores son muy distintas. En su análisis final, la ponencia sugerirá que una política forzada en Bruselas sirva como ejemplo de los procesos de globalización ya evidente en la economía mundial e intentará evaluar la justificación para el Reglamento (C.E.E.) 404/93 ofrecida por la U.E, considerando sus impactos en las tres regiones productoras.   In July, 1993 the European Union (E.U.) implemented Council Regulation 404/93 as its governing policy for the importation of bananas. This was done as part of its larger Single European Market. As the world's largest market for bananas, E.U. policies have a great impact on the production and trade of this fruit, the world's largest trade fresh fruit commodity by volume. This paper examines the policy and its impacts from three perspectives, representing the three major categories of producers of the bananas consumed by E.U. residents. Those categories include Latin American exporting countries, African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) banana producers linked to the E.U. by the Lomé Convention, and the European Union itself. Such a grouping of countries indicates the North/South dimensions of the issue. The paper is based upon research done in Costa Rica, Dominica, and Brussels, headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the E.U. The perspectives on the policy vary greatly, depending upon which source is considered. In its final analysis, the paper considers how a policy forged in Brussels exemplifies larger issues of globalization in the world economy and it attempts to evaluate the justification of Council Regulation 404/93 offered by the EU in view of its impacts in each of the three producing regions.
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Einaudi, Luca. « Money and politics : European Monetary Unification and the International Gold Standard (1865-73) ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272808.

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Morán, Rodríguez María Ángeles. « Medio ambiente y desarrollo sostenible en las regiones económicas de MERCOSUR y Unión Europea ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119312.

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Los países integrantes del MERCOSUR al igual que el resto de América Latina y el Caribe están muy sensibilizados por los temas ambientales y su actuación quedó demostrada en la Cumbre de Río, donde llevaron su propio informe titulado Nuestra Propia Agenda. Allí plantearon como tema prioritario el desarrollo sostenible y las líneas a seguir para conseguir dicho objetivo. Entre las medidas a adoptar destacan la erradicación de la pobreza, el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos naturales, el ordenamiento del territorio, el desarrollo tecnológico compatible con la realidad social y natural, una nueva estrategia económica y social, una organización y movilización social, y una reforma del estado. Esta ponencia toma en cuenta estas estrategias ambientales para el desarrollo sostenible, enmarcándolas dentro de un plan global que presenta un reto especialmente para los países más pobres.   MERCOSUR members as well as the rest of the Latin American and the Caribbean countries are highly sensible to the environmental issues and their behavior was demonstrated at the Río Conference, where they brought their own opinion in a work paper titled Our Own Agenda. There, they stated as priority the sustainable development and set the action lines to follow in order to get such objective. Among the adopting measures were the elimination of poverty, the sustainable use of natural resources, land management, technological development according to social and natural reality, a new economic and social strategy, a social mobility and organization, and a reform of the State. This paper takes in account these environmental strategies to sustainable development within a framework of a global plan that in itself is a challenge especially to the poorest countries.
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Livres sur le sujet "European Union – Latvia"

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Docalavich, Heather. Latvia. Philadelphia : Mason Crest Publishers, 2012.

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Docalavich, Heather. Latvia. Philadelphia : Mason Crest Publishers, 2006.

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Institute, Open Society, dir. Monitoring the EU accession process : Corruption and anti-corruption policy ; 2002 country reports [from] Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia. Budapest : New York, 2002.

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Birkavs, V. Latvia and Estonia--partners on the way to Europe : Aula Lecture, May 7, 1998. Tartu : Tartu University Press, 1998.

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Evas, Tatjana. Judicial application of European Union law in post-communist countries : The cases of Estonia and Latvia. Farnham, Surrey, England : Ashgate Pub. Company, 2012.

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Program, EU Accession Monitoring, dir. Monitoring the EU accession process : Minority protection : country reports, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia. Budapest, Hungary : Central European University Press, 2001.

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Latvia) Konference "Mācoties Eiropas Savienībā : tiesības--demokrātijas balsts" (2008 Rīga. Eiropas Savienība un tiesiska valsts : Latvijas pieredze = European Union and the rule of law : experience of Latvia. Rīga : Rīgas Juridiskā augstskola, 2009.

