Articles de revues : « European Union countriers »

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Medikienė, Monika. « Ryšių tarp Europos Sąjungos valstybių vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių tyrimas ». Applied Economics : Systematic Research 11, n^o 2 (2017) : 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/aesr.2335.8742.2017.11.2.1.

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Villalgordo Pujalte, Borja, et Manuel Hernández Pedreño. « El rol de Europa del Este en el principio de cohesión de la Unión Europea. Hacia una incompleta integración ». Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, n^o 40 (30 décembre 2020) : 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/areas.409421.

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La Unión Europea viene promoviendo la consecución de la cohesión social y económica desde sus Tratados Constitutivos. El alcance de este objetivo se ha visto ralentizado por varios motivos, como la entrada de los países de Europa del Este que ha supuesto un aumento de la heterogeneidad en la Unión; o por el diferente impacto de la reciente crisis económica en los distintos países. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de convergencia/divergencia de los países de Europa del Este en los parámetros socioeconómicos de la Unión Europea que fomentan la cohesión social y económica. La hipótesis de partida es que estos países han mantenido diferentes ritmos de convergencia con la Unión Europea por conformar un bloque heterogéneo, explicado por varios factores: el tiempo de permanencia en la Unión, la influencia de la Unión Soviética, el impacto de la Estrategia Europa 2020 o la situación de la que partían antes de entrar en la Unión. La metodología empleada es mixta, combinando la entrevista a profesionales con el análisis estadístico de los diferentes comportamientos sociales, económicos y políticos en los países de Europa del Este desde el estallido de la crisis hasta ahora. En la comparativa se consideran tres ámbitos de actuación, correspondientes a las principales áreas que conforman la política social y que se integran como objetivos dentro de la Estrategia Europa 2020 (ingresos, trabajo y educación), al tiempo que se incluye la respuesta institucional ofrecida por los diferentes países. European Union has been promoting the achievement of social and economic cohesion since the Treaty Establishing the European Community. A true embodiment of this goal has been slowed down by several reasons, such as the attachment of Eastern Europe countries that increased the heterogeneity in the European Union; or how European countries dealt with the latest economic recession that took place in 2008. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of convergence/divergence among Eastern Europe countries and European Union based in a few parameters that foster the economic and social cohesion. The hypothesis is that countries from East of Europe have kept different rates of convergence with the European Union because they shape a heterogeneous group of countries due to several factors: accession year of each country to the European Union, influence of the former Soviet Union, Europe 2020 Strategy’s repercussion or the previous situation where these countries come from before being full members of the European Union. In this paper, a mixed methodology was applied, combining interviews with professionals in different fields of knowledge with the statistical analysis of social, economic and political behaviours in the Eastern European Union countries since the outbreak of the crisis until now. In this comparative, three fields of action have been considered as the main areas that compose social policy and are also integrated in the European 2020 Strategy (incomes, work and education), combined with the institutional response offered by these countries.

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Anna, Nowak, et Kaminska Agnieszka. « Agricultural competitiveness : The case of the European Union countries ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 62, No. 11 (7 novembre 2016) : 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/133/2015-agricecon.

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Albornoz-Flores, Ana Cristina, et Luis Bernardo Tonon-Ordóñez. « Aplicación del Modelo de Gravedad entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea para el periodo 2001 – 2017 ». UDA AKADEM, n^o 6 (5 octobre 2020) : 10–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33324/udaakadem.v1i6.315.

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La presente investigación analizó el comercio existente entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea, para el período 2001 – 2017 de forma semestral. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la influencia de determinadas variables en la relación comercial entre estos dos entes económicos, para lo cual, se aplicó, como herramienta econométrica, el modelo de gravedad, a través del uso de datos de panel con efectos aleatorios y mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Se comprobó que, para el comercio entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea, las variables de los PIB de cada país y la distancia entre las capitales de los diferentes países estudiados, son los que determinan el intercambio comercial total entre Ecuador y la Unión Europea en un 45.67% (coeficiente de determinación ajustado). Los coeficientes obtenidos para cada variable independiente fueron de: 1.24 para el PIB del Ecuador, 0.78 para el PIB de cada país de la Unión Europea y de 5.57 para la distancia entre los países estudiados. Siendo este un modelo robusto, con significancia econométrica y que presenta los signos esperados. De manera que, la aplicación de este modelo permitió aportar a la investigación económica del país y generar una herramienta que facilite la toma de decisiones con relación a la política comercial ecuatoriana con la Unión Europea.Palabras Clave: Comercio Exterior, economía internacional, modelo de gravedad, Unión Europea, Ecuador.Abstract This investigation analyzed the existing commerce between Ecuador and the European Union for the period 2001 - 2017. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of certain variables on the commercial relationship between these two economic agents. For which the gravity model was applied, as an econometric tool, through the use of panel data with random effects and applying the method of ordinary least squares. It was found that, for the trade between Ecuador and the European Union the variables of the GDP of each country and the distance between the capitals of the different countries studied, are those that determine the total commercial exchange between Ecuador and the European Union by 45.67% (adjusted coefficient of determination). The coefficients obtained for each independent variable were: 1.24 for the GDP of Ecuador, 0.78 for the GDP of each country in the European Union, and 5.57 for the distance between the countries studied. Being this regression a robust model, with econometric significance that presents the expected signs. The application of this model allowed us to contribute to the economic research of the country and generate a tool that facilitates decision making in relation to Ecuadorian trade policy with the European Union.Keywords: Gravity model, international economy, international trade, European Union, Ecuador.

