Articles de revues : « European Union – History – 21st century »

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MAFTEI, Jana, et Anișoara POPA. « Cultural Diplomacy in the 21st Century in the European Context ». Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XIX Istorie 19 (8 juin 2021) : 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/history.2020.10.

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The fundamental role of culture in the development of international relations is undeniable, cultural diplomacy being an important component of public diplomacy. In this article we aim to analyse the influence of cultural diplomacy on the foreign policy of states in the general context of a constantly changing world. We will highlight the importance that the European Union attaches to the valorisation of the cultural diversity, the intercultural dialogue, the remarkable potential of culture for its foreign relations and we will explore the main trends in the development of cultural diplomacy. For the development of the paper, we used as research methods the analysis of the problems generated by the mentioned subject, with reference to the doctrinal points of view expressed in treatises and specialized works, documentary research, interpretation of legal norms in the field.

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Tsependa, Igor. « Ukraine and Poland : Facing the 21st Century Challenges ». Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 1, n^o 4 (22 décembre 2014) : 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.1.4.21-26.

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Establishing a common strategic framework is a decisive factor in the Ukrainian-Polishrelations in the current social and political context. The complexity of the partnership between thetwo states arise from their geographical location on the borderline between civilizations, the site ofhistorical cataclysms. At the same time, national sovereignty of was always a high priority for bothpeoples. The recognition of Ukraine’s independence by Poland marked a new stage ofrapprochement between Warsaw and Kyiv, the act being evidence of maturity of the Polishpolitical elite. Poland made its best to promote the interest of Ukraine in the international politicalarena. The article suggests periodization in the history of the Ukrainian-Polish partnership.Ukrainian policy can be modelled on Poland’s experience of the transformation of society.Being a member of the European Union, Poland advocates the idea of European and EuroAtlantic integration of Ukraine. Increased economic cooperation is one of the aspects of theUkrainian-Polish partnership. Cooperation at regional level, between local government bodies isalso important for the relations between the two states. Step by step, visa regulations are beingliberalized, interpersonal contacts broadened. The beginning of the 21st century witnesses a changein political consciousness of Ukrainian and Polish people, who reconsider painful events from theirpast

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Wodak, Ruth, et Salomi Boukala. « European identities and the revival of nationalism in the European Union ». Discourse analysis, policy analysis, and the borders of EU identity 14, n^o 1 (26 mai 2015) : 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.14.1.05wod.

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To date, the concept of ‘European identity’ remains quite vague and obscure. Who is European and who is not? What values do Europeans share, and who is included in or excluded from the European community? This paper deals with the renegotiation of European identity/ies and the simultaneous increase of discourses about national security and nationalism in Europe, especially during the financial crisis since 2008. We first discuss a range of theoretical approaches to European identity from an interdisciplinary perspective. In a second step, after summarising the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) to Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) and especially the concept of topos, we illustrate the link between discursive constructions of European identities and cultural ‘Others’ via some recent examples of European and national debates on migration and economic issues. More specifically, we first analyse a speech by Geert Wilders on immigration and multiculturalism after the clashes in Tunisia in 2011 and the subsequent arrival of many refugees in Italy; secondly, we focus on a speech about British relations to the European Union in the 21st century by the British Prime Minister, David Cameron. It becomes apparent that debates about European identities – especially since the financial crisis of 2008 – have increasingly been accompanied by debates about both more traditional racialised cultural concerns and more recently, about economic security, leading to new distinctions between ‘Us’, the ‘real Europeans’, and ‘Them’, the ‘Others’. In this way, the socio-political unification of Europe is challenged – once again.

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Aleksandrowicz, Tomasz. « National Security in the 21st Century. A Time of Discontinuation ». Security Dimensions 28, n^o 28 (31 décembre 2018) : 88–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1616.

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The analyses of the security environment of the second decade of the 21st century clearly indicate that the period will be recorded in history as a decade of change, a time of discontinuation. Liberal democracy ceases to be the dominant paradigm, and the challenging of the liberal-democratic ideas is the most profound change since the establishment of the democratic order in the West in 1945. We are facing a growing gap between societal expectations and the abilities of the governments as well as the results that they deliver – the function of the state is changing, and governing is becoming ever more difficult. It is highly likely that the consequences of these changes will be more serious than the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The basic principles of the international order created after World War II are becoming increasingly obsolete. It appears obvious that these changes affect not only individual societies in the West, but also global international relations. These changes are accompanied by a scientific and technological revolution, in particular with regard to information. These phenomena can and should be analysed in terms of changes in the security environment understood as a mix of opportunities, challenges, threats and risks. This applies to the European Union in particular, as well as to the entire continent. It is reasonable to assume that risks and threats to Europe gain new depth within this context.

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Røssland, Lars Arve. « Sports – Nation – Television : The cultural dimension of the Listed Events history in Norway ». International Communication Gazette 79, n^o 2 (mars 2017) : 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048516689195.

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The European Union revised its Television Without Frontiers directive in 1997. One significant catalyst for this change was that the liberalization of the television market led to a situation in which big, national sporting events more and more often were transmitted on television channels with limited coverage. The Listed Events initiative is an attempt to address this situation. This article studies the history of the Listed Events initiatives in Norway from 2000, and seeks, through an investigation of the presentations and discussions of the list proposals, to understand how the lists are connected to Norwegian culture and history. Ultimately, it is a question of national sporting events’ place in public service television in the 21st century.

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Rysová, Lucia, Rastislav Kazanský et Juraj Kalický. « Artes Liberales as a Prototype for Academic Education of 21st Century ». Security Dimensions 40, n^o 40 (31 mars 2022) : 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8157.

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An increasingly globalised world of the new millennium with its technological, socio-economic, and political challenges requires such type of a university that could guarantee an effective educational space for the academic training of professionals for those disciplines that are and will be crucial for the very existence and progress of the state, the preservation and development of its potential for full participation and competitiveness in global markets. To this end, academic institutions need to take into account, as part of their educational and research process, the latest technological and socio-economic trends in global developments in the industrial and scientific sectors. One possibility to meet institutionally these criteria is a liberal university with its potential to contribute a qualification basis for, e.g. the so-called global managers, top performers, creators of technical and social innovation, and for the enhancement of globalising science. This paper aims to present and highlight, via synthesis, descriptive, analytical and historical methods, how a liberal university can contribute to increasing the political and economic openness of the European Union within its own space, as well as to its openness to the outside world in global educational and socio-economic space.

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Grabowski, Marek L., Bożena Kosińska et Józef P. Knap. « Evolution of sanitary-epidemiological services in Poland in the years 1944-2014 ». Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 71 (8 novembre 2017) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5667.

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This paper presents the history of sanitary-epidemiological services in the context of the health, economic and socio-political situation in Poland in the years 1944-2014, with a critical analysis of legal restraints, efficiency and achievements. Polish Sanitary Services, established in 1919, as a state service, have preserved for more than 95 years (also during World War II and the occupation) the continuity of its structures and essential objectives to enable their implementation in the field of public health protection. The unique effectiveness of actions was recorded in the years 1954-1998 and 2002-2009 in the time of central (vertical) subordination of sanitary-epidemiological services. The pre-accession preparation to the European Union (EU) strongly accelerated the development of sanitary-epidemiological services in Poland. Polish accession to the European Union has promoted the implementation of the WHO document “Health for All in the 21st Century” and the reduction of “health inequalities”.

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Antonova, Lidia. « Problems of European Solidarity : Baltic States in the Context of the Migration Crisis ». ISTORIYA 13, n^o 2 (112) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019937-9.

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At the beginning of the 21st century, the solidarity of the member states of the European Union is under unprecedented pressure. The migration crisis of 2014—2016 was one of the main reasons of that. The Baltic region took a special place during the crisis. This region is a combination of states with two models of approaches to the implementation of the refugee admission policy — from full implementation to complete rejection of admission. This article analyzes the content of the activities of the EU border states governments in the Baltic region, through which the migration flow has passed, and its correlation with the official position of Brussels. Special attention is paid to the public opinion and social cohesion in relation to incoming refugee flows.

