Articles de revues : « European Union countries – Boundaries »

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Park, Soo-Young. « European Union and Hungarian Language Policy ». International Area Review 8, n^o 2 (juin 2005) : 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590500800208.

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Eastern European countries has been historically multiracial European countries, therefore, the language policy of EU becomes a test case for the practical lives of peoples on the question of the preservation of national identities without national boundaries. This thesis shows what kind of language policy that EU practices to integrate its member states' peoples which practically transcend the borders and how each state deals with these necessities with European Integration and the Globalization. In my paper, Hungary was analyzed as an example.

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Kuhn, Theresa, et Aaron Kamm. « The national boundaries of solidarity : a survey experiment on solidarity with unemployed people in the European Union ». European Political Science Review 11, n^o 2 (mai 2019) : 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773919000067.

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AbstractAmidst the European sovereign debt crisis and soaring unemployment levels across the European Union, ambitions for European unemployment policies are high on the political agenda. However, it remains unclear what European taxpayers think about these plans and who is most supportive of European unemployment policies. To contribute to this debate, we conducted a survey experiment concerning solidarity towards European and domestic unemployed individuals in the Netherlands and Spain. Our results suggest that (1) Europeans are less inclined to show solidarity towards unemployed Europeans than towards unemployed co-nationals, (2) individuals with higher education, European attachment, and pro-immigration attitudes show more solidarity towards unemployed people from other European countries, but (3) even they discriminate against foreigners, and (4) finally, economic left-right orientations do not structure solidarity with unemployed people from abroad.

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Šunjka, Tomislav. « European system of central banks and the European central bank ». Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 71, n^o 12 (1999) : 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv9903082q.

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Yugoslavia is being late with forming of European Union law experts. As we arc not the leading country in the international business relationships, we aproach to new rules of EU by empirical way. I believe that young lawyers should be tought that this branch of law already exists, that it lives by it's own life, that it depends upon movements of European business, that the contents of those rules is being made at European level and that other countries are unable to avoid their aplication with their boundaries and interpretations, because every boundary of such kind presents selfdisconection from taking part in European business trade. It is certain that some business subjects and national countries can impact on creation and changing of existing standards, but they also have to respect standards that are in use. It is the condition for taking a part in European business trade cooperation and to that condition a special attention must be payed in our country, which is being emphasized every day by our law and business practise as unavoidable need of our business development.

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Hänska, Max, et Stefan Bauchowitz. « Can social media facilitate a European public sphere ? Transnational communication and the Europeanization of Twitter during the Eurozone crisis ». Social Media + Society 5, n^o 3 (juillet 2019) : 205630511985468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305119854686.

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Asking whether social media can plausibly facilitate a European public sphere, this article provides the first operationalization and empirical examination of Europeanization of social media communications. It maps the geospatial structure of Twitter activity around Greece’s 2015 bailout negotiations. We find that Twitter activity showed clear signs of Europeanization. Twitter users across Europe tweeted about the bailout negotiations and coalesced around shared grievances. Furthermore, Twitter activity was remarkably transnational in orientation, as users interacted more often with users in other European Union (EU) countries than with domestic ones. As such, social media allowed users to communicate with one another unencumbered by national boundaries, to bring into existence an ad hoc, issue-based European public sphere.

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Przhilenskiy, V. I. « Biobanking in the structure of legal regulation of genetic research : experience of the Nordic Countries ». Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), n^o 7 (13 octobre 2021) : 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.83.7.052-060.

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The article examines the experience of legal regulation of biobanks in the Nordic countries in the context of the interaction of law and bioethics. The article analyzes the moral possibilities and legal boundaries of access to personal data by the state, society and the research community, provided that the inviolability of private life is strictly observed. On the basis of legislation of individual Nordic countries, as well as the regulatory framework of the European Union, the successes and difficulties in achieving the stated goal are discussed. The issues of opening, functioning and closing of biobanks, as well as the institutional, value and socio-cultural contexts of relevant practices are considered separately.

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LeClair, Debbie Thorne, O. C. Ferrell et Linda Ferrell. « Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations : Legal, Ethical, and Public Policy Issues for International Marketing ». Journal of Public Policy & ; Marketing 16, n^o 1 (mars 1997) : 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569701600104.

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The authors discuss the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations, which focus on the prevention and punishment of organizational misconduct. The guidelines have provisions that mitigate penalties for organizations that demonstrate due diligence and create an effective compliance program to prevent misconduct. A compliance program should assist marketers in developing strategy that aligns corporate objectives and standards with the legal, ethical, and societal expectations of various markets and countries. U.S. cooperative enforcement efforts with the European Union, NAFTA, and Japan extend the requirements for compliance beyond national boundaries.

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Faber, Pamela. « English as an academic lingua franca ». Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, n^o 23 (15 décembre 2010) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2010.23.02.

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In today’s world, the European Union is searching for a delicate balance between linguistic integration and diversity. Thanks to international knowledge transmission and exchange as well as co-operation and mobility beyond national boundaries, English has now become the preferred option for linguistic unity. It is a language that allows native speakers of different languages to communicate. However, the use of English as a lingua franca should not (and does not) threaten plurilingualism in Europe, as reflected in the many national languages in Europe and the relatively peaceful coexistence of national and minority languages in many European countries. In fact, English, as used for international communication purposes, complements and supplements national languages.

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Falkovskyi, Andrii, et Olga Dzhezhik. « FORMATION OF THE MODERN CONCEPT OF EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL NEO-INSTITUTIONALISM ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n^o 4 (29 octobre 2019) : 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-221-226.

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In the scientific discourse of the XXI century, the concept of modern Europe is being reformed under the influence of reforming the activities of the European Union. Scientific publications and research are conducted based on a study of the policies of the European Union countries, EU institutions and structural elements, and the problems that arise in the process of activity and development. The concept of modern Europe is a general term that embraces European values, the European standard of living, European policy, and European priorities, giving the concept of European studies a stable association with the European Union. In this context, the main causes and consequences for the scientific discourse, political practice, and future development of European countries must be considered. Neoinstitutionalists have attempted to analyse institutions based on atomistic methodology. Institutional transformations, processes of intra-European integration and enlargement of the EU, discussions on membership and exit from the EU raise issues of identity and development of governance in Europe. Europeanisation can be seen as a discourse, governance, and institutionalisation. The first interpretation emphasizes that modern Europe is a discourse, not only ideological but also administrative. In this sense, Europeanisation can be a means of expression of institutional globalization through domestic policy. In the article, the hypothesis is put forward and proved that the interpretation of the concept of modern Europe directly correlates with the future development of the European Union and its members. The dissemination of exclusive practices will help to spread the ideas of radical “Eurosceptics”, which could lead to the collapse of the European Union. The inclusive aspect of the concept of Europe is represented by the ideas of “Europeists” who, based on the common history, culture, mentality of the peoples of Europe, substantiate the positive influence on the state development of integration, non-state cooperation, and extrapolation of EU norms and principles into the new territories of Europe. There are three main reasons for shaping the concept of Europe as the boundaries of EU policy: The consolidation of political positions of the European Union and its growing role as an actor in world politics; Essence of the EU enlargement concepts; Features of development within the European community. The modern concept of Europe is considered in the context of a modern multi-level governance model. Therefore, Europeanisation is the interaction of different layers of interests, including structures of regional, multi-level governance, legitimacy of domestic and foreign policy. The impact of the multi-level governance system on the functioning of public administration systems in the Member States and neighbouring countries is considered. Four approaches are identified based on the analysis of relationships between different levels of governance. The necessity of formulating new theoretical paradigms defining the relations between the Member States and the technocratic institutions of the EU, as well as between the Europeanised system of national agencies and the ministries overseeing their activities, has been proved.

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Vasilescu, Laura Giurca. « Agricultural Development in European Union : Drivers, Challenges and Perspectives ». Pakistan Development Review 47, n^o 4II (1 décembre 2008) : 565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.565-580.

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Globalisation of world trade, consumer-led quality requirements and EU enlargement are the new realities and challenges facing European agriculture today. The changes will affect not only agricultural markets, but also local economies in rural areas. The future of the agricultural sector is closely linked to a balanced development of rural areas. The Community dimension in this relationship is therefore clear: agricultural and rural policy have an important role to play in the cohesion of EU territorial, economic and social policy. With over 56 percent of the population in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU) living in rural areas, which cover 91 percent of the territory, rural development is a vitally important policy area. Farming and forestry remain crucial for land use and the management of natural resources in the EU’s rural areas, and as a platform for economic diversification in rural communities. The strengthening of EU rural development policy is, therefore, an overall EU priority. The European Union has an active rural development policy because this helps to achieve valuable goals for the country sides and for the people who live and work there. The policy is funded partly from the central EU budget and partly from individual Member States' national or regional budgets. Theoretically, individual EU Member States could decide and operate completely independent rural development policies. However, this approach would work poorly in practice. Not all countries in the EU would be able to afford the policy which they needed and many of the issues addressed through rural development policy do not divide up neatly at national or regional boundaries. Also, rural development policy has links to a number of other policies set at EU level. Therefore, the EU has a common rural development policy, which nonetheless places considerable control in the hands of individual Member States and regions. The EU’s rural development policy is all about meeting the challenges faced by our rural areas, and unlocking their potential.