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Legal aspects of trade in goods between the EU and its candidate states : The case of Latvia. Rīga, Latvija : Latvijas Vēstnesis, 2004.

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European Commission. Directorate-General XXII, Education, Training, and Youth. et EURYDICE, dir. Supplement to the study on the structures of the education and initial training systems in the European Union : The situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia and Cyprus. Brussels : EURYDICE, 1999.

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The Baltic States from the Soviet Union to the European Union : Identity, discourse and power in the post-Communist transition of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. New York, NY : Earthscan, 2012.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "European Union – Latvia"

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Kusins, Gunars. « The Constitution of Latvia and the European Union ». Dans Eine Verfassung für die Europäische Union, 319–28. Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-09857-7_21.

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Balodis, Ringolds. « Religious Minorities and Their Rights in Latvia ». Dans European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World, 369–86. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06998-7_16.

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Győrffy, Dóra. « Crisis Management Outside the Euro-Zone : The Cases of Hungary, Latvia, and Romania ». Dans Trust and Crisis Management in the European Union, 147–90. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69212-8_6.

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Kuzborska-Pacha, Elżbieta, et Jolanta Apolevič. « Legal Protection of National Minorities in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland : Current Issues ». Dans European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World, 329–68. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06998-7_15.

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Теrеškinas, Artūras, Annija Kārkliņa et Anita Rodiņa. « Between Injustice and Legal Change : The Situation of LGBTQ+ People in Latvia and Lithuania ». Dans European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World, 387–409. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06998-7_17.

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Kanels, Juris. « Impact of Joining the European Union on the Development of Transport Policy in the Republic of Latvia ». Dans Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 625–36. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12450-2_60.

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Eliáš, Karel. « Mezi uchou a bujabézou ». Dans Pocta prof. Josefu Bejčkovi k 70. narozeninám, 641–58. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0094-2022-29.

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The paper examines the civil law codifications in twenty-two countries of Central Eastern Europe, in the area between Germany and Russia. It analyses the reasons for the emergence of major codifications in this area, where the decisive part was played by the 1811 General Civil Code, and notes the import of the French Code civil to parts of contemporary Poland and Lithuania. It considers the period between the World Wars, when many of the renewed and newly established states attempted to make their own codifications, which were successful only in Albania and Latvia. In the following section, he points to alternative conception of lawmaking and the concept of the legal system in the Soviet Union, forced by Vyshinsky, which resulted in the doctrine of separate branches of law denying the universal function of civil law. This concept was imported into the Soviet sphere of influence won in the Second World War. From 1990 onwards, a turn took place and new tendencies have not yet ended. Of these states, half have become members of the European Union, five others have the candidate status.
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Ayuso, Anna. « Latin America and the European Union ». Dans The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Development, 192–202. London ; New York : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315162935-17.

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Kaša, Rita, et Inta Mieriņa. « Introduction ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 1–10. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_1.

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Abstract This volume contributes to research on migration from Latvia, a country in Central Eastern Europe (CEE), following the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1991. The experience of independent Latvia with borders opening up to the world and more specifically to the West has turned out to be both a rewarding and wounding experience for communities in the country. On the rewarding side, individuals have gained liberty – an ability to travel the world freely, to see and live in the countries which were beyond the closed doors of the Soviet Union just some decades ago. This freedom, however, has also brought the sense of cost to the society – people are going abroad as if dissolving into other worlds, away from their small homeland. The context of decreasing birth rates and ageing in the country seems to amplify a feeling of loss which is supported by hard evidence. Research shows a worrying 17% decline in Latvia’s population between 2000 and 2013. One third of this is due to declining birth rates and two-thirds is caused by emigration (Hazans 2016). This situation has turned out to be hurtful experience for communities in Latvia causing a heightened sense of grief especially during the Great Recession which shook the country at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century. By 2013 the feeling of crises even larger than the economic downturn came to a head in Latvian society, pushing the government for the first time in the history of independent Latvia to recognise the migration of the country’s nationals and to acknowledge diaspora politics as an important item on the national policy agenda.
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Ikstens, Jānis. « Does EUrope Matter ? The EU and Latvia’s Political Parties ». Dans The European Union and Party Politics in Central and Eastern Europe, 86–106. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596658_5.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "European Union – Latvia"

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Balodis, Dzintars, et Irina Pilvere. « European Union funding for rural development in Latvia ». Dans 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.006.