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Kozłowski, Artur Roland, et Myron Yankiv. « Ukraine’s Gradual Westernization - the Eastern Dimension of the European Integration ». WSB Journal of Business and Finance 55, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/wsbjbf-2021-0001.

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Abstract The research is aimed at identifying the prospects related to select areas of integration of Ukraine with the countries of the European Union, in the context of their choice of civilisational identity in the 21st century. The identity is understood as a civilisational category, hence it equally refers to spiritual culture (history and related fields) and material culture (first of all: technology and economy). The proper understanding of a dilemma faced by Eastern Europeans requires references to the sources of cultural legacy which shape social emotions significant for that region, in order to outline the prospects for the ongoing processes, with the use of the adequate political analysis. Considering relations between academic activities and practice, the research is of applied character, and its aim is to increase scientific knowledge of European legacy of Ukraine with regard to the processes of European integration. The systemisation of the current knowledge of the process of integration taking place in Eastern Europe is to provide a diagnosis oriented towards identification of a place and an attitude towards the contemporary European integration processes represented by Ukraine. The subject of the research is the process of social and political European integration and the place of Eastern Europe in a system perceived as such. The authors present their attempts at providing an answer to the following question: Do – and to what extent - Ukraine tend to follow the pro-Western orientation in the selected areas of their operations and do this country develop their institutional cooperation with the European Union?

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Obradović, Žarko. « Elements of global superiority of The People's Republic of China in the 21st century ». Napredak 2, n^o 2 (2021) : 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak2-32694.

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The Chinese state has existed for more than five thousand years and in the history of human society it has always presented its own specific civilizational attainment, which exerted a considerable influence on the Asian region. In the years since its creation on October 1, 1949, and especially in the last decade, New China has stepped out beyond the region of Asia onto the global scene. With its economic power and international development projects (amongst which the Belt and Road projects stands out), China has become a leader of development and the promoter of the idea of international cooperation in the interests of peace and security in the world and the protection of the future of mankind. This paper will attempt to delineate the elements of the development of the People's Republic of China in the 21st century, placing a special focus on the realization of the Belt and Road initiative and the results of the struggle against the Covid-19 pandemic, all of which have made China an essential factor in the power relations between great global forces and the resultant change of attitude of the United States of America and the European Union towards China. Namely, China has always been a large country in terms of the size of its territory and population, but it is in the 21st century that the PR of China has become a strong state with the status of a global power. Such results in the organization of society and the state, the promotion of new development ideas and the achievement of set goals, would not have been possible without the Communist Party of China, as the main ideological, integrative and organizational factor within Chinese society. In its activities, the Chinese state sublimates the experiences of China's past with an understanding of the present moment in the international community and the need of Chinese citizens to improve the quality of life and to ensure stable development of the country. The United States and the European Union are taking various measures to oppose the strengthening of the People's Republic of China. These include looking after their interests and preserving their position in the international community, while simultaneously trying, if possible, to avoid jeopardizing their economic cooperation with China.

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Troncota, Miruna. « Democracy Promotion by Functional Cooperation. The European Union and its Neighbourhood. Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century ». Europe-Asia Studies 68, n^o 5 (27 mai 2016) : 939–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2016.1187950.

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Makaradze, Emzar. « Issues of Democratization and Intercultural Dialogue in Turkey of 21st Century ». Balkanistic Forum 29, n^o 3 (1 novembre 2020) : 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i3.4.

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There can be no peace without democratization and intercultural dialogue, which due to their importance lead to the ultimate result of what is called the union of civilizations among nations. In this regard, it is interesting to consider the issues of democratization and intercultural dialogue in Turkey in 21st century.In order to reach a high level of democratic development, any state needs a strong society and political will. At the beginning of the 20th century, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic, took the course of state development of the country to the West and declared the path of Europeanization as the main principle of unchanging domestic and foreign policy.The current events in Turkey in the first decade of 21st century have shown that the country is developing as a strong state. So, it is interesting to observe how the Republican Turkey will continue to pursue democratic and European values and to support the state rule of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.For Turkey and its leader, Islam is a tool that helps to stabilize the political system and transform Turkey into a traditional, conservative society with fewer opportunities to generate protests related to social, ethnic and other civil rights.The coming decades will show whether the country with a Muslim culture will be able to adapt to a democratic Western civilization and what the consequences will be.

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Avatkov, Vladimir Alekseevich, et Andrej Sergeevich Ryzhenkov. « “Right Turn” in Turkey in the European Context ». Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2019) : 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-4-597-606.

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The second decade of the 21st century is often described as the time of a new rise of right nationalist and right populist parties all over the world. The rising presence of big right factions in European parliaments makes experts talk about a “right turn” phenomenon. At the same time Turkey, a country that unites in itself both European and Middle Eastern political and civilizational specifics, is witnessing an apparently similar process to occur. The authors of the article analyze the reasons of right parties’ success in Europe and conditions that provide popularity for the right wing. Primarily, this success has been associated with an inner structural crisis of the European Union, which was acknowledged by the general public following the 2015 migration crisis. The authors mostly focus on the 2018 parliament elections in Turkey, which gave the majority of seats to right and center-right parties. They also survey the history and the place of nationalism in the country’s political system, and investigate the reasons making the Turkish political elites to turn to the nationalistic ideology at present. The authors conclude that in spite of a formal similarity in the observed political processes and the literal congruence of some of the reasons that have determined the right rise in Europe and Turkey, we shouldn’t consider the right wing’s successes in the Republic of Turkey and in the European Union to be the parts of the same global process, as their endogenous causes differ.

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Tayar, Violetta M. « Latin America and the European Union : Conceptual Approaches and Practice of Economic Cooperation ». Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 22, n^o 3 (15 décembre 2022) : 520–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-3-520-536.

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The article deals with North - South cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with an emphasis on bilateral trade. Over the past decades, cooperation with the EU has been perceived in LAC as a counterweight to the US dominance and one of the priorities of external economic relations. The article presents a retrospective of theoretical approaches of the non-Western Latin American school of UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL in Spanish) to the economic cooperation with the EU. A feature of the article is the study of trade interaction between the LCA and the EU countries. When analyzing the dynamics of trade during the first two decades of the 21st century the author of the article comes to the conclusion that the trade exchange between the EU and the LCA is uneven. There are many LAC countries that continue to export low-value-added products to the EU. Thus, the dichotomy between two models of commercial specialization of LAC has exacerbated. On one hand, there is a model of South American countries focused on raw materials (MERCOSUR, Andean Community), and, on the other hand, there is a model that includes the export of manufactured products and participation in industrial production chains (Mexico, Central America). The article concludes that MERCOSUR will probably face a number of trade challenges related to its model of economic globalization, particularly with regard to its export specialization in commodities and food. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the context of exacerbation of geopolitical contradictions and a changing world order, it is important to analyze the Latin American approach to economic cooperation with the EU countries, among which, in turn, there is a growing understanding that still free niches in the Latin American market can be occupied by China or other partners not belonging to the collective West.

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Hrubov, Volodymyr, et Serhii Danylenko. « THE ECONOMIC KEYNOTE OF THE MODERN WAVE OF SEPARATISM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Politology bulletin, n^o 83 (2019) : 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2018.83.51-59.