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Spindler, Gerald, Wulf Hambach et Bernd Berberich. « The Carmen Media Case – The Expected Catalyst from Brussels for a New Approach to German Gambling Law ? » European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, n^o 1 (mars 2011) : 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x0000074x.

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Billions of Euros of turnover are generated every year from games of chance. The legal framework conditions regulating this branch of the economy vary significantly within the European Union. Whilst in many countries such as Germany the state has a dominating monopoly position, other Member States, such as Denmark, France and Italy, have made moves towards a consistent partial liberalisation. These different framework conditions lead to problems, increasingly so as the European internal market is otherwise growing closer together. This is especially evident in the area of online gambling which, due to the structure of this medium, is not restricted by national boundaries, but must nevertheless not constitute a legal no man's land.Against this background, it appears logical for the European Court of Justice (ECJ), on the occasion of the submission of cases by Member State courts pursuant to Art. 267 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (previously Art. 234 EC), to repeatedly have called for the examination of national gambling regulations with regard to their compliance with Union law, as the ECJ's standing jurisdiction acknowledges that a (national) state monopoly for cross-border issues represents a violation of the freedom of establishment as set out in Art. 56 TFEU (previously Art. 49 EC) or the freedom of establishment as set out in Art. 49 TFEU (previously Art. 43 EC) respectively. Such restrictions of gambling activities may, however, be justified by matters of overriding general interest.

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Pospíšil, Richard. « Main principles of compensation to breeders with the occurence of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in breeding cattle and with regards to their disbursement ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, n^o 3 (2008) : 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856030257.

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Mad cow disease first appeared in the 80´s of last century and has gradually spread in series to high breeding countries, incurring major breeding and economic loses. In June of 2001, the disease was first doccumented in the Czech Republic and by year end 2006, there were discovered 26 cases. In accordance to the broader conception of the Common agricultural policy od the European Union, whose one pillar is pillar in the protection of agricultural industry, the European Union has paid breeders in particular EU states with financial compensation, which are the boundaries of the EU budget. For this purpose, there was established in the Czech Republic legal assignment for the distribution of this compensation, and this is reflected in act No. 166/1999, veterinary act and act No. 147/2006. Financial compensation will be paid by the Czech Republic´s Minister of finance after the proposed approval by the Minister of Agriculture and the State Veterinary Administration. Submitted work will deal the majority of compensation to breeders with the occurence of BSE in breeding cattle and with regards to their disbursement.

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Golovina, S., Aleksey Ruchkin, I. Mikolaychik et L. Smirnova. « Local Communities Participation in Rural Development : the Experience of the European Union ». Agrarian Bulletin of the 212, n^o 09 (9 novembre 2021) : 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-212-09-80-92.

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Abstract. The use of the experience of implementing the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the member states of the European Union (EU) is relevant both for Russia and for other countries of the world interested in the successful development of the agrarian sector of the economy and rural areas. The role of rural areas in achieving national security of countries and regions (food, biological, environmental and other) is increasing significantly due to the current challenges and threats (climate change, COVID-19 pandemic, aggravation of the international situation). The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is to scrutinise the special approach implemented under the CAP. This approach is referred to in European law as LEADER/CLLD and refers to a close combination of comprehensive cross-sector interaction with active involvement of local communities in rural development. In the work, analytical and review research methods were used, with the help of which (1) the current (relevant to the research topic) legislation, (2) programs implemented in the EU member states, (3) significant scientific publications were subject to scrupulous study. The result of the work is a review and analysis of the findings and practical recommendations for the future use of the various aspects of LEADER/CLLD in domestic political and economic practice. The application of this approach takes into account the fact that the experience of local residents, combined with the opinions of other stakeholders, can help to better adapt rural development policy to real needs and opportunities, and to form a specific (unique) human capital within the boundaries of rural communities. Human capital includes, in addition to specific skills, (1) the ability to take constructive initiatives, (2) a sense of local identity and ownership, (3) the ability to participate as equals with other partners in defining local development strategies, (4) trust between people, private enterprises, public institutions and sectoral communities interested in successful rural development, formed through constant interaction. Theoretical and practical conclusions regarding the content of LEADER/CLLD initiatives, as well as findings related to the possibilities of introducing tools and mechanisms to support rural areas, implemented directly with the involvement of local communities with financial support from the state, are of scientific novelty.

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Martynov, Andrii. « The European Union in the postmodern system of international relations ». European Historical Studies, n^o 22 (2022) : 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.2.

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In the history of international relations, discussions continue on the definition of criteria and chronological boundaries of different systems of international relations. The purpose of the article is to consider the theoretical and practical problems of positioning the European Union in the postmodern system of international relations. The Modern period was characterized by a block approach to security. The postmodern system of international security is based on a combination of hierarchical and network characteristics of the international system. The sovereign states of the European Union are often critical of each other, although this fact may for some time be masked by the need for solidarity in relations with the outside world and its risks. As soon as the factor of identity or proximity of interests is leveled off, the motives for concerted joint action disappear. Real politics is also influenced by the idea of European integration of many speeds. Following the enlargement of the EU to 28 member states (before the withdrawal of the United Kingdom), the core of European integration (the six founding members of the European Communities) and the concentric circles touching the core stood out. The accession of new EU member states to the highest achievements of European integration is possible at different speeds. Neutral EU countries such as Finland and Sweden have responded to Russia’s war against Ukraine by applying to join NATO. The United States still has a special consolidating role in the alliance. The postmodern multipolar system of international relations will consist of several hierarchical structures. First, it will be transformed military-political blocs, and secondly, networks of interaction between states that are regional leaders in their regions. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has consolidated the European Union and the United States. The Euro-Atlantic space is in fact a consolidated pole of power in the postmodern system of international relations. The United Kingdom is ensuring the expansion of the Euro-Atlantic space through the AUCUS into the Pacific. The postmodern system of international relations is multipolar. It is not limited to bipolar US-China confrontation. In the postmodern system of international relations, the European Union is not only a pole of power, but also its typological symbol.

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ALI, Dilshad SABRI. « How Does Mass Immigration Transform the Destination Societies ? » PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 3, n^o 3 (26 décembre 2019) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v3i3.118.

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The phenomenon of mass migration is explained thoroughly in this paper. It explains how easy global transportation by air and sea in a technological advanced world has made mass migration much easier. Mass Migration has also been made easier by globalization in that borders and boundaries between countries are being eliminated. Mass migration is explained in the sense that it takes into account the immigrants effect on destination countries such as the European Union, the United States of America, and also Canada. It takes into account how destination countries integrate and absorb these migrants within their economic sectors. It also takes into account how global security has been threatened by mass immigration. This paper also explains how national identity is being maintained in destination countries as mass migration influences the culture and beliefs of a country. The content analysis as methodology was used to discover the issue in this article. Keywords: Mass immigration, 11th September, National identity, Globalization, Content analysis

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Beyers, Jan, Danica Fink-Hafner, William A. Maloney, Meta Novak et Frederik Heylen. « The Comparative Interest Group-survey project : design, practical lessons, and data sets ». Interest Groups & ; Advocacy 9, n^o 3 (27 avril 2020) : 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41309-020-00082-0.

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Abstract This article discusses the methodology and practice behind planning and executing the Comparative Interest Group-survey project (CIG-survey). The CIG-survey includes surveys among national populations of organized interests in 9 European countries and at the European Union level. Although surveys are a useful and reliable way to collect data on a variety of topics, there are also numerous pitfalls and challenges in surveying interest groups, especially across multiple countries. Despite the prominent use of surveys in interest group research, systematic reflections on this method are scarce and data sets are not always properly archived or openly accessible. This article elaborates upon the practical implications and reflects on the lessons learnt during from the implementation of the CIG-survey. Moreover, we highlight how the fuzzy boundaries of interest communities obfuscate sampling and that surveying interest organizations requires researchers to navigate through a specific organizational context to reach and motivate respondents. We also demonstrate how a careful survey plan can positively affect response rates and enable the creation of robust comparative data sets.