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Rural areas are defined differently in various literature sources. However, any scientist points to changes in rural areas that are associated with the outflow of people to cities and land abandonment in some regions. The multifunctionality of rural areas determines their importance in the development of any country. In the European Union (EU), 28.0 % of the EU-28 population lived in a rural area in 2015, while in Latvia – 32.3 % of its total population. Therefore, support instruments of the second pillar of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (rural development) contribute to a sufficient standard of living for the rural population and include both economic and social objectives. The research aims to analyse the EU support instruments for rural development that promote economic and social development in rural areas in Latvia. The research analyses the definition of the concept of rural territory given in national and EU policy documents and the results of project-type measures of the EU CAP second pillar (rural development) support instruments implemented during the planning period 2014-2020 for national rural development policy. It was found that in Latvia total available public funding for the RDP 2014-2020 was EUR 1.541 million, there were 6 main priorities and 88 % projects were funded at the end of February 2021. Progress in implementing the support measure Farm and business development was analysed in detail.
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BERMANIS, Raimonds, Inga STRAUPE et Andra ZVIRBULE. « EUROPEAN UNION FRAMEWORK FOR FORESTRY SUPPORT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN LATVIA ». Dans RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.177.

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The Paper covers an analysis of most significant European Union (EU) legal acts regulating financial support granted for private forestry over the period of 2014-2020, coherence to support measures implemented in Latvia for a certain period. The review consists of two main legal acts from the EU - Forest Strategy for forests and the forest-based sector and the EU regulation No. 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council on support for rural development by the European Agriculture Fund for Rural development, while from the national perspective, the review was prepared for Latvia’s Rural development programme (NRDP) for the period 2014-2020 and national regulations issued by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia. The paper focuses on the support measures intended to foster and develop forestry sector, evaluating priorities and expected results laid down in the EU documents, versus measures implemented in Latvia through the NRDP 2014-2020, related to national regulations and rules of the responsible state authorities. The analysis contains several groups of measures applicable for private forestry: 1) Information, advice, knowledge and efficiency; 2) Forestry activities; 3) Investments in forestry; 4) Nature care. Not all the measures which may be introduced according to the EU regulations No. 1305/2013 were implemented for private forestry support in Latvia, also several in the NRDP 2014-2020 affordable measures were not introduced practically till November 2017, but regarding those which have already been implemented, their impact on forestry development should be further estimated.
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Urbane, Marta. « The Future of the Employee’s Right to Disconnect in the European Union and Latvia ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002285.

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The right to disconnect refers to a worker's right to be able to disconnect from work and refrain from engaging in work-related electronic communication, like emails and other messages, during non-work hours and holidays. The Latvian Labor Law does not directly determine the right to disconnect from digital devices, however, such rights arise from certain legal norms. Examples of the provisions of the Labor Law relate to the general rules on rest periods and breaks in work. The recent research results of remote work during Covid-19 pandemic conducted by the author show that for 69.3% of respondents working remotely possibility to disconnect from digital devices outside working hours (when the assigned work tasks have been completed) is extremely crucial. If the rights to disconnect are not explicitly regulated, the risk of disbalance between work and private life is at stake. The increase in workload during the emergency caused by COVID-19 was indicated by 42.7% of respondents in Latvia. That shows that another problem of lack of regulation of rights to disconnect could be unpaid overtime. The research shows that 14.7% of respondents were not paid for overtime work when working from home. The practice shows a critical need for sustainable and predictable changes in the legal system to protect employees’ rights and thus ensure stable employment in general in Latvia. It was also recently decided by Employment Committee MEPs that EU countries must ensure that workers are able to exercise the right to disconnect effectively. Some of the member states in the European Union have recently implemented the right into their legal system (Portugal, Spain, France), but each member state takes a different approach. That means that discussion is no longer if there is a need to implement the “right to disconnect” in national legal acts, but how to implement the right efficiently not only at a national level but at the EU level as well.The goal of the research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the legal status of the “right to disconnect” in the legal system of the European Union and Latvia. In order to reach the goal, the author is using various scientific research methods. The paper is based on a quantitative research method and analytical, comparative, case law analysis method to provide valid conclusions on the current role of the “right to disconnect” in Latvia and the European Union. The author also offers recommendations on how to implement the “right to disconnect” efficiently to avoid violation of employees’ rights and ensure a sustainable work environment.In the result, the author has concluded that the biggest impediment of the employee's right to disconnect is the lack of clear legislative preconditions that would encourage businesses to preserve employees' freedom to disconnect, resulting in a more sustainable working environment - both in the office and remotely.Finally, the author concludes that there is a need to adjust regulation in Latvia to meet the needs of widespread use of remote work. The author also concludes that a significant role to protect employees’ right to disconnect is for governmental authorities to explain the right to disconnect to employees and employers.
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Latviete, Ilze, et Irina Pilvere. « Social policy in the employment field in latvia after league European Union ». Dans The 6th International Scientific Conference "Business and Management 2010". Vilnius, Lithuania : Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2010.087.