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Separatism has long been present in Western Europe as a political and social phenomenon. In the 21st century, it is the most manifest in the most affluent and successful countries in the European Union, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. The paradox of this phenomenon is that the political aspect of the issue, which represents the confrontation between the newly emerged elite of «disobedient territories» and the central authorities, is closely intertwined with the economic factor of regional inequality, which has historically been present in those countries. The objective of the article is, therefore, to elucidate the economic factor in the separatist sentiments in the countries of Old Europe and the role of regional political elites in the formation of separatist sentiments. The methodology used in the course of research includes a number of scientific methods. The historical method helped reveal the features of separatist sentiments in specific EU countries and the internal and external factors that have transformed these sentiments into a commonplace public stance. The comparative method allowed clarifying the peculiarities of separatist movements in particular countries and the intentions of the political discourse in the political and legal field which they produce in order to support the view that secession is more beneficial to all than remaining within the ineffective state system. Finally, the dialectical method made it possible to identify political contradictions between governments and regions within their common history with delicate and contestable moments that secessionists seek to use in their struggle for independence. The manifestation of separatism and secessionist policies by opposition forces has been analysed in Spain, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It is noted that in the United Kingdom, where the rich province of Britain seeks to keep its political influence over the poorer provinces, separatist sentiments in Catalonia (Spain), Bavaria (Germany), South Tyrol (Italy), in Flanders and Wallonia (Belgium) are more akin to whims of human rationality, seeking for even more material possessions for already economically successful provinces with broad autonomy. Based upon the analysis conducted, the following findings have been arrived at. First, European separatism is not a one-dimensional phenomenon and includes economic as well as political, ethnic and national motives. Second, European separatism varies from country to country: in the UK, it is categorical for long-term purposes and historically caused by the negative effects of colonization policies by the British in other provinces; in Spain, it is nationally and culturally specific, based on identity and history; and in Germany, it is «soft» in form and restrained in manifestation, with autonomy and federalization not destroying the state.

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Hrubov, Volodymyr, et Serhii Danylenko. « THE ECONOMIC KEYNOTE OF THE MODERN WAVE OF SEPARATISM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Politology bulletin, n^o 83 (2019) : 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2019.83.51-59.

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Separatism has long been present in Western Europe as a political and social phenomenon. In the 21st century, it is the most manifest in the most affluent and successful countries in the European Union, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Belgium. The paradox of this phenomenon is that the political aspect of the issue, which represents the confrontation between the newly emerged elite of «disobedient territories» and the central authorities, is closely intertwined with the economic factor of regional inequality, which has historically been present in those countries. The objective of the article is, therefore, to elucidate the economic factor in the separatist sentiments in the countries of Old Europe and the role of regional political elites in the formation of separatist sentiments. The methodology used in the course of research includes a number of scientific methods. The historical method helped reveal the features of separatist sentiments in specific EU countries and the internal and external factors that have transformed these sentiments into a commonplace public stance. The comparative method allowed clarifying the peculiarities of separatist movements in particular countries and the intentions of the political discourse in the political and legal field which they produce in order to support the view that secession is more beneficial to all than remaining within the ineffective state system. Finally, the dialectical method made it possible to identify political contradictions between governments and regions within their common history with delicate and contestable moments that secessionists seek to use in their struggle for independence. The manifestation of separatism and secessionist policies by opposition forces has been analysed in Spain, Germany, and the United Kingdom. It is noted that in the United Kingdom, where the rich province of Britain seeks to keep its political influence over the poorer provinces, separatist sentiments in Catalonia (Spain), Bavaria (Germany), South Tyrol (Italy), in Flanders and Wallonia (Belgium) are more akin to whims of human rationality, seeking for even more material possessions for already economically successful provinces with broad autonomy. Based upon the analysis conducted, the following findings have been arrived at. First, European separatism is not a one-dimensional phenomenon and includes economic as well as political, ethnic and national motives. Second, European separatism varies from country to country: in the UK, it is categorical for long-term purposes and historically caused by the negative effects of colonization policies by the British in other provinces; in Spain, it is nationally and culturally specific, based on identity and history; and in Germany, it is «soft» in form and restrained in manifestation, with autonomy and federalization not destroying the state.

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Balanchuk, I. S., et O. Ye Mykhalchenkova. « Technological platforms in the field of innovation — trends in Еurope and Ukraine ». Science, technologies, innovation, n^o 2(18) (2021) : 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2021-2-03.

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The terms “technological platform”, “innovation platform” have long been included in the activities of scientists and researchers from both Europe and Ukraine. The 21st century is associated with the economic integration of all developed countries in the field of science-intensive technologies and innovation. Technological platforms act as a fully functional mechanism in the integration process; participation in such platforms is considered almost the only way to join global innovation processes. The briefly get acquainted with the history of the creation and the initial period of operation of the first technological platforms in the European Union are propose in the article. The brief classification of types of technological platforms, its functions, prerequisites for creation, features, tasks, stages of development are provided. The types of network connections of individual countries in technology platforms are analyzed. The characteristic of the situation on the technological platforms creation and functioning in Ukraine is given; the subtype of platforms as information technology platforms is emphasized. It is concluded that the current situation requires the creation and participation in technological and information technology platforms, but in condition when all other mechanisms of innovation have been used in the full form.

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Novikova, Irina, et Dmitry Popov. « Foreign economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark in the 21st century : Main trends, problems, prospects ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 14, n^o 1 (2021) : 41–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2021.103.

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Russian-Danish economic cooperation has a long and rich history, in which St. Petersburg, due to its geographical location, has always played an important role. The study of the role of large megacities in national foreign economic policy is now of great scientific and practical importance. The authors of this article attempt to examine the economic sphere of paradiplomacy based on the example of St. Petersburg. The article analyzes the legal framework for economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark, trade and investment cooperation, determines the place of St. Petersburg in the total trade turnover of Russia with Denmark, and the importance of Danish exports and imports for St. Petersburg’s economy. Special attention is paid to the period 2014–2020, namely, the impact of the sanctions regime on Danish and St. Petersburg economic cooperation, as well as the new role of the Danish autonomous regions — the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The authors determine that there were no drastic changes in the economic interaction between St. Petersburg and Denmark after the introduction of sanctions. Although the counter-sanctions reduced the supply of Danish food products, the export of St. Petersburg goods to Denmark increased. The vacuum created by the reduction in the supply of Danish products was filled by enterprising residents of the Faroe Islands, who are not members of the European Union (EU). St. Petersburg has become one of the key centers of consumption of Faroese fish and seafood. The main obstacles to the development of economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark remain: value differences between the Russian Federation and the EU, the sanctions regime, an outdated regulatory framework, and a high degree of distrust between partners, which is beginning to affect the pragmatic sphere of the economy. The global economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic also has a negative impact on economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark. However, the epidemic opens up new opportunities for cooperation in areas that were on the periphery of Danish-Russian economic relations: digitalization of the economy and education, urbanism and the implementation of the ideas of a “smart city”, cooperation in the field of pharmaceuticals and medical technologies, and cybersecurity.

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Fonju, Dr Njuafac Kenedy. « South Africa Gross Uncalculated Diplomatic Blunder, Contradictory Responses (SAGUDBCR) Versus Mass Dependency Trapping Africans in the Eastern European Showdown (MDTAEES) in the Ukrainian Territory during the 21st Century ». Cross-Currents : An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & ; Social Sciences 8, n^o 6 (3 août 2022) : 54–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2022.v08i06.001.