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Haddad, Emma. « EU Migration Policy : Evolving Ideas of Responsibility and Protection ». Global Responsibility to Protect 2, n^o 1 (2010) : 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x12602515137419.

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AbstractWhile humanitarian intervention in cases of state instability remains a disputed concept in international law, there is consensus in the international community over the need to provide protection to refugees, one of the corollaries of such instability. Using the European Union (EU) as a case study, this article takes a policy perspective to examine competing conceptions of both 'responsibility' and 'protection' among EU Member States. Responsibility can be seen either as the duty to move refugees around the EU such that each Member State takes its fair share, or the duty to assist those Member States who receive the highest numbers of migrants due to geography by way of practical and financial help. Similarly, protection can imply that which the EU offers within its boundaries, encompassed within the Common European Asylum System, or something broader that looks at where people are coming from and seeks to work with countries of origin and transit to provide protection outside the Union and tackle the causes of forced migration. Whether one or both of these concepts comes to dominate policy discourse over the long-term, the challenge will be to ensure an uncompromised understanding of protection among policy-makers.

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Vilchyk, Tetyana, Oksana Shcherbanyuk et Kornelia Wolk. « The concept and content of the constitutional principle of justice ». Constitutional and legal academic studies, n^o 1 (10 novembre 2022) : 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2663-5399.2022.1.07.

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This article aims to reveal the main models of implementation of the bar in the European Union and Central Asia. As some of European Union’s neighboring countries are about to embark on EU accession negotiations, they are looking to reform their justice systems to align them with EU standards. The article provides a comparative legal characteristic of the organization models of the advocate self-government bodies in the European Union and Central Asia countries from the point of view of compliance with international standards of Bar's independence. The authors have identified typical violations of the independence of lawyers' self-government bodies by the executive bodies of state power in Central Asian countries, shown the degree of their influence on protecting human rights and freedoms, and formulated recommendations aimed at overcoming existing violations’. Advocate self-government should be considered as a manifestation of the principle of independence of the Bar. Since the definition of "independence" is used in a narrow legal sense, it should be understood exclusively as a known measure of legal freedom, free discretion in actions within the boundaries outlined by law. With regard to the Bar, the term "independence" should be interpreted in the context of Recommendations Rec (2000) 21 to the Committee of Ministers to member states on the freedom of exercise of the profession of a lawyer as "freedom of the profession from any undue restrictions, influences, pressure, threats or interference, direct or indirect, from any side or for any reason. By "independence of the Bar" we mean such a legal status of the bodies of the advocates' community, established by law, which allows them to autonomously and independently from improper interference solve issues of their internal organization, as well as other tasks defined in the law, that is, to exercise self-government.

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Wodak, Ruth. « Language, power and identity ». Language Teaching 45, n^o 2 (25 mars 2011) : 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444811000048.

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How are identities constructed in discourse? How are national and European identities tied to language and communication? And what role does power have – power in discourse, over discourse and of discourse? This paper seeks to identify and analyse processes of identity construction within Europe and at its boundaries, particularly the diversity of sources and forms of expression in several genres and contexts. It draws on media debates on Austrian versus Standard High German, on focus group discussions with migrants in eight European countries and on public and political debates on citizenship in the European Union which screen newly installed language tests. The analysis of different genres and publics all illustrate the complexity of national and transnational identity constructions in a globalised world. What is experienced as European or as outside of Europe is the result of multiple activities, some of them consciously planned in the sense of political, economic or cultural intervention, others more hidden, indirect, in the background. Such developments are contradictory rather than harmonious, proceeding in ‘loops’ and partial regressions (rather than in a linear, uni-directional or teleological way). Thus, an interdisciplinary approach suggests itself which accounts for diverse context-dependent discursive and social practices.

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Gardner, Andrew. « Brexit, boundaries and imperial identities : A comparative view ». Journal of Social Archaeology 17, n^o 1 (17 janvier 2017) : 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605316686875.

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The year 2016 will be marked as a year in which identity politics reached new levels of significance. Among numerous dramatic events, the UK referendum on membership of the European Union has brought many issues of interest to archaeologists to the fore. These range from entirely contemporary concerns, such as the future of research funding in Britain, to topics of more longitudinal significance, including the interactions between different identity groups in particular economic and political circumstances. In this paper, I wish to explore aspects of the distinctive position of Britain as an illustration of identity dynamics in the long term, focussing on the relationship between imperialism and identities and viewed through the lens of recent work in Border Studies. Brexit can be seen as the culmination of the collapse of the British empire, and transformation of British identity, in the post-Second World War era and the particular dynamics of this process invite comparison with Britain’s earlier position as one of the frontier provinces of the Roman empire, especially in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. This comparison reveals two paradoxical dimensions of imperial identities, the first being that so-called ‘peripheries’ can be more important than ‘cores’ in the creation of imperial identities and the second that such identities can be simultaneously ideologically powerful yet practically fragile in the circumstances which follow imperial collapse. Such insights are important because, at a time of apparently resurgent nationalism in many countries, archaeologists need to work harder than ever to understand identity dynamics with the benefit of time depth.

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Moreno, Rosina, Raffaele Paci et Stefano Usai. « Spatial Spillovers and Innovation Activity in European Regions ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 37, n^o 10 (octobre 2005) : 1793–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37341.

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This paper explores the spatial distribution of innovative activity and the role of technological spillovers in the process of knowledge creation and diffusion across 175 regions of seventeen countries in Europe (the fifteen members of the pre-2004 European Union plus Switzerland and Norway). The analysis is based on a databank set up by CRENoS on regional patenting at the European Patent Office, spanning 1978–2001 and classified by ISIC sectors. The first step is an exploratory spatial data analysis of the dissemination of innovative activity in Europe. The goal of the rest of the paper is to analyse to what extent externalities that cross regional boundaries can explain the spatial association process detected in the distribution of innovative activity in the European regions. The framework given by the knowledge-production function together with the use of spatial econometrics techniques allow us to look for insights on the mechanics of knowledge interdependences across regions, which are shown to exist. Empirical results point to the relevance of internal regional factors (R&D expenditure and agglomeration economies). Moreover, the production of knowledge appears also to be affected by spatial spillovers due to innovative activity (both patenting and R&D) performed in other regions. Additional results show that spillovers are mostly constrained by national borders within less than 250 km, and that technological similarity between regions also matters.

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Pejović, Igor. « A Comparative Analysis of the Price Index in Transition Countries in the Time of Globalisation ». Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 3, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2014) : 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2014-0007.

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Abstract Globalisation with all its features can be divided in two segments - good and bad. When we look at the good side of globalisation, it is obvious that it has erased boundaries between countries in terms of trade, education, knowledge sharing, and other new technologies, while on the other hand, the bad side is that it has created a considerable gap between developed and developing countries, then different types of commercial, political and other conditioning, and dependence on strong, developed states. A great contribution to the negative part of globalisation was of economic instability that occurred at the beginning of this century and which consequences are still present in the world. In this article, we presented the impact of economic instability on the price index trough a comparative analysis of transition countries such as Montenegro, Serbia and Croatia over a period of five years (Croatia has just recently become a member of the European Union and due to that fact it was included in this study). The survey covered price indices relating to the prices of industrial products for the domestic markets, consumer price indices, indices of the hospitality services and the prices of the agricultural products.

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Sokolova, Olga, Nadezhda Goncharova et Pavel Letov. « Problems and Prospects for the Development of the UK Banking System in the Process of New Industrialization and Digitalization ». SHS Web of Conferences 93 (2021) : 05017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219305017.

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The gist of this article boils down to the development of British banking system in the conditions of new industrialization and digitalization. The banking system of Great Britain is characterized by a high degree of concentration and specialization of banking, a well-developed banking infrastructure, and a close connection with the international loan capital market. London is the world's oldest financial center. The English banking system has the world's widest network of overseas branches. The UK banking system is relatively independent from the credit systems of the European Union. Nevertheless, banking legislation is focused on the unification of banking law within the European Community and supervision of banking activities. In the context of the global financial crisis, the UK banking system, as in other countries, has been severely tested. The most important trend in the development of the UK banking system is the blurring of boundaries between certain types of credit institutions. The subject of the research is the UK banking system in the context of new industrialization and digitalization.

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Marginson, Paul, et Franz Traxler. « After enlargement : preconditions and prospects for bargaining coordination ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 11, n^o 3 (août 2005) : 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890501100316.