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Stepina, Mairita, et Modrite Pelse. « European Union funding support to Latvian municipalities for degraded areas revitalization ». Dans Research for Rural Development 2022 : annual 28th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.28.2022.033.

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The formation and existence of degraded areas is one of the consequences of civilization, which has a negative impact on both the environment and economic development in the municipality. The problem of degraded areas has been faced by all countries worldwide, including Latvia, when as a result of the change of the state political system in the 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet system, a large number of inactive production companies appeared, resulting in a significant number of polluted / degraded areas. To solve the existing problem, local governments in Latvia use European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) funding under the Operational Program ‘Growth and Employment’ 5.6.2, specific support objective ‘Revitalization of territories by regenerating degraded areas in accordance with local government integrated development programs’ (SSO 5.6.2) to ensure the sustainable development of the territory by revitalizing degraded areas. In the implementation of projects, local governments must ensure the fulfilment of the indicators planned in the projects in the following groups of indicators: the area of degraded areas has been renewed, adapted for the location of new businesses or expansion of existing businesses in order to promote employment and economic activity in local governments; new jobs created in supported areas; non-financial investments made by businesses located in the supported territory in their own intangible investments and fixed assets. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the indicators of the implemented projects in order to be able to draw conclusions about the financial aspects of the project implementation and the progress of the project implementation.
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Graudina, Iveta, Iluta Arbidane et Agate Viluma. « Attitudes toward the European Union 15 Years after Accession : Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland ». Dans V International Scientific Congress SOCIETY OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011357200003350.

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Kučs, Artūrs. « Satversmes atvērtība starptautiskajām cilvēktiesībām ». Dans Latvijas Universitātes 80. starptautiskā zinātniskā konference. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/juzk.80.01.

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This article explores the topic on interaction between fundamental rights protected in the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia (Satversme), international human rights and European Union law. The author reflects the evolution of the principle of openness in Satversme toward international human rights by analysing influence of international human rights law upon Latvia’s fundamental rights protection system through the course of history – in the interwar period, after the restoration of the independence and in adoption of fundamental rights chapter of Satversme. Further on, the author analyses the application of international human rights law and European Union law in the Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence and identifies controversial issues.
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Hurbánková, Ľubica. « ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Dans Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.137.

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Paper deals with the analysis of research and development expenditure. Expenditure per capita in European Union countries in years 2009 - 2018 and total research and development expenditure in million Euro are analyzed. The aim of the paper is to find out in which countries expenditure per capita increased the most during the observed period and in which it decreased, what was the average annual growth rate of this indicator. Contribution method will help to analyze how the total research and development expenditure in 27 European Union countries has changed, what was the share of each country in this expenditure, which countries contributed the most to this change and which the least. Research and development expenditure per capita increased average annually between 2009 and 2018 in all analyzed countries, except Luxembourg and Finland, where it decreased. The highest average annual growth was recorded in Poland (12.48%), Latvia (10.50%), Slovakia (10.47%) and Bulgaria (10.38%). Total research and development expenditure increased in 2018 compared to 2009 by 41.65%, Germany (18.11%) and France (4.29%) contributed the most to this increase.
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Popluga, Dina, et Gunta Grinberga-Zalite. « HOW READY ARE SOCIETY FOR EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL : CASE STUDY FROM LATVIA ? » Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s21.076.