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Adamczyk, Anita. « Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej wobec kryzysu imigracyjnego w Unii Europejskiej ». Przegląd Europejski, n^o 1-2017 (24 septembre 2017) : 10–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.1.17.1.

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The purpose of this article is to analyse the attitude of the Visegrad Group countries towards the immigration crisis in the EU. The article shows the joint activities of the V4 countries and their decisions taken at national level. The main thesis posed in this article states that the negative attitudes towards compulsory relocation of immigrants have activated the Visegrad Group countries and have integrated them with common aims. The article shows a split in among the member states of the EU and thus a lack of solidarity in solving the immigration’s problem.

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Lampreia dos Santos, M. J. P. L. « Segmenting farms in European Union ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 2 (12 mars 2013) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/28/2012-agricecon.

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The main objective of this work is to characterize and segment the farms of the twenty-seven Member States of the European Union (EU). For this purpose, the techniques of cluster analysis and cluster of cases segment the farms, based on a sample of farms of the Farm Accountancy and Information Network. The results show the existence of four types of farms in the EU that are distinguishable by their (i) structural characteristics, in particular, for their Utilized Agricultural Area, the total output, by the percentage of contract work and the total work, (ii) by their financial characteristics, i.e., by their total assets and the cash flow of the EU farms, and (iii) by their guidance and the importance of subsidies on these farms. These results thus suggest the definition of the Common Agricultural Policy differentiated and adapted to the existing four clusters of countries. We suggest the development of typologies of farms in the EU, with a more robust database involving different EU regions that constitute the different countries in order to obtain the robust types of farms from different European regions.  

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Monsalve, Laura, Jose Gallego et Jose Manuel Aguilar. « Estudio analítico-comparado sobre las políticas educativas en educación para la salud en la Unión Europea ». Psychology, Society, & ; Education 5, n^o 2 (28 avril 2017) : 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/psye.v5i2.503.

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Resumen: Este trabajo trata sobre un estudio comparado de las Políticas Educativas en material de Educación para la salud en los países de la Unión Europea con la finalidad de ver cómo se concretan en España. La Unión Europea en su legislación afirma que si se quiere avanzar como sociedad del conocimiento y competir eficazmente en una economía globalizada, para Europa es vital contar con una educación y formación de alta calidad. En la Unión Europea, la política educativa es competencia de cada país, pero entre todos fijan objetivos comunes y comparten las mejores prácticas. Por ello es motivo de este estudio comparar las Políticas educativas en materia de Educación para la salud en algunos países de la Unión Europea (España, Reino Unido, Francia y Alemania) y poder comparar las prácticas utilizadas en cada uno de ellos para poder de este modo coger lo mejor de cada país. El objetivo general que se persigue es analizar y comparar la situación de las políticas educativas en educación para la salud en las escuelas de la Unión Europea y en concreto las de Reino Unido, Francia, Alemania y España. A lo largo de este trabajo veremos que la educación para la salud en la escuela es un elemento de calidad así como un elemento necesario de educación integral en todas las etapas de la educación obligatoria. Analytical and comparative study on educational policies in health education in the European Union. Abstract: This paper deals with a comparative study of material Educational Policies in Health Education in the countries of the European Union for the purpose of seeing take shape in Spain. The EU legislation states that if you want to advance as a knowledge society and compete effectively in a global economy, Europe is vital to have an education and training of high quality. In the European Union, education policy is the responsibility of each country, but among all set common goals and share best practices. For this reason this study is to compare the educational policies on health education in some countries of the European Union (Spain, UK, France and Germany) and to compare the practices in each of them to this take the best of each country mode. The general objective pursued is to analyze and compare the situation of education policies in health education in the schools of the European Union and in particular the UK, France, Germany and Spain. Throughout this paper we will see that health education in school is a quality item as well as a necessary element of comprehensive education in all stages of compulsory education.

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VEGIČ, VINKO. « TEMELJNO ŠOLANJE ČASTNIKOV V DRŽAVAH EVROPSKE UNIJE – ISKANJE ODGOVOROV NA SODOBNE ZAHTEVE ». CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2017, ISSUE 19/1 (15 mai 2017) : 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.19.1.4.

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Povzetek V razpravah glede prihodnjega šolanja častnikov v Sloveniji je pomembno tudi preučevanje modelov v tujini in sodobnih problemov na tem področju. V prispevku so na kratko prikazani izzivi na področju temeljnega šolanja častnikov, predvsem z vidika razmerja med usposabljanjem za konkretne naloge in širše usmerjenim izobraževanjem. Kakovost izobraževanja je pomembna ne le za vojaško učinkovitost, temveč tudi za odnos vojske s civilnimi strukturami v državi in z mednarodnim okoljem. Prikazane so temeljne poteze šolanja častnikov v državah EU. Proces šolanja sestavljata dve medsebojno povezani komponenti: univerzitetno izobraževanje in poklicno usposabljanje. Sicer pa šolanje častnikov ostaja le pristojnost držav in v državah EU najdemo zelo različne modele. Temeljno šolanje častnikov v Sloveniji se glede glavnih sestavin ne razlikuje bistveno od prakse v večini držav EU, vendar bo v prihodnje treba odgovoriti na nekatera vprašanja, predvsem glede razvoja univerzitetnega izobraževanja. Prihodnji razvoj šolanja častnikov bo moral slediti praksi evropskih držav predvsem na vsebinskem področju. Način organiziranja pa je smiselno prilagoditi lastnim potrebam in zmožnostim. Ključne besede: vojaško izobraževanje in usposabljanje, vojaška profesija, šolanje častnikov, Evropska unija, vojska in družba. Abstract In the context of discussion about future officer education in Slovenia, it is also important to study the current educational models in foreign countries and the contemporary problems in this area. The article briefly depicts challenges of basic officer education mainly from the viewpoint of relations between specific-purpose training and more broadly oriented education. The quality of education is important not only for military efficiency but also for military’s relations with national civil structures and international environment. The article illustrates basic features of officer education in EU member states. Educational process consists of two interlinked parts: academic education and vocational training. Officer education is the sole responsibility of EU member states, and members practise very different models. Concerning its the essential parts, officer education in Slovenia does not differ significantly from that of most EU members. However, it will be necessary to address some open questions, primarily those concerning the academic part of education. The future development of officer education should follow the patterns emerging in European states, first of all regarding educational content. However, it makes sense to adapt its organisational characteristics to our own needs and abilities. Key words: Military education and training, military profession, European Union, officer education, military and society.