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EU enlargement, by extending the boundaries of Europe's single market, calls for a reconsideration of the preconditions and prospects for transnational coordination of collective bargaining. Collective bargaining still remains nationally-based, but after enlargement two features are prominent. First, there is the extent of the gap in labour costs between the old and new Member States. This is providing powerful incentives both for the movement of capital eastwards (relocation of production sites) and for movement of self-employed workers westwards (displacing local labour). Secondly, there is now a group of countries with single-employer bargaining systems: multi-employer bargaining is no longer the EU norm. The resulting pressures are reinforcing developments in sectoral agreements, such as ‘hardship clauses’, which themselves undermine the vertical coordination on which successful cross-border coordination must rest. This paper analyses the implications of these developments and concludes that sector-based cross-border bargaining coordination remains trade unions' best available response to pan-European market integration; that differentiated approaches are required as between sectors; that unions need to develop effective means of coordination across companies within sectors; and that, under single-employer bargaining regimes, boosting union organisation and hence the coverage of collective bargaining is paramount.

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Marín Durán, Gracia. « SECURING COMPATIBILITY OF CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENTS WITH THE MULTILATERAL CLIMATE AND TRADE REGIMES ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 72, n^o 1 (janvier 2023) : 73–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589322000501.

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AbstractThe European Union (EU) is contemplating the adoption of a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), which would extend its domestic carbon price to emissions that are produced outside its borders but are embodied into its imports of carbon-intensive commodities. In doing so, the EU is testing the boundaries of permissible unilateral action at the interface of international climate and trade law. However, the question of whether the proposed CBAM is compatible with these two multilateral legal regimes is yet to be addressed in an integrated manner. This article seeks to fill this gap in the scholarship and makes two main arguments. First, the CBAM as presently designed does not respect the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDRRC) and needs to be adjusted through two forms of differential treatment: a full exemption for least-developed countries and Small Island Developing States and the use of CBAM-generated revenue to support decarbonisation efforts in other affected developing countries. Secondly, this CBDRRC-based differentiation should be permissible under WTO law on the grounds that it does not amount to discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail.

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López-Rodríguez, Ana Mercedes. « The Sun Behind the Clouds ? Enforcement of Renewable Energy Awards in the EU ». Transnational Environmental Law 8, n^o 02 (7 juin 2019) : 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204710251900013x.

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AbstractA number of European Union (EU) countries have undertaken thorough reforms in the renewable energy sector over the past years. The regulatory changes have triggered a wave of claims from low-carbon investors asserting that the reforms have diminished or exhausted the economic viability of their investments. Unlike local investors, who typically take legal action before domestic courts, foreign investors have filed arbitration claims in accordance with the Energy Charter Treaty, notably against Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic, resulting in several awards of damages. However, recent developments in EU state aid law seem to restrict the ability of investors to obtain compensation. This article argues that such developments may undermine renewable energy policy, because arbitration enhances the regulatory stability and predictability which low-carbon investments require only if arbitral awards can be enforced effectively. The article examines the different scenarios that may arise out of the interplay between EU law and investment arbitration in the EU and concludes that the European Commission's arguable redrawing of the boundaries of state aid rules to encompass investment arbitration, combined with the EU's general quest to replace investment arbitration with alternative mechanisms of adjudication, may jeopardize climate change mitigation policies.

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Krzak, Mariusz. « Is the EU’s Resource Base of Copper Ore Deposits Large ? A Fuzzy Set Theory Approach ». Resources 10, n^o 2 (27 janvier 2021) : 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10020011.

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Copper raw materials have not been identified as a critical raw material for the economy of the European Union (EU). Demand for metal for use within the EU is satisfied mainly by imports of raw materials in various processing stages and from recycling. Imports include not only copper concentrates, but also refined metals, alloys, and intermediate and finished products. In terms of EU imports, mining supplies represent a minor share of demand. It is likely that copper demand will grow in the coming decades and that global as well as European reserves of copper will be depleted more rapidly. For Europe, no complete and harmonised dataset presenting estimates of total EU copper resources and reserves exists, with the exception of the attempted Minerals4EU project. In colloquial language, many imprecise concepts aim at describing reality. Classic probability tools cannot be used to describe imperfect information. There are no sharp thresholds between the boundaries of many measurements; instead, smooth transitions are observed. This gradation between full and partial membership and non-membership is not included in classical set theory; thus, the capacity for describing such effects is provided by fuzzy set theory. An attempt is made in the present paper at a fuzzy description of the copper reserve base in the EU countries. The basic terminology of fuzzy sets is presented and useful logical operators are indicated. The copper reserve base in the EU countries was assessed in relation to world reserves and an appraisal of this base within these countries was carried out.

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HAXHIU, Sadik, Urtak HAMITI et Gani ASLLANI. « Representation of National Minorities in State Institutions Through Quotas in The Region of South East Europe ». Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, n^o 1 (21 septembre 2018) : 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.1(31).14.

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Modern democratic societies and countries that are based on democracy, rule of law, respect of human rights and freedoms base those values in electoral systems and free and fair elections that legitimize the power of the people through their representatives. Norms for democratic electoral systems were set by various international institutions such as United Nations, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and European Union. Although not all of the countries of the region of South East Europe are members of most relevant international institutions, they have adopted democratic norms concerning elections that are set by international institutions. Representation of national minorities in state institutions, legislative and executive branches, as well as other public institutions, through electoral systems or through constitutional and legal quotas, in some cases based on electoral systems or through political appointments, is the key ingredient of a full-functioning democratic order. This is even more important in the countries of South East Europe, many of which have been established in recent history, where the boundaries are geographic and are not set along ethnic lines. Most of the countries, regardless of the democratic elections, have opted for the system of quotas for their national minorities, in terms of their representation in state and public institutions, with the sole aim of bringing them on-board with the representatives of national majority to create democratic governing decision-making bodies.

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Kępiński, Jakub. « Polish industrial property law ». Pravovedenie 65, n^o 3 (2021) : 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.303.

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In recent years, entrepreneurs have become increasingly aware of the legal means to protect intangible goods, but to ensure proper protection it is necessary to possess certain knowledge of the ways how to do it efficiently. The article is intended to explain the basic issues of Polish industrial property law. The systematics of Polish law including the issues concerning inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks and geographical indication have been presented. However, currently it is not enough to be familiar with the national laws of each member states of the EU. It is also necessary to know EU law which affects strongly the law of individual member states. Therefore Polish industrial property law cannot be interpreted without taking into account EU law. At the same time, it is difficult to accurately delineate the boundaries of EU law. For example, there is the concept of a “European patent”, which will be granted by the European Patent Office in Munich. The “European Patent” is based on the European Patent Convention of 5 October 1973. It must be noted that the European patent is not an EU instrument and the Convention itself is not part of the EU acquis communautaire. Nevertheless, it is an important instrument signed by 38 countries, including all EU Member States. The European patent is often referred to as a “bundle of national patents”, and patent protection may differ from country to country. On the other hand, the law of EU Member States has only been harmonised to some extent. Thus, there is a need for further harmonisation as well as uniform interpretation of the existing provisions by the national courts and by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Thus, in the coming years, also Polish industrial property law may be expected to have been amended accordingly.

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Lorke, Christoph. « Shifting Racial Boundaries and Their Limits. German Women, Non-European Men, and the Negotiation of Sexuality and Intimacy in Nazi Germany ». Genealogy 4, n^o 1 (20 mars 2020) : 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4010030.

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This essay examines the cultural, ethnic, and “racial” boundaries of the National Socialist “Volksgemeinschaft” based on planned, failed, and completed marriages between German women and non-European men in the early twentieth century. From evidence in the relevant files from the Federal Archives and the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office, this essay discusses male partners from various countries of origin as examples of the role of the state in racially mixed unions. The reactions of the institutional actors and the couples themselves demonstrated the surprising ambivalence of National Socialist racial policy due to political and diplomatic requirements.

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Namli, Sevinç. « Examination of Physical Education and Sports Undergraduate Programs of the Bologna Process Countries (Poland-Turkey Case) ». Comparative Professional Pedagogy 9, n^o 2 (1 juin 2019) : 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2019-0016.