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Awareness of the importance of sustainable agriculture has increased in recent decades. One of the reasons for this is the widespread use of synthetic pesticides and their possible secondary negative effects on valuable carnivores and biodiversity. Therefore, the need for biological and environmentally friendly alternatives to pest control has become relevant. This relevance is also reinforced by the European Union's Green Deal agenda and its underlying strategy - Farm to Fork, which aim to mitigate climate change, prevent biodiversity loss and feed Europeans healthily. This study aims to assess the attitude of the Latvian society, in particular specific stakeholder�s groups playing important role in food systems, towards the achievement of the goals set in the European Union�s Green Deal agenda regarding the reduction of pesticide use and the search for alternative ways of protecting harvests from pests and diseases. There are several important signals arising from the results of this study and timely response to them can help policy makers, scientists, consultants and practitioners to contribute in reaching EU Green Deal goals, to redesigning existing food systems and to promote greater use of safe alternative ways of protecting harvests from pests.
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Skvorcovs, Aleksandrs, Tatjana Titareva et Graurs Igors. « The development trends of the main drivers for attracting students into the tertiary education sector in Latvia – distance learning and internationalization ». Dans Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8013.

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The European Union (EC-JRC, 2010), has stressed that higher education must change and adapt to economic and social needs, that institutional change is essential to educational innovation, and that information and communication technologies (ICT) must form part of the teaching and learning process. The second international challenge is to encourage international cooperation between institutions in order to share knowledge across borders and facilitate collaboration (Morin, 2009) and post-cosmopolitan citizenship (Dobson and Bell, 2006). The dramatic decrease of the number of students in Latvia in the last 10 years by 64% and disproportionally high number of HE institutions, makes Latvia’s Government, the Ministry of Education and Science and higher education institutions to look for new ways to structure and optimize the processes in the higher education sector. The main research question of this paper is: the general development trends of the main drivers for attracting more students into the tertiary education sector in Latvia by means of online education and internationalization. The relevance of the research: the authors review the intersections of the distance learning and internationalization as the optimal solutions for the critical situation in the Latvian higher education sector with lack of students.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "European Union – Latvia"

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Domínguez, Roberto. Perceptions of the European Union in Latin America. Fundación Carolina, janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt76en.

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This working paper examines the puzzle of the gaps between the images that the EU projects, voluntarily and involuntarily, and the perceptions of the EU in Latin America. After reviewing some of the debates related to the role of perceptions in public policy and EU Public Diplomacy (EUPD), the paper analyzes some critical developments in global perceptions of the EU based on the study Update of the 2015 Analysis of the Perception of the EU and EU Policies Abroad (2021 Update Study), which assessed the attitudes of the EU in 13 countries. The third section examines some studies on the attitudes of the EU in Latin America, including some contributions from Latinobarometer. The fourth section offers comparative cases of EU perception in Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia based on the findings of the 2021 Update Study. The analysis of each country relies on the interpretation of surveys with some references to the press analysis and interview methods provided in the 2021 Update Study. Each case discusses specific trends in the following areas: visibility, primary descriptors, global economics, and international leadership. Also, it identifies some patterns in perceptions of the EU in social development, climate change, research/technology, development assistance, culture, the case of the critical juncture in the survey (pandemic), and the EU as a normative setter. The final section offers some general trends in the perceptions of the EU in Latin America.
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Domínguez, Roberto. Percepciones de la Unión Europea en América Latina. Fundación Carolina, janvier 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt76es.