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Furåker, Bengt. « European trade union cooperation, union density and employee attitudes to unions ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 26, n^o 3 (9 juillet 2020) : 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258920933118.

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European trade unions have much to gain from cooperating with each other. Such cooperation does exist, but it is still fairly limited and many obstacles need to be overcome if cooperation is to be improved. According to our survey data, higher-level union officials regard differences concerning financial resources and national labour market regulations to be particularly substantial barriers to cooperation. The enormously varying union density across Europe, and its general decrease, also creates barriers. Therefore, employee attitudes to unions are examined using data from the International Social Survey Programme. As expected, union members tend to be more positive about trade unions than non-members. The most interesting finding, however, is that employees in some countries with low union density exhibit fairly positive views or at least views that are not less positive than what we find among employees in many countries with higher density rates. This suggests that there is potential for recruiting members.

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RUSIELIK, Robert. « ZMIANY EFEKTYWNOŚCI TECHNICZNEJ ROLNICTWA W KRAJACH UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W LATACH 2007–2016 ». Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Oeconomica 347, n^o 93 (28 mai 2019) : 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/oe2018.93.4.06.

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Tluczak, Agnieszka. « Diversity of the selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 6 (22 juin 2020) : 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/381/2019-agricecon.

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Agricultural importance in determining the directions of respective regions results from its production potential. The agricultural potential of a given country is determined by natural resources, ways of using them, natural conditions, workforce resources, technical resources and basic economic conditions. In this paper, only income and rural population are taken under consideration to describe the agricultural potential. Currently, European Union countries are functioning under the assumptions of the Common Agricultural Policy, assuming, among other things, increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring an adequate standard of living for the rural population and stabilising markets. The European Union (EU) is one of the world’s leading exporters and importers of agricultural products. The obtained results allowed the identification in 2010 and 2018 of countries with high and low values of income and population potential. It is characteristic that within both potentials, population and income, the countries with the lowest potentials are the most numerous group. Poland and Romania stand out against the background of all countries, where due to the high share of people working in agriculture, the population’s potential has the highest values. Denmark is also an outstanding country for which income potential has the highest value. This study aims to examine the diversity of selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries. The research was conducted using, among other potential models and global and local spatial autocorrelation statistics. The analysis covered the years 2010 and 2018 by applying statistical data (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture).

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Luboslav, Szabo, Grznar Miroslav et Zelina Michal. « Agricultural performance in the V4 countries and its position in the European Union ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 8 (30 août 2018) : 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/397/2016-agricecon.

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The paper is devoted to an analysis of the development of agrarian farms in Visegrad Group (V4) countries, primarily in terms of results and the most important production inputs of production factors and their efficiency in the period from 2004 to 2013 based on the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). The results of the analysis show that if farms in the V4 countries want to achieve the same performance as developed countries, they must invest more in purchasing intensification factors and adjust the structure of assets production specification. It will be necessary to stop the reduction in the numbers of livestock and to strive for growth in gross farm income, mainly through the processing of agricultural raw materials.

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Ghenţa, Mihaela, Aniela Matei et Luise Mladen-Macovei. « Abordări privind îngrijirea de lungă durată a persoanelor vârstnice, în ţările Uniunii Europene ». Sociologie Romaneasca 18, n^o 1 (30 juin 2020) : 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/sr.18.6.

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ALTINTAŞ, Furkan Fahri. « Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin Sağlık Güvenliği Performanslarının Ölçülmesi : MAIRCA Yöntemi ile Bir Uygulama ». Gevher Nesibe Journal IESDR 6, n^o 13 (25 juillet 2021) : 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46648/gnj.241.

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By analyzing their own and each other's health security performance, countries can develop strategies and methods to increase their health security performance. Therefore, it is important to provide the said performance measurement in order to raise awareness of the health security performance of the countries. In this context, the health security performances of the European Union countries were measured by the MAIRCA method over the values of the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) components for the latest and current 2019. In the research, the relationships were calculated between the health security performance values of the countries determined by the GHSI and MAIRCA method and some multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods (ARAS, BTA, COPRAS, EDAS, MAUT, ROV, TOPSIS, WASPAS, Gray Relational Analysis). According to the findings, it was determined that the first three countries with the highest health and safety performance were Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark, while the first three countries with the lowest health and safety performance were Bulgaria, Romania and Cyprus. In the study, it was also observed that the countries of Bulgaria, Czechia, Cyprus, Croatia, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Greece were below the average health protection performance value. Accordingly, it has been concluded that these countries need to increase their health safety performance in order to be in compliance with other European Union countries on health safety. Apart from these, it has been determined that GHSI and MAIRCA methods have significant, positive and very high correlations with each other and with other MCDM methods except MAUT method. Therefore, according to this finding, it was evaluated that GHSI and MAIRCA method could be explained with each other and with other methods except MAUT method.