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The present article deals with the position of the Republic of South Africa with inconsistent blundering following her outing concerning the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian showdown. That such contradictory support to an aggressive State of Eastern European country making purported strategies to raise war and traumatize the Ukrainian to go down on their needs in a full scale war is just an unjust way of struggling to once more rise to a World unchallengeable position vis-à-vis with the United States Hyper Power Parity as unique policeman of the World since 1991 collapsed of the Cold War and disintegration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR).. But that cannot work in the 21st Century when recalling the past history of the disintegration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 with the 15 Satellites States gaining their independence. Ukraine was never having two other independent Republics within its single national territory and the composition of USSR was never 17 satellite states that an over ambitious aggressive statesman is trying to give the two secessionist regions total support to purported independence conducted where nobody can justify. The South African authorities should clearly remove their diplomatic lenses to see the suffering facing by African diasporas in the country under aggressive attack from Russia are going through and think of their former Apartheid system the country undergone in the hands of the British minorities until 1990.Infact,Africans high imported countries are now trapped with unbearable high prices of consumer goods and services due to long adopted policy of dependency and practicability not to produce to capacities to feed their local populations before the outbreak of the unjustified war consonant to the violation of international law. Africans make up more than 20 percent of Ukraine's international students, studying in many different towns and cities throughout the country The scrutiny of diverse sources paved

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Wrześniak, Małgorzata. « Historia jednego motywu – rzecz o związkach biżuterii z architekturą ». Załącznik Kulturoznawczy, n^o 4 (2017) : 221–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2017.4.10.

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The hereby text is a short study on the relationship between architecture and jewellery. In the first part, it presents the history of occurrence of architectural forms in jewellery from antiquity to present day in the European culture. The second part delivers the examples of contemporary artefacts, particularly rings with microarchitecture. The analysis of the collected examples proves that architecture – its form, construction and detail − is a motive of decoration willingly used in jewellery design, often of a symbolic meaning related to the household or the temple (wedding rings, ritual rings). Nowadays, especially in the 21st century, microarchitecture in jewellery often emerges with reference to the place of origin, i.e. the famous building being, most frequently, the commemoration of a journey, able to bring back the memory of a visited city. The architectural jewellery, whose meanings and functions are the subject of the hereby study, has undergone many transformations throughout history. Even though it has transitioned from simple to complicated and decorative forms, from precious and rare to cheap and popular objects of mass production presenting the miniature replicas of buildings, the jewellery nearly always symbolises the city. Much less often the jewellery design occurs with reference to the metaphorical meanings of buildings as a representation of permanency (the tower in Alessandro Dari’s jewellery) or marital union (the house and the temple in Jewish rings).

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Wrześniak, Małgorzata. « The Story of One Theme – on the Relationship Between Jewellery and Archi ». Załącznik Kulturoznawczy ENGLISH EDITION, n^o 1 (2019) : 379–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2019ee.01.20.

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The hereby text is a short study on the relationship between architecture and jewellery. In the first part, it presents the history of occurrence of architectural forms in jewellery from antiquity to present day in the European culture. The second part delivers the examples of contemporary artefacts, particularly rings with microarchitecture. The analysis of the collected examples proves that architecture – its form, construction and detail − is a motive of decoration willingly used in jewellery design, often of a symbolic meaning related to the household or the temple (wedding rings, ritual rings). Nowadays, especially in the 21st century, microarchitecture in jewellery often emerges with reference to the place of origin, i.e. the famous building being, most frequently, the commemoration of a journey, able to bring back the memory of a visited city. The architectural jewellery, whose meanings and functions are the subject of the hereby study, has undergone many transformations throughout history. Even though it has transitioned from simple to complicated and decorative forms, from precious and rare to cheap and popular objects of mass production presenting the miniature replicas of buildings, the jewellery nearly always symbolises the city. Much less often the jewellery design occurs with reference to the metaphorical meanings of buildings as a representation of permanency (the tower in Alessandro Dari’s jewellery) or marital union (the house and the temple in Jewish rings).

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Andrea, Schmidt. « Challenges of the Illiberal Democracy in Hungary. Some Aspects to the 2018 Elections ». Polish Political Science Review 6, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2018) : 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ppsr-2018-0014.

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Abstract Political transformation reached Hungary in parallel with other Central and Eastern European countries at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. The core of the events, the year of 1989, the so called “annus mirabilis” when, within one year almost the entire Central and Eastern European region stepped onto the path of changes. The actors adopted Western patterns within a short period, institutions of new political systems were established, and a new political power verified and consolidated its legitimacy by free elections. As a final proof of transformation, most of former socialist bloc member states joined both the NATO and the European Union. Hungary had the chance to enter in the 21st century under radically changed and much more favourable conditions than it ever had before. This smooth transformation interrupted by political and economic crisis that finally led to the victory of the opposition that managed to repeat the next elections and implemented the Programme of National Cooperation. The aim of the paper is to analyse why the adoption of the new system enjoys wide support from different social groups and how the old fixations and obsessions persisted in society. This paper also gives a brief explanation about the nature of illiberal democracy in a wider scope and link it with the history of the Hungarian democracy, the (dis) functioning institutions, and confirms the argumentation with some statistical data explaining the correlation between the support of the government and the living standards. It investigates, if the Hungarian illiberal democratic regime interpreted as consequence of the troublesome system changes or if it is rooted in the distorted political system.

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Krylov, Alexander V. « Evolution of the International Movement Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions – BDS ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, n^o 6 (2021) : 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080017676-0.

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The article describes insight into the factors and conditions influencing the formation of the international movement BDS including its key subjects and its most effective strategies for achieving all the goals identified. From the authors’ point of view Israel itself, by its extremely cruel and asymmetric measures against the Palestinian resistance to occupation during the second intifada stimulated the rise of the BDS movement popularity and as well as anti-Israeli tendencies in Western democracies. Another, no less important reason for the formation of the BDS is the failure of the peace process for the solution of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in accordance with the agreements reached in Oslo. Under these complicated circumstances, Palestinian Arab civil society has called on the international community to end the Israeli occupation. The study provided a thorough overview of the main financial sources of the movement. The use of funds from the EU community budget, national budgets of a number of Western states, the largest charitable foundations, etc. is stated. The authors analyze the reasons for the popularity of the movement at the beginning of the 21st century, including in some structural divisions of the UN and the European Union. Special attention is focusing on measures to counter the movement by Israel, the US and some European states. In the conclusion, the study identifies and characterizes the current status of the movement, which is steadily losing its adherents at all levels, including academic and confessional spheres.

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Wnorowski, Henryk. « The Problem of Choosing Development Paths ». Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 59, n^o 1 (1 septembre 2019) : 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2019-0039.

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Abstract We start from the assumption that the main problem, and at the same time the goal, is socio-economic development. We also assume that this pursuit is universal, development is the ambition of entities at all levels of aggregation, development is a desire of each country, as well as of business entities and individuals. From the other side, the governments create conditions for entities at the microeconomic level which generate additional value, that is, contribute to the creation of this development. Peculiar to them they are developmental paths. That’s why, the main hypothesis of this article, as stating that the choice of economic policy financed by excessive public debt does not, in the long run, serve well real socio-economic development. At the beginning of the 21st century, the vast majority of these countries had serious problems with public debt. These problems already had their history and were so serious that some efforts to discipline the forum of this group appeared. It is, in a sense, natural in the sense that integration itself is heading to a high degree of coordination and to the unification of all economic policies. The picture of public finances of the European Union does not look good despite the fact that this group can boast a long history of making efforts to control and monitor the budgets of its member states. Moreover, one can even talk about a certain intensification of this process, especially with respect to the euro area countries, but we still can not say that satisfactory results have been achieved.

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Yancheva, Milena. « APPLYING CLIL TEACHING METHOD IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CLASSES ». Education and Technologies Journal 12, n^o 2 (1 août 2021) : 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26883/2010.212.3644.

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In today’s dynamic, rapidly evolving and changing world, there are a number of challenges facing various spheres of public life, in particular the educational process. Teachers find that nowadays a major problem in school education is the weak and declining motivation of students to learn. Teachers are looking for ways to increase students’ interest in the subject they teach. In the last 30 years, the only major development in foreign language teaching has been the introduction of information and computer technology in teaching. In this regard, the CLIL method can be said to be a means of overcoming the stagnation in the teaching of foreign languages and to increase students’ interest in both the topic studied and the language in which it is taught. This report reviews the history of the CLIL method, its theoretical foundations and applications. The legislative support of the method is indicated both by the educational policy of the European Union and by the foreign language curricula in Bulgaria. The main characteristics of the method, which make it an effective method for the development of skills in the 21st century, are also considered. The conclusions are based on twenty teaching practices, developed by the method in the Primary Stage of „Petko R. Slaveykov“ Secondary School, town of Varna. They illustrate its effectiveness, increased interest among students and lasting knowledge of the language and non-language subject. Opinions of parents and students and fellow teachers were analyzed.

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Lois González, Rubén Camilo, Luis Alfonso Escudero Gómez et Inês Gusman. « El debate actual sobre la(s) frontera(s) aplicado al caso ibérico : elementos de des-fronterización y re-fronterización entre España y Portugal en el siglo XXI = The current debate on border(s) applied to the Iberian case : elements of de-bordering and re-bordering between Spain and Portugal in the 21st Century ». REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) 30 (28 mai 2019) : 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2019.4747.

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Resumen: En las últimas décadas del siglo XX, los discursos sobre un mundo sin fronteras, donde las relaciones territoriales ya no son determinadas por los Estados, ganaron fuerza entre académicos y decisores políticos. Los proyectos de cooperación transnacional, como los que están en la base de la Unión Europea, parecían demostrar que las fronteras dejaban de significar discontinuidades económicas, políticas y sociales. Estos nuevos escenarios permitieron abrir una nueva fase en las relaciones entre territorios de España y Portugal y superar su separación histórica. Este acercamiento se refleja en la creación de estructuras de cooperación transfronteriza y décadas de constante crecimiento de las relaciones económicas entre ambos países. Este proceso conoció un decaimiento durante la crisis económica iniciada en 2008. En este artículo, se analiza la evolución de estas relaciones y se estudia la efectividad de esta cooperación como marco adecuado para la superación de los efectos de la crisis. Entre los territorios portugueses y españoles, una vez superada la recesión, las relaciones transfronterizas retomaron su vigor, especialmente a nivel local y regional. Así, avanzando en las complementariedades culturales, sociales y económicas, la cooperación puede ir más allá de los límites de los Estados y puede concebirse como un instrumento efectivo de desarrollo territorial.Palabras clave: Península Ibérica, cooperación regional, frontera, des-fronterización, re-fronterización.Abstract: Abstract: Since the last decades of the 20th century, the narrative of a world without borders, where territorial relations are no longer determined by States, has been gaining strength among academics and decision-makers. Transnational cooperation projects such as the European Union (EU) seem to demonstrate that borders no longer represent economic, political and social discontinuities. These new scenarios have opened a new phase in the relations between the territories of Spain and Portugal and overcome the historical separation. This is a rapprochement reflected in the creation of cross-border cooperation structures and in the decades of constantly growing economic relations between both countries, although the process was slowed by the economic crisis beginning in 2008. In this paper, the focus is the evolution of these relationships and also an analysis of the effectiveness of cooperation as an adequate means for overcoming the effects of the crisis. Since the crisis ended, cross-border relations between Portugal and Spain have regained their vigour, especially at the local and regional levels. Thus, thanks to cultural, social and economic complementarities, cooperation can overcome the limits of States and be conceived as an effective instrument for territorial development.Key words: Iberian Peninsula, regional cooperation, border, des-bordering, re-bordering.

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Voronov, K. « Erosion of “Swedish Model” and Devaluation of the Non-Alignment Policy ». World Economy and International Relations 59, n^o 12 (2015) : 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-48-57.

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The erosion of the socio-economic “Swedish model” and the reduction of non-alignment in the national foreign policy have been and is taking place in history and politics simultaneously, exerting a fatal mutual interaction. The derived deviations are leading to a radical alteration of Sweden’s image, of its previous national and international specificity. The degradation of the “Swedish model” has been taking place as a result of activity of intrinsic forces and factors closely connected with structural social problems, matters of national economy efficiency and adaptation to world economy requirements, to processes of globalization. The general destructive transformation, a big number of qualitative doctrinal and institutional changes taking place since 1990s till now in the framework of the “Swedish model” is also linked with the condition of internal strife and alignment of political party forces in the country, aiming at finding an adequate answer to new challenges of the 21st century. The events of Ukrainian crisis (particularly concerning Crimea and Donetsk Basin) apparently influenced Sweden, politically resounding with a known painful historical “Poltava syndrome”. Although the incorporation of Sweden (as well as that of other small Nordic states) in European regional and Nordic sub-regional integration processes reflects the principal objective economic trend to internationalization of the world economy, the forms, rates and prospects of political integration into the EU sometimes generate objections, resistance and even disapproval of state institutions by a part of society in connection with external as well as internal socioeconomic reasons (particularly in terms of the “Swedish model” acute agenda). The loss of the famous features of Sweden’s international policy, especially after its accession to the European Community/European Union, as well as its leveling led to the loss of the original political role of the country in the Northern sub-region and in Europe at large. Immanent undermining, washing out of fundamental guarantees in the Swedish policy of neutrality pushes Stockholm forward to shameless convergence with Euro-Atlantic partners and their alliances – the EU and NATO. To all appearances, a complicated search is going on in the country – the search of a new socioeconomic model, of the foreign policy and the national security policy modification.

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Laužikas, Rimvydas. « Consumption of Drinks as Representation of Community in the Culture of Nobility of the 17th–18th Centuries ». Tautosakos darbai 51 (27 juin 2016) : 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2016.28882.

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Drinks and customs related to their consumption play a special role in the social history (essentially, that of the human community). However, research of the customs of alcohol consumption in Lithuania (along with the history of daily life in general and the culture of the nobility’s daily life in particular) is rather sporadic so far. The article presents a research work in cultural anthropology on the alcohol consumption as means (or prerequisite) of achieving more important aims of religious, social, economic or other kind. Because of the big scope of research and low level of prior investigation, the subject of this article is limited to a single aspect – namely, the custom of drinking from the same glass; to the culture of only one social layer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) – the nobility; and to a distinct period – the 17th–18th centuries. The aim of analysis is revealing sources of this custom, its development and meaning in the social community of the given period.According to the research, the GDL presented a sphere of interaction between the local pre-Christian Lithuanian culture, which had been developing for an incredibly long period – even until the end of the 15th century, and the Western European cultural tradition. The Western European culture, formed in the course of joining together elements of the antique heritage, the Christian worldview and the inculturized “Northern barbarism”, acquired in the 14th–16th century Lithuania one of its essential constituents – namely, the culture of the “Northern barbarism” still alive and functioning. On the other hand, the nobility of the GDL, raised in pre-Christian Lithuanian culture, had no trouble recognizing elements of its local heritage in the Western Christian culture. The local custom of drinking from the same glass characteristic to the higher social layers supposedly stemmed from the drinking horns. Along with Christianity and spread of the wine culture, the local pre-Christian custom of drinking from the same glass should have been abandoned by the nobility, surviving instead solely in the lower social classes. The western custom of drinking from the same glass spread in Lithuania along with Christianity and the wine consumption. However, its influence on the nobility was rather limited. In the 15th–16th centuries, when this custom was still rather widespread in Europe, the Lithuanian nobility was just beginning its acquaintance with the wine culture, while in the 17th–18th centuries, when the wine culture grew popular in Lithuania, the western-like custom of drinking from the same glass had already waned in other European countries. Therefore, the western custom of drinking from the same glass was rather a marginal phenomenon among the Lithuanian nobility, affected by the cultural exchange with the Polish nobility (which grew especially intense following the union of Lublin) and the ideology of Sarmatianism. The custom of drinking from the same glass disappeared in the culture of the Lithuanian nobility at the turn of the 18th–19th century due to the ideas of Enlightenment and the altered notions of healthy lifestyle and hygiene. However, drinking from the same glass, as a distant echo of the ancient customs representing social community was quite popular in the peasant culture as late as the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries.

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Machitadze, Elisabed, et Guranda Chelidze. « Issues on Teaching Area Studies in Georgia ». INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION VII, n^o 2 (29 décembre 2019) : 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2019.14003.

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Today, influence of globalization can be apparently seen in the spheres of politics, economics, culture and education. The countries are not able to isolate from one another anymore. Globalization influences social systems, institutes, communication sphere and this clearly shows that this process impacts the higher education as well. Changes in teaching of different discipline were put on agenda. Collapse of the Soviet Union, gaining of independence by Georgia, geopolitical position of Georgia, diplomatic contacts made, all these have increased the role of Georgia as an independent actor on international arena. Since that time, Georgia gradually became part of the global processes. Thus, in the 21st century, against the background of globalization and dialogue of civilizations, Georgia faced new challenges. The country has to take its position in the contemporary world. Today, implementation of the proper policies would determine our prospects, both, in short and long run. Goal of the research is to investigate the issue of education of the proper professionals against the background of such challenges. Today, regarding its political, economic and cultural relationships, Georgia increasingly needs highly qualified professionals in the spheres of regional studies and area studies. Mostly we imply gaining of wide knowledge about the European and oriental countries and generalization of this knowledge in the process of inter-country relationships development. Today we regard that due consideration of the experience of foreign countries is of great significance to adjust modernization and globalization to the historical and cultural traditions of our country. In this respect, it is important to study history and current situation of the Europe and Near East, Georgia has great traditions of this. As for the Europe, together with teaching Western European languages, it is desirable to develop teaching of European studies in interdisciplinary context, as this responds to the globalization challenges. Georgia’s active participation in Bologna Process, internationalization of education processes provide good opportunities, with respect of improvement of teaching of cross-cultural studies, though together with education, expansion of scientific researches, conducting of interdisciplinary studies is of significance as this would allow introduction of the new approaches, provide opportunity of training of the highly qualified and competitive professionals. In addition, teaching of cross-cultural studies should become more pragmatic to ensure its contribution to the state building.

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LEPKOWSKI, WIL. « European Union Sets Competitiveness Vision For The 21st Century ». Chemical & ; Engineering News 72, n^o 42 (17 octobre 1994) : 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n042.p046.

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Bogatyreva, O. N., N. V. Kozykina et K. M. Tabarintseva-Romanova. « Humanitarian Diplomacy of European Union in the 21st Century ». Nauchnyy dialog, n^o 4 (2018) : 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2018-4-191-204.

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Varga, András. « Rule of law in the 21st century ». Bratislava Law Review 3, n^o 1 (30 juin 2019) : 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2019.3.1.141.

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Rule of law is one of the core principles of constitutions and also the essential value of the European Union. Still, rule of law does not have a unanimous understanding either in the academic sphere or in the jurisprudence of the countries. The paper explains some theories on rule of law, then it considers how the doctrine prevails in the praxis of the Venice Commission and in the wording of the Treaty on the European Union. The paper concludes that interpretation of international fora involves the meaning of rule of law in a national level, even though the base of interpretation is unclear.

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Plath, Ulrike, Elle-Mari Talivee, Kadri Tüür et Aet Annist. « Loodusmõttest aktivismini : saateks keskkondluse erinumbrile / From Nature Contemplation to Activism : A Special Issue on Environmentalism ». Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 24, n^o 30 (13 décembre 2022) : 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v24i30.22100.

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The introduction to the special issue of Methis on Estonian environmentalism provides an overview of the phenomenon of environmentalism and its spread across political periods, economic formations, and regions. The essay starts by contextualising the central concepts of the issue, ‘environmentalism’ and its possible translation into Estonian as ‘keskkondlus’, and its relationship with the concept of ‘nature’. At the end of the 1980s, amidst a deepening awareness of environmental crisis, some authors announced ‘nature’ to have met its end. While this end has become widely accepted within environmental discourse, the approach clashes with the traditional thinking about the beauty of nature and its strong bonds with national identities. To foster discussion and to bridge the discursive and ideological gap between the two perceptions, the authors of the articles use the concept as an umbrella term for both paradigms. The second part of the introductory article discusses East European environmentalism, drawing attention to the research into erroneous assumptions regarding the lack of environmental activism within the Soviet Union. Before its brief heyday in the 1980s, East European environmentalism was hidden within economy, policy, society and culture. However, its roots went deeper, reaching back to 18th- and 19th-century thought, to Baltic German – and later Estonian – early voluntary associations and the value seen in the homeland and its natural objects. The founding of animal and nature protection societies in the late 19th century was an early practical outcome, and similar thought became pronounced in print culture. In early 20th century, several nature protection areas were established, and people became avid consumers of popular science journals – an interest that would continue throughout the Soviet period. The 1970s saw an environmental movement to protect the wetlands of Estonia which were in danger of being drained. Throughout the 20th century, also fiction reflected the prevailing views of nature and emerging concerns about the environment. The issue’s opening article by Ulrike Plath and Kaarel Vanamölder takes us back to the 17th century to demonstrate the possibility of climate movements more than three centuries ago. This is followed by Karl Hein’s case study that depicts in detail the emergence of animal protection in Estonia a hundred years ago in the context of local and regional history. The next four articles focus on different aspects of environmental movements in the Soviet period. Elle-Mari Talivee retells the story of the peculiar character of Atom-Boy created by the childrens’ author Vladimir Beekman who depicts in this form the various developments in the Soviet nuclear industry. This example from children’s literature is paralleled by similar environmental concerns expressed in visual arts, as outlined in Linda Kaljundi’s article. In a more theoretical take on liberal and autocratic environmental protection, Viktor Pál discusses the Soviet propagandistic use of environmental issues. Olev Liivik contextualises the protests against phosphorite mining in the 1970–80s within the wider trends in the Soviet Union, including the practice of sending letters of complaint to the media, and the various waves of environmental dissent. The discussion of a more compact case of the so-called Green Cycling Tours by Tambet Muide demonstrates the same increasingly oppositional stance that took hold in the 1980s. Regarding the post-Soviet era, Tõnno Jonuks, Lona Päll, Atko Remmel and Ulla Kadakas analyse the various conflicts that have emerged around natural and cultural objects protected by law since the 1990s. In the freestanding article of the issue, Raili Lass writes on interlinguistic and intersemiotic procedures of translation in the theatre but, as our introductory essay suggests, points of convergence may be found here with the discussion of staging of conflicts in environmental protection. In the “Theory in Translation” section Timothy Morton’s classic discussion of environmentalism is published in Ene-Reet Soovik’s translation, accompanied by introductory remarks from the translator and Kadri Tüür. The final part of the issue’s introduction offers a comparative and interdisciplinary take on the themes discussed. The revelatory nature of historical events of any era, especially natural disasters or the conditions of their unfolding, uncovers the socio-environmental relations that push people to respond. Whether or not such responses become environmental movements depends on the context that either recognises or ignores human embeddedness in the environment. Searching for such parallels connects 21st century climate activism and 17th century upheavals, animal protection in the 1920s and a hundred years later. The Soviet period allows a simultaneous scrutiny of both the limited and ideological take on the apparent lack of Soviet environmentalism as well as the methodological challenges of finding the footprints of hidden awareness and activism. Unearthing this from literature, art and the restrained presence of expert voices also provides an explanation to the sudden explosion of activism in the 1980s. The silence of the next decades further proves that there is nothing obvious in the ways in which environmentalism can take hold of society, which demands precise and detailed inquiry such as provided by the authors of this special issue.

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Troitiño, David Ramiro. « The European Union Facing the 21st Century : The Digital Revolution ». TalTech Journal of European Studies 12, n^o 1 (1 mai 2022) : 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0003.

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Abstract The European Union is a unique political process in the world. It continuously integrates different aspects creating a communality among its Member States. The process of integration responds to the necessities of the organization to adapt to the social, political, and economic reality and solving the dysfunctionalities arisen from the process. Currently, digitalization is a process required to adapt the European Union to the reality, to provide a common frame to an existing digital world. Therefore, the EU needs to respond the requirements of the society for the implementation of European standards in a new, but already relevant, area. In addition, the EU drag from the past dysfunctionalities that can be addressed thanks to the new possibilities generated by the digitalization of politics and economy. This research analyses both the necessity of adapting and solving previous obstacles under the prism of the available digital solutions.

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Joselyn, Jo Ann, Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Tom Beer, Harsh Gupta, Masaru Kono, Uri Shamir, Michael Sideris et Kathryn Whaler. « IUGG in the 21st century ». History of Geo- and Space Sciences 10, n^o 1 (16 avril 2019) : 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-73-2019.

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Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) has vigorously responded to a number of the natural, scientific, and technological challenges and driving forces that have marked the 21st century thus far. This paper reviews the actions of the Union that were precipitated by disasters caused by natural hazard events, climatic and environmental changes, and important scientific advances, as well as the opportunities to support International Years and other cooperative programs. This period has also given rise to a number of structural changes within the Union. IUGG added an eighth association, the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences, and inaugurated the new categories of affiliate and honorary memberships, introduced new grants, science education, and recognition programs, and formed new Union commissions on climatic and environmental change, data and information, planetary sciences, and a working group on history. Electronic communication was welcomed as a cultural norm. Overall, the development of the scientific landscape in the 21st century and a healthy future for the Union requires emphasis on fundamental Earth and space sciences as well as on transdisciplinary science to resolve urgent problems of society. IUGG will continue to evolve throughout the coming decades in step with the changing world of science and its international organizations, by responding to challenging problems as they arise.

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Puślecki, Zdzisław W. « Globalne uwarunkowania wzrostu konkurencyjności Unii Europejskiej w XXI wieku ». Przegląd Politologiczny, n^o 4 (2 novembre 2018) : 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2012.17.4.6.

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The paper aims to present the global determinants of the increased competitiveness of the European Union in the 21st century. Its detailed purpose was to determine the position of the European Union vis-à-vis the USA and Japan, to indicate the role of innovation and employment in the increased competitiveness of the EU, the position of the Common Agricultural Policy under the circumstances of increased competition, the increased importance of ser- vices, the position of the European Union as compared to the competitiveness of BRIC, and how the EU functions within WTO principles. The analysis of these research issues indicates that the European Union is facing a number of significant challenges in the early 21st century. Those related to the prices of goods and resources are particularly worth pointing out. They are closely, mutually related and concern political issues in the field of financial markets, de- velopment, trade, industry and external relations.

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Colfer, Barry. « The European Trade Union Confederation ». socio.hu 9, Special Issue (16 juin 2020) : 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.9.

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The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) represents some 45 million trade union members from eighty-nine national trade union confederations and ten European Industry Federations from thirty-nine countries. In 2019, ETUC entered its forty-sixth year and marked its fourteenth quadrennial Congress in Vienna where delegates intervened to shape the work plan and direction of the organisation for the coming four years and to elect a new Executive Committee. This article takes stock of ETUC’s background and primary activities and considers whether ETUC enhances the power and influence of its members, despite the challenging environment in which trade unions in Europe reside in the 21st century. In so doing, the article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the organisation, which remains the largest civil society organisation in Europe.

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Zeide, Inga, et Indra Odiņa. « 21ST CENTURY SKILLS IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFE QUALITY ». SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (20 mai 2020) : 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol5.4820.

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The article addresses comparative qualitative content analysis as a part of the grounded theory research to explore the relationship between English language proficiency of economically active adults and their quality of life. Using comparative qualitative content analysis of the policy documents in respect of lifelong learning as main data collection method, the authors of the article aim to identify the relationship between the 21st century skills and indicators of life quality by comparing the sources that define the 21st century skills and analysing them in the context of the “8+1” dimensions of life quality offered by the European Union. The following research questions have been proposed: how 21st century skills are defined in the policy documents and how they relate to the quality of human life. The analysis of European Parliament, Council of the European Union, Word Economic Forum and Eurostat policies, models, strategies and their implementation in respect of lifelong learning reveals existing gaps and points at the urgent need in profiling the development of human skills to enhance human well-being and life quality in Europe. Besides, developing new skills and improving existing ones can be a tool for improving the quality of life in the future, whereas the dimensions of life quality can serve as a prerequisite for skills development.

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Pribac, Loredana, Dorina Ardelean, Lavinia Dudaș, Cristian Haiduc et Andrei Anghelina. « Aspects of youth competencies in the 21st century in the European Union ». Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 27, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2017) : 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2017-0014.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to present the youth unemployment problem that the European Union countries are facing nowadays. To this end, we investigate the competencies and skills considered necessary in the 21 Century. We do this by presenting the competencies considered important by European employers versus Romanian employers. Not least, we reveal future directions in terms of skills required by employers.

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Brcic Kuljis, Marita. « Living together in the European Union ? » International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 5, n^o 5 (3 août 2018) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i5.382.

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The failure of multiculturalism in the EU, confirmed by the key players of the European political scene Merkel, Sarkozy and Cameron (we have seen that only A. Merkel has survived) can be seen as a failure of European Union. Regardless the fact that the policy of multiculturalism has failed, multiculturalism is still, as a living experience of diversity, fact of our daily lives. The political approach to cultural diversity in EU is therefore necessary to change. Today it is not the main question how to live 'with' diversity but how to live 'in' diversity.In this article, we will try to analyze a report Living together. Combining diversity and freedom in 21st-century Europe presented by the Council of Europe in 2011.

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Villanueva-Cuevas, Antonio. « Tourism In European Union Law ». Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 15, n^o 5 (28 septembre 2011) : 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v15i5.6027.

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Tourism is a very important economic sector within the European Union, while also playing a key role in political, social and cultural integration. Nevertheless, the EU took a late interest in this sector, beginning only in the 1980s. Starting then, EU intervention in matters of tourism began to pass through a series of phases, during which EU performance was alternately more or less intense. A study of these phases reveals the consequences of a certain inefficiency as a result of the lack of sufficient legal support in the European Constitution for the development of a real EU policy in this sector. With the arrival of the 21st century, and as new EU powers in matters of tourism have been incorporated into the Lisbon Treaty, performance by the European Union in the tourism sector has changed its perspective, putting quality and competitiveness within reach through sustainability in the sector, a basic element of performance in matters of tourism.

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Christmann, Patrice. « Mineral Resource Governance in the 21st Century and a sustainable European Union ». Mineral Economics 34, n^o 2 (21 avril 2021) : 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00265-4.

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Horváthová, Zuzana, et Andrea Čajková. « Social and Economic Aspects of the EU ’s Education Policy ». Integration of Education, n^o 3 (28 septembre 2018) : 412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.092.022.201803.412-425.

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Introduction. The issue of education policy is very topical throughout the entire spectrum of society and undoubtedly throughout the European space. At the same time, this policy must be taken into account in any period of a civilized human history. By investing in education, we invest in the human population and participate in the formation of future generations. This article aims to study and analyse the current state of implementation of innovative approaches to the development of education and EU education policy, to identify the key aspects of the EU Education Policy at the present time. We focus mainly on the analysis of the range of the process of implementation of the Strategy Europe 2020 in this field with the particular impact on incorporation of new approaches into the current education policy system as such in the modern 21st century education system based on determining the tools necessary to implement the key strateg ies. Materials and Methods. The authors address individual approaches of the EU Member States in the field of the education and education policy, which can be beneficial for later incorporation of improving innovations into national education systems using the traditional methods of empirical analysis as description and classification, induction and deduction, content analysis, comparison and syntheses. The empirical basis of this study includes the results of a secondary analysis of the research da ta covering the problems of education policies. Results. There is a pragmatic focus on the issue of education in society, which also results, in terms of the macroeconomic indicators, in raising the standard of living of the population. Based on our conclusions, where we identified the real need of in-depth analysis of the situation in the education sector and a strategy to achieve effective change in mainstream educational thinking, policy and practice. We should not only determine where the sector is at present, but also engage as many institutions as possible in the review process, making sure that it is driven by their needs and to set key determinants of the education policies of the individual Member States in order to achieve the EU ’s objectives in terms of education, competitiveness and social cohesion. The results of the study have practical significance: the mechanisms can be reproduced in the field of defining the instruments of the harmonization in the EU education policy with the competences of the Member States. Discussion and Conclusions. The attention is drawn to the socio-economic context that affects the education policy, and despite the pursuit for a kind of harmonization in the EU , the education policy remains substantially within the competence of the Member States. Our results suggest that the use of integrative mechanisms allows to improve the efficiency of EU education policy and at the same time the Member States education policies. The main directions for further research in this field and questions for discussion and another positive move remain: what are the challenges facing education policies EU and Member States in the context of globalisation, the expansion of the European Union and the imperative of sustainable development.

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Braun, Aurel. « Resetting Russian–Eastern European relations for the 21st century ». Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45, n^o 3-4 (septembre 2012) : 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.07.009.

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Optimism and opportunity in Russian–East European relations just a couple of years ago, especially with the Obama government’s express desire to “press the reset button” with Moscow, generated much hope, but it seems now that this also camouflaged deep issues of structure and process. Beyond historical mistrust and fear, an increasing drift away from democracy by Russia, while Eastern Europe, (geographically more broadly defined than during the Cold War), largely has sought closer political, economic and military integration with their Western neighbors, appears to have created two solitudes that may be irrevocably moving in different directions. Further, Russian ambitions and unrealistic expectations of regaining superpower status together with the belief that there may even be a shortcut to that restoration by manipulating the Western European powers, encouraging divisions within NATO and the European Union and isolating Eastern Europe or at least some of the states in the region, not only increases regional mistrust but ironically also diverts Russia away from the much needed fundamental economic and political changes that could transform it into a truly modern and successful state and a better neighbor and partner. Add issues such as the deployment of anti-ballistic missile defense systems in Eastern Europe over which Moscow continues to express vociferous military alarm but which in reality disguises Russian hegemonic ambitions or at best political fear, as well as Russia’s political use of energy and pipelines, and we have a combination that makes regional relations increasingly acrid and thus does not bode well for the future.

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Zięba, Ryszard. « France’s security strategy for the 21st century ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 15, n^o 1 (2022) : 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2022.101.

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After the end of the Cold War, France issued the first document defining its national security strategy only in 1994. In the following years, despite its involvement in NATO and European Union enlargement, France did not publish any documents defining its security strategy. Only when Europe and the world found themselves in the process of reconfiguration of the international order at the end of the first decade of the 21st century did France begin to issue extensive documents defining its defense and national security strategy. As international terrorism became the greatest threat to France, the first document published in 2006 dealt with its position regarding this global phenomenon. Subsequently, White Papers on Defense and National Security were published in 2008 and 2013, followed by the Strategic Review of Defense and National Security in 2017. These documents define threats and challenges to the security of France, as well as its goals, and means and methods for strengthening it. They make up a broad understanding of the security of the state, society and the individuals, and international security. They show the programming of France as a European and world power. The author draws attention to some similarities and differences with the national security strategy of the Russian Federation. The analysis is conducted using the neorealist approach.

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Gryz, Jarosław. « Polityczne uwarunkowania integracji europejskiej z perspektywy bezpieczeństwa ». Przegląd Europejski, n^o 2-2021 (8 septembre 2021) : 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.21.6.

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The contemporary form of security in the European Union is undergoing profound changes. The solutions adopted in the first decade of the 21st century no longer meet the needs of this organisation and the EU Member States. New solutions that would functionally change the form of relationships between institutions have not been conceptually worked out. The European Union, struggling with numerous economic, social, and political crises, enters the next stage. Soon it will be decided, in which direction the organisation and its member states will develop. This article focuses on the current form of organisational and functional solutions of the EU by subjecting them to a critical review. The author evaluates, what is created in terms of decision-making processes and their results in the areas of foreign policy, security, and defence. Consequently, the article demonstrates the conditions that determine the form of the EU’s activities at the threshold of the second decade of the 21st century. Its result is the identification of change processes in security that determine the projection of the development of the European Union.

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Järvelaid, Peeter. « Estonian Legal Culture on the Threshold to the 21st Century ». International Journal of Legal Information 29, n^o 1 (2001) : 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000858.

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The Republic of Estonia is one of those European countries for which the year 1918 meant a deep and radical change in the development of their states. During the last decade, these states – Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic (the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic in 1918), Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – have all become Member States of or applicant countries to the European Union. On 28 July 1922, the Republic of Estonia was de jure recognized by the Government of the United States. This was an important act, since soon afterwards, on 22 September 1922, Estonia became a member of the League of Nations. Estonia had thus become a subject of international law.

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Blidaru, Mădălin-Cătălin. « ‘With Whom We Talk?’ Drawing Regions in 21st Century Africa ». Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 65, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2020) : 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.08.

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"The African continent inherited borders drawn by foreign actors for centuries, with a limited influence exerted by its internal political structures. This impacted its development across decades, acting as a contributing factor to economic, social and political conflicts, some of them resulting in further divisions in time: new states emerged, while the federal structures developed within some states remain unstable. In this paper, the author investigates the current regional groupings of states established in different African frameworks in an attempt to answer the question “how external actors influence and legitimize the development of regions” in 21st century. From a functionalist perspective, it explores the motives for the formation of a wide range of regional integration and cooperation organizations. The case study of G5 Sahel, an institutionalized regional arrangement focused on security and development of its member states, is analyzed as an arrangement emerged with support from France and the European Union. The case study analysis trails the cooperation with these two foreign actors with the G5 Sahel member states in the five years, focused on evolution, financing and joint initiatives – including to what extent these contributed to consolidation of the regional borders. Keywords: region-building, G5 Sahel, regional cooperation, European Union, development cooperation "

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Bonansinga, Donatella. « Counter Terrorism in the 21st Century and the Role of the European Union ». Polish Political Science Review 3, n^o 1 (1 juin 2015) : 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppsr-2015-0027.

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Abstract Terrorism is designed, as it has always been, to have profound psychological repercussions on a target audience and to undermine confidence in government and leadership. Nevertheless, after the 9/11 attacks, it is possible to claim that terrorism has changed and the European Union’s response, along with the world one, has also changed. By means of discursive analysis, this paper aims at exploring the complexity of the new threats that terrorism poses to the globalised world by combining 21st century technologies with the most extreme reading and vision of the clash of civilisation. The analysis will then proceed with an assessment of the change of approach that has guided EU action in the aftermath of 9/11 and with a critical examination of the issue of global actorness.

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Och, Jarosław. « Specific aspects of European and Polish migrations at the begging of the 21st century ». Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 9, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2019) : 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.4.07.

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The text focuses on the migration in the European Union and in Poland at the begging of the 21st century. It aims to prove that even if the reasons and consequences of migration are varied, they have significantly shaped the development of human civilization and have been a part of human socialization. Furthermore, this text points out that the phenomena of globalization and democratization have affected the population movement and caused new patterns of contemporary migration. The European Union is a great example of cooperation between different countries in order to realize the principle of free population movement, which was put to the test over past years. Additionally, this article characterizes the Polish migration, especially the inflow of immigrants to Poland. Poland has become an emigration and an attractive immigration country. This text revels also the consequences of migration in modern Europe.

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