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Este documento de trabajo estudia el rompecabezas de la distancia entre las imágenes que la UE proyecta, de forma voluntaria e involuntaria, y las percepciones de la UE en América Latina. Después de revisar algunos de los debates relacionados con el papel de las percepciones en la política pública y la Diplomacia Pública de la UE, en el artículo se analizan algunos avances importantes en las percepciones de la UE a escala mundial a partir del estudio Análisis de la percepción de la UE y de las políticas europeas en el extranjero de 2015 (Estudio actualizado de 2021), que evaluó las actitudes hacia la UE en 13 países. La tercera sección examina algunos estudios sobre las actitudes hacia la UE en América Latina, incluidas ciertas contribuciones del Latinobarómetro. La cuarta sección recoge casos comparables de percepción de la UE en Brasil, México y Colombia a partir de los resultados del Estudio actualizado de 2021. El análisis de cada país se centra en la interpretación de las encuestas, aunque hay ciertas referencias a los métodos del análisis de la prensa y las entrevistas que se utilizaron en el Estudio actualizado de 2021. Cada caso aborda las tendencias específicas en los siguientes ámbitos: visibilidad, descriptores princi- pales, economía global y liderazgo internacional. Además, identifica ciertos patrones en las percepciones de la UE en los ámbitos del desarrollo social, el cambio climático, la investigación y la tecnología, la ayuda al desarrollo, la cultura, el caso del momento clave de la encuesta (pandemia) y la UE como referente normativo. La sección final se centra en ciertas tendencias generales en las percepciones de la UE en América Latina.
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Verdes Montenegro, Francisco. La autonomía estratégica de la Unión Europea : ¿en qué lugar queda América Latina ? Fundación Carolina, avril 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt65.

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En poco más de un lustro, dos interpretaciones de la autonomía estratégica se han ido abriendo paso en el marco de la Unión Europea: una restringida —más apegada a la dimensión de defensa— y otra ampliada, con carácter multidimensional. Cada una de ellas tiene un origen y características diferentes, así como una percepción de América Latina que varía e influye en la propia forma de enfocar la relación birregional y su asociación estratégica. Por ello, el presente trabajo revisa, en primer lugar, la evolución de una noción disputada en el seno de la UE para, en segundo término, abordar cómo cada una de estas aproximaciones a la autonomía estratégica de la UE —restringida y ampliada— condiciona sus relaciones hacia América Latina. Asimismo, y para concluir, se aborda un ejemplo paradigmático de cooperación birregional que marca una pauta para futuros programas de cooperación entre ambas regiones en esta materia.
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González Rozada, Martín, et Hernán Ruffo. Do Trade Agreements Contribute to the Decline in Labor Share ? Evidence from Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003790.

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In this paper, we explore the role of trade in the evolution of labor share in Latin American countries. We use trade agreements with large economies (the United States, the European Union, and China) to capture the effect of sharp changes in trade. In the last two decades, labor share has displayed a negative trend among those countries that signed trade agreements, while in other countries labor share increased, widening the gap by 7 percentage points. We apply synthetic control methods to estimate the average causal impact of trade agreements on labor share. While effects are heterogeneous in our eight case studies, the average impact is negative between 2 to 4 percentage points of GDP four years after the entry into force of the trade agreements. This result is robust to the specification used and to the set of countries in the donor pool. We also find that, after trade agreements, exports of manufactured goods and the share of industry in GDP increase on average, most notably in the case studies where negative effects on labor share are significant. A decomposition shows that all the reduction in labor share is explained by a negative impact on real wages.
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Gómez, Arantza. Interregionalismo y Acuerdos de Asociación UE - América Latina y el Caribe. Fundación Carolina, septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt54.

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Los acuerdos entre la Unión Europea (UE) y América Latina se han desarrollado desde los años noventa en etapas económicas dispares por diversos motivos. Los primeros, como el Acuerdo con Chile o el Acuerdo con México, se produjeron en circunstancias económicas de crecimiento en la UE, con una estabilidad política mundial en aumento desde el final de la Guerra Fría, y con Estados Unidos como principal competidor comercial. Sin embargo, desde finales de la década de 2000, las sucesivas crisis económicas creadas por la crisis financiera, la del euro, el ascenso del euroescepticismo, la pandemia, la vuelta al proteccionismo y la consolidación de China a escala internacional -poniendo fin a la unipolaridad hegemónica de Estados Unidos— implica que la UE necesita más que nunca desarrollar acuerdos de asociación con otras regiones y países, incluyendo a los de América Latina y el Caribe. De hecho, cabe considerar que, si la UE no es capaz de establecer acuerdos con países con valores económicos y políticos similares a los suyos, apenas tendrá posibilidades de suscribir otros con países distintos; por lo que su futuro económico podría estar en una situación delicada.
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Znojek, Bartłomiej. América Latina en la política de los países del Grupo de Visegrado desde 2004. Fundación Carolina, septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt52.