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Polyakov, Maxim, Igor Khanin, Vladimir Bilozubenko, Maxim Korneyev et Gennadij Shevchenko. « Factors of uneven progress of the European Union countries towards a circular economy ». Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, n^o 3 (17 septembre 2021) : 332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.27.

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The increased final consumption exacerbates the problem of the scarcity of natural resources and leads to environmental pollution. The concept of circular economy, which implies the formation of closed-loop chains of production and consumption with maximum regeneration and recycling of materials, is considered as an alternative to the firmly established “linear economy” (take-make-dispose). As a part of sustainable development strategy, the European Union adopted a general policy on the transition to a circular economy. However, for objective reasons, such transition is quite uneven at the level of member countries, which adversely affects the total progress. Therefore, the need arises to assess the positions of individual countries and identify major reasons for the uneven transition to support the countries that are lagging.The goal of the study is to identify the factors of uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. For that reason, a set of empirical data (20 indicators) has been compiled; cluster, classification, and parametric analyses have been conducted. As a result, three clusters of the EU countries have been obtained and six indicators, included into combinations that make all clusters different, have been identified. These indicators can be interpreted as the key factors contributing to the uneven progress of the EU countries towards a circular economy. The difference in harmonic means by clusters allowed quantitatively estimating a “circular gap”. It is of practical value for the EU policy aimed at bridging the gaps between member countries during the transition to a circular economy.

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WOLNIAK, Radosław. « Quantitative relations between the implementation of industry management systems in European union countries ». Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, n^o 142 (2020) : 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.142.3.

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Okoń-Horodyńska, Ewa, Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, Rafał Wisła et Tomasz Sierotowicz. « Gender in the creation of intellectual property of the selected European Union countries ». ECONOMICS & ; SOCIOLOGY 8, n^o 2 (20 septembre 2015) : 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2015/8-2/9.

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Claudia Isac, Claudia Isac, Codruta Dura Codruta Dura et Rascolean Ilie Rascolean Ilie. « Contextual Analysis of Commercial Trade Between the European Union, Romania and Bric Countries ». Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, n^o 11 (1 octobre 2011) : 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2013/29.

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Hall, Joshua C., Robert A. Lawson et Rachael Wogsland. « The European Union and Economic Freedom ». Global Economy Journal 11, n^o 3 (septembre 2011) : 1850232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1731.

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This paper integrates two growing strains of literature. The first strain looks at the effect of economic and political unions on outcomes such as bond ratings and economic convergence. The second strain looks at the determinants of economic freedom across countries. Building from these two literatures, we investigate the impact of joining the European Union on a country’s economic freedom. Using a panel of countries from 1970 to 2007, we find evidence that joining the European Union increases a country’s economic freedom. Empirically, however, the impact of joining the union on economic freedom is small.

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Jensen, Carsten Strøby. « Trade unionism in Europe : Are the working class still members ? » European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, n^o 1 (1 avril 2019) : 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119838881.

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How far does social class position influence the likelihood that employees will be members of a trade union? I use European Social Survey data to compare trade union membership of ‘working-class’ and ‘middle- and upper class’ employees in different European countries. Although the former dominate the trade unions in absolute numbers in most (but not all) countries, the likelihood that the latter will be members of a trade union is higher in most of the countries analysed.

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Turner, Thomas, et Daryl D’Art. « Public Perceptions of Trade Unions in Countries of the European Union ». Labor Studies Journal 37, n^o 1 (5 janvier 2012) : 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x11429266.

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STOIKA, Viktoriia. « Problems of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union ». Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, n^o 146 (2020) : 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.146.33.

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European integration and the identification of obstacles to full membership in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological and theoretical basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of economic theory, the works of scientists and economists in the field of international economic relations and integration. Findings: The article explores the problems of Ukraine’s integration into the EU. The study analyzed the attitude of Ukrainians towards European integration, identified the main arguments for and against accession to the EU countries, as well as the main internal and external threats of the integration process. It has been determined that in recent years the proportion of the population that has supported Ukraine’s accession to the EU has significantly increased. From the integration into the EU, Ukrainians primarily expect to expand the space of their own capabilities and the country's internal development in accordance with modern world trends. It is concluded that the population considers a high level of corruption in the country, problems in the Donbass and the inefficiency of public administration as the main obstacles to this process. Most residents of Ukraine consider it necessary to implement European reforms, but the consequence of their implementation has identified significant problems in terms of their real social effect. It is determined that Ukraine in some macroeconomic indicators lags significantly behind the EU countries, continues to lose its position in the global ranking of countries in terms of economic competitiveness, and remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. A significant problem for the development of Ukraine is the labor migration of the population and, in particular, the increase in the number of illegal migrants - Ukrainians in Europe. The main achievements in the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU are analyzed and the main threats to the further European integration are identified. It is concluded that Ukraine needs to develop its own “action plan” for the possibility of realizing national interests, taking into account the interests of the parties involved in the integration process. Originality/value: The mood of Ukrainian society, the current position of the state, the main obstacles and priorities that Ukraine faces on the way to the EU have been analysed in detail.

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Maksvytienė, Inga, et Rugilė Nemanytė. « Europos Sąjungos valstybių maisto produktų ir gėrimų sektoriaus eksporto konkurencingumo vertinimas ». Applied Economics : Systematic Research 14, n^o 1 (2021) : 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/aesr.2335.8742.2020.14.1.5.

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BĄK, Iwona, Maciej OESTERREICH et Wojciech ZBARASZEWSKI. « PRZESTRZENNE ZRÓŻNICOWANIE KRAJÓW UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ POD WZGLĘDEM WALORÓW ŚRODOWISKA I TURYSTYKI ». Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Oeconomica 333, n^o 86 (30 mars 2017) : 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/oe.2017.86.1.02.

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Kozmenko, Serhiy, Taras Savchenko et Dmytro Kazarinov. « Assessment of financial convergence of Ukraine with the CIS countries and the European Union ». Banks and Bank Systems 7, n^o 4 (21 décembre 2012) : 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.7(4).2012.01.

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Tluczak, Agnieszka. « Convergence of prices on the pig market in selected European Union countries. Case study ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 68, No. 3 (17 mars 2022) : 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/342/2021-agricecon.

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Due to its specificity, animal production depends to a lesser extent than plant production on agrometeorological conditions. Interdependence between the prices of animal products and climatic conditions manifests itself primarily through the fodder markets, which determine the profitability of animal breeding and keeping. The process of economic integration should contribute to a decline in price differentiation between European Union (EU) countries. In the case of the pig market, however, it is necessary to bear in mind the pig cycle, which particularly affects the supply of livestock and their prices. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) currently implemented is not adapted to the turbulent global challenges and, underlining the lack of tools adequate to the increasingly frequent and stronger price fluctuations in agricultural markets, consider it necessary to quickly implement a new strategic reformatting of the EU agricultural policy. This study aims to examine the stochastic convergence between prices on the pig market in the EU countries. The research was conducted using, among others, the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the Johansen test. The monthly data from January 2008 (2008M1) to December 2019 (2019M12) were used in this study (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture). The conducted research indicates the existence of convergence paths between some countries and the group of EU-15 countries.

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Bilohur, Vlada, et Roman Oleksenko. « THE EUROPEAN SPORT MODELS MANAGEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION ». HUMANITIES STUDIES 90, n^o 13 (2022) : 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/hst-2022-13-90-07.

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Stec, Małgorzata. « Innovation in European Union Countries ». Gospodarka Narodowa 236, n^o 11-12 (31 décembre 2009) : 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/gn/101233.

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Ahner, D. « Agriculture and agricultural policy in the European Union ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 2 (29 février 2012) : 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5266-agricecon.

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The paper deals with the particular stages of development of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the last forty years. The process and impacts of CAP reforms are analyzed for the particular production industries of agriculture. The paper also presents a detailed description of Agenda 2000 and mid-term review of the Common Agricultural Policy in 2002 that brought about many proposals for the future working of CAP after accession of Central and Eastern European countries.

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Sulkowski, Jaroslaw, et Anna Chmielarz-Grochal. « Control de la constitucionalidad del derecho secundario de la Unión Europea en los países del «grupo Visegrad» = The constitutionality of the EU secondary law in the Visegrad Group’s countries ». Teoría y Realidad Constitucional 1, n^o 33 (1 janvier 2014) : 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.33.2014.13021.

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Los países del Grupo de Visegrad se unieron a la Unión Europea hace más de una década, tiempo suficiente para tratar de evaluar el funcionamiento de las normas creadas desde la Unión Europea en los tribunales constitucionales de los nuevos Estados miembros. Debido a la similitud de cultural, histórico y de la legalidad parece ser útil para analizar la situación legal en Polonia, la República Checa, Eslovaquia y Hungría. El estudio muestra que la Constitución en la medida en que se refiere a los actos de Derecho derivado de la UE en el sistema jurídico nacional puede crear cierta confusión. En Polonia y Eslovaquia, las constituciones garantizan la primacía del Derecho derivado de la UE, sin embargo, no precisa la relación entre estos actos y el Derecho derivado de la UE. En la República Checa la Constitución no se refiere a las normas creadas por la Unión Europea. En Hungría, por su parte, la ley de la UE se considera como una ley nacional, pero no elimina las dudas sobre la posibilidad de su control constitucional.The Visegrad Group’s countries joined the European Union more than 10 years ago, it’s a long time, enough to take in trying to assess the functioning of the acts created by the European Union in the constitutional courts of the new Member States. Due to the similarity of cultural, historical and legality seems to be useful to analyzethe legal situation in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The study shows that the constitution in so far as they relate to the acts of secondary EU law in the national legal system may raise some confusion. In Poland and Slovakia the constitutions guarantee the primacy of the EU secondary law, however, they do not precise the relationship between those acts and the EU secondary law. In the Czech Republic the constitution does not relate to the acts created by the European Union. In Hungary, in turn, EU law is treated as anational law, but it does not eliminate the doubts about the possibility of its control with the constitution.

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Vosejpková, M. « Approaches to the rural development problems in the European Union and in some of the Central and Eastern European countries ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 4 (29 février 2012) : 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5299-agricecon.

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Utilisation of regional policy helps to reduce disparities among regions. The approaches to solving these problems in the European Union differ from the approaches practised in Central and Eastern European countries. The development of rural areas in the European Union is realised through the principles of regional policy and its instruments, i.e. Structural Funds, in co-operation with the Common Agricultural Policy. The applied assistance from the Structural Funds is aimed at the objectively defined areas. The situation of countries with many socio-economic problems is reflected in the weak demographic structures of these regions. Solutions of the problematic situation can be found in implementation of the approach supporting the development of multi-functional agriculture and a broader social and territorial context of economic development in all adopted tools of rural development. The way of supporting diversification of the competitive rural economic structure based on encouraging new activities leads also through integrated programmes. Regional policy realisation in the CEECs depends on the institutional framework created in the dependence of the habits applied by the past political regime of the relevant country. The basic issue for the sustainable development of rural areas can be seen in diversification of agricultural activities, creation of small firms and development of tourism together with sustaining the countryside specifics.

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Feldmeier, Gerhard. « German foreign trade surpluses – a problem for the European Monetary Union ? » International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 1, n^o 1 (2015) : 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.11.2001.

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In the light of the controversial discussion on the cause and effects to the total economy of the high export surplus of one country and their consequences for other countries, the concrete question as to whether high German balance on current account surplus mentioned is indeed responsible, as alleged, for macroeconomic divergence in the European Union or for balance on current account deficits in other European countries will is addressed in this paper. We examine how and to what extent German export success represents a lasting threat to the stability of the Eurozone and impedes economic recovery in instable countries in the south, or whether it can even offer those countries better chances to overcome crisis and stabilise their economy. The study suggests that politically enforced shrinkage of German exports accompanied by a weakening of the German economy scarcely benefits deficit countries. Due to the very close intertwining of German industrial intermediate inputs import trade with European crisis partner countries, with their great demand for German investment goods exports, a decrease in German exports would not only cause a drop in their exports, but it would also whittle down the basis for public European financial help for handling crisis, help for which Germany provides a large proportion of the liability.

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Larsson, Bengt. « Trade Union Channels for Influencing European Union Policies ». Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, n^o 3 (1 octobre 2015) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4809.

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This paper analyzes what channels trade unions in Europe use when trying to influence European Union (EU) policies. It compares and contrasts trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the degree to which they cooperate with different actors to influence EU policies, while also touching on the importance of sector differences and organizational resources. The study is based on survey data collected in 2010–2011 from unions affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation and from below peak unions in 14 European countries. Results of the survey show that the ‘national route’ is generally the most important for trade unions in influencing EU policies in the sense that this channel is, on average, used to the highest degree. In addition, the survey delineates some important differences between trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the balance between the national route and different access points in the ‘Brussels route’.

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Ševela, M. « Price levels convergence of consumer expenditures in the European Union ; ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 52, No. 5 (17 février 2012) : 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5016-agricecon.

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The convergence of price levels is one of the important aspects of a real convergence and is often viewed as a criterion for the evaluation of preparedness. The convergence process of comparative price levels can run either through the exchange rate channel and/or that of nominal prices. The paper is focused on the assessment of comparative price levels and the rate of their convergence in the enlarged European Union within the period of 1999–2003. With the exception of Cyprus, the price levels in the new EU member countries were significantly lower. The greatest differences from the price level of EU countries existed in Poland, Slovakia and Baltic countries. The new member countries differ also in the rate of convergence. When combining their initial position and the rate of convergence, it can be concluded that all countries will be able to reach 80% of the comparative price level of the European Union till the year 2010. In Poland, the development is very unfavourable because its price level will reach only 55% provided that there will be no changes in its development. 

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Mosimann, Nadja, et Jonas Pontusson. « Solidaristic Unionism and Support for Redistribution in Contemporary Europe ». World Politics 69, n^o 3 (23 mai 2017) : 448–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887117000107.

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Using data from the European Social Survey (2002–14), this article explores the effect of union membership on support for redistribution. The authors hypothesize that the wage-bargaining practices of unions promote egalitarian distributive norms, which lead union members to support redistribution, and that this effect is strongest among high-wage workers. Consistent with the authors’ expectations, the empirical analysis shows that the solidarity effect of union membership is strongest when unions encompass a very large share of the labor force or primarily organize low-wage workers. The authors also show that low-wage workers have become a significantly less important union constituency in many European countries over the time period covered by the analysis.

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Makhamataminovich, Makhamatov Mahmud. « FEATURES OF THE LABOR LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, n^o 01 (1 janvier 2022) : 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume04issue01-13.

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The article examines the interaction of the national labor legislation of the member states of the European Union with European labor law, the influence of the Labor law of the European Union on the national legislation of the member states, the features of the labor legislation of the European Union, which differ from the legislation of other countries, a comparative analysis of the labor legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

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Nowak, A., T. Kijek et K. Domańska. « Technical efficiency and its determinants in the European Union ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 61, No. 6 (6 juin 2016) : 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/200/2014-agricecon.

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The study concerns the measurement of the technical efficiency of agriculture in the 27 European Union (EU) countries in 2010. The studies were conducted based on the result-oriented DEA method assuming variable advantages of scale. Moreover, in the study, the factors affecting technical efficiency were identified, and the econometric modelling of their impact was performed with the use of the Tobit model. The studies indicate that across the 27 EU Member States, the level of the technical efficiency of agriculture is diverse, and the difference between the states with the highest and the lowest efficiencies is 40%. Cyprus, Denmark, Greece, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy and Malta were identified as the countries with the thoroughly technically efficient agriculture. In turn, the least technically efficient agriculture is observed for the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia and Slovakia. Taking into account the factors determining the technical agriculture efficiency, it should be noted that the stimulants have proven to be such factors as: the soil quality, the age of the head of the household and the surcharges for investments. In turn, the size of the farm appeared to be irrelevant from the viewpoint of the technical efficiency of the agricultural sector.

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Jeannet, Anne-Marie, Tobias Heidland et Martin Ruhs. « What asylum and refugee policies do Europeans want ? Evidence from a cross-national conjoint experiment ». European Union Politics 22, n^o 3 (23 avril 2021) : 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165211006838.

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The protection of asylum seekers and refugees has become one of the most politically divisive issues in the European Union, yet there has been a lack of research on public preferences for asylum and refugee policies. This article analyzes which policies Europeans prefer and why. We advance a theoretical framework that explains how asylum and refugee policies that use limits and conditions enable individuals to resolve conflicting humanitarian and perceived national interest logics. Using an original conjoint experiment in eight countries, we demonstrate that Europeans prefer policies that provide refugee protection but also impose control through limits or conditions. In contrast to the divisive political debates between European Union member states, we find consistent public preferences across European countries.

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Skulason, Ari, et Markku Jääskelainen. « Regional co-operation within the Nordic Council of Trade Unions and across the Baltic Sea ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 6, n^o 1 (février 2000) : 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600108.

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This article reviews the evolution of trade union co-operation within the Nordic Council of Trade Unions (NFS). The NFS was founded in 1972 with the aim of strengthening the already close ties between the Nordic national trade union movements in a context where several Nordic countries were making approaches to the EC and Nordic unions had been playing an active role in creating the ETUC. In recent years the work of the NFS has become more oriented, first, towards European issues and, second, towards co-operation with unions in the Baltic countries. The major changes on the geopolitical map of Europe have thus had a profound impact on the co-operation between Nordic unions, in many respects giving impetus to development of more structured and extended patterns of transnational union engagement.

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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel et David Rodeiro-Pazos. « Effects of governance on entrepreneurship : European Union vs non-European Union ». Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal 28, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2018) : 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2016-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies between countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and those that are not. H1 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the immediate creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. H2 states that the various dimensions of governance help to explain the deferred creation of new businesses in European and non-European countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two types of analyses: firstly, univariate analysis, which is a descriptive statistics of the dependent, independent and control variables, and the results of a t-test; and secondly, multivariate analysis, which estimates using the fixed-effects estimator under the specifications previously raised for the subsample of 28 EU countries and for the subsample of 103 non-EU countries during the period 2004-2014. Findings The results show that the variables of governance are not significantly higher in the EU, although the density of the enterprises is. Within the governance indicators, government effectiveness is significant in the EU. The results obtained for the EU confirmed H1and H2, with a significant positive effect of government effectiveness on entrepreneurship, while the other governance variables were not significant in the EU subsample. The results obtained for non-EU countries suggest no significant immediate effects (H1) and a slightly significant delayed effect of rule of law on the entrepreneurship (H2) concerned. Research limitations/implications Future research in this area could consider introducing another regional division or other types of methodology as variables affect models. Practical implications Governance can be defined as the ability of a government and its public institutions to provide services and design, and implement rules, which is a factor that affects the creation of new companies. However, the effect of governance could differ depending on the country and its economic environment. This paper analyses the effect of six governance indicators on the rate of creation of new companies considering two different geographic regions as countries are presumably heterogeneous. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship differs according to the region. Social implications The effect of governance variables on entrepreneurship according to the region is also known. Originality/value This study applied panel data analysis to two samples of countries during the period 2004-2014, one formed by 28 countries of the EU and the other by 103 non-EU countries. No other paper considers this number of countries for this period. To assess the impact of governance on the creation of new companies, this paper considered the existence of immediate and deferred effects of governance on entrepreneurship.

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Joumard, Isabelle. « Tax systems in European Union countries ». OECD Economic Studies 2002, n^o 1 (7 mai 2003) : 91–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-en.

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Hsieh, Jin-chi, Ching-cheng Lu, Ying Li, Yung-ho Chiu et Ya-sue Xu. « Environmental Assessment of European Union Countries ». Energies 12, n^o 2 (18 janvier 2019) : 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020295.

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This study utilizes the dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model by considering time to measure the energy environmental efficiency of 28 countries in the European Union (EU) during the period 2006–2013. There are three kinds of variables: input, output, and carry-over. The inputs are labor, capital, and energy consumption (EC). The undesirable outputs are greenhouse gas emissions (GHE) and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, and the desirable output variable is gross domestic product (GDP). The carry-over variable is gross capital formation (GCF). The empirical results show that first the dynamic DEA model can measure environment efficiency and provide optimum improvement for inefficient countries, as more than half of the EU countries should improve their environmental efficiency. Second, the average overall scores of the EU countries point out that the better period of performance is from 2009 to 2012. Third, the output variables of GHE, SOx, and GDP exhibit a significant impact on environmental efficiency. Finally, the average value of others is significantly better than high renewable energy utilization (HRE) with the Wilcoxon test. Thus, the EU’s strategy for environmental energy improvement should be to pay attention to the benefits of renewable energy (RE) utilization, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHE), and enhancing the development of RE utilization to help achieve the goal of lower GHE.

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Gajos, Edyta, Sylwia Małażewska et Konrad Prandecki. « EMISSION EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, n^o 6 (10 décembre 2018) : 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7732.

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The aim of the study was to compare the total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union countries and their emission efficiency. Emission efficiency was calculated as the ratio of emission volume and value to gross value added generated by the economy of a given country (size of the economy). The necessary statistical data was obtained from Eurostat. It was found that in 2015 most of greenhouse gases were emitted by: Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, France and Italy. At the same time, France and the United Kingdom were characterized by one of the best emission efficiency in the European Union, Germany and Italy obtained average results, while Poland was in the group of countries with the lowest emission efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded, that the volume of emissions is significantly affected by the size of the economy. Some large emitters have economies based on relatively “clean” technologies and thus their potential to further reduction is not very high. The reverse is true for some low-emission countries, such as Estonia and Bulgaria. This indicates the need for a more comprehensive look at the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Colfer, Barry. « The European Trade Union Confederation ». socio.hu 9, Special Issue (16 juin 2020) : 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.9.

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The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) represents some 45 million trade union members from eighty-nine national trade union confederations and ten European Industry Federations from thirty-nine countries. In 2019, ETUC entered its forty-sixth year and marked its fourteenth quadrennial Congress in Vienna where delegates intervened to shape the work plan and direction of the organisation for the coming four years and to elect a new Executive Committee. This article takes stock of ETUC’s background and primary activities and considers whether ETUC enhances the power and influence of its members, despite the challenging environment in which trade unions in Europe reside in the 21st century. In so doing, the article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the organisation, which remains the largest civil society organisation in Europe.

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Pukelienė, Violeta, et Justinas Kisieliauskas. « Vyriausybės išlaidų poveikio pasitenkinimui gyvenimu vertinimas ES šalyse ». Applied Economics : Systematic Research 9, n^o 2 (2015) : 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/aesr.2335.8742.2015.9.2.2.

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Świstak, Marek. « Fundusze Unii Europejskiej w Polsce : dekada doświadczeń ». Przegląd Europejski, n^o 3-2016 (11 décembre 2016) : 48–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.16.3.

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The purpose of this article is to summarise more than a decade of Polish participation in the use of European Union Funds. During this period, we have seen an acceleration of economic growth, increasing Polish exports (mainly to EU countries) and a significant inflow of foreign investments. The development, however, have proved to be uneven in nature. The more developed regions gained the most from participation in EU funding, which does not reflect the regional policy objectives. So far, the regional policy in Poland is largely (though not exclusively) focused on investment that could only modernise the Polish economy in a superficial way. Examples are infrastructure investments that only raise living conditions. The ability to use EU funds in strengthening the competitiveness and innovativeness of Polish economy is utilised to a small extent.

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Hudcová, Hana, Jan Vymazal et Miloš Rozkošný. « Present restrictions of sewage sludge application in agriculture within the European Union ». Soil and Water Research 14, No. 2 (5 avril 2019) : 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/36/2018-swr.

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The use of sludge in agriculture within the European Union (EU) is currently regulated only by the limits of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) listed in Council Directive 86/278/EEC. This document is now more than 30 years old. Several European countries have introduced more stringent requirements in comparison with the directive, and have adopted limits for concentrations of other heavy metals, synthetic organic compounds and microbial contamination. The paper provides an overview of the current limits of these substances in sewage sludge and concentration limits of heavy metals in soil intended for sludge application, together with applicable laws and regulations in European Union countries. There is a need to update these regulations taking into account the current risks associated with the application of sludge to agricultural land, with the possibility of using ecotoxicological tests to assess the risks. A wide range of technologies for sewage sludge processing is used in EU countries. The predominant choice is a direct application in agriculture followed by composting. The use of sewage sludge in agriculture in 2014 and 2015 in 13 EU countries that provided data amounted to 22.6% (2014) and 22.1% (2015) of produced sludge and 23.3% (2014) and 23.1% (2015) of sludge disposed. It is also highly variable within EU countries ranging between zero (Malta, Slovenia, Slovakia) and 80% (Ireland). Over 50% of sewage sludge is used in agriculture in Bulgaria according to 2015 data.

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Haughton, Lesley. « Supporting learners through trade unions ». Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling 20, n^o 1 (1 juin 2008) : 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.2005.

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This article examines the role of voluntary trade union activists in delivering information advice and guidance aboutlearning, work and careers to members of their unions. The context for this work is the learning and skills system in England, not for the United Kingdom as a whole. It presents a case study of the way in which we in unionlearn, the learning and skills organisation established by the Trades Union Congress (TUC), have developed a model and strategy for supporting learners in unions. Unions in other European Union (EU) countries may wish to consider how this model could be contextualised in their own industrial relations systems when developing the role of their union representatives and officers in learning and skills.

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Saatcioglu, Cem, et Kaan Celikok. « European Regional Integration and its Partnership with Türkiye : An Assessment of the Specific Customs Union ». International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 13, n^o 1 (14 janvier 2023) : 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.14014.

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International economic integrations, especially after the end of World War II, result from the long-term goals of establishing political unity based on countries' orientation towards their common economic interests. Customs unions, in which states abolish tariffs among themselves and apply common tariffs to third countries, are the next advanced stage of international integration after free trade zones. While customs unions eliminate tariffs and related taxes in trade within their jurisdiction, they also establish a common external tariff. This entails some asymmetrical disadvantages for the countries within the Union. A new step by Türkiye in its efforts to integrate with the West was its application to join the EEC in 1959. The Customs Union, defined by the Ankara Agreement signed in 1963, came into effect in 1996 as a result of the agreement made at the meeting of the Association Council of 6 March 1995 adopted "Customs Union Decision". The aim of this study is to examine the bilateral trade impact of the Customs Union between Türkiye and the EU. H1: Which fields should be included in the customs union between Türkiye and the EU? H2: How will the inclusion of trade in digital goods and services in the Customs Union affect EU-Türkiye trade? The results from the analysis covering the years of 1996-2021 showed that the Customs Union has had a positive but limited effect for the trade between EU-Türkiye. The customs union needs to be updated taking into account public procurement, agriculture and digital services.

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Moll, P. G. « Black South African Unions : Relative Wage Effects in International Perspective ». ILR Review 46, n^o 2 (janvier 1993) : 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600203.

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Despite the disenfranchisement of blacks in South Africa, the state's refusal to officially recognize black unions until 1980, and police repression of the union movement, this analysis of data for 1985 shows that black unions in South Africa had by that year made wage gains similar to those of unions in more developed countries. The union effect on wages for black blue-collar workers was 24%, which is in the range of effects found in studies of U.S. unions and above the range of effects found for European unions. Another finding is that black unions compressed wages across skill levels, an effect probably owing to black unions' primary emphasis on improving the lot of unskilled workers.

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