Articles de revues sur le sujet « Europe – Unité – Sports »

Abstract New national and international societies that examine sports have been created and developed in Europe as well as on other continents. These societies, which examine the complex phenomena, issues, and questions concerning sports as seen from the different scientific points of view, are rooted in two main research directions: the natural sciences on the one hand, and the social sciences on the other.The authors of the paper point to the significant and ongoing development of the social sciences of sport. In particular, the authors discuss the development of the sociology of sport, philosophy of sport, psychology of sport, pedagogy of sport, history of physical culture, sports and Olympics, the organization and management of sport, social and cultural foundations of tourism and recreation, social relationships associated with sports training and tactics, as well as the humanistic theories of Eastern martial arts.The authors have listed several national, continental, and international scientific organizations that unite representatives of the aforementioned disciplines. However, the authors’ main focus is on theoretical and organizational assumptions of the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport, an organization founded in 2009.The society’s main objectives are to unite the particular social sciences of sport in one organized and scientific body (while maintaining the existing differences between the sciences); to enable the annual debate and exchange of views on the substantive and methodological matters; as well as to provide joint scientific publications connected with common work of the group and with the journal Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research.The authors discuss the research and publishing activities of the Polish Society for Social Sciences of Sport, introducing the organization as an example of any future organization that could cooperate with the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport.

The presented work is devoted to highlighting the processes of evolution of the EU sports law and policy, identifying facts and events that have contributed to the development of communitarian regulation in this area and establishing trends and directions significant for Ukraine in the European integration aspect. Integration processes, first purely economic and then increasingly multidirectional, could not but affect this vital sphere of social life on the European continent and internationally. Sport is an essential element of the self-realization of a human personality and a sphere of economic activity. It is also a form of international communication, cross-cultural communication, the assertion of authority, and a positive image of countries. Also, sports can be an instrument of political and diplomatic influence or even a means of responding to violations of international law and order. The evolution of EU sports policy and law has been a difficult and long way in the general context of European integration processes. Initially, the sport was not covered by Community law and the spheres of competence of the Communities. However, since the 60s of the last century, the foundations of the European sports model began to form. Implementing the Council of Europe’s standards in the Member States’ practice was essential in forming this model. The European sports model implies, on the one hand, the unity of values and sports traditions of Europe. On the other hand, it is based on considering the national characteristics of European countries, pluralism, and diversity of the organization of sports relations and activities of non-governmental sports organizations. To the main features of the European sports model, which have developed historically and are preserved to this day, the author refers voluntary participation in sports competitions, non-discrimination, democracy, solidarity, compliance with the rules of “fair play,” good governance, and prevention of corruption and abuse. The article characterizes the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the creation of the EU acquis in the field of sport. CJEU developed the legal criteria system for extending communitarian rules and principles to the economic aspects of sports activities, including regulating relations with non-state actors such as national Olympic committees, sports federations, etc. Relevant CJEU decisions are analyzed in the study, approaches to the application of EU competition rules in sports, as well as to labor relations, freedom of movement of workers, and the provision of services, are revealed. Further integration and reform of the EU under the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty led to the emergence of a sector of the EU policy in the field of sports and several regulations and organizational measures aimed at realization of this policy. Implementation of the relevant standards in the national legislation, introduction of the best practices of governance in the field of sports in the state policy and activities of non-governmental sports organizations are important components of the implementation of Ukraine’s European integration aspirations, fulfillment of obligations under the Association Agreement and prospectively – the criteria for the EU membership.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of bike sales and customer demographics in Europe based on a dataset obtained from Kaggle.com. The dataset covers the period from 2011 to 2016 and includes information on customer age, gender, product categories, order quantities, unit costs, unit prices, profit, and revenue. The analysis utilizes data visualization techniques to identify key trends, including the top-selling products, customer purchasing power across different age groups and customer genders, and product profit margins. The findings suggest opportunities for retailers to target specific customer segments and product categories to maximize profits. Additionally, the report highlights the growing popularity of cycling as a sport and a healthy lifestyle choice, indicating a potential for increased demand in the bike retail market. Overall, the insights provided in this report aim to assist retailer chains in developing effective strategies to capitalize on the opportunities presented by the European bike sales market.

We explore regional and urban clusters and patterns in Europe by using satellite images of nighttime lights and by employing Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis. We map Defense Meteorological Satellite Program nighttime lights data onto the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics III, Local Administrative Units II and pixel (i.e. 1 km2 grid cell system of Europe) level and apply global and local statistics of spatial association. Under the assumption that nighttime light data are a good proxy for economic activity, the analysis at regional level shows that the regions of global cities and megacities and their surrounding areas are hot spots of high economic activity levels. The regional analysis also reveals the polycentric hierarchical structure of Europe. Using the case studies of the regions of London and Île -de -France, the analysis at the urban level reveals the different urban structure of these two global regions and identifies the functional urban areas of London and Paris.

The place of Sub-Sahara Africa in the Worldsportsystem The contemporary world sportsystem is developed through globalisation with its homogenisation and heterogenisation processes. The result of these opposite forces is the division of the world in 6 classes. Sub-Sahara Africa underwent, with the exception of South-Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, a total and passive acceptance of the western (British) modern sports. The place of that part of Africa is analogue to and correlates with its place in Wallerstein’s worldsystem periphery. The introduction of modern sports is associated with the spatial diffusion of the 19th century British hegemonic cultural imperialism. The purpose of this policy was a transformation of the traditional society into a modern functional world-culture and the incorporation of that part of the world in the world-system. The anti-western feelings after the independence resulted in a political Pan-Africanism. However, sport and more specific soccer, a typical product of the western domination, has not been rejected. On the contrary, local politicians used it to create a national identity. The strong link between soccer and soil resulted in a strong form of topophily. This connection was transformed into sportnationalism and created in the, through artificial borders developed, nations a unity and a national pride. The outcome of sport games was used to demonstrate the successes in politics and economics. The absence of any political platform on which the Third World had a strong voice brought about that the international sport scene, such as the FIFA, was used for the unification of the Third World against the former colonial powers. Nowadays, the globalisation processes result in an increasing labour migration of African football players to the rich core competitions in Europe. This form of migration can be classified as another form of “cash crop” or in this case “foot drain..” “As Roman imperialism laid the foundation of modern civilisation and led wild barbarians of these islands (Britain) along the path of progress, so in Africa today we are repaying the debt, and bringing to the dark places of the earth – the abode of barbarism and cruelty – the torch of culture and progress… we hold these countries because it is the genius of our race to colonise, to trade and to govern” (quote by the English educationist Sir Frederick Lugard (1858-1954) in Mandell, 1986: p.102).

ISCPES stands for International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sports and it is going to celebrate its 40th anniversary in 2018. Since the beginning (Israel 1978) the main goals of the Society were established under a worldwide mind set considering five continents and no discrimination of any kind. The founders wanted to compare Physical Education and Sports across the world, searching for the best practices deserving consideration and applied on the purpose of improving citizen quality of life. The mission still stands for “Compare to learn and improve”.As all the organizations lasting for 39 years, ISCPES experienced several vicissitudes, usually correlated with world economic cycles, social and sports changes, which are in ISS journal articles - International Sport Studies.ISS journal is Scopus indexed, aiming to improve its quality (under evaluation) to reach more qualified students, experts, professionals and researchers; doing so it will raise its indexation, which we know it is nowadays a more difficult task. First, because there are more journals trying to compete on this academic fierce competitive market; secondly, because the basic requirements are getting more and more hard to gather in the publishing environment around Physical Education and Sports issues. However, we can promise this will be one of our main strategic goals.Another goal I would like to address on this Editorial is the language issue. We have this second strategic goal, which is to reach most of languages spoken in different continents; besides the English language, we will reach Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. For that reason, we already defined that all the abstracts in English will be translated into Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese words so people can find them on any search browser. That will expand the demand for our journal and articles, increasing the number of potential readers. Of course this opportunity, given by Motricidade, can be considered as a good example to multiply our scope.In June 2017 we organized a joint Conference in Borovets, Bulgaria, with our colleagues from the BCES – Bulgarian Society for Comparative Educational Studies. During those days, there was an election to appoint a new (Portuguese) president. This constitutes an important step for the Portuguese speaker countries, which, for a 4th year term, will have the opportunity to expand the influence of ISCPES Society diffusing the research results we have been achieving into a vast extended new public and inviting new research experts to innovative debates. This new president will be working with a wide geographical diverse team: the Vice President coming from a South American country (Venezuela), and the other several Executive Board members are coming from Brazil, China, Africa and North America. This constitutes a very favorable situation once, adding to this, we kept the previous editorial team from Australia and Europe. We are definitely committed to improve our influence through new incentives to organize several regional (continental) workshops, seminars and Conferences in the next future.The international research is crossing troubled times with exponential number of new indexed journals trying to get new influence and visibility. In order to do that, readers face new challenges because several studies present contradictory conclusions and outcome comparisons still lacking robust methodologies. Uncovering these issues is the focus of our Society.In the past, ISCPES started its activity collecting answers to the same questions asked to several experts in different countries and continents across the world. The starting studies developed some important insights on several issues concerning the way Physical Education professionals approached their challenges. In the very starting documents ISCPES activity focused in identifying certain games and indigenous activities that were not understood by people in other parts of the world, improving this international understanding and communication. This first attempt considered six groups of countries roughly comprehending 26 countries from all the continents.ISCPES has on its archives several seminal works, PhD proposals and program proposals, which constitutes the main theoretical framework considered in some textbooks printed at the end of the sixties in the XXth century.The methods used mostly sources’ country comparisons, historic development of comparative education systems, list of factors affecting those systems and a systematic analysis of case studies; additionally, international organizations for sports and physical education were also required to identify basic problems and unique features considered for the implementation of each own system. At the time, Lynn C. Vendien & John E. Nixon book “The World Today in Health, Physical Education and Recreation”, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1968, together with two monographies from William Johnson “Physical Education around the World”, 1966, 1968, Indianapolis, Phi Epsilon Kappa editions, were the main textbook references.The main landscapes of interest were to study sports compared or the sport role in Nationalisms, Political subsidization, Religion, Race and volunteering versus professionalism. The goal was to state the true place of sports in societies.In March 1970, Ben W. Miller from the University of California compiled an interesting Exhibit n.1 about the main conclusions of a breakfast meeting occurred during the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. There, they identified thirty-one individuals, which had separate courses in “Comparative and/or International Physical Education, Recreation and Sports”; one month later, they collected eighteen responses with the bibliographic references they used. On this same Exhibit n.1 there is detailed information on the title, catalogue description, date of initial course (1948, the first), credit units, eligibility, number of year offer, type of graduation (from major to doctorate and professional). Concluding, the end of the sixties can be the mark of a well-established body of literature in comparative education and sports studies published in several scientific journals.What about the XXIst century? Is it still important to compare sports and education throughout the world? Only with qualitative methods? Mixed methods?We think so. That is why, after a certain decline and fuzzy goal definition in research motivations within ISCPES we decided to innovate and reorganize people from physical education and sports around this important theme of comparative studies. Important because we observe an increasing concern on the contradictions across different results in publications under the same subject. How can we infer? What about good research questions which get no statistically significant results? New times are coming, and we want to be on that frontline of this move as said by Elsevier “With RMR (results masked review) articles, you don’t need to worry about what editors or reviewers might think about your results. As long as you have asked an important question and performed a rigorous study, your paper will be treated the same as any other. You do not need to have null results to submit an RMR article; there are many reasons why it can be helpful to have the results blinded at initial review”.https://www.elsevier.com/connect/reviewers-update/results-masked-review-peer-review-without-publication-bias.This is a very different and challenging time. Our future strategy will comprehend more cooperation between researchers, institutions and scientific societies as an instrument to leverage our understanding of physical activity and sports through different continents and countries and be useful for policy designs.Next 2018, on the occasion of the UE initiative Sofia – European Capital of Sport 2018 we - Bulgarian Comparative Education Society (BCES) & the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport (ISCPES) - will jointly organize an International Conference on Sport Governance around the World.Sports and Physical Education are facing complex problems worldwide, which need to be solved. For health reasons, a vast number of organizations are popularizing the belief that physical education and sports are ‘a must’ in order to promote human activity and movement. However, several studies show that modern lifestyles are the main cause for people's inactivity and sedentary lifestyles.Extensive funded programs used to promote healthy lifestyles; sports media advertising several athletes, turning them into global heroes, influencers in a new emerging industry around sports organizations. Therefore, there is a rise in the number of unethical cases and corruption that influence the image of physical education and sports roles.We, the people emotional and physically involved with sports and physical activity must be aware of this, studying, discussing and comparing global facts and events around the world.This Conference aims to offer an incentive to colleagues from all continents to participate and present their latest results on four specific topics: 1. Sport Governance Systems; 2. Ethics and Corruption in Physical Education and Sports Policies; 3. Physical Education and Sport Development; 4. Training Physical Educators and Coaches. Please consider your selves invited to attend. Details in http://bcesconvention.com/

Chillón and Ruiz are with the Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Spain. Chillón and Ward are with the Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Ortega, Ruiz and Sjöström are with the Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. Ortega and Castillo are with the Department of Medical Physiology, University of Granada, Spain. De Bourdeaudhuij is with the Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium. Martínez-Gómez is with the Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, ICTAN, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain. Vicente-Rodríguez and Moreno are with Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain. Widhalm is with the Department of Paediatrics, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Molnar is with the Deprtment of Paediatrics, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Hungary. Gottrand is with Inserm U995, University Lille2 and CIC-9301-CH&U-Inserm, University Hospital of Lille, France. González-Gross is with the Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.

Dear Readers,In this issue, the European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (ESPRAS) has dealt with the quality of continuing education in plastic surgery in Europe in the form of an “ESPRAS Survey”. An overview of the high quality criteria that are necessary in all countries in order to successfully complete specialist training in plastic and aesthetic surgery is summarised clearly and in detail. In Europe, as in Germany, specialist training generally includes training in all body regions, a training period of about 6 years, a rotation in intensive care units for the care of critically ill patients as well as surgical catalogues and specialist examinations.