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América Latina nunca ha sido un área prioritaria para los miembros del Grupo de Visegrado (o V4): Chequia, Eslovaquia, Hungría y Polonia. No obstante, la cooperación de todos ellos con sus socios latinoamericanos ha ido avanzando sustancialmente. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la evolución del lugar de América Latina en la política de los cuatro países centroeuropeos desde su adhesión a la Unión Europea (UE) en 2004. Se analizan tres dimensiones de esta cooperación: la bilateral, la de la UE y la del V4, como conjunto. El trabajo muestra los principales factores que influyen en la posición de los países V4 sobre América Latina y las concepciones de la política de estos países hacia la región. Después se presenta el desarrollo de esas relaciones en tres ámbitos: el diálogo político, la cooperación comercial y las relaciones socioculturales. En las conclusiones se compara la evolución de las relaciones entre los países del V4 y América Latina, y se hacen recomendaciones sobre cómo se podrían intensificar estos contactos.
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Xalma, Cristina, et Martín Rivero. Instrumentos innovadores, cooperación financiera, Sur-Sur y Triangular. Fundación Carolina, octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt55.

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En el momento de redactar este artículo, se había cumplido poco más de un año desde que la Organiza- ción Mundial de la Salud declarara el 11 de marzo de 2020 que el mundo estaba sufriendo una pandemia que ha provocado una crisis global de dimensiones muy significativas. En términos históricos, es poco el tiempo transcurrido. Sin embargo, sus graves consecuencias obligan a abordar con el mayor de los detalles qué respuesta está dando la comunidad internacional para tratar de superarla, y cómo hacerlo sin renunciar a los compromisos de inclusión y sostenibilidad que el mundo se propuso alcanzar a través del logro de la Agenda 2030. A estos efectos, y en el marco de incertidumbre que aún persiste, este artículo analiza las soluciones adoptadas para hacer frente a la COVID-19, desde los ámbitos global, de la Unión Europea (UE) y de América Latina y el Caribe. Para ello examina, primero, la respuesta dada desde el multilateralismo: se estudia el modo en que esta se ha ido moldeado —desde la emergencia hasta la búsqueda de soluciones de más largo plazo—, y se identifican y caracterizan los instrumentos innovadores impulsados para tratar de superar la crisis global. En un segundo bloque, el artículo se centra en otra herramienta que puede contribuir a esa respuesta: la cooperación internacional, con un eje especial en la UE y en la alianza entre esta y América Latina y el Caribe, en las modalidades de Cooperación Sur-Sur y Cooperación Triangular.
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Xalma, Cristina, et Martín Rivero. Instrumentos innovadores, cooperación financiera, Sur-Sur y Triangular. Fundación Carolina, octobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt55.

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En el momento de redactar este artículo, se había cumplido poco más de un año desde que la Organiza- ción Mundial de la Salud declarara el 11 de marzo de 2020 que el mundo estaba sufriendo una pandemia que ha provocado una crisis global de dimensiones muy significativas. En términos históricos, es poco el tiempo transcurrido. Sin embargo, sus graves consecuencias obligan a abordar con el mayor de los detalles qué respuesta está dando la comunidad internacional para tratar de superarla, y cómo hacerlo sin renunciar a los compromisos de inclusión y sostenibilidad que el mundo se propuso alcanzar a través del logro de la Agenda 2030. A estos efectos, y en el marco de incertidumbre que aún persiste, este artículo analiza las soluciones adoptadas para hacer frente a la COVID-19, desde los ámbitos global, de la Unión Europea (UE) y de América Latina y el Caribe. Para ello examina, primero, la respuesta dada desde el multilateralismo: se estudia el modo en que esta se ha ido moldeado —desde la emergencia hasta la búsqueda de soluciones de más largo plazo—, y se identifican y caracterizan los instrumentos innovadores impulsados para tratar de superar la crisis global. En un segundo bloque, el artículo se centra en otra herramienta que puede contribuir a esa respuesta: la cooperación internacional, con un eje especial en la UE y en la alianza entre esta y América Latina y el Caribe, en las modalidades de Cooperación Sur-Sur y Cooperación Triangular.
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Oliveri, María Laura. Envejecimiento y atención a la dependencia en Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002891.