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AbstractWith geographical, cultural and economic benefits, Poland has adapted to the Bologna Process and has been one of the countries most preferred by students in Turkey within the scope of Erasmus. Turkey and Poland Physical Education and Sports Undergraduate Curriculum were analyzed with data from government agencies in both countries. Erasmus program has been prepared within the framework of the European Union in order to ensure the development of higher education institutions, to work jointly between the universities and to eliminate geographical and educational boundaries. Bologna Process, founded in 1998, Turkey’s included in 2001, envisages a structure that ensures the mobility of academic staff, comparable, not bounded by country borders, set standards, competitive and very well connected with each other. With over 400 universities, Poland offers a cost-effective and quality education program. Poland’s Physical Education and Sports Undergraduate program is 3 years. The curriculum, which has a weighted structure in the Field Training, also includes Professional Knowledge and General Culture courses. Turkey’s constant Physical Education and Sports Science program, which is determined by Higher Education Council (YÖK), is 4 years. In addition to the Field Training courses, Professions Knowledge and General Culture courses are also covered by the curriculum. There is one year (2 semesters, 60 ECTS) difference between Turkey and Poland curriculum. This difference is mostly composed of the National course elements in the Professions Knowledge and General Culture parts. The Field Training courses are divided into theoretical and practical applications and are processed at similar rates in both countries.

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Rojnic, Dobrinka. « Geopolitical Discourse ». Međunarodne studije 20, n^o 1-2 (7 décembre 2020) : 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46672/ms.20.1-2.2.

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Contemporary geopolitical discourses are to a large extent shaped by networks of global actors with different sources of power. In such networkskey source of power is not just a territory, but also effective and vibrant economic policies that are shaped by countries, companies and other economic actors. The growing attention on geopolitical and geostrategic issues have placed the issue of economic integration high on the list of policy and governance priorities in last two decades. While every country, region, alliance shapes its own geopolitical and geostrategic positioning by formulating and implementing its own energy policy, such policies are to a large extent influenced with what takes place in the territory of Eurasia. In geopolitical discourses, Eurasia has been in the focus of scholarly and political discussions for quite some time now. Previous reviews of geopolitical discourses on Eurasia have showed, however, that while the concept of Eurasia is often employed in the context of its relations with western democracies, the boundaries or properties of concept itself still remain unclear. This paper aims to tackle this problem and define Eurasia in geographical as well as cultural, political and social terms. The literature review and document analysis are, thus, employed to offer the answer to the question: “What and who is Eurasia?” While answering to the question, this paper takes into account the important role Eurasia plays for European Union as a territory with significant energy resources and with a consequential attractivity for economic integration with European Union and its members states. In order to offer the answer to the question “What and who is Eurasia?”, in order to unfold the dimensions of its geopolitical domination, the paper focuses on cultural, economic, geopolitical and social dimensions.

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TSYNALIEVSKA, I. A., et ZH G. NAUMENKO. « IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE ON ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION OF DISPROPORTATION OF REGIONS DEVELOPMENT ». Economic innovations 20, n^o 3(68) (20 septembre 2018) : 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.3(68).206-216.

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Topicality. One of the main tasks of the state regional policy is to stimulate the development of the regions, and, taking into account the successful experience of the European Union countries on this issue, the primary task and the main goal of the state regional policy should be connected with to reduction of disproportions of social and ecological and economic development. Balanced development of the regions is a necessary prerequisite to achieve the effectiveness of the state regional policy, which will ensure the social and economic development of the country as a whole. State regional policy requires that achievement of its goals should be gained by means of modern mutually interconnected mechanisms, as well as, provision of them with all the necessary resources for their implementation. Taking into account the experience of developed countries and the goals set in many normative and strategic documents of Ukraine on reducing the disproportionate development of regions, it is necessary to consider positive trends in preventing and overcoming divergent processes on the basis of reducing regional development imbalances in a context of the administrative-territorial reform of Ukraine and creation of new effective tools for legal and institutional structural impact on the development of regions of Ukraine. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study an experience of the European Union countries regarding the assessment of disproportionality in development of regions and measures aimed at reducing regional development imbalances, as well as the implementation of such experience in accordance with Ukrainian realities. Moreover, a scope of objectives of the current study includes allocation mechanisms of regional policy of the EU according to characteristics of the areas that are subject to state intervention for a further implementation of the positive experience of the EU countries in the aspect of overcoming the disproportions of regional development, as well as, development of practical recommendations for improving institutional support and assessment tools for measuring disparities of regional development in Ukraine. Research results. A foreign experience regarding assessment of regional disproportions is being considered within the article. Approaches to selection of indicators for assessment of disproportionality of regional development and features for definition of indicators, which perform as stimulators or as de-stimulators in different countries depending on local features of territorial development, - are analyzed. It was found that the practical difficulties arising from the use of GRP per capita, as a universal indicator characterizing the level of economic development of the region in the EU countries, - are related to a difficulty in choosing of method for determining the of output volume in conditions where activity goes beyond regional boundaries because of the fact that national statistical offices apply different approaches to calculation of this indicator. It was established that the development of a method for assessing of intra-regional disproportionality in the development of regions in Ukraine is complicated due to lack of a necessary statistical base provided by all necessary indicators at all levels; therefore, the proposed algorithm for comparing statistical information on monitoring of different levels of development of the country's territories will enable further development of a set of mechanisms that will stimulate socio-ecological and economic development at the regional level and will increase a regional competitiveness. The article provides recommendations on methodical provision of state evaluation of disproportionate development of the regions of the country; and proposes an algorithm for the implementation of statistical information on monitoring the levels of development of regions based on the European experience of organizing statistical and territorial division on economic grounds. Conclusions. It has been established that in different countries of the European Union there are different approaches and methods used to identify areas in which disproportions of development are inherent; factors that serve as a source of developmental imbalances are also perceived differently, hence the choice of indicators that can be used to measure the detected imbalances is a subject of consideration by each EU country separately. In some EU countries, as in Ukraine, there is a problem with the collection and processing of statistical information at the NUTS III level, which corresponds to the Ukrainian administrative-territorial division of rayon level (district) or a group of rayons (group of districts). Development of the method for assessing of intra regional disproportionality in the development of regions in Ukraine is complicated due to lack of adequate statistical base provided with all necessary indicators at all levels, therefore the proposed, within the current study, - algorithm for comparing statistical information on monitoring of different levels of development of territories of the country will provide further development of a set of mechanisms that will stimulate social and ecological and economic development and increase the regional competitiveness. Methodological basis for assessing of disproportionality of a regional development is the subject for further research in this area and provide a perspective for a study of intra-regional disproportions of development as a separate issue in the context of administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine.

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Ray, Subrata Ray. « Globalization and its impact on Human Resource Management practice of India ». Journal of Global Economy 6, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2010) : 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v6i3.62.

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The approaching of the 21 century globalization poses unique HRM challenges to business chiefly those functioning across countrywide boundaries as transnational or global enterprises. Global trade is considered by the open flow of human and economic resources particularly in the developed economies of European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), other regional groupings such as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Southern African Development Community, etc. Competing in global markets require loads of factors and centralization of its human resource practices is definitely imperative to get better global competitiveness and authorize workforce for global assignments. These developments are opening up new markets in a mode that has certainly not been seen earlier than. This accentuates the requirement to deal with human resources efficiently to increase aggressive benefit in the global market place. To attain this, organizations need an understanding of the factors that can decide the efficacy of different HR practices and approaches. This is because countries like India diverge down a number of scopes that persuade the attractiveness of direct overseas investments in every nation.Â

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Krasnoselskaya, Dina Kh. « Examining Regional Polycentricity : Does It Really Matter in Transitional Russia ? » Economy of Region 17, n^o 2 (juin 2021) : 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-3.

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n the normative agenda of European countries, polycentricity is considered a desirable spatial form for encouraging regional competitiveness and territorial cohesion. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian regions have undergone various reforms aimed at reducing tremendous social-economic differentiation, but the results of applied strategic plans were moderate. According to the existing Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation, polycentric patterns are encouraged to increase the quality of economic space and its connectivity. Using statistical data from 2017 for 271 Russian municipalities, the research addresses the impact of socio-economic determinants and road infrastructure on the spatial structure. The Republic of Bashkortostan and six adjacent regions served as a case study. Conducted regression analysis identified key variables that influence polycentricity, upon which global and local Moran’s indexes were calculated to reveal the potential for intraregional cooperation. Research findings showed that polycentricity in its morphologic nature is positively determined by economic variables (namely, the value of shipped goods, performed works and services) and social infrastructure (the number of doctors per 10 000 inhabitants) while spatial autocorrelation is weak both within and beyond regional boundaries. The results may be used for formulating regional policies, infrastructure programmes, and spatial planning.

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Menu, Baptiste, Faucheu Jenny, Laforest Valérie et Bassereau Jean-François. « From Product to Dust : Looking at the Ways to Regenerate Value in Product Life Cycle ». Proceedings of the Design Society : International Conference on Engineering Design 1, n^o 1 (juillet 2019) : 3321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.339.

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AbstractThe shift from linear to circular patterns is on the way and rise many questions. In the last ten years, reuse and upcycling are gaining more attention. Since reduce and reuse were describe as a priority by the European Union, some leading projects are unveiled in different countries. Scale and quality of those projects push the reuse issue out of the shadow, far from original prejudices who associate waste and reuse to « poverty » and « Do It Yourself ». Although Reuse emerge as a prominent question, the idea and boundaries of « what is reuse » appears to be blur and not clearly understood. This situation lead to general incomprehension, even for professionals. Reuse, repurpose, upcycling and recycling are usually considered to wear the same meaning despite a huge difference on what it implies.In this paper we will examine these different notions through a pedagogical case study. We will draw the different ways to regenerate value at all steps of product life cycle in a precise manner. This allows to better insight the meaning of those issues in the case of student design education. In the same time, it aims to be a tool for teaching sustainable design and waste management.

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Sarapani, Stella. « The Import of Cultural Goods under EU and Greek Law – A Critical Outlook ». Santander Art and Culture Law Review 7, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2021) : 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.21.026.15271.

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In recent decades, there have been many offences against world cultural heritage by terrorist entities aimed not only at damaging the historical past and cultural identity of specific nations, but also at financing their activities through the sale of cultural objects. The European Union (EU) countries have often been the recipients of such cultural goods from conflict-ridden territories. For this reason, the EU has gradually adopted a set of legal measures aimed at reducing the flow of illegal cultural goods from third countries into its territory. Focusing on the North-Eastern Mediterranean boundaries of the EU for geopolitical reasons, this article examines the EU’s legal measures regarding the import of cultural goods from third countries from the perspective of Greece in order to investigate whether the new regulatory measures could be effective in this particular Member State. On one hand this article examines EU Regulation No. 1210/2003, Regulation No. 1332/2013, and Regulation No. 2019/880; and on the other it analyses Article 33 of the Greek Law 3028/2002 regarding the import of cultural goods. As regards the latter, this approach includes not only the law itself but also cases generated under it, its legislative history where applicable, and commentaries and literature on the law that will enable the measurement of the effectiveness of the new measures in Greece. Comparisons are also made herein, albeit to a lesser extent and mainly between the EU import rules and the relevant national rules, as the effects of EU law upon Greek law are yet to be identified.

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Kasyanov, R. A., et E. A. Torkunova. « Securing Human Rights on the Post-Soviet Space ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 5(44) (28 octobre 2015) : 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-5-44-56-62.

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Abstract: A lot of profound political, economic, social, cultural and legislative modifications have happened on the post-Soviet space since the disintegration of the USSR. The term “post-Soviet space” should not be considered as the geographical boundaries of the fifteen former Soviet republics. The conception of the “post-Soviet space” has a more profound meaning as it reflects the common historical and cultural heritage as well as close economic relations, moreover, friendship between the citizens of the new independent States. The most developed sphere in the interstate relations nowadays is economics. The most prime example is Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), the youngest integration institution in the world which unites five countries willing to construe their relationship on a stronger basis than the proposed format of cooperation within the Commonwealth of the Independent States. In the modern world the economic and financial interests are determining, their ensuring makes the governments change foreign and domestic policies, start and terminate trade wars, desperately fight for the respect of their legal rights or, on the contrary, voluntarily give up on some parts of their sovereignty in the framework of integration development. The experience of the European Union demonstrates that the construction of the unified internal market within which freely move persons, goods, services and capitals is a necessary but not the only attribute of a successful integration project. At a certain moment the complex of economic and financial interests should be supplied with the interests of a concrete person. A strict observation of rights and freedoms is becoming a factor that predetermines a possibility of a conversion to the higher forms of integration. In this article is analyzed the problem of human rights defense in the main organizations functioning on the post-Soviet space - Eurasian Economic Union and Commonwealth of the Independent States.

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Earle, J. R. « The Three Rivers Project - water quality monitoring and management systems in the Boyne, Liffey and Suir Catchments in Ireland ». Water Science and Technology 47, n^o 7-8 (1 avril 2003) : 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0692.

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The “Three Rivers Project” is a government initiative and one of a series of catchment based water quality monitoring and management systems being developed throughout Ireland since 1997. The establishment of these multi-sectoral, basin-wide and community based systems is a response to historically perceived disjointed, legalistic and non-participative approaches to water resource management and purports to transcend the restrictions of traditional local authority administrative boundaries. The new management model embodies the concepts and objectives contained in the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) enacted in December 2000. Ireland, in common with many EU countries, has failed to halt decades of increasing levels of eutrophication of surface waters due principally to phosphorus loading. The “Three Rivers Project” is promoting the benefits of an integrated and cooperative approach to the management of three important river systems in Ireland, namely, the Boyne, Liffey and Suir. The project objective is to protect and improve water quality to conform with “good ecological status”. The implications of the Project findings for agricultural, municipal and industrial policy are grave and one of the greatest challenges now is to organise and fund Irish River Basin Management Systems as envisaged by the WFD to continue and build on the work which the “Three Rivers Project” has undertaken.

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Maslov, A. O. « Legal Aspect of Applying Price Parity Clauses by Digital Platform Owners ». Russian competition law and economy, n^o 2 (29 juin 2022) : 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47361/2542-0259-2022-2-30-74-83.

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The article contains a legal analysis of the price parity clause. Its types from the point of view of Russian and foreign competition law. A number of decisions of Russian and foreign courts, antimonopoly regulators made on the basis of antimonopoly investigations against owners of digital platforms who used the clause on price parity in entrepreneurial activities were considered. A comparative analysis of these decisions was carried out to identify similarities and differences in approaches to the legal qualification of the actions of the owner of the digital platform on the use of the price parity clause. In particular, in the countries of the European Union, antitrust regulators and courts have qualified the relevant actions of the owner of the digital platform as a violation of the legislative ban on the conclusion of vertical agreements restricting competition. The Russian antimonopoly regulator and the courts qualify the actions of the owner of the digital platform as a violation of the ban on abuse of dominant position in the relevant commodity market.The article also considers the approaches of Russian and foreign competitive departments, courts to determine the boundaries of commodity markets, the participants of which are the owners of the digital platform.

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Rybnikova, Nataliya, Boris A. Portnov, Igal Charney et Sviatoslav Rybnikov. « Delineating Functional Urban Areas Using a Multi-Step Analysis of Artificial Light-at-Night Data ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 18 (17 septembre 2021) : 3714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183714.

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A functional urban area (FUA) is a geographic entity that consists of a densely inhabited city and a less densely populated commuting zone, both highly integrated through labor markets. The delineation of FUAs is important for comparative urban studies and it is commonly performed using census data and data on commuting flows. However, at the national scale, censuses and commuting surveys are performed at low frequency, and, on the global scale, consistent and comparable data are difficult to obtain overall. In this paper, we suggest and test a novel approach based on artificial light at night (ALAN) satellite data to delineate FUAs. As ALAN is emitted by illumination of thoroughfare roads, frequented by commuters, and by buildings surrounding roads, ALAN data can be used, as we hypothesize, for the identification of FUAs. However, as individual FUAs differ by their ALAN emissions, different ALAN thresholds are needed to delineate different FUAs, even those in the same country. To determine such differential thresholds, we use a multi-step approach. First, we analyze the ALAN flux distribution and determine the most frequent ALAN value observed in each FUA. Next, we adjust this value for the FUA’s compactness, and run regressions, in which the estimated ALAN threshold is the dependent variable. In these models, we use several readily available, or easy-to-calculate, characteristics of FUA cores, such as latitude, proximity to the nearest major city, population density, and population density gradient, as predictors. At the next step, we use the estimated models to define optimal ALAN thresholds for individual FUAs, and then compare the boundaries of FUAs, estimated by modelling, with commuting-based delineations. To measure the degree of correspondence between the commuting-based and model-predicted FUAs’ boundaries, we use the Jaccard index, which compares the size of the intersection with the size of the union of each pair of delineations. We apply the proposed approach to two European countries—France and Spain—which host 82 and 72 FUAs, respectively. As our analysis shows, ALAN thresholds, estimated by modelling, fit FUAs’ commuting boundaries with an accuracy of up to 75–100%, being, on the average, higher for large and densely-populated FUAs, than for small, low-density ones. We validate the estimated models by applying them to another European country—Austria—which demonstrates the prediction accuracy of 47–57%, depending on the model type used.

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Sheetal, Sheetal, Rajiv Kumar et Shashi Shashi. « Export competitiveness and concentration analysis of major sugar economies with special reference to India ». Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 10, n^o 5 (14 juin 2020) : 687–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-07-2019-0096.

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PurposeThis paper seeks to examine the export competitiveness and concentration level of the 15 top sugar exporting countries over the last 18 years (2001–2018) with special reference to India.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the paper utilizes a review based approach and explains the structures of major sugar economies in context to protected and unprotected perspectives. Subsequently, empirical research was carried out to assess the competitiveness level of sugar using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) approach and Hirschman Herfindahl Index.FindingsThe study found structural changes in cane or beet sugar, and molasses over the time period between 2006 and 2015. Further, the findings confirmed that despite the stringent regulations in European Union, the United States of America, Guatemala, Mexico, Thailand, China, and India, the comparative advantage is high up to seven to nine sugar categories. Besides, despite the indulgent regulations in the Colombia, Brazil, and Canada, the comparative advantage is only consistent up to two to three sugar categories.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides an overview of competitiveness patterns of 15 sugar exporting countries and further compare their comparative and concentration levels. In this context, in future, it would be interesting to study the macro-economic and firm and industry-specific factors which may strengthen the study findings.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that the sugar export of few countries (i.e. Mexico and Canada) is restricted up to their trade pacts and free trade zones which is restricting the competitiveness level and performance. Accordingly, such countries need to enlarge their business boundaries to foster their export competitiveness level. Rational subsidies and governmental assistance in diversification schemes in terms of products' range and sustainable processes can make India a consistent exporter in more categories.Originality/valueAlthough, the previous studies attempted to examine the sugar industry with particular country context, this study enlarge the body of knowledge through simultaneously examining the sugar export scenario of fifteen sugar exporting countries and providing a broad comparative view of their competitiveness and concentration levels.

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Grotkowska, Wiktoria. « Challenges and legal issues of modern sharing economy ». Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 40, n^o 4 (30 septembre 2020) : 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2020.4.5.

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Growing popularity of sharing economy is a phenomenon one cannot simply ignore. Sharing services’ market has nowadays arose to enormous sizes and has become part of many people’s everyday lifes. Basing on the cooperation of the consumers and service providers, being assisted by the intermediary (digital platforms), it brings together demand and supply in a low-cost model. It has proven, that such economy model is advantageous not only for the individuals receiving access to tangible and intangible assets, or, on the other hand- creating profits from underutilised goods, but also for the whole economy- creating new markets and boosting its development. As, according to numerous researches and surveys, it shall be expanding even more in the future, appropriate steps should be taken, to address issues, it is and will be creating. As sharing economy is present in almost every part of nowadays societies’ life, challenging will be all regulation matters, starting from definitional issues, through data protection, tax or labour law, to even most specific laws functioning in any country all over the world. Approaches in different countries, even within the European Union, vary- from liberal and mostly permissive, like in Poland, to strict and rigorous, or even prohibitive, as shows the example of Airbnb in Paris or Barcelona, where the municipal authorities have come up with time limitations or even bans. Although the changes, like those introduced in Sweden or Seoul, are a step in the right direction, it seems that the best solution so far would be slow evolution through soft law, instead of ground-breaking revolution. In order to achieve this goal, European Union shall take steps necessary to harmonise EU Member States’ laws, starting with legal acts such as agendas, guides and white papers. One should however bear in mind, that sharing economy owes its’ success and extraordinarily rapid development to the fact, that it arose in liberal habitat, having almost no legal boundaries. For appropriate legal regulation, that would balance matters of minimal protection of market and individuals, be adaptive and friendly for development, Member States shall play a ‘night watchman’ role, rather than be overprotective.

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KARLIN, Mykola, Natalia PROTS et Vasyl PROTS. « ECOLOGICAL TAXATION AND ECOLOGICAL FINANCING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES : EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND EU ». WORLD OF FINANCE, n^o 2(71) (2022) : 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2022.02.133.

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Introduction. The transition of most countries of the world to the construction of a carbon-neutral economy in 2060 make the Ukrainian authorities with the task to accelerate the reform of the environmental financing system. But in this aspect, our country still lags behind the environmental requirements of European Union, to which countries Ukraine exports a significant part of its products. Therefore, it is important to study the experience of EU countries on this issue and implement the best of it in Ukraine The purpose of the article is to determine the problems of environmental taxation and financing measures for environmental protection at the level of territorial communities in Ukraine and to develop recommendations for their solution, taking into account the experience of EU countries. Methods. General and special methods were used in the research, in particular – analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, logical generalization, abstraction. Results. The structure of expenditures of the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine for environmental protection by types of budgets was analyzed. It was determined that the main sources of financing environmental protection measures are the funds of the state and local budgets, international organizations; funds received from the lease of water objects located within the boundaries of settlements of communities and others. It was revealed that the main source of income for environmental protection funds is the environmental tax, which the state does not always use for its intended purpose. The experience of environmental taxation in the EU countries was studied and the ways of its introduction at the level of territorial communities in Ukraine were substantiated. Conclusions. Using the experience of the EU countries, it is proposed to: separate the carbon tax and use the revenues from it for investments in climate projects at the local level; at the level of territorial communities, implement co-financing and private-public partnership in the environmental sphere, providing appropriate financial incentives for enterprises and institutions, also financially encouraging them to carry out energy-saving measures and reduce greenhouse gas emissions; introduction "green" public procurement; use local "green" bonds to finance "green" projects at the local level.

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ФОМИН, В. В., А. П. МИХАЙЛОВИЧ et С. В. ЗАЛЕСОВ. « RUSSIAN, PAN-EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN APPROACHES TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST TYPES ». Леса России и хозяйство в них, n^o 2(77) (10 août 2021) : 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51318/fret.2021.18.24.001.

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Проведен анализ подходов к классификации типов леса в России, Европейском союзе и странах Се- верной Америки по следующим позициям: содержание понятия основных классификационных единиц лесных типологий: тип условий местопроизрастания и тип леса; особенности выделения их границ; при- знаки (характеристики), используемые для определения типа условий местопроизрастания; характеристи- ки фитоценозов, используемых для определения типа леса; возможности учета сукцессионной динамики лесных насаждений и влияния антропогенных факторов; уровень внедрения в производство и регионы, в которых они используются. В рамках российского подхода представление о типе леса трансформиро- валось от его понимания с точки зрения его однородности в пространстве (сходство участков по внеш- нему облику и набору характеристик) до однородности во времени (при классифицировании приоритет отдан генезису лесных насаждений и процессам развития). Приведены результаты анализа особенностей европейских классификаций местообитаний (EUNIS), растительности (EVS) и типов леса (EFT), а также краткая характеристика основных североамериканских лесных типологий: классификация типов место- обитаний, биоклиматическая классификация экосистем, описание экологических участков. The analysis of approaches to the classiﬁ cation of forest types in Russia, the European Union and the countries of North America is carried out according to the following positions: the content of the concept of the main classiﬁ cation units of forest typologies: the type of growing conditions and the type of forest; features of their boundaries revealing; characteristics used to determine the type of growing conditions; characteristics of phytocoenoses used to determine the type of forest; the possibility of taking into account the successional dynamics of forest stands and the inﬂ uence of anthropogenic factors; the level of introduction into the industry and the regions in which they are used. Within the framework of the Russian approach, the idea of the type of forest was transformed from uniformity in space (similarity of forest sites, stands and understorey vegatation) to uniformity in time (priority is given in genesis and development processes). The results of the analysis of the features of the habitat classiﬁ cations (EUNIS), vegetation (EVS) and forest types (EFT) on the Pan-European level are presented, as well as a brief description of the main North American forest typologies: Habitat Type Classiﬁ cations, Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classiﬁ cation, Ecological Site Description.

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Zaloznova Yu. S. et Soldak M. O. « International High-Tech Cluster as a Component of the Modern Concept of European Integration into the Scientific-Educational and Innovation Space ». Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, n^o 2(41) (11 avril 2022) : 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2021.2(41).113-126.

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Ukraine requires modern industry for stable, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, which is based on the development and implementation of innovative technologies in Industry 4.0. High-tech productions and services have significant innovative potential. In order to develop them, Ukraine should make its profit of the opportunities of integration into the European Research Area as a tool for adapting the standards and norms of the European Union in the field of education, science and innovation. The work is aimed at substantiating scientific and methodological provisions for the formation of a relevant niche of Ukrainian-Polish scientific, educational and innovation space in the form of a pilot project to create an international high-tech cluster of Industry 4.0 with industrial enterprises and educational institutions. The scientific and methodical provisions of the experiment on the formation of the relevant niche of the Ukrainian-Polish scientific-educational and innovation space in the form of a pilot project to create an international high-tech cluster are substantiated on the example of the Pridneprovsky economic region. It is noted that its key actor can be recognized as a research center – an institution that is focused on performing specific functions in order to scientifically and innovatively ensure the modernization of industry regardless of administrative and territorial boundaries. The effective functioning of science parks is necessary to combine education, science and industry. The establishment of a representative office of the main stakeholder educational institution of the Polish side on the territory of the science park in Ukraine and a representative office of the Ukrainian research center in the Polish science park should provide both parties with PR support in the territory of the participating countries, access to market research, expert advice, investors and programmers communication.

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Bassi, Eleonora. « Urban Unmanned Aerial Systems Operations ». Law in Context. A Socio-legal Journal 36, n^o 2 (20 mai 2020) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26826/law-in-context.v36i2.114.

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The drone sector offers a wide range of affordances, opportunities, and economic benefits for society. Delivery services, agriculture monitoring, wildfire control, public infrastructure inspections, humanitarian aid, or drone journalism, are among the activities enhanced by unmanned aerial systems (UAS). No surprise the civilian UAS market is growing fast throughout the world. Yet, on a daily basis, newspapers report serious concerns for people infringing other people’s rights through the use of drones. Cybersecurity attacks, data theft, criminal offences brought about the use of this technology frame the picture. Nowadays, several countries are changing their legal rules to properly address such challenges. In 2018, the European Union (EU) started its five year-long regulative process that should establish the common rules and standards for UAS operations within the EU Single Sky by 2023. A similar timeline has been adopted in the United States, so as to provide the jurisdictional boundaries for the civilian use of drones. The United Kingdom (UK) and Japan are adopting new rules too. From a legal point of view, the overall framework is thus rapidly evolving. The aim of this paper is to give attention to (i) privacy and data protection concerns raised by UAS operations; (ii) their monitoring functions and corresponding surveillance issues; and, (iii) how a privacy preserving approach – such as with privacy by design technologies, organizational measures, audit procedures, civic involvement, to name a few – makes a lawful and ethical use of this powerful technology possible.

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Sperber, Nathan. « The many lives of state capitalism : From classical Marxism to free-market advocacy ». History of the Human Sciences 32, n^o 3 (juillet 2019) : 100–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118815553.

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State capitalism has recently come to the fore as a transversal research object in the social sciences. Renewed interest in the notion is evident across several disciplines, in scholarship addressing government interventionism in economic life in major developing countries. This emergent field of study on state capitalism, however, consistently bypasses the remarkable conceptual trajectory of the notion from the end of the 19th century to the present. This article proposes an intellectual-historical survey of state capitalism’s many lives across different ensembles of writing: early Marxist pronouncements on state capitalism at the time of the Second International; theories of state capitalism evolved in the first half of the 20th century in response to the European experience of war and fascism; dissident portrayals of the Soviet Union as state-capitalist; post-Second World War theories of state-monopoly capitalism in the Western Bloc; examinations of state capitalism as a development strategy in ‘Third World’ nations in the 1970s and 1980s; and finally, today’s scholarship on new patterns of state capitalism in emerging economies. Having contextualized each of these strands of writing, the article goes on to interrogate definitional and conceptual boundaries of state capitalism. It then maps out essential institutional features of state-capitalist configurations as construed in the literature. In sharp contrast to 20th-century theories of state capitalism, present-day scholarship on the topic tends to retreat from the integrated critique of political economy, shifting its problematics of state-market relations to meso- and micro-levels of analysis.

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OSTENDA, A. « ACADEMIC MOBILITY PROGRAMS AS A MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESS OF POLISH HIGHER EDUCATION ». Scientific papers of Berdiansk State Pedagogical University Series Pedagogical sciences 1, n^o 3 (7 décembre 2022) : 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31494/2412-9208-2022-1-3-32-48.

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The purpose of the article is to study academic mobility programs that are being implemented in Poland as a mechanism for implementing the internationalization process of higher education and allow to assess the level of the country's involvement in such events and to form further prospects for development in this direction. Author noted that the most important impetus for the development of the internationalization of higher education in the European Union as a whole and in Poland was the Bologna process. Special attention is focused on the fact that the country is an active participant in it, which allows, against the background of preserving the best traditions of the national higher education system, to increase the competitiveness of universities, to join the unified educational space. The importance of academic mobility programs as a mechanism for implementing internationalization processes has been proven. The level of academic mobility development in Poland is analysed. The main trends in the implementation of these processes in institutions of higher education were studied. Approaches have been established that provide the opportunity to achieve diversity in models, priorities, and geography, going beyond the boundaries of the European community. A set of tasks aimed at the academic mobility development in the country and measures implemented to intensify the use of programs in this area have been defined. We argue that academic mobility programs implemented in the country are divided into international (pan-European), those offered at the national level and universities. The characteristic features of several such initiatives, their direction and conditions are analysed. The variety of offers in both Polish and English languages is emphasized, which contributes to attracting the attention of both students and teaching staff from different countries. Attention is focused on certain types of financial support and assistance, which are provided in the form of various scholarships and grants. The need for systematic activity in the direction of the development of academic mobility programs was noted. A set of measures has been formed, which should be implemented at different levels of management (national and university) and aimed at increasing the efficiency and intensification of these processes in Poland. Key words: academic mobility, academic mobility programs, higher education, quality of education, educational space, higher education institution, internationalization of higher education, integration processes.

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Lamanauskas, Vincentas. « FROM QUALITY MANAGEMENT TO MANAGING QUALITY : SYSTEMIC APPROACH ». ŠVIETIMAS : POLITIKA, VADYBA, KOKYBĖ / EDUCATION POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY 1, n^o 1 (5 mars 2009) : 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/spvk-epmq/09.1.04.

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The recently discussed issues of education quality are devoted full attention. The systems of quality control are developed, services are certified etc. All EU countries point to education quality as one of the most important political priorities. Despite the fact it is an excellent idea, the questions of how to ensure adequate education and how to achieve equally ranked education certification in all countries of the European Union arise. We can note that different legal and political documents approved by Lithuanian authorities in one way or another emphasize that ensuring quality education is a priority field. What is quality? This question is not so simple. We can agree with general definition that quality generally refers to a certain degree (level) of excellence. It is obvious that there are at least two main perspectives of defining quality, one from the customer of education services and the other one from the producer (education institution). It is obvious, that the quality aspiration is important not only for the companies which produce products or offer service, but also for education institutions of all levels. The central point is the understanding that quality cannot be bought in the market and is not something beyond institution boundaries. Everything will be determined by awareness that quality in a broad sense is conditioned by the quality of management (administration). Only professional management leads to qualified processes (institution work) whereas the latter ensure high-quality service. Another main point is that education and research belongs together. It is as axiomatic truth. Without high-level research a quality management system seems to be a useless thing. As the understanding of quality may vary, a general agreement on the issue discussing quality is very important at least inside the institution. Quality is differently treated by academic staff, teachers, students, employers, social partners of institution, authorities and society in general. Education is a complex system having different levels, sub-systems etc. that closely correlate and determine one another. Finally, we can notice that the best organizations have a systemic and comprehensive focus on quality. Key words: quality of education, managing quality, systemic approach.

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Varol, Cigdem, et Emrah Söylemez. « Border Permeability And Drivers Of Cross-Border Cooperation In The Turkish And Eu Border Region ». KnE Social Sciences 1, n^o 2 (19 mars 2017) : 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v1i2.649.

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With the impact of globalization, increasing flows of social, economic and political relations have begun to redefine the state borders which causes the rising of new border identities. By this redefinition process, European Union (EU)'s external wall forming the boundaries with the neighbourhood countries have also begun to be rebuilt at local and regional level. Throughout this process, new frontier identities are formed with a degree of permeability where the state’s security policies act as the prior issue in the international relations. Border permeability, that contains grey values varying from closeness to full openness, defines the degree of permeability according to the size, shape and direction of the flows. Dynamic feature of the flows converts border space into a subject of continuous social, economic and political movement. In such places, actors leading the flows appear as the basic elements of permeability and they can be described as economic, political and socio-cultural agents. At the edge of supranational and national border, actors use networks, which are connected to both local and regional levels, in order to build up cross-border cooperation in different aspects. In this context, border regions transform into a space, where local actors develop methods to overcome the restrictiveness of constraints for the flows among the supranational and the national borders. This paper aims to evaluate the permeability between EU supranational border and Turkish national border and to define the new cross-border cooperation formed by the social, economic and political flows of the actors. In this context, the permeability and the new border identity will be assessed through three type of administrative body (supranational, national EU and national non-EU) by using the national and local level data supported by EU cross-border programmes and by in-depth interviews conducted at various actors including national institutions, local organizations and NGOs in Turkey.

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