As a result of the stadium construction wave recently observed in North America and Europe, the question of the cost-effective operation of these facilities entered the foreground. Formerly, researchers advocated that these sports facilities had no significant positive economic impact, and no considerable increasing effect can be observed in terms of workplaces, personal incomes, or local tax revenues. In recent years, however, many researchers attribute a serious economic impact to particular facilities, including the so-called multifunctional stadiums, which are used for purposes other than one particular sports activity. The aim of our study, after summarising the factors leading to the establishment of multifunctional stadiums and the most important characteristics of the completed facilities, is to demonstrate the various utilization possibilities through the case study of the Great Forest Stadium in Debrecen. As an outcome of the research, it may be concluded that the facility has all features (conference room, catering unit, own shop, etc.) that are typical for medium-sized stadiums. Besides, the services related to health sciences constitute unique elements that can be explained by the activities of the higher education institution of the city, the University of Debrecen, which considers the Third Mission activities as particularly important.

It has been studied that the reform of local self-government in the EU countries took place with different intensity and specific features, starting from the middle of the last century, so in the countries of Western Europe, this stage took place a long time ago, and in Central and Eastern Europe the reforms began much later. The scientific article explores the issue of forming the financial and economic potential in communities of European Union countries. The focus is on the main stages of local self-government reform in European Union countries, including the reform of the administrative-territorial structure, changes in budget and tax legislation, and the formation of organizational and functional powers. The purpose of the research is to analyze the peculiarities of forming the financial and economic potential of territorial communities in European Union countries during the reform of local self-government and the formation of capable territorial communities. It is established that the formation of administrative-territorial units of different levels in European Union countries was guided by the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS), which defines five levels of territorial units. It is determined that the principal tax payments that flow into the budgets of local self-government bodies in European Union countries are income tax, property tax, and business tax. The research reveals that the primary responsibilities assigned to local self-government bodies in EU countries include services in the areas of land use and planning, culture, education, water supply and wastewater management, and public transportation. Other services are provided depending on the state. It is established that Ukraine has utilized best practices of European reforms, and the primary goal of each state is the quality provision of social services to residents, which in turn depends on the development of social infrastructure (water pipelines, sewage networks, schools, preschools, sports infrastructure), which requires the involvement of significant financial resources, both internal and external. Keywords: local self-government bodies, territorial communities, financial and economic potential, European Union, taxes, and fees.

Aprovechando el impacto que la introducción del Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos en Lengua Extranjera (AICLE) está teniendo en toda Europa, el presente artículo plantea un modelo de aplicación para la Educación Física en inglés que, además de mejoras en la adquisición de la lengua extranjera en cuestión, propone un escenario integral de aprendizaje basado en los principios de la pedagogía crítica. A partir del marco de las 4Cs (contenido, comunicación, cultura y cognición) que se proyecta desde la metodología AICLE, el artículo ofrece una reflexión argumentada sobre las posibilidades de introducir un enfoque pedagógico crítico en Educación Física, de manera que se vea incrementado de un modo global su potencial educativo. Inicialmente se justifican y exponen en el texto las posibilidades de integración entre la pedagogía crítica y el modelo AICLE de las 4Cs. Posteriormente, a modo de ejemplo, se presenta una unidad didáctica de judo en inglés que concreta dicho análisis.Abstract. Considering the impact that the introduction of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is having in Europe, this paper presents a model of application for Physical Education in English. This model improves particularly the acquisition of a foreign language and proposes at the same time a comprehensive learning scenario based on the principles of the critical pedagogy. From the 4Cs framework of CLIL methodology ("content", "communication", "culture" and "cognition") the paper offers an in-depth reflection on the possibilities of introducing the critical pedagogy approach to Physical Education, thus increasing its educational potential. First, we argue about the links between critical pedagogy and CLIL. Subsequently, we propose an English didactic unit of judo in order to exemplify the previous analysis.

AbstractThe first conclusive evidence for Silurian rocks in the Paraná Basin, Brazil, was reported in 1985. This evidence was based on organic-walled microfossils, principally spore tetrads, and associated phytoplankton (‘acritarchs’ and prasinophytes), the first recovered from the Vila Maria Formation on the northeastern rim of the Basin. The spore assemblage was typical of Gray's Microfossil Assemblage Zone I; size-frequency data for the tetrads suggested an early Silurian (early Llandovery; Rhuddanian) age. We now document a new MA Zone I occurrence of spore tetrads together with a few single trilete spores, from the southwestern rim of the Paraná Basin, Paraguay. The single spores are among the earliest known to have normally dissociated from a tetrahedral tetrad. Size-frequency data for the tetrads suggest a late Llandovery, pre-C5(mid-Telychian) age. These spores, together with phytoplankton and chitinozoans, were recovered from beds laterally equivalent to the Vargas Peña Shale at the type locality from which Llandovery diplograptids and monograptids are known. Llandovery age rocks on the southwesternandnortheastern borders of the Paraná Basin,c. 1400 km apart, suggest that early Silurian rocks were extensively distributed throughout southern Brazil and adjacent Paraguay. Close conformity between the age reference obtained with graptolites and spore tetrads again demonstrates the stratigraphic utility of early Silurian spores in providing reliable age determinations for otherwise unfossiliferous rocks. Spore tetrad assemblages available from the Malvinokaifric Realm (South America, Africa, Arabia) represent a distinct phytogeographic unit contrasted with spore tetrad assemblages from the North Silurian Realm of North America and parts of Europe.

Dynamic gene conservation in European forests: Pan-European concepts shaping up Forests in Europe consist mainly of wild, undomesticated tree populations showing high genetic variation that has been shaped by postglacial migration and manifold adaptations to their local environments. To conserve this genetic diversity, many European countries have developed programs for the conservation of forest genetic resources, which consist not only of seed orchards but also of forest stands for in situ gene conservation. The long-term aim of the so called “dynamic gene conservation” is the maintenance of the most important ecological and, on a longer time scale, evolutionary processes. In the European cooperation project EUFGIS, Pan-European minimum requirements for units of dynamic gene conservation in forests were developed. On the basis of these criteria, a common database of all these identified units was established. Moreover, the representativeness of the nominated conservation units for ecological zones and continental hot spots of genetic diversity was analyzed, and the vulnerability of the network under climate change was investigated. This analysis showed that the present network of dynamic conservation units for various tree species contains significant gaps in its ecological and phylogenetic representativeness and indicates that up to 65% of the nominated conservation units of a target tree species will be highly vulnerable under climate change. Therefore, the network of gene conservation units needs to be extended, and additional transnational conservation actions including European assisted migration schemes should be considered.

While COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis is now well described in developed countries, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) has seemed to remain quite rare in Europe. A retrospective study was performed between March 2020 to September 2021 among COVID-19 adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) at Toulouse Hospital (Southern France). PCR screening on respiratory samples, which target Aspergillus or Mucorales DNA, were performed, and the number of fungal detections was evaluated monthly during the study period. During the 19 months of the study, 44 (20.3%) COVID-19 ICU patients had a positive PCR for Aspergillus, an overall rate in keeping with the incidence of ICU COVID-19 patients. Ten patients (7.1%) had a positive Mucorales PCR over the same period. Surprisingly, 9/10 had a positive Mucor/Rhizopus PCR in August-September 2021, during the fourth Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant wave. Epidemic investigations have identified a probable environmental cause linked to construction works in the vicinity of the ICU (high levels of airborne spores due to the mistaken interruption of preventive humidification and summer temperature). Even if CAM are apparently rare in Europe, a cluster can also develop in industrialised countries when environmental conditions (especially during construction work) are associated with a high number of COVID-19 patients in the ICU.

Aviation as a new weapon emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. The event that influenced its development was the course of the First World War. It was not the decisive factor in determining the fate of the war, however, its dynamic development in the final stage of the war could indicate its great importance in the future. The development of military aviation was the domain of the military authorities. The popularisation campaign and the development of appropriate flight training programs were entrusted to the civilian authorities. The establishment of appropriate organisations was needed to effectively engage the public in cooperation. Sport aviation and gliding excelled in preparing young people for service in airborne combat units and transport aviation. Their development in Europe in the inter-war period proceeded in two ways. The first was the creation of organisations by administrative orders, which took place in Germany, Russia and Italy. The second was the skilful use of social initiatives linked to aviation interests, appropriately coordinated by the state and supported by subsidies, as was the case in England and France. The purpose of the establishment of these organisations and activities was to popularise and train aviation in the widest circles of society and to prepare it for a possible airborne threat.

Bed TB33, a lacustrine unit within the late Eocene (early Priabonian) How Ledge Limestone, Headon Hill, Isle of Wight, UK, contains a rich mammalian fauna. The previously reconstructed food web included mammalian predators and prey (ground dwelling, scansorial and arboreal; insectivores, frugivores, herbivores and carnivores) and two inferred owls. Unfortunately, the extensive bulk sediment sampling and sieving used to obtain the vertebrate fauna had not yielded any plant fossils other than charophyte gyrogonites. This new work has focused on plant mesofossils and palynofacies in the uppermost horizons of the vertebrate-rich bed aiming to reconstruct the vegetation that hosted the mammals. Other than cysts of Zygnemataceae, phytoplankton are absent. The presence of the aquatic plants Azolla and Salvinia on the lake is documented by megaspores and microspore massulae. The palynomorphs are dominated by algal cysts, Azolla microspore massulae fragments and two morphologies of trilete fern spores. These data document a depositional setting in a lake with abundant free-floating Azolla or Salvinia and with a margin vegetation dominated by ferns. The data support one of our previous inferences that the arboreal mammals were brought to the site from some distance away by predators. However, the challenge to fully reconstruct the mammalian habitats remains.

Abstract Background: Photochemical treatment (PCT) using amotosalen HCl and UVA light (3 J/cm2: 320 – 400 nm) inactivates pathogens and leukocytes in therapeutic single donor apheresis plasma prepared within 8 hr of collection (INTERCEPTTM [I-FFP], Cerus Europe, Amersfoort, Netherlands). Clinical trials demonstrated efficacy and safety supporting a Class III CE mark and AFSSAPS (Medicinal Products Agency of France) registration of I-FFP for primary therapeutic indications including: congenital and acquired coagulopathies and TTP. Although no evidence of immune response to neo-antigens has been detected in clinical trials (Transfusion2005; 45:1610) or in post marketing surveillance studies, it remains unknown to what extent plasma proteins may be altered by PCT. We measured the impact of PCT on plasma protein profiles using a quantitative and qualitative proteomic method (2D-DIGE) to further define the possible occurrence of protein modifications in I-FFP. Methods: Plasma units (650 ml) from 8 donors (4 male and 4 female) were collected by apheresis (Haemonetics MCS+, Braintree, MA) with AB16 anticoagulant. Plasma from each donor was separated into two plasma units, one was treated with the INTERCEPTTM system within 8 hr after collection, and the paired untreated unit served as a Control. The proteomes of I-FFP and Control plasma were evaluated using differential two-dimensional in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Before fluorescent cyanine (Cy) labeling and 2D-gel electrophoresis, albumin and IgG, the more abundant proteins, were removed from plasma using a depletion kit (GE Healthcare). Prior to 2D gel electrophoresis, proteins from Control and I-FFP were labeled with fluorescent Cy3 (green) and Cy5 (red), respectively, in four samples and vice versa in the other four. Fifteen μg of protein from Control and or I-FFP plasma from each donor were mixed and resolved on the same minigel (7x7 cm). An internal standard (15 μg), labeled with Cy2 (blue), composed of equal amounts of plasma from each donor, was added in all experiment as a normalizing agent to monitor spot intensity for determination of reproducible quantitative differences of statistical significance (ANOVA, p < 0.05). After electrophoresis, images of 2D gels were generated using a fluorescent scanner and data were analyzed using the Samespots software (NonlinearTM). Results: 281 common protein spots were observed in the proteome pattern of plasma from all 8 independent experiments and included in the analysis. INTERCEPTTM treatment did not change any of these 281 spots (ANOVA, p > 0.05). Using the internal standard to monitor quantitative changes, more than 90% of protein spots demonstrated an expression difference of less than 10% while the highest change observed was 1.8 fold. Conclusion: Within 8 hrs after collection, pathogen inactivation of human plasma by the INTERCEPTTM process did not show evidence of plasma protein modification either in a qualitative or a quantitative manner. Further studies would be required to assess in greater detail the impact on protein modification of the process.

Purpose. The article deals with the problem of reliability management of bridges over the life cycle. We consider the unit adopted in the Eurocode. As a tool for security management, you are stepping classification structures as predicted by the damage caused by possible destruction facilities. Methodology. Theoretical study. Findings. Performed as part of this study an analysis of the management provides a reliable bridge Bation offer to accept the concept of Eurocode for reliability management of bridges in Ukraine. Originality. of the concept of Eurocode reliability based on the latest achievements in the theory of co-armed European scientists. Practical value.. The apparatus in question is accepted as practical management tool reliability and service life of bridges by all the countries of Europe.

Purpose The intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) is a major outcome of the Paris Agreement on international cooperation to reduce emissions, and is likely to be the future scenario for carbon emissions. This paper aims to obtain the fine spatial pattern of carbon emissions in 2030, identify hot spots and analyze changes of carbon emissions with a spatial grid method. Design/methodology/approach Based on the integrated quantified INDCs of each economy in 2030, the authors predict the population density pattern in 2030 by using the statistics of current population density, natural growth rates and differences in population growth resulting from urbanization within countries. Then the authors regard population density as a comprehensive socioeconomic indicator for the top-bottom allocation of the INDC data to a 0.1° × 0.1° grid. Then, the grid spatial pattern of carbon emissions in 2030 is compared with that in 2016. Findings Under the unconditional and conditional scenarios, the global carbon emission grid values in 2030 will be within [0, 59,200.911] ktCO2 and [0, 51,800.942] ktCO2, respectively; eastern China, northern India, Western Europe and North America will continue to be the major emitters; grid carbon emissions will increase in most parts of the world compared to 2016, especially in densely populated areas. Originality/value While many studies have explored the overall global carbon emissions or warming under the INDC scenario, attention to spatial details is also required to help us make better emissions attributions and policy decisions from the perspective of the grid unit rather than the administrative unit.

With an ongoing growing population of around 21 million people, Lagos, the capital of Nigeria, struggles not only with how to deal with its waste but with garbage sent illegally mostly from the United States and Europe. The former Olusosun landfill, the largest waste dump in Africa and one of the largest in the world, used to receive about 3,000 to 5,000 tons of trash per day, filling the dumpsite almost to its near capacity. After the local government decided to close the landfill, the city has started to search for solutions to rehabilitate the site. In an effort to include an anchor program, the stadium becomes the natural meeting point for the neighborhood: an evolutive, flexible and transformable infinite bamboo based-unit structure. In response to new much-needed regards towards waste, bamboo resources seeded on the site become the local building material. A mix of social spaces, dedicated to enjoying the sport on game days, as well as dwellings and local public programs to be occupied all year by the local community, blend in a small-scale system. Finally, the aggregation can grow in each direction to meet all needs of various situations, with potential multiplication of the system at the scale of the neighborhood or city.