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Argentina es uno de los países con población más envejecida en América Latina y el Caribe y continúa envejeciendo a un ritmo acelerado. Esto trae aparejado un aumento en la demanda de cuidados de largo plazo para las personas mayores, en particular a aquellos que requieren ayuda en actividades de la vida cotidiana. La población de 60 años y más asciende al 15,7% de la población total en el año 2020, casi 7,1 millones de personas. Se proyecta que esta proporción continúe incrementándose, llegando al 22% en 2050, unos 12,5 millones de personas. Se estima que en 2012 en Argentina alrededor del 10% de las personas mayores de 60 años presentaba dificultades para realizar actividades básicas de la vida diaria y un 22% tenía dificultades para realizar actividades instrumentales. Con los datos de población de 2020, esto equivale a unas 678 mil personas mayores con dificultades para realizar actividades básicas de la vida diaria y 1,5 millones para con dificultades en actividades instrumentales y un total de 1,6 millones con algún grado de necesidad de apoyo (con dificultad para realizar tanto actividades básicas como instrumentales). Las tendencias demográficas sin duda aumentarán la demanda de servicios de cuidado y, dadas las tendencias familiares (hogares más pequeños y mayor participación laboral femenina), la presión será cada vez mayor sobre los servicios provistos por el mercado, el Estado y la comunidad. Para hacer frente a esta demanda, la Argentina cuenta con una amplia gama de servicios públicos de cuidado. Sin embargo, este es altamente fragmentado y poco articulado entre instituciones y los distintos niveles de gobierno. Los servicios provistos son aún insuficientes para satisfacer las necesidades de cuidados del país y existe el reto de mejorar su calidad. Esta nota técnica es publicada en conjunto por el BID y el Programa de la Unión Europea EUROsociAL, y es parte de una serie de estudios sobre envejecimiento y servicios de cuidado para personas en situación de dependencia que se encuentran en la página web “Panorama de Envejecimiento y Atención a la Dependencia” del BID.
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da Mota Peroni, Fabiana, Larissa C. Gruchovski Veríssimo et Leonardo Goes Shibat. Envejecimiento y atención a la dependencia en Brasil. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002951.

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Brasil experimentó y aún experimenta un rápido proceso de envejecimiento poblacional, de modo más o menos acentuado, como en otros países en desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe. La transición demográfica y epidemiológica, sumada a las mejores condiciones de vida de la población en las últimas décadas, ha garantizado un aumento en la expectativa de vida de los brasileños sin precedentes (IBGE 2015). Al mismo tiempo, el país ha experimentado un cambio social relacionado con las personas mayores. Si bien el número de adulto mayores económica y físicamente activos ha aumentado, también lo ha hecho el número de adultos mayores con dependencia funcional. El patrón usual del cuidado provisto por las familias se ha transformado a lo largo de los años, aumentando la carga principalmente de las mujeres, quienes cumplen jornada de trabajo formal e informal, dejando a esta población adulta mayor dependiente y a sus familias más necesitadas de apoyo y cuidados. Esta Nota Técnica es publicada conjuntamente por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y por el Programa de la Unión Europea EUROsociAL, como parte de una serie de estudios sobre envejecimiento y atención a personas en situación de dependencia, disponibles en la página web "Panorama de Envejecimiento y Atención a la Dependencia" del BID. Su principal objetivo es describir las condiciones de salud de la población adulta mayor con dependencia en Brasil, además de caracterizar a esta población en relación a su perfil socioeconómico y demográfico. También se describen las principales políticas públicas y ofertas de servicios para las personas mayores con dependencia, incluyendo el sector público, privado y sin fines de lucro. Debido al modelo organizativo federalista, donde municipios y estados tienen autonomía para adherirse a programas y políticas del gobierno federal, las acciones no son homogéneas en todo el territorio. Buscando presentar un análisis con credibilidad de la realidad brasileña, se optó por presentar, además, de un estudio de caso del estado de São Paulo y de tres de sus municipios (São Paulo, Caraguatatuba y Taguaí), con portes poblacionales diferentes.
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