CROSS BOrder management of variable renewable energies and storage units enabling a transnational Wholesale market (CROSSBOW) is an EC-funded project, whose aim is to facilitate the shared use of energy resources by fostering cross-border management of variable renewable energies and storage units, enabling higher penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) whilst reducing network operational costs and improving economic benefits of clean energies and storage units. Towards these goals, CROSSBOW boosts regional cooperation among the system operators in Southeastern Europe (SEE), by deploying nine different tools to support the security coordination center (SCC) of the region. More specifically, the main CROSSBOW product, namely CROSSBOW Regional Operation Centre (CROSSBOW ROC) has proposed and demonstrated a set of functionalities for regional management and operation that enhance the existing regional structures, extending the capabilities of the already established Regional Security Coordinator (RSC) initiatives. Beyond enhancing RSC mandatory functions (including adequacy forecasts, coordinated security analysis, capacity calculations, and outage planning coordination), the ROC-BC product has developed new functions, linking the security considerations of involved TSOs with the operation of the fast-developing and harmonized electricity markets. In this paper, we investigate approaches for coordinated capacity calculation and cross-border trading via market coupling, developed within the ROC-BC product of CROSSBOW. Moreover, we present the final demonstration results as a part of ROC fundamental functionalities. Specifically, both net transfer capacity (NTC) and flow-based (FB) methods are examined and compared within a case study applying to the SEE region. The presented results demonstrate that the FB method exhibits better performance in all examined scenarios, considering three different key performance indicators (KPIs).

Given the transformation of Ukraine’s military education system, the experience of professional and physical training of officer personnel at military educational institutions in Great Britain is of particular interest. The aim of this article is to summarize the organizational and pedagogical foundations of the professional and physical training of British Armed Forces officers. The British Armed Forces are one of the largest armed forces in Europe; they are fully professional and voluntary. Although Britain’s national security concept includes an emphasis on countering the new threats of the information age, physical training of officers in military education institutions is a priority. It has been established that the United Kingdom has accumulated innovative experience that can be used to develop a system of continuous physical training of border guard officers. In particular, physical training of officers in British military education institutions remains a priority. Physical training programs for officers of the British Armed Forces include general gymnastics, athletics, swimming, soccer, boxing, and judo. In addition, in ground units designed for direct participation in combat operations, physical training programs are supplemented by overcoming obstacles and learning hand-to-hand combat techniques. A compulsory element is the so-called adventure course, covering a set of techniques and actions for moving on difficult terrain, overcoming natural and artificial obstacles in the conditions of tactical tasks. Physical training of future police officers in training centers is practice-oriented. This is a short and medium-distance running, the ability to use special techniques when detaining suspicious persons, etc. Key words: physical training system, officers, military schools and colleges, military education, British Armed Forces, sports.

Abstract. In addition to enhancing agricultural productivity, synthetic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer application in croplands dramatically alters global nutrient budget, water quality, greenhouse gas balance, and their feedback to the climate system. However, due to the lack of geospatial fertilizer input data, current Earth system and land surface modeling studies have to ignore or use oversimplified data (e.g., static, spatially uniform fertilizer use) to characterize agricultural N and P input over decadal or century-long periods. In this study, we therefore develop global time series gridded data of annual synthetic N and P fertilizer use rate in agricultural lands, matched with HYDE 3.2 historical land use maps, at a resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° latitude–longitude during 1961–2013. Our data indicate N and P fertilizer use rates on per unit cropland area increased by approximately 8 times and 3 times, respectively, since the year 1961 when IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association) and FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) surveys of country-level fertilizer input became available. Considering cropland expansion, the increase in total fertilizer consumption is even larger. Hotspots of agricultural N fertilizer application shifted from the US and western Europe in the 1960s to eastern Asia in the early 21st century. P fertilizer input shows a similar pattern with an additional current hotspot in Brazil. We found a global increase in fertilizer N ∕ P ratio by 0.8 g N g−1 P per decade (p < 0.05) during 1961–2013, which may have an important global implication for human impacts on agroecosystem functions in the long run. Our data can serve as one of critical input drivers for regional and global models to assess the impacts of nutrient enrichment on climate system, water resources, food security, etc. Datasets available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.863323.

Introduction: This study investigates the management of hip fractures in a German maximum care hospital and compares these data to evidence-based standard and practice in 180 hospitals participating in the UK National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) and 16 hospitals participating in the Irish Hip Fracture Database (IHFD). This is the first study directly comparing the management of hip fractures between 3 separate health-care systems within Europe. Methods: Electronic medical data were collected retrospectively describing the care pathway of elderly patients with a hip fracture admitted to a large trauma unit in the south of Germany “University Hospital Freiburg” (UHF). The audit evaluated demographics, postoperative outcome, and the adherence to the 6 “Blue Book” standards of care. These data were directly compared with the data from the UK NHFD and the IHFD acquired from 180 and 16 hospitals, respectively. Results: At 36 hours, 95.8% of patients had received surgery in UHF, compared to 71.5% in the NHFD and 58% of patients in the IHFD. The rate of in-hospital mortality was 4.7% compared to 7.1% in the NHFD and 5% in the IHFD. The mean average acute length of stay was 13.4 days compared to 16.4 days in the NHFD and 20 days in the IHFD. Reoperation rates are 3.3% compared to 1% in the NHFD and 1.1% in the IHFD; 50.5% of patients were discharged on bone protection medication, compared to 47% in the IHFD and 79.3% in the UK NHFD. Discussion: Despite uniformly acknowledged evidence-based treatment guidelines, the management of hip fractures remains heterogeneous within Europe. Conclusion: These data show that different areas of the hip fracture care pathway in Germany, England, and Ireland, respectively, show room for improvement in light of the growing socioeconomic burden these countries are expected to face.

The article analyses the peculiarities of the distribution of marine and terrestrial palynomorphs, changes in their composition along the section of the Oligocene Zmiiv Formation of the “Cossack Mountain” (Kharkiv area), which is suggested to be considered as a hypostratotypical section. The differences in the composition of the obtained macerates processed by different methods are described. Technical processing of samples is discussed. The article emphasises the importance of the study of microfacies obtained during palynological studies. The Zmiiv Formation is characterised by a rich complex of organic-walled microplankton (dinoflagellate cysts, green prasinophyte algae, acritarchs). A complex of Wetzeliella gochtii, W. symmetrica, W. articulata, Wetzeliella spp., Rhombodinium draco, Chiropteridium galea, Hystrichokolpoma sp. sensu Zaporozhets, 1998 allows to date it to the late Oligocene. The overlying siltstone sands of the Syvash Formation are characterised by a complex containing Homotryblium. Planktonic green algae (Tasmanites consinnus, Cymatiosphaera, Pediastrum), acritarchs (Ovoidites), remains of terrestrial plants (pollen, spores, plant detritus) are present throughout the “Cossack Mountain” geological section. The presence of foraminiferal fragments and mollusk detritus was noted. Two biostratigraphic units ranked as “beds with dinocysts” are identified in the “Cossack Mount” section: beds with Wetzeliella gochtii, Hystrichokolpoma sp. sensu Zaporozhets, 1998, Rhombodinium draco (Zmiiv sediments) and beds with small Homotryblium (Syvach sediments). Organіс-walled planktonic microfossils correlation between Zmiiv Formation and coeval marine sediments of Northwest Europe and Eastern Paratethys is provided. The article shows the difference between the conclusions on the age of Zmiiv sediments based on marine and terrestrial palynomorphs.

Clostridium difficile is a globally significant enteric pathogen with rapid emergence in the USA, Asia, Oceania and Europe. It is reported to be the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in healthcare facilities of developed nations, and the burden of disease caused by this pathogen is receiving increasing recognition. The objectives of the present study consisted in determining the incidence of the C. difficile infection during the last year, correlating the ribotype with the clinical form of disease, as well as the quantification of the importance of the ATLAS score in the evolution of enterocolitis with C. difficile. Also, the secondary objectives of the study were: observation of the pathogens circulation in cases transferred from other hospital units and correlation of the current treatment versus existing antimicrobial guidelines. We have performed an observational retrospective study of Clostridium difficile enterocolitis cases in the Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology Victor Babes Timisoara, during January 2018- December 2018. Between January and December 2018, 207 patients with C. difficile acute enterocolitis were hospitalized. The Atlas scores remain of great utility in determining the prevalence of the infection. Of the 207 hospitalized patients in 18 cases, ribotyping was positive. All the 18 ribotypes were with binary toxin (cdt) and genotype 027, a strain commonly found in the west of the country, but also in countries with neighboring borders. Compared to the previous years, there is an alarming increase in the number of cases with C. difficile infection, ribotype 027. These isolates had another characteristic that no doubt contributed to their ability to spread quickly in a healthcare environment, they produced very high levels of spores compared to other C. difficile strains.

The number of turboroundabouts constructed in Europe has grown steadily in the past decade. Although there has been extensive work on the operational and environmental impacts of isolated turboroundabouts, research on closely spaced turboroundabouts along corridors is somewhat lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of turboroundabout corridors on both traffic performance and emissions. This research had three major thrusts: ( a) to identify the hot spot emission locations along turboroundabout corridors, ( b) to compare the overall performance of turboroundabout corridors against that of conventional two-lane roundabouts on arterials, and ( c) to address the integrated effect of geometric and operational characteristics of turboroundabout corridors on emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Vehicle activity along with traffic flow data was collected from three turboroundabout corridors in the Netherlands. Site-specific operations were analyzed with microscopic traffic and emissions platforms (Vissim and vehicle specific power, respectively). The results showed that emissions hot spots along these corridors occurred in the segments located just downstream of the turboroundabout, both in absolute terms (more than 30% of total emissions) and per unit of distance. It was also found that the implementation of two-lane roundabout corridors outperformed the turboroundabout corridors in terms of vehicle emissions; however, the differences were not statistically significant ( p-value < .05). Data analysis indicated that an additional decrease in a corridor’s emissions—4% to 11%, depending on the pollutant—may be reached by altering the spacing (from 180 to 240 m) between two closely spaced turboroundabouts.

Many citizens were forced to leave their homes due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Almost 5 million citizens were registered as internally displaced persons. Some of them found shelter in modular (container) settlements located in various regions of Ukraine. Additionally, over 7 million Ukrainians sought refuge abroad and were settled in different types of housing. Due to limited time and extreme conditions, modular settlements were also built in some European countries to provide our compatriots with temporary housing. The paper provides a review of the European experience in the design and construction of modular settlements, while also defining the architectural and urban characteristics of their development. The paper the findings of the study based upon the information gathered about settlements built in Europe between 2015 and 2016, as well as modular settlements currently being constructed for Ukrainian refugees since 2022. The analysis includes aspects such as size, spatial planning, landscaping, typology, purpose of buildings, and furnishing of premises. The article explores planning approaches for modular settlements, which encompass concepts such as sustainability and long-term solutions, functionality, comfort, aestheticization, and mitigation of negative impacts on the environment. The study's findings concluded that when selecting a location for modular settlements, it is crucial to evaluate the site's position within the overall building structure, the availability of infrastructure, accessibility, socio-cultural environment, as well as conduct economic, demographic, and environmental analyses. The research determined that an optimal solution for modular settlements is to create communities for approximately 300 people, utilizing two-story modular buildings. It is recommended to form courtyards that provide more privacy to inhabitants. In a grid planning structure for a modular settlement, it is essential to effectively organize public spaces, including children's and sports grounds, recreational areas, as well as administrative and service buildings. For the long-term residence of refugees, it is recommended to utilize residential units where shared kitchens and bathrooms are designed for inhabitants of 2 to 5 rooms. Additionally, individual residential units or houses can be allocated for single families, equipped with furniture and appliances, including individual bathrooms and kitchen niches. The minimum living space per person is suggested to be between 4.5 to 5.5 square meters. The findings of this research can be utilized to enhance existing settlements and inform the development of new urban planning and architectural solutions for the design of future modular settlements.

El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el perfil antropométrico del competidor en la modalidad de Fórmula Windsurf durante el campeonato de Europa 2007 y su relación con la clasificación definitiva, el somatotipo de la categoría profesional y la intensidad que supone la competición. Se seleccionaron 45 sujetos de 30±9.77 (media±DE) años de edad para el perfil antropométrico, 15 de 25.4±3.9 años, que la International Windsurf Association había identificado como profesionales, para estimar el somatotipo y la intensidad que supone la competición. Se siguieron las recomendaciones de Carter (2002) y Marfell-Jones (1991) para las mediciones antropométricas. Mediante una unidad GPS se calculó la ruta, velocidad, distancia, frecuencia cardíaca y temperatura. Los resultados antropométricos indican un perfil del profesional de 2.3±0.4 endomorfia 5±0.8 mesomorfia y 2.4±0.6 de ectomorfia. La envergadura y la masa grasa presentan, respecto a la clasificación final, una correlación significativa (pd»0.02) y muy significativa (pd»0.005) respectivamente. La velocidad media fue de 20.82±10.1 km·h-1, la frecuencia cardiaca osciló entre 102 y 153 p·min-1 y la media fue de 124.06±9.17 p·min-1. El análisis descriptivo de los datos antropométricos así como de la intensidad en competición proporcionan una información relevante sobre los indicadores del éxito competitivo en esta modalidad deportiva.Abstract: This study aims to identify the anthropometric profile of Formula Windsurf competitors during the 2007 European Championships and its relationship with the definitive classification, the somatype of the professional category and the intensity of the competition. 45 subjects aged 30±9.77 (mean±DE) years of age were selected for the anthropometric profile, 15 of 25.4±3.9 years of age, that the International Windsurf Association had defined as professionals, to estimate the somatype and the intensity of the competition. We followed the recommendations of Carter (2002) and Marfell-Jones (1991) for the anthropometric measurements. A GPS unit was used to calculate the route, speed, distance, heart rate and temperature. The anthropometric results show a professional profile of 2.3±0.4 endomorph 5±0.8 mesomorph and 2.4±0.6 ectomorph. As regards the final classification, height and fat mass show significant (pd»0.02) and very significant (pd»0.005) correlations respectively. The average speed was 20.82±10.1 km·h-1, the heart rate oscillated between 102 and 153 b·min-1 with the average being 124.06±9.17 b·min-1. The descriptive analysis of the anthropometric data and the intensity of the competition provide relevant information concerning the indicators of competitive success in this sporting discipline.

Objectives: Arthroscopic Bankart repair has become the surgical procedure of choice for many in the United States, over the Latarjet in Europe, for first time anterior shoulder instability with minimal bone loss, less than 20%. However, high recurrence rates in contact athletes have led many to proceed with open type procedures. Our purpose was to compare failure rates and functional outcomes of the arthroscopic inferior capsular shift in contact and non-contact athletes. We hypothesized that contact and non-contact athletes would exhibit excellent functional outcomes and return to sport with low recurrence rates. Methods: A consecutive series of 69 shoulders in 61 contact and non-contact athletes underwent an arthroscopic inferior capsular shift with ≥3 suture anchors by a single surgeon (1999-2018). Thirty shoulders in 26 contact athletes (6 women; 25.3±8.1 years) and 39 shoulders in 35 non-contact athletes (7 women; 34.8±10.0 years) were included. Inclusion criteria were complete anterior inferior labral detachment (6 unit hours) and ≥2-year follow-up. Exclusion criteria included multidirectional instability, engaging Hill Sachs lesion or glenoid bone loss >30%. A modified 3-portal technique utilizing the outside-in method was employed. A conservative rehabilitation program was followed with return to sport no sooner than 3 months in non-contact, 4-5 months in contact, and 9 months in throwing athletes. Functional outcomes were measured using Constant Scores, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Score, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), Melbourne Instability Shoulder Scale (MISS), and Rowe. Forward elevation, external rotation at side and 90° abduction and internal rotation range of motion (ROM) were measured. Independent samples t-tests were used to assess differences in outcomes between contact and non-contact athletes (Bonferroni correction: p<0.006). Results: Follow-up was 11.0±3.5 years (range 2-16 years) in contact athletes and 12.2±4.3 years (range 2-21 years) in non-contact athletes (p=0.264). Contact athletes were significantly younger than non-contact athletes (p<0.0001). An average of 3.9±1.7 and 3.1±1.0 suture anchors were used in contact and non-contact groups, respectively (p=0.348). There were no significant differences in post-operative functional scores (all p>0.053) or shoulder ROM (all p>0.034) between groups. Forward flexion was 163.75±16.8° pre-operatively and 168.89±13.0° post-operatively in contact athletes (p=0.212) and 162.5±13.7° preoperatively and 170±7.7° post-operatively in non-contact athletes (p=0.005). External rotation at the side was 59.04±19.4° pre-operatively and 67.9±18.6° value post-operatively in contact athletes (p=0.094) and 52.94±25.1° pre-operatively and 62.83±14.3° post-operatively in non-contact athletes (p=0.062). External rotation at 90° abduction was 92.61±20.1° pre-operatively and 93.39±12.9° post-operatively in contact athletes (p=0.867) and 88.33±21.1° pre-operatively and 87.5±8.1° post-operatively in non-contact athletes (p=0.842).Internal rotation behind the back was to an average of T11 pre-operatively and T9 post-operatively in contact athletes (p=0.004) and L1 pre-operatively and T9 post-operatively in non-contact athletes (p=0.001).In contact and non-contact athletes, respectively, Rowe scores were 65.35±17.6 and 51.25±13.2 preoperatively and 89.22±17.6 and 96.25±12.4 post-operatively (p=0.002 and p<0.001); Constant Scores were 75.69±12.6 and 61.67±11.3 pre-operatively 85.79±19.6 and 89.71±13.6 post-operatively; ASES scores were 80.40±15.3 and 62.14±22.2 pre-operatively and 93.91±9.9 and 86.06±20.7 post-operatively (p<0.001 and p<0.001); MISS scores were 59.36±12.4 and 48.39±15.5 preoperatively and 88.20±13.5 and 75.75±19.7 post-operatively (p<0.001 and p<0.001); WOSI was 3.50±1.3 and 4.55±1.4 pre-operatively and 1.70±3.0 and 2.94±2.7 post-operatively (p=0.101 and p=0.066). Overall recurrence rate was 4.3% (3/69). Two contact athletes (2/30; 6.7%) and one non-contact athlete (1/39; 2.6%) experienced a traumatic recurrent instability event requiring revision surgery (p=0.439). These three patients underwent a revision arthroscopic inferior capsular shift with an additional 3-4 plication sutures and returned to pre-injury sports including hockey, football, skiing, and tennis without recurrence of instability at greater than 7 years following the revision surgery. Conclusions: Modified arthroscopic inferior capsular shift utilizing ≥3 suture anchors with plication sutures returns contact and non-contact athletes to sports with excellent functional outcomes, low recurrence rates (3/69), and full unrestricted ROM. While loss of ROM is a concern, particularly in overhead athletes, ROM was successfully restored in all patients, most notably in external rotation at 90° abduction. We recommend a modified arthroscopic inferior capsular shift with plication sutures as the primary procedure in all athletes with anterior instability with less than 30% bone loss excluding those with high Beighton scores rather than a Latarjet.

AbstractTaxonomic analysis is provided for a Middle Pennsylvanian macrofloral assemblage collected from clastic wetland deposits in Clay County, Indiana, on the eastern margin of the Illinois Basin. Adpressed plant fossils were recovered from four distinct beds in the lowermost Staunton Formation, positioned above the Minshall Coal (uppermost Brazil Formation), part of a succession deposited near the Atokan-Desmoinesian boundary. The assemblage of 22 fossil-taxa is dominated by pteridosperms (includingNeuropteris flexuosa,Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri,Alethopteris densinervosa,Neuropteris ovata,Eusphenopteris neuropteroides, andNeuropteris missouriensis) with lesser cordaitaleans (Cordaitesspp. indet.) and sphenopsids (particularlySphenophyllum cuneifolium). Lycopsids are uncommon, and ferns are rare. In contrast, the microfloral assemblage from the Minshall Coal and overlying clastic units is dominated by lycopsid and tree fern spores. Comparisons with established biozonation schemes yield different ages depending on the regional biostratigraphic framework used: (1) latest Bolsovian (Radiizonates difformisBiozone, American microfloras); (2) latest Bolsovian or earliest Asturian (‘Neuropteris’ rarinervisBiozone, Appalachian Basin macrofloras); or (3) earliest Asturian (Linopteris obliquaBiozone, European macrofloras). The placement and correlation of the Bolsovian-Asturian and Atokan-Desmoinesian boundaries, which have traditionally been equated by palynology, are evaluated in the context of this discordance. Several revised stratigraphic scenarios are proposed for this interval in the Illinois Basin, which is being increasingly recognized as a time of significant environmental change throughout Euramerica. Homotaxial comparisons with European macrofloral assemblages indicate that, of the 18 biological taxa recorded, between 14 and 17 (78–94%) also are common in coeval wetland deposits in Europe. The similarities exemplify the spatial conservatism and low diversity of wetland plant communities over vast areas of tropical Euramerica, a manifestation of the intrinsically stressful conditions that characterize such habitats, and indicates that neither the Laurentian Shield nor the Appalachian-Variscan Mountains were an insurmountable barrier to plant dispersal during the Middle Pennsylvanian.

In the spring of 2008, freesia, cvs. Honeymoon and Santana, with striking virus-like symptoms similar to freesia leaf necrosis disease were received by the Virginia Tech Plant Disease Clinic from a cut-flower nursery in Gloucester, VA and forwarded for analysis to the USDA-ARS Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit in Beltsville, MD. Approximately 25% of the plants had coalescing, interveinal, chlorotic, whitish, necrotic or dark brown-to-purple necrotic spots on leaves. Symptomatic plants were scattered within the planting. Fifteen symptomatic plants were collected between March and May of 2008, and nucleic acid extracts were analyzed for ophiovirus infection by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with ophiovirus-specific degenerate primers (2). The diagnostic 136-bp ophiovirus product from the RdRp gene was amplified from 14 of 15 freesia plants tested. A partially purified virus preparation was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and potyvirus- and ophiovirus-like particles were detected. The potyviruses, Freesia mosaic virus (FreMV) and Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), each cause mosaic symptoms (3), although BYMV may induce necrosis late in the season. RT-PCR performed on the same nucleic acid samples using potyvirus coat protein (CP)-specific degenerate primers D335 and U335 (1) amplified the diagnostic 335-bp fragment from 2 of 15 plants. Cloned sequence from these plants was identified as FreMV. The ophiovirus CP gene was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned from two symptomatic freesia plants using primers FreSVf-CP-XhoI 5′-GACTCGAGAAATGTCTGGAAAATACTCTGTTC-3′ and FreSVf-CP-BamHI 5′-CCAGGATCCTTAGATAGTGAATCCATAAGCTG-3′, based on the sequence of Freesia sneak virus (FreSV) isolates from freesia (GenBank No. DQ885455) and lachenalia (4). The approximate 1.3-kb amplicon was cloned and sequences of two cDNA clones were identical (GenBank No. FJ807730). The deduced amino acid sequence showed 99% identity with the Italian FreSV CP sequence (GenBank No. DQ885455), confirming FreSV in the symptomatic freesia plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of FreSV in Virginia and the United States. Soilborne freesia leaf necrosis disease has been reported in Europe since the 1970s (3); several viral causal agents have been hypothesized but recent findings correlate best with the ophiovirus. In Virginia, the presence of FreSV, but not FreMV, was strongly correlated with the leaf necrosis syndrome. FreSV, likely soilborne through Olpidium brassicae, may pose a new soilborne threat for bulbous ornamentals, since it has been recently detected also in Lachenalia spp. (Hyacinthaceae) from South Africa (4). Although specific testing of O. brassicae was not performed, the disease may potentially persist in the soil for years in O. brassicae resting spores and development of symptoms may be affected by environmental conditions (3). References: (1) S. A. Langeveld et al. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1531, 1991. (2) A. M. Vaira et al. Arch.Virol. 148:1037, 2003. (3) A. M. Vaira et al. Acta Hortic. 722:191, 2006. (4) A. M. Vaira et al. Plant Dis. 91:770, 2007.

The current formal common denominator of the electricity supply system in Europe has been the Harmonized Electricity Market Role Model (HEMRM) set up by ENTSO-E, ebIX, and EFET at the turn of the millennium; it introduced the concept of de-coupling and the vertical structuring of the system into the previously vertically integrated system. Since then, within demonstration projects, the system has been undergoing further changes in a controlled environment, generating bottom-up energy, caused by new technologies, business models, and new players, and extending the concept of the system to the level of energy communities and prosumers. Therefore, this paper proposes a coherent approach to the extension of HEMRM to the lowest levels in both the grid and market segments—full harmonization. This entails further structuring of both segments downwards and applying the principles of vertically nested subsystems—a system of systems approach—to a unit functional level of the electricity system, which can be the prosumer itself. At the lowest levels, the de-coupled system becomes coupled; additionally, it cross-sects with other energy vectors. Complete harmonization reduces the number of system and market segments and represents system standardization, leading to both subsystem and system-wide optimization. Prerequisites for it include the automated trading of flexibilities by the prosumers and implicit trading of energy transfer capacities along the distribution grids. The energy reservoirs, implicit and explicit, short-term, and long-term, play a vital role in techno-economic balancing.

The signing on February 4, 2022 in Beijing of a joint Russian-Chinese statement &quot;On international relations entering a new era and global sustainable development&quot; and a block of bilateral trade, economic and energy agreements means a qualitative expansion of the scope of the strategic partnership between the two countries. Russia and China politically position themselves not only as a global and regional center of power and security, but also as powers that offer the world the development of common human values and concepts - democracy, indivisible security, openness and equality, oppose the politicization of sports, for the expansion of anti-pandemic measures to combat the common evil of COVID-19. China supported the proposals put forward by Russia on its security guarantees in Europe, which helps to further form a common strategic space of Eurasian security from the western part of the Pacific Ocean to the Eastern European conditional line &quot;Black Sea - Belarus&quot;. There is no need to reformat the Russian-Chinese strategic partnership into a military alliance in modern conditions. The economic block of cooperation is based on systemic and mutually beneficial energy cooperation, which is implemented in the increase in successful gas contracts, including transactions for the sale of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and pipeline gas, oil projects and sales, the construction of new power units by Russia at Chinese nuclear power plants (NPPs), and the expansion of supplies coal, etc. In the context of a significant increase in the volume of Russian-Chinese trade in 2021 by a third compared to 2020, the expansion of the practice of settlements in national currencies (ruble - yuan), bypassing the dollar, acquires additional importance. In the face of American threats to shut down the SWIFT international payment system, it is relevant to create an independent Russian-Chinese payment system for transactions that provides not only energy transactions, but also the entire range of bilateral trade, economic and interbank transactions. The formation of the Greater Eurasian Partnership involves a wide range of trade, economic, investment, transport and institutional measures to deepen Eurasian cooperation. The key component in this area is to increase the efficiency of the process of interface between the projects of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Chinese initiative &quot;One Belt and One Road&quot;, the implementation of joint mutually beneficial infrastructure projects.

AbstractThe need to create a competitive framework of the Romanian education system and the current needs of the labor market have aroused the interest of the human resource in the pre-university education, which manifests its interest towards the European funds that can be attracted in the field of education and which are necessary for the creation of a context that raises the education system to the standards of the European Union, a fact also demonstrated by the legislation in force. By the Government Decision no. 76 / 27.01.2005 and the Government Decision no. 67/2007 has been designated the National Agency for Community Programs in the Field of Education and Vocational Training (“Agency”, AN), as an agency for implementing the community programs “Lifelong Learning” (LLP), “Youth in action” (YiA) and Erasmus Mundus from 2007-2013. This document included the Europass National Center, the Eurydice National Unit and the Eurodesk National Office in the AN. In 2013, through the Government Memorandum no. 10988/ 09.12.2013, AN was designated as the Implementing Agency for the Erasmus + program, from 2014-2020, having as a mission the administration of the European Union program that supports the national project for the better change of communities, attitudes and mentalities of individuals. Erasmus + is the EU program in the fields of education, training, youth and sport for the period 2014-2020. Education, training, youth and sport make a significant contribution to combating socio-economic change, to Europe’s greatest challenges by the end of the decade, and to the implementation of the European policies for growth, jobs, equity and social inclusion. Combating the rising unemployment rate - especially among young people, has become one of the most urgent tasks of European governments. Too many young people leave school prematurely, thus risking becoming unemployed and socially marginalized. The same risk threatens many low-skilled adults. The technologies change the way the company operates, so their full use is necessary. European companies need to become more competitive through talent and innovation. Europe needs more cohesive and inclusive societies that enable citizens to play an active role in democratic life. Education and youth activities are essential elements for preventing radicalization through violence and by promoting common European values, social inclusion, enhancing interculturality and a sense of belonging to a community. Erasmus + is an important tool for promoting the integration of people from disadvantaged backgrounds, of newly arrived migrants, responding to critical events affecting European countries. The Erasmus + program aims to help the countries participating in the program to effectively use Europe’s talent and social capital, in a lifelong learning perspective, by linking the support provided to formal, non-formal and informal learning in the fields of education, training and youth.

AbstractThe conclusions of a collaborative study of the occurrence and importance of root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) and of their control agent, Pasteuria penetrans, in parts of Europe, Africa, South America and the Caribbean are presented. Rootknot nematodes were estimated to reduce the yields of a wide range of horticultural crops by > 25% in Ecuador, Malawi and Tanzania, and by ca 10% in Trinidad and Tobago. The greatest proportion of infected crops were observed in Ecuador (205 of 207) and the least in Trinidad and Tobago (70 of 174). The mean gall index was greatest in Ecuador (5.5). Levels of galling were least in Senegal (1.6), even though 89% of crops were infested and virulent M. mayaguensis was widespread. In all countries, M. incognita and M. javanica were the most abundant species, but M. hispanica occurred widely in Burkina Faso, even in newly cultivated areas in the Sahile. Several new esterase phenotypes were detected, especially in Ecuador and Malawi. Juveniles (J2) collected from the soil during the surveys were examined for attached spores of P.penetrans. It was widespread (20 to 60% of RKN populations), except in Malawi and Tanzania (< 10% were infected), and was found for the first time in Crete (Greece). Generally, < 50% of the J2 carried spores. The occurrence of P.penetrans was sometimes correlated with soil type e.g., in Senegal it was least frequent in sandy soils. Laboratory assays of the binding of spores of isolates of P.penetrans to populations of RKN indicated large variations in specificity and substantial interactions; differences between populations within a species of RKN were sometimes almost as great as those between species. In microplot trials in which an "exotic" isolate of P.penetrans was introduced (ca 103 spores per g soil), its incidence was not increased by increasing the frequency or intensity of the growing of RKN-susceptible crops. However, in two such trials at sites in Tanzania and Ecuador naturally infected with P.penetrans, there were large increases in the proportions of spore-encumbered J2 (up to 100% encumbered) and in the yields of spores (up to 3.3 × 106 spores per mg dry root) in those plots amended with an "exotic" isolate. In these plots, numbers of J2 in the soil were decreased and damage by RKN was suppressed; gall indices were decreased (from > 8 to < 3) and yields were increased (by up to 30%). No such changes were observed in the unamended control plots. Increased suppression of RKN was also observed in a field trial, even in plots where RKN-susceptible and non-host crops were alternated. Increased suppression following amendment with the "exotic" isolate of P.penetrans was not observed at sites not previously infected with P.penetrans. Regression analysis of the results from the microplot and field trials indicated that tomato yields were decreased by > 5% for every increase of one in the gall index. Yields were increased by alternating tomato with leguminous crops in some trials, but not in others. It is proposed that, in natural infections, mutual selection produces a dynamic balance between the P.penetrans and the RKN whereby levels of infection are rarely suppressive. However, the introduction of an "exotic" isolate of P.penetrans, with a different attachment profile, can disturb this balance, resulting in a greatly increased proportion of infected J2 and females, increased yields of spores and more suppression of RKN populations. Importance des nématodes à galles tropicaux (Meloidogyne spp.) et facteurs affectant l'utilité de Pasteuria penetrans, agent de contrôle biologique - Ce travail présente les conclusions d'une étude, menée en collaboration par plusieurs équipes de recherche, sur la présence et l'importance des nématodes phytoparasites du genre Meloidogyne et de leur parasite bactérien, Pasteuria penetrans, dans certains pays d'Europe, d'Afrique, d'Amérique du Sud et des Caraïbes. Les réductions de rendement de cultures maraîchères très diverses dues à ces nématodes atteignent 25% en Equateur, Malawi et Tanzanie, et 10% à Trinidad et Tobago. La plus forte proportion de parcelles infestées a été rencontrée en Equateur (205 sur 207) et la plus faible à Trinidad et Tobago (70 sur 174). C'est en Equateur que l'indice de galles moyen (égal à 5,5) était le plus élevé. Même si cet indice était faible en moyenne au Sénégal (1,6), 89% des cultures étaient infestées dans ce pays, en grande partie par l'espèce virulente M. mayaguensis. M. incognita et M. javanica sont les plus répandues dans tous les pays prospectés. Cependant, M. hispanica est très répandu au Burkina Faso, même dans des zones récemment cultivées en maraîchage en région sahélienne. Plusieurs phénotypes estérasiques nouveaux ont été détectés, spécialement en Equateur et au Malawi. Les juvéniles de second stade (J2) extraits des échantillons de sol collectés lors des prospections ont été examinés pour détecter la présence de spores de P.penetrans sur leur cuticule. Trouvé pour la première fois en Crète (Grèce), P.penetrans est très répandu dans les autres pays prospectés, infestant 20 à 60% des populations de Meloidogyne spp., sauf au Malawi et en Tanzanie où moins de 10% des populations sont atteintes. Le plus souvent, moins de 50% de J2 portent des spores bactériennes. Le taux de parasitisme des J2 par P. penetrans est influencé par les types de sols, comme par exemple au Sénégal où il est très faible dans les sols sableux grossiers. Des expériences en laboratoire portant sur l'attachement de spores de divers isolats de P. penetrans à des populations de Meloidogyne spp. ont révélé une grande variation de la spécificité et des interactions; les différences observées pour diverses populations d'une même espèce de Meloidogyne sont parfois presque aussi marquées que celles observées entre espèces. L'incidence parasitaire d'un isolat "exotique" de P. penetrans introduit dans des microparcelles (ca. 103 sporespar g. de sol) n'a pas été accrue par l'augmentation de la fréquence ou de la densité de plantation des cultures sensibles à Meloidogyne spp. employées. Cependant, dans deux microparcelles natullement infestées en P.penetrans, situées en Equateur et en Tanzanie, l'introduction d'un isolat "exotique" s'est traduite par un accroissement de la proportion de J2 infestés (jusqu'à 100%) et de la production de spores ((jusqu'à 3, 3 × 106 spores par mg [poids sec] de racines), d'une diminution de la population de J2 dans le sol, et d'une disparition des dégâts racinaires; les indices de galles moyens ont diminué (de plus de 8 à moins de 3) et les rendements des cultures ont augmenté (jusqu'à 30%). De tels changements n'ont pas été observés dans des sols non amendés en isolats "exotiques" de P.penetrans. Un meilleur contrôle des populations de Meloidogyne spp. a également été observé au champ, même lorsque la séquence culturale alternait des cultures sensibles et des cultures non-hôtes du nématode. Dans des parcelles non infectées en P.penetrans, la baisse des populations de Meloidogyne spp. n'a pas été observée après introduction d'un isolat "exotique" de la bactérie. Des analyses de régression portant sur les données obtenues en microparcelles ou au champ montrent que les rendements en tomate diminuent de plus de 5% chaque fois que l'indice de galle augmente d'une unité. Ces rendements ont parfois été améliorés lorsque des cultures de légumineuses alternaient les cultures de tomate. Ainsi, sur la base des analyses nématologiques et agronomiques faites en fin de cycles culturaux, il est suggéré que, dans les cas d'infestations naturelles en P.penetrans, des sélections mutuelles entraîneraient un équilibre dynamique entre les populations de la bactérie et celles du nématode, représentatif d'une densité-dépendance retardée. En revanche, l'introduction inondative d'isolats "exotiques" de P.penetrans, aux propriétés parasitaires différentes de celles des populations natives, pourraient rompre temporairement cet équilibre en faveur d'un accroissement de la proportion de nématodes (J2 et femelles) infestés et de la production de spores bactériennes, ainsi qu'un meilleur contrôle des populations de Meloidogyne spp. La capacité des populations de P.penetrans à survivre dans les sols et à contrôler durablement les populations de Meloidogyne spp. dépendraient de la spécificité entre les organismes, des propriétés des sols et des systèmes de culture.

Monilinia spp. are well-known pathogens causing brown rot of fruit trees in many fruit production areas worldwide. In Italy, three Monilinia species are particularly significant with regard to fruit trees, causing blossom and twig blight and brown rot in fruits: Monilinia laxa (Aderhold and Ruhland) Honey, M. fructicola (Winter) Honey, and M. fructigena (Aderhold and Ruhland). In 2009, a new species, M. polystroma, was distinguished from M. fructigena based on morphological and molecular characteristics in Europe (3). M. polystroma is not known to occur in Italy and to date has been reported from the Czech Republic (1), Hungary (3), Poland (4), Serbia (5), and Switzerland (2). In July 2013, during a survey for fungal postharvest pathogens, stored peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) belonging to different cultivars showing brown rot symptoms were observed in the Emilia Romagna and Sardinia regions of Italy. Typical decay spots were circular and brown, tending toward black, and 5% of peaches presented a large number of yellowish or buff-colored stromata and firm decayed tissues, the symptoms originated by M. polystroma. The pathogen was isolated on V8 agar (V8A) and culture plates were incubated at 25°C in darkness for 5 days. A conidial suspension was spread on malt extract agar (MEA) and single spores were selected. M. polystroma colonies grown on potato dexstrose agar (PDA) were yellowish in color. Irregular black stromatal crusts occurred on the edges of the colonies after 10 to 12 days of incubation and on the margin was present sporogenous tissue slightly elevated above the colony surface, color buff/pale luteous (1). The conidia were one-celled, ovoid or limoniform, smooth and hyaline, and 12 to 20 × 8 to 12 μm in distilled water when grown on V8A at 22°C. The ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was PCR-amplified from genomic DNA obtained from mycelium using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed the highest similarity (99%) to M. polystroma sequences (GenBank Accession No. GU067539). Pathogenicity was confirmed using surface-sterilized mature ‘Red Heaven’ peaches. The fruits were wounded (2 × 2 × 2 mm) twice with a sterile needle and inoculated with 2-mm plugs of 7-day-old mycelia from fungal colony margins. The sample unit was represented by 10 fruits. Control fruits were inoculated with PDA. After 7 days of incubation at 20°C in plastic containers with high humidity, typical symptoms of brown rot developed on both the wounds of all inoculated fruits, while control fruits remained symptomless. By the 14th day, all fruits had rotted and the yellowish exogenous stromata appeared on the surface of infected peaches. The fungus isolated from inoculated fruit exhibited the same morphological and molecular features of the original isolates; the molecular analysis performed using the primers by Petroczy (3) confirmed the result of the PCR with ITS1 and ITS4 primers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. polystroma on peach in Italy. This is relevant because the new pathogen could spread into other European countries that are main peach producers (such as Spain), causing economic losses. Bringing it to the attention of the scientific community allows the arrangement of research studies for assessing potential resistances with a significant impact on disease control management. Further studies are necessary to determine geographic distribution, prevalence, and economic importance of this organism in Italy. References: (1) EPPO Reporting Service. 2011/134: First reports of Monilinia polystroma in Hungary and the Czech Republic. No. 6, 2011. (2) M. Hilber-Bodmer et al. Plant Dis. 96:146, 2012. (3) M. Petroczy and L. Palkovics. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 125:343, 2009. (4) A. Poniatowska et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 135:855, 2013. (5) M. Vasic et al. Plant Dis. 97:145, 2013.

Fur is not only a wonderful decoration of clothing, but also one of the insulating factors. Choosing fur, women are guided not only aesthetic considerations, but also practicality of the product. It has a number of physical and organoleptic parameters and commodity characteristics determined genetically. Fox fur is long with degree of density of 60 units and wear – up to 20 years. Colour, tracery, friability, silkiness, and veil availability or silveriness are determined by animal’s interior. The purpose of our research was to establish breeding and genetic characteristics of foxes of different colour types at cage breeding. The earliest object of farming was a fox. It is spread in Europe, Asia and America in the wild. Typically, a wild fox is red colour, but sometimes you can find dark individuals among them – black and brown (in Europe, Asia and America – Alaska), silver-black (in Canada) and intermediate forms between red and black. A characteristic feature of all foxes is a white tail tip. A fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758) belongs to the genus Vulpes of the family Canidae of the order Carnivora. There are 6 species belonging to the genus Vulpes; there are 4 breeds (silver-black, burgundy, pearl and kolikott) and 7 types in the State Register. Recessive mutation foxes by colour can be divided into three groups by analogy with minks. Blue group includes pearl colour types of foxes. Pearl colour is very close to a silver-black phenotypically, but has the weakened tone of black axial hair, so it seems that colour is gray-blue or gray-brown. Foxes divided into two recessive forms: kolikott-brown and burgundy in brown group. A burgundy fox has a bright (red-brown) colour than kolikott. Eyes of kolikott are blue, and burgundy fox has yellow-brown ones. A wild red fox is characterized by red colour of various shades from fiery red to almost gray. There are six main types of colour of a red fox: fiery – reddish red; red – bright red, but without fiery hue; red – light red or reddish-yellow; light – light sand-yellow; red and grey – grey with reddish belt along a spine; grey – grey with a dim red back. Variability of colour of wild foxes is largely associated with habitat. The ears and ends of paws (to a carpal joint on front paws and to rear hock) are black. A tip tail is usually white or grey because of grey fluff or certain parts of pigmented hair. Black hair is quite often on a tail and body. Fluff is various shades of grey or brown all over the body. Albinos are found among foxes as among other animals. They have a pure white colour fluff, depigmented end of nose and claw, light blue eyes with a reddish tint. The colour of white foxes is recessive in relation to the colour of wild foxes. Other names of this fox are Georgian White, Bakuriani. This breed was obtained in Bakuriani fur farm in the forties of the twentieth century. Their coloration is white with black ears and black spots on a face, a back and legs. Creamy shades are considered undesirable. It has been established that homozygotes in this type of colour tend to die. There are two known fox breeds determining colour: silver-black and black-brown. The silver-black fox originates from wild foxes in Canada, black-brown one – in Eurasia and Alaska. Therefore, black-brown foxes are often called Alaskan silver-black in foreign literature. The silver-black and black-brown foxes can differ externally only that the black-brown fox has hair bundle of brown colour, located near inner edge of a base of an auricle. Sometimes significant development of red (different tone and intensity) spots behind ears, on sides, scapulas and at root of the tail is observed in some black-brown foxes. Awn hair with white area in the middle of them is called silver. Feature of fox silveriness is that it can be extended across a back, sides (silver hair can’t be on a belly), on a neck or to grab only some parts of body. For successful breeding of fur-bearing animals in captivity it needs to know their biological characteristics. Keeping of fox under conditions of fur farms began recently. Furry animals are in the earliest stages of domestication, so they have retained many features and physiological properties characterizing animals in the wild. One of the features is nature of nervous activity. Animals of cage keeping have features of wild, so they can’t be picked up without certain warnings; they do not respond to the call of a person, someone of them is evil, while others show timidity. The second feature of furry animals of cage keeping is related to nature of nutrition. The third feature of furry animals is seasonality of their basic life processes – reproduction, moulting, and metabolism. Conclusions. 1. There are three main groups of foxes according to colour: black, blue and brown at cage breeding. 2. Foxes of original red, silver-black, pearl and "ice" colours are perspective among all colour types in selection.

Polymyxa graminis L. is an eukaryotic, obligate, biotrophic parasite of plant roots (1), which belongs to a poorly studied, discrete, taxonomic unit informally called the ‘plasmodiophorids’. P. graminis has the ability to acquire and transmit a range of soilborne viruses that belong to at least three separate genera and can cause economically significant diseases in cereal crops. For example, the winter barley disease caused by Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and/or Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) is widespread in Europe, Japan, and China; yield losses of >50% may occur when susceptible barley cultivars are grown on severely infested soils (2). Monitoring for P. graminis was started in the Czech Republic in May 2008. Fifty-six soil samples were collected from different localities of cereal production (wheat and barley) in the Královéhradecký Region (eastern Czech Republic). Soil from each sample was placed in five replicate pots (12 × 12 cm) in a greenhouse at 22 to 25°C. Seeds of barley cv. Florian were sown into the soil (10 seeds per pot). Negative control soil (noninfested soils from the Czech Republic) and positive control soil (known P. graminis-infested soil from Germany) were also planted to barley in five replicate pots. After 90 days, plants were collected and the roots were washed thoroughly in sterilized water and examined with a light microscope without staining. The fungus was identified as P. graminis on the basis of morphology of resting spores (cystosori) and sporangia and the size of individual cystosori (4 to 5 μm in diameter) according to Thouvenel et al. (3). Cystosori of P. graminis were observed in the roots of plants grown in 20 of the 56 soil samples, especially the samples from Ceské Mezirici. The presence of P. graminis in the roots of plants grown in the soil samples and the positive control sample versus the absence of the vector in roots of plants in the negative control soil was verified by PCR assay with DNA extracts and the Psp1 and Psp2rev primers according to Legrève et al. (Page 40 in: Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium of the International Working Group on Plant Viruses with Fungal Vectors, 2003). The PCR assay included denaturation at 94°C for 2 min, then 35 cycles including denaturation of 30 s at 94°C, annealing at 60°C for 1 min, and elongation at 72°C for 35 s. A final elongation was completed at 72°C for 7 min. To characterize the P. graminis isolates, the amplified PCR product (a DNA fragment of 472 bp) was sequenced and blasted for each of the samples that tested positive. These sequences were aligned with a known sequence (GenBank Accession No. AM259276) for P. graminis. The sequences from P. graminis on barley were 100% homologous to the published sequence of P. graminis f. sp. temperata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. graminis f. sp. temperata in the Czech Republic. References: (1) G. A. Ledingham. Can. J. Res. 17:50, 1939. (2) R. T. Plumb et al. Plant Pathol. 35:314, 1986. (3) J. C. Thouvenel et al. Plant Dis. 64:957, 1980.

Hoy en día, los torneos de deportes electrónicos como el Juego Cibernético Mundial, se organizan el Campeonato de las Naciones Europeas, la serie Internacional de Premiership y la Serie ESL Pro. Estos torneos incluyen juegos populares como contraataque, Dota 2, League of Legends, Starcraft 2, Super Smash Bros y Street Fighter. En este estudio, las actuaciones de los juegos de eSports se analizarán con el Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA). En consecuencia, está dirigido a ayudar a las empresas de ESPorts a que sean efectivas determinando las eficiencias relativas de los Juegos de ESPort, unidades de toma de decisiones efectivas e ineficaces (unidades de producción de DMU que producen resultados similares utilizando insumos similares). Para este propósito determinando los juegos efectivos y comparando los otros juegos según ellos permite la optimización de los valores de las variables de salida según la variable de entrada. La DEA es un método no paramétrico utilizado para estudiar la efectividad relativa de las Unidades de Toma de Decisiones cuando hay múltiples entradas y múltiples salidas. El Análisis de la Envolvente de Datos (DEA) es un método no paramétrico utilizado para examinar la eficiencia relativa de las Unidades de Toma de Decisiones (unidades de producción de DMUs que producen salidas similares utilizando entradas similares) cuando hay entradas múltiples y múltiples salidas. La medición de la eficiencia de las empresas y conocer la fuente de su ineficiencia es un tema importante para los ESPorts como en todos los sectores. El análisis de envolvimiento de datos se usa frecuentemente para medir la eficiencia de DMU. En este estudio, el análisis de eficiencia se realizó teniendo en cuenta los 27 juegos en los primeros 200 juegos en el sitio web de e-charts en 2018. Con este análisis, se intentó obtener las eficiencias y los cambios de eficiencias de los juegos en 2018. Según los resultados de la investigación: Counter-Strike y Minecraft se determinó que eran juegos eficaces. Dado que los otros 25 juegos son eficientes, los valores objetivo para estos juegos se dan en el estudio. Today, electronic sports tournaments such as the World Cyber Game, European Nations Championship, International Premiership Series and Esl Pro Series are organized. These tournaments include popular games such as Counter-Strike, Dota 2, League of Legends, StarCraft 2, Super Smash Bros and Street Fighter. In this study, the performances of eSports games will be analyzed with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Accordingly, it is aimed to help eSports companies to be effective by determining the relative efficiencies of eSport games, effective and ineffective Decision-Making Units (DMUs production units that produce similar outputs using similar inputs). For this purpose, determining the effective games and comparing the other games according to them enables the optimization of the values of the output variables according to the input variable. DEA is a non-parametric method used to study the relative effectiveness of Decision Making Units when there are multiple inputs and multiple outputs. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric method used to examine the relative efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs production units that produce similar outputs using similar inputs) when there are multiple inputs and multiple outputs. Measuring the efficiency of businesses and knowing the source of their inefficiency is an important issue for eSports as in every sector. Data Envelopment Analysis is frequently used for measuring the efficiency of DMU. In this study, efficiency analysis was performed by taking into consideration the 27 games in the first 200 games on the e-charts website in 2018. With this analysis, the efficiencies and changes of efficiencies of the games in 2018 were tried to be obtained. According to the results of the research: Counter-Strike and Minecraft were determined to be effective games. Since the other 25 games are inefficient, target values for these games are given in the study. Hoje em dia, os torneios esportivos eletrônicos, como o World Cyber Game, são organizados pelo Campeonato Europeu das Nações, a série internacional de Premiership e a série ESL Pro. Esses torneios incluem jogos populares como contra-ataque, DotA 2, League of Legends, Starcraft 2, Super Smash Bros e Street Fighter. Neste estudo, os desempenhos dos jogos esports serão analisados com análise de envelope de dados (DEA). Consequentemente, visa ajudar as empresas de espantar a serem eficazes determinando as eficiências relativas de jogos de esportes, unidades de decisão eficazes e ineficazes (unidades de produção DMU que produzem resultados semelhantes com insumos semelhantes). Para este propósito determinar os jogos eficazes e comparando os outros jogos de acordo com eles permite a optimização dos valores das variáveis de saida de acordo com a variável de entrada. O DEA é um método não paramétrico usado para estudar a eficácia relativa das unidades de decisão quando existem várias entradas e várias saídas. A análise do envelope de dados (DEA) é um método não paramétrico usado para examinar a eficiência relativa das unidades de decisão (unidades de produção DMU que produzem saídas semelhantes usando entradas semelhantes) quando várias entradas e várias saídas. A medição da eficiência das empresas e conhecer a fonte de sua ineficiência é uma questão importante para o eSports como em todos os setores. A análise de envolvimento de dados é freqüentemente usada para medir a eficiência do DMU. Neste estudo, a análise de eficiência foi realizada levando em conta os 27 jogos nos primeiros 200 jogos no site do E-Charts em 2018. Com esta análise, foi tentada obter eficiências e mudanças de eficiências de jogos em 2018. De acordo com os resultados da investigação: Contra-ataque e minecraft foi determinado que eles eram jogos eficazes. Como os outros 25 jogos são eficientes, os valores alvo para esses jogos são dados no estudo.

Published in June 2021 by La Route de la Soie – Éditions, ‘Une géopolitique de la Slovénie’ (A Geopolitics of Slovenia) by Laurent Hassid PhD is a monograph in French on the geopolitics of Slovenia. The author is an associated researcher at the Université Sorbonne Paris Nord in France, specializing in geography and borders. The foreword by Barthélémy Courmont PhD, Assistant Professor at the Catholic University in Lille, France, introduces the book as an opportunity for the reader to expand their knowledge about Slovenia by obtaining an insight into its geography, history and identity. Indeed, the 223-page monograph is structured in three parts following the destiny of Slovenia from a community of a language to an independent nation (1: Unity of a nation; 2: Diversity of a nation; and 3: From unity during independence to the division of an European state). From introduction to conclusion the author looks at the geographical, historical, and political factors that led to the emergence of Slovenia as a sovereign state, which can at the same time be seen as belonging to Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean region. The conclusion points only briefly to some challenges which could put into question the European commitments of the country and its ability to face the current and upcoming effects of globalization. The storyline develops gradually from parts one to three, which are broken down into two to three chapters each. The multiple headings within the chapters, and the various maps, pictures and tables which underpin the argumentation, render the book reader-friendly. The article “une” (in English “a”) in the book’s title seems to suggest that this monograph touches upon one of several possible ways of looking at the geopolitics of Slovenia. In particular, the introduction outlines the geographical features of the Slovene territory and refers to several historic facts which explain the state building process of a nation with its own language and territory, but without any particular statehood history. The first part portrays the emergence and evolution of the Slovene nation. This is closely associated with the Slovene literature of the 16th century and onwards, which laid the foundations of a national awakening. The author refers to the history of Carantania and the Counts (Dukes) of Celje as myths that played a significant part in the nation and state-building process of the 19th and 20th centuries. The second part of the book focuses on the differences and challenges within the young country. It describes the historical regions and their dialects, and touches upon the composition of minorities, the Slovene diaspora, and the various ex-Yugoslav nationalities living in Slovenia and their relationships with the native Slovenes. The third part talks about the political developments of the late 1980s and of the post-independence period. The author describes the late 1980s up to 1992 as a time of national unity, which was followed by 20 years of political stability (from 1992 to 2011). Since 2011, he considers that Slovenia has been confronted by an emerging political instability. He offers a snapshot of the contemporary political system, and the main political personalities and events. The book ends with a short reflection of the potential challenges ahead for Slovenia. The book is a welcome addition to monographs written in French. The scarce literature dedicated to Slovenia and its geopolitics is most likely due to the fact that Slovene territory had not been independent historically before 1991. If ever mentioned, it was within the Austrian, Italian, or Yugoslav (Balkan) geopolitical context. In his preface to the book, Barthélémy Courmont indicates this when mentioning that he crossed Slovenia a few times in the early 1990s without even realizing it. This observation is very similar to the one made by Robert Kaplan in his geopolitical bestseller, Balkan Ghosts , where he explains how he crossed the Yugoslav-Austrian border and came to Zagreb (Croatia) in the late 1980s, without noticing any territory or (geo)political entity in between. Timewise, its publication coincides with the anniversaries of two key geopolitical moments in Slovene history. June 2021 marks 30 years since Slovenia became a sovereign and independent state and a full member of the international community. It is also the anniversary of the “Vidovdan” constitution of June 1921 which consecrated the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; it put an end to the very first independent appearance of Slovenes on the geopolitical chessboard, which had begun in October 1918. This monograph assembles an important amount of geographic, linguistic, cultural and (mostly contemporary) political data and events, which together help to understand the geo(political) landscape of Slovenia. These also explain, in the view of the author of the monograph, the birth of the Slovene nation and its development into an independent country. As more than a quarter of the book is focused on contemporary Slovene politics and related actual (geo)political events , the reader can get a sound insight of the first three decades since Slovenia’s independence. What the book does not provide to the reader, and in particular to the French-speaking audience, is a geostrategic analysis. The author refers briefly to the Napoleonian Illyrian provinces and the Illyrian movement, but he falls short of offering any assessment of the strategic impact of France or other main powers with regard to this territory. One might have expected a closer look at France’s strategic reasons for establishing the Illyrian provinces (1809-13), and at its role in the formation of the Versailles Yugoslavia in 1918-19. The involvement of France in the drawing of the Slovene borders with Austria and Italy , and its current and future strategic stance with regard to Slovenia and the region it belongs to, would have also deserved further consideration. All in all, Une géopolitique de la Slovénie has the merit of offering to the reader, especially to the francophone one, an insight into the geography, identity, and history of Slovenia. It could be a reference for future writing on this young country. It offers a starting point to those who wish to learn more about Slovenia, be it for professional or personal reasons. To Slovene academia, the book provides an insight into how the overall Slovene geopolitical context is perceived through the lens of a foreign (French) author, and it may generate an interest in future writing on this topic accessible to foreign readers.

Works of the last quarter of XX century, persuasively proved that the socio-economic development of the villages of the south-Russ reached a high level, having conditioned their parity relations with towns. Unlike the West European model, in the cities of Eastern Europe, according to experts, they were the centers of the agricultural surrounding, which facilitated their determination as collective feudal castles. Therefore, researchers should not set villages against towns, but consider them in a formational unity. An example of a rural agglomeration where the resources of the capital of the principality were concentrated is a group of settlements between the Dnieper and the lower reaches of the Desna, providing the necessary raw materials and products for the Chernigov dynasty. Undoubtedly, the capital metropolis had an analogue of such a resource zone, but it has been studied much worse. Until recently, the rural district of Kiev was represented in Predslavyne and Teremky, not documented in Kremenyshche, an early stage of the excavations of the Sophiyivska Borshchagivka and small works on a few other monuments, which were explored in small volumes, and some of them could represent the outskirts of neighboring fortified centers, not of Kiev. Therefore, excavations since 2007 by the Northern Expedition of the IA NASU of the Hodosivka-Roslavske settlement, and since 2010 — of the Sofiyivska Borshchagivka have provided a large incremental of the sources on this topic. Sufficiently science-intensive materials have also been obtained in the recent studies. In course of the works, residential buildings were studied: a part of them had small room as an additional premises next to the main chamber, one of the constructions on the Borshchagivka settlement consisted of two main chambers. The dwellings were heated with clay ovens, located, where it was possible to trace them, in the corner near the entrance. Noted was one case of placing the heating structure in the far corner with its further transferring to the near one. Near the residential buildings household, grain buildings and pits were erected. Characteristics of agricultural activities can be understood from the findings of the tips of tools for soil handling and harvesting. The paleoethnobotanical spectrum is represented by six types of cereals and peas. Animal breeding is marked by spits and bones belonging to a horse, a pig, large and small cattle. Bones of cats and dogs were also found. Prey for hunters from S. Borshchagivka and Hodosivka were 4 and 15 species of mammals, as well as 4 and 13 species of birds, 5 more species of ornithofauna from Hodosivka were unlikely to be an object of hunting. Fixed are 14 species of fish, of rodents — 8, 5 of herpetofauna. arrowheads attribute to hunting, —hooks — to fishing, nets — to sinkers, other tools attributing to ice chisels. The tools found indicate the development of spinning, weaving, making clothes and shoes, processing products. In the studied settlements, developing were ferrous metallurgy, processing of non-ferrous metals, wood, bones, wood chemical industries, and the population of Hodosivka-Roslavske was also engaged in making beads, inserts and crosses made of amber. The ceramic complex includes various types of kitchen, dining and container ware, among which some very fine specimens are found. Some of the products are covered with a layer of watering, in Hodosivka there are quite a few, even more — with its individual stripes, drops and sprays. Fragments of imported vessels, as well as glass cups were fixed, and in S. Borshchagivka — wooden products of the specific purpose. Among the findings are household appliances, universal tools, tools of crafts, decorations and costume elements. The number of fragments of glass bracelets in Hodosivka exceeds the figures of many similar towns. There are imported things: beads of oriental origin, in Hodosivka settlement — fibula of bronze sheet, characteristic for the synchronous population of the Baltic lands, a pin with topping shaped as a little duck, a ring-shaped brooch with inserts of glass, a knife-shaped pendant with a pointed ending, which findings in the south of Russia are sporadic. At both spots fragments of plinth and floor tiles were found, on Borshchagivka — also cubes of smalt. A lot of items of armament and harness of the battle horse have been found. A range of subjects of personal piety of Christians and things of pagan cults is collected. Remarkable are, from Borshchagivka — a steatite cross of a pilgrim to the Holy Land, from Hodosivka — a sewn metal cross with the Crucifixion of Volto Santo — a sign of a pilgrim to a shrine in Tuscany and a copy of the mother-of-pearl cross of a visitor to Palestine from a clam that inhabits the northern rivers of Europe and America. Numerous keys and fragments of locks evidence quite a high wealth of the population. In addition to the materials of the Old Rus and Mongolian-Lithuanian times, those related to the preceding epochs were also found. The data obtained makes it possible to trace the development of the material and some aspects of the spiritual culture of inhabitants of the Kiev surroundings of the Middle Ages.

Abstract. The new version of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2) compiles gaseous and particulate air pollutant emissions, making use of the same anthropogenic sectors, time period (1970–2012), and international activity data that is used for estimating GHG emissions, as described in a companion paper (Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2017). All human activities, except large scale biomass burning and land use, land-use change, and forestry are included in the emissions calculation. The bottom-up compilation methodology of sector-specific emissions was applied consistently for all world countries, providing methodological transparency and comparability between countries. In addition to the activity data used to estimate GHG emissions, air pollutant emissions are determined by the process technology and end-of-pipe emission reduction abatements. Region-specific emission factors and abatement measures were selected from recent available scientific literature and reports. Compared to previous versions of EDGAR, the EDGAR v4.3.2 dataset covers all gaseous and particulate air pollutants, has extended time series (1970–2012), and has been evaluated with quality control and quality assurance (QC and QA) procedures both for the emission time series (e.g. particulate matter – PM – mass balance, gap-filling for missing data, the split-up of countries over time, few updates in the emission factors, etc.) and grid maps (full coverage of the world, complete mapping of EDGAR emissions with sector-specific proxies, etc.). This publication focuses on the gaseous air pollutants of CO, NOx, SO2, total non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), NH3, and the aerosols PM10, PM2.5, black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC). Considering the 1970–2012 time period, global emissions of SO2 increased from 99 to 103 Mt, CO from 441 to 562 Mt, NOx from 68 to 122 Mt, NMVOC from 119 to 170 Mt, NH3 from 25 to 59 Mt, PM10 from 37 to 65 Mt, PM2.5 from 24 to 41 Mt, BC from 2.7 to 4.5 Mt, and OC from 9 to 11 Mt. We present the country-specific emission totals and analyze the larger emitting countries (including the European Union) to provide insights on major sector contributions. In addition, per capita and per GDP emissions and implied emission factors – the apparent emissions per unit of production or energy consumption – are presented. We find that the implied emission factors (EFs) are higher for low-income countries compared to high-income countries, but in both cases decrease from 1970 to 2012. The comparison with other global inventories, such as the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Inventory (HTAP v2.2) and the Community Emission Data System (CEDS), reveals insights on the uncertainties as well as the impact of data revisions (e.g. activity data, emission factors, etc.). As an additional metric, we analyze the emission ratios of some pollutants to CO2 (e.g. CO∕CO2, NOx∕CO2, NOx∕CO, and SO2∕CO2) by sector, region, and time to identify any decoupling of air pollutant emissions from energy production activities and to demonstrate the potential of such ratios to compare to satellite-derived emission data. Gridded emissions are also made available for the 1970–2012 historic time series, disaggregated for 26 anthropogenic sectors using updated spatial proxies. The analysis of the evolution of hot spots over time allowed us to identify areas with growing emissions and where emissions should be constrained to improve global air quality (e.g. China, India, the Middle East, and some South American countries are often characterized by high emitting areas that are changing rapidly compared to Europe or the USA, where stable or decreasing emissions are evaluated). Sector- and component-specific contributions to grid-cell emissions may help the modelling and satellite communities to disaggregate atmospheric column amounts and concentrations into main emitting sectors. This work addresses not only the emission inventory and modelling communities, but also aims to broaden the usefulness of information available in a global emission inventory such as EDGAR to also include the measurement community. Data are publicly available online through the EDGAR website http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=432_AP and registered under https://doi.org/10.2904/JRC_DATASET_EDGAR.

The main reasons for climate change which are explained in this article are as follows: -Climate pollution by gases with CO2 emission and Greenhouse Effect; Climate contamination of viruses with viruses from nature by animals or glaciers when thawing or produced in Laboratories; Induced Climate Change due to meteorological weapons with high intensity radio waves to produce rains, hurricanes and possible induction of earthquakes; Climate pollution by radiation due wars with irreversible consequences in the climate and Nuclear Winter; Climate Change due the explosion of missiles and atomic weapons in the oceans; Climate Change due the natural cyclical phases of the Earth affected by the cyclical variations of the Earth's magnetic field lines which can be affected by the severe cyclical activity of the sun due storms and sunspot because of the combustion that occurs inside the Sun which is due to the gravitational instabilities produced by the planets of the solar system, asteroids or the Comet Planet; Climate Change due to the invading Comet Planet into the solar system that affects with its gravitational field to the sun with solar storms and the planets with variation of the magnetic field lines affecting the climate, earthquakes and activation of volcanoes and indeed with the entry of many meteors and asteroids to the Earth; Climate change due to the Arm of God Allah explaining all the above reasons being more evident in times of Tribulation. The specific methods and devices of the control and manipulation of the population (inclusive to induce to the concupiscence) in times of new world order (Universal Big Brother Program for the control of human in the Earth) and possible Tribulation are explained in this article: Surveillance programs with all technological devices and networks used by humans systematic methods of persuasive manipulation and indoctrination used by some zombie humans and dark; Through the subjugation of employees and humans (inclusive children teaching them how to manipulate in the same style of the zombies); By enterprises or dark groups so that employees make manipulation games with details (investing work time to play like children) receiving bribes, money or labor benefits or with possible retaliation if they do not obey; Surveillance programs in living and working places with covert technological cameras, coincidence games, activities, plans and events programmed in sequence (inclusive pyrotechnic sounds in sequence); Covert numbers and words (in identification documents, cards, car plates, devices used by humans); Encrypted, hidden codes or small phrases and numbers not visible to the naked eye concealed in objects; Covert words in the speech of zombie humans and from multimedia and channels of traditional technological devices through movies, programs and even newscasts and inclusive to speak in code with the humans who know the surveillance programs and worst using in those channels and programs derogatory words against the Nazarenes (in the style of Nazism with the Jews) in complicity of close acquaintances, zombies and dark who participate profiting from the system for the vile metal; By means of an epidemic and viruses produced in laboratories creating epidemics and chaos in the Earth for the reduction and control of the population; Through strict restrictions and reduction of freedoms; Confinement with subsequent compulsory vaccination to be able to access human rights such as the right to work and the right to travel (with the cover-up of the respective organizations responsibles for it: OIT OMT), without responsibility of the authorities in charge of vaccination worldwide (OMS) for the short or long term counterproductive effects of the vaccinated population due to the risk with the liquid of the vaccines by interfering with the DNA and RNA of the population; Possible marking and elimination of many humans (possibility of control of the pulmonary alveoly or induction controlled of diseases or pain due a virus by means of chips introduced in humans); Control of humans by the introduction of liquid and solid chips in humans (liquid crystals that crystallize in the organism and settle in neurons and receive ultrasonic waves of very low frequency) (possibly inserted from vaccines in global epidemiological programs for population control or invasive medical examination when this is not necessary as a figurative example of review of a patient with a sore in the mouth and introduction of the whole hand in the throat or prostate examination or specific injections to certain objective humans or Nazarenes who have opened the matrix of the darks and the elite that controls the humans in the Earth) in times of epidemic in medical examinations and treatments in hospitals (false medical negligence with breach of the medical oath of the use of Medicine for human good). The possible liquid and solid chips introduced into the human being can be used for mind reading (telepath) and thought induction (double direction: sending and receiving messages in the style of Stephen Hawking and the style of the technology already used in sending probes into space and to the moon) and possible human marking with surveillance program and the possible creation of zombie humans. Humans who have the mind reader chip installed can speak without speaking (the dumb speak playing like the miracles of Jesus Christ). It is possible to detect if the humans who have the mental reading chip installed have psychological alterations without going to a doctor. It is possible to know if humans are good or bad without seeing their actions and without going to a priest. In this way, human beings with the chip installed can be sanctioned before they do somewhat wrong (simply because it is known to be thinking). This can be used to know the fidelity to a political guideline or direction (this is known by the strong rumor in communist countries that already have the technology to detect the fidelity to the political party and possibly this is through this chip installed in the human being and mind reading). The inserted chip can also perform thought induction: this is possibly the apocalyptic mark mentioned in the apocalypse because many humans will perform sins or concupiscence induced and not naturally. Then, this will most probably activate the Wrath of God, the seals, and the trumpets of the apocalypse. It surprises me that actually the OMS wants to bring the vaccination program to Africa when in Africa there are not many dead by the epidemy (possibly for the control and reduction of the population will be in all the Earth). Afterward, the OMS mentioned that wants to insert a manufacturing center of vaccines in many countries and inclusive vigilance programs (possibly for the control and reduction of the population will be effective at the local level). But, what the OMS needs to mention is that it is necessary to eliminate the laboratories of virus creation and not create more vaccine laboratories. Humans do not want more vaccine and injections and laboratories for the creation of vaccines but the elimination of virus laboratories which are most probably used for for the control and reduction of the population: thus, the reason for spreading a virus created in a laboratoy across the Earth is evident: population reduction and control of humanity in preparation for a global elite program (new world order or program 2030 for the control of the dark and of the elite; Connection of covert surveillance cameras (in living and working places) with channels of traditional technological devices through movies, programs and even newscasts (including newscasts that usually make signs of dumb and deaf to those who have already discovered them) used by the dark with the respective programs and in addition, to monitor and tracing to verify the induction to concupiscence through mental reading (chips in humans) and surveillance cameras on line in the best style of James Bond espionage movies (including control of faces, pupils, irises, reflections, details and diseases); Games of judgments of sin against humans and Nazarenes (playing at being gods) and also profiting from the vile metal through the system and contributing to the persecution of the Nazarenes; Fake judgments of sin against humans and Nazarenes because many of these sins have been induced with technology due the possible induction of thoughts by the liquid cristal settle in neurons and have not been natural (dark inducing sin through technology and playing gods to induce evil and destruction of intimacy and privacy even in the mind of the human being); Retaliation to those who report the surveillance and manipulation programs and marking of humans for mind reading (telepathy) and thought induction (making them sick sending to the hospitals or removing them); Digital identification plan and digital money to do digital control and avoid conflict and protests of marked and Nazarenes in surveillance programs who discover that there is no privacy in their documents and inclusive in theirs mind (telepathy: mind reading and thought induction: artificial intelligence): it surprises that EU mention that has a digital plan for europeans for digital control on line. But, before the epidemy, Europe and the world advanced a lot in technology and the data of humans are digitally in hospitals and institutes that humans need. After, the EU mentions artificial intelligence for human beings. Then and in vaccination and epidemy time, it is possible that the digital control is a new digital control with artifitial intelligence and with possible chips installed in the human being (possibly already installed in many human beings); Games of events and coincidences to cause accidents or conflicts in the life of marked, target or Nazarenes (change games of victim to accused by companies that regulate the order with subsequent rectification of the game made by the same companies when the Nazarenes claim); Games of recognition of the identity of human beings (in the style of the movie Unknown) by enterprises and service stations which are necessary for the daily movement of human beings creating conflicts of manipulation and stress in the marked or Nazarenes Salary payment games (payment of wages with dinners and game of check payment) creating manipulation conflicts and stress in the life of marked, target or Nazarenes Programmed plans of theft and scams of enterprises and humans even knowing of the surveillance cameras for the control of the marked, target or Nazarenes. Then, there is severe control of human beings in their daily activities to verify the follow-up of the matrix and darks that plan situations of concupiscence in the human being. Besides, this is occurring in coincidence with an accelerated new world order program and possible tribulation times and possibly already with the installation of the apocalyptic mark (possible chips introduced in the human being for mind reading and thought induction to induce concupiscence) in humans mentioned in the apocalypse for dark control of humans. The global forms of the severe manipulation and population control in times of new world order and Tribulation are explained in this article are as follows: By increasing taxes; Through armed conflicts and wars create discord, wars and chaos between countries (often bordering countries with the same origins and with the same culture: Russia and Ukraine: war motivated by US OTAN EU): To later usurp its resources (oil energy resource: US Iraq Kuwait); To later control them politically and economically (US Iraq Kuwait) and when these power or developed countries cannot control or usurp their resources, they begin to block them economically (Russia in the war between Russia and Ukraine where besides developed countries influence in the war by printing additional money to use for the war causing imbalance and global economic crisis instead of looking for ways to avoid it) in order to cause chaos and economic crisis with the knowledge and complicity of the world organizations responsible (OEA ONU) and make the population believe that the cause of the economic crisis is the government in power. However, some countries have resisted these blockades (Cuba Venezuela Nicaragua Russia China) and managed to show that it is possible to have governments independent of the control of these powers or countries that believe they own the Earth; To put rulers (governing) of interest in the same countries in conflict; To control them using the pretext of placing military bases in the countries in conflict (NATO OTAN: military bases in some European countries, US military bases: in some South American countries and some countries of Europe). In addition, this is preferable to reduce military bases in other countries and reduction of nuclear weapons, and use the financial resources for the reduction of inequity and poverty on the Earth. Thus, the organizations responsible for the proliferation of nuclear weapons (OIEA) have played an ineffective and passive (cover-up) role, which has caused the risk of a third nuclear world war to be imminent); Through the war against terror: however and actually, this is a false speech used to point to countries that oppose the control or directive of the powers and that have a culture or political structure different from that of the powers and later make conflict and war to later control them or usurp their resources (some Arab and Muslim countries, for example, US, Irak, Lybia and blaming an entire country for terrorism and occupying for years (Afganistán)). In this way and actually, some countries have developed nuclear weapons (North Korea, Iran) to protect themselves in some way and thus, the same thing does not happen to them as to the countries mentioned above (Irak, Lybia) and that have been destroyed with the false discourse of the war against terror. In this way, the best thing is to have good relations with all the countries of the Earth which are again summed in the Bible [1] in a message: Love your brother (all human beings) as yourself! (Mt.22-39) (and not to go around the Earth pointing out terrorists to any country that opposes its guidelines). Therefore, it is possible to reduce the economic resources for the war against terror which can be used to reduce poverty and inequity in human beings; Through the war against drugs: there are many other substances and products consumed by humans that can be harmful to health and that are allowed and have not become a vice (when something is forbidden: this increases the interest in obtaining it explained from the beginning of creation in Genesis [1]: an apple from the tree of good and evil in the garden of Eden: Adam and Eve). In addition, many countries have allowed the use of certain types of drugs for medical purposes (Uruguay, Bolivia) where drug use has gone unnoticed in these countries; Through religión: with a structure of religion that tries to control the population through a guideline and speeches that obey the Vatican and the actual governments of each country (which is evident when there are countries such as Nicaragua that do not follow a guideline of the church and the elite and then, the religion surprisingly actively intervenes in politics): the conclusion is reached and to which many humans have reached, that religion is a power most actually used (along with political and economic power); Through political power by means of the false argument used by politicians to reduce inequity and poverty: where a large amount of resources and money have been allocated to the political powers and rulers of many countries for centuries by the respective organizations responsable (FMI BM) without any results and in many countries poverty and inequity have increased. Besides, the bureaucracy is a structure of order and rules of management and administration used within the governments of each country that contribute to the inefficiency and manipulation of the required procedures in human life that ultimately affect the life of each human being when they require formalities that end up being complicated and time-consuming. Then, this power structure in politics, economics, and religion for the control of the population is ineffective and obeys the interests of the dark who control humans on the Earth, and is used ineffectively by the rulers (governing) of the countries who come to power precisely with the false discourse of reducing poverty and inequity; Through the pretext of climate change: severe climate change due to the emission of CO2 and the greenhouse effect is a complete fallacy. The world organizations involved with the climate (ONU) try to make humanity believe that this is the reason for the severe climatic changes that the human being has experienced on the Earth to obtain economic resources and avoid mentioning God in control of the Earth and course the climate and to avoid mentioning the Omnipotence of God [1] in the control of the Earth and the climate: the severe climate change is frequently due to solar storms and variations in the magnetic field lines of the Earth because of gravitational variations in the solar system or due to the entry of an asteroid or Comet Planet what is controlled and all the Universe by God. Therefore, the climate change is controlled by the Eternal God (wich is explained in the Bibles with a lot of examples with Moses, Josue, Hezekiah) and thus, this is better to use the resources and money for so-called climate change to reduce poverty and inequity in the Earth and increase equity in humans: Human Beings must not believe everything said by the organizations and individuals that control the humans in the Earth and that obey the directions imposed within the matrix triangle of control of the Earth; Through the sport by means of the persuasive manipulation of observers or attendees at sporting events through commercials programs, commentators (hidden words and numbers in speech), players participating in the match: with gestures or sequence of plays, numbers, words or details in the players uniform, referees (make decisión of plays in favor of a team purposely: false bad arbitration) or leading organizers committing sports corruption not applying the rules or discriminating players (Serbian, Russian and Belarusian tennis players at tennis competitions due to some tennis organizations) or teams (Russian sports clubs and inclusive the Russian national team due FIFA decision) at convenience. Besides, when there are countries in conflict or war: instead of uniting the countries in conflict by means of the sport, the respective organizations (FIFA UEFA) discriminate and increase the conflict: discriminating and not allowing the participation of tennis players (including top tennis players), Football Countries and Sport Clubs in international competitions for reasons of restrictions due to the epidemic, conflict or war (including countries that organized previous World Cups: Russia) where the interest, quality and love for this sport has increased and that must be used to unite human beings and countries and not to not allow them to participate: which increases the division and conflict between countries or humans: This is important to highlight and value the position of the ATP for deciding that the ATP does not agree that athletes from certain countries (Russia and Belarus) cannot participate in international tournaments stating that this is against the principles of merit and non-discrimination: then, this is tremendously criticizable that the organization responsible of Football (FIFA UEFA) participates in armed conflicts or war with discriminatory decisions in Football, increasing the war by not allowing countries in conflict to participate in World Cup of Football: FIFA slogan of no to racism and some form of discrimination is a complete farce and used for convenience and interest (in the same style of all the other organizations (mainly ONU, OEA, FMI, BM, VATICAN) that control humans and that in 2000 years of the coming of the Envoy of God have not been able to solve iniquity and poverty), discrimination that has been evident in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine: Football is the main sport in the Earth and it is the one that can unite human beings the most and should be used as a source of union and not división; Through education: where this is used by many countries to induce and manipulate their inhabitants in a certain political direction through the dissemination of knowledge and even the textbooks of the students: many underdeveloped countries have increased illiteracy and degradation in education because this favors the politicians of the country's government: having an ignorant people who do not see what they do with the country's money and who cannot criticize them: the greatness of peoples depends on the education that gives the independence of individuals who are the ones that make the country advance; Through world organizations to control countries: ONU, OEA, Vatican, OTAN, UE: many countries have to obey the guidelines of these organizations, which often do not respond to the needs of the citizens of each country: many institutions in the countries must obey the organizations (the Vatican for the religion) in a rigid way, which is often not in accordance with the situation of the country's citizens, who often need new variants or guidelines (some organizations can cause chaos, conflict or war as for example the war of Russia with Ucrania where the possible annexation of Ucrania to the OTAN and UE is one of the reasons for the war between these two countries. Therefore, there would be no war between these two countries where without those organizations); Through world organizations of espionage (CIA, FBI, KGB, Gestapo, SS): employing persuasive interference in the countries and rulers of some undeveloped countries (some South America and Center America countries and some European, Asia and Africa countries) with the objective of the power countries of control, manipulate or destabilize countries and inclusive simple humans (using the personal data of thousands of people around the world). Through the control and intervention of the Creator God Allah which is necessary and essential in times of Tribulation at the time timely (Holy Bible: Apoc. 6 Apoc. 8:6 Apoc. 5 Apoc. 7 Apoc. 21) due to everything mentioned in this scientific research respect to the control and manipulation of the population (regarding the increase of inequity, discord, and evil among humans) which is not following the guideline given by the envoy of God 2000 years ago: Jesus Christ. Keywords: God, Allah, Jesuchrist, Bible, Creator, Education, Climate change, Population Control, Climate Pollution, Gases CO2, Greenhouse Effect, Epidemic, Viruses, Laboratory, Zombies, Dark, Elite, new world order, OMS, ONU, OEA, Vatican, OTAN, UE, FMI, BM, OIT, OMT, Meteorological weapons, Haarp, Sura, Wars, Sport, Religion, Radiation, Nuclear Winter, Sun, Magnetic field lines, Storms, Asteroids, Comet Planet, Volcanoes, Climate Catastrophies, Tribulation, Taxes, Terror, Drugs, Organizations, Inequity, Poverty, Manipulation, Indoctrination, Technological Devices, Covert technological devices, networks, Newscasts, Surveillance programs, Big Brother Program, Digital Identification Plan, Digital Money, Covert numbers and covert words, Encrypted, Hidden codes or small phrases not visible to the naked eye, Covert words in the speech of zombie humans in multimedia and traditional technological devices, Nazism, Jews, Coincidence games, Activities, Plans, Events Programmed in sequence, Pyrotechnic sounds in sequence, Games of events and coincidences to cause accidents or conflicts, Games of judgments of sin against humans and Nazarenes, Games of recognition of the identity of human beings, Unknown, Companies, Service stations, Salary payment games, Programmed plans of theft and scams of companies and enterprises, Retaliation, Marking, Reduction, False medical negligence, Medical oath, Medicine, Liquid and solid chips in humans, Liquid crystals, Neurons, Ultrasonic waves, Vaccines, Global epidemiological programs, Matrix, Dark, Elite, Mind Reading, Telepath, Thought induction, Apocalipse, Wrath of God.

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): grant IGA_LF_2022_027. Introduction Sports cardiology is a dynamically developing subspecialty of cardiology. There are four Sports Cardiology Centres in the Czech Republic, which were established under the leadership of the Sports Cardiology Working Group thanks to the Czech Society of Cardiology (CSC) and the Czech Society of Sports Medicine. Objective To describe the experience, data from the registry of the Sports Cardiology Centre of our hospital for the period 1.1.2020-15.8.2022. Functioning and file: A) The patient logs into our way by way of the web interface, where the basic information and previous examinations are given. B) These input data will be incorporated by the center coordinator , ensure communication with the client, other necessary information or examination and after consultation with sports cardiologists, determine a plan of care. C) The organisational aspects of the established procedure are ensured by the nurses. D) After the follow-up examination, the client has a final consultation at the centre, where sport recommendations are always given. Between 1/2020 and 8/15/2022, 133 athletes were consulted at our Sports Cardiology Centre. Of these, 18 athletes are not completed and 115 clients with completed examinations were included in the next cohort, where 100 were male(87%) and 25 were female(13%). All were Caucasian, with a mean age of 26 ± 11 years. The youngest athlete was 15 years old and the oldest was 71 years old. The sports the clients participated in were 66.1% mixed, 27.8% endurance, 4.3% strength and 1.7% skill sports according to the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)2020 sport distribution. The average training load was 10 h/week. The minimum training load was 3h/week and the maximum 25h/week. The average duration of sport activity was 12 years per individual. The most frequent request for consultation was without a medical referral and this was in 41.7%, a physical therapist indicated an examination in 36.5%, a cardiologist in 14.8% and a PL in 6.1%. Reasons for referral were most commonly abnormalities in preparticipation screening /PPS/ 40.9%, symptoms 22.6% and Covid infection 13.9%. A final diagnosis was completed in 89 athletes(77.4%), a suspected diagnosis was made in 8 clients(7%). Eligibility for sport and eligibility with condition was received in 90 individuals(78.3%). Ineligibility was issued in 4 athletes(3.5%). The number of athletes who did not complete the investigation/ did not come in for a result was 21(18.3%). Conclusion The established organisational procedure of consultations allows for the least possible staff load on the hospital and speeds up the process of athlete follow-up. In the pursuit of the development of the field and the achievement of a stable quality of care, our centre is potentially able to meet the requirements of the ESC/ European Association of Preventive Cardiology for a sports cardiology unit in terms of methodological/procedural and personnel parameters.

The contemporary world sportsystem is developed through globalisation with its homogenisation and heterogenisation processes. The result of these opposite forces is the division of the world in 6 classes. Sub-Sahara Africa underwent, with the exception of South- Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, a total and passive acceptance of the western (British) modern sports. The place of that part of Africa is analogue to and correlates with its place in Wallerstein's world- system periphery. The introduction of modern sports is associated with the spatial diffusion of the 19th century British hegemonic cultural imperialism. The purpose of this policy was a transformation of the traditional society into a modern functional world-culture and the incorporation of that part of the world in the world-system.The anti-western feelings after the independence resulted in a political Pan-Africanism. However, sport and more specific soccer, a typical product of the western domination, has not been rejected. On the contrary, local politicians used it to create a national identity. The strong link between soccer and soil resulted in a strong form of topophily. This connection was transformed into sportnationalism and created in the, through artificial borders developed, nations a unity and a national pride. The outcome of sport games was used to demonstrate the successes in politics and economics. The absence of any political platform on which the Third World had a strong voice brought about that the international sport scene, such as the FIFA, was used for the unification of the Third World against the former colonial powers. Nowadays, the globalisation processes result in an increasing labour migration of African football players to the rich core competitions in Europe. This form of migration can be classified as another form of "cash crop" or in this case "foot drain.. " "As Roman imperialism laid the foundation of modern civilisation and led wild barbarians of these islands (Britain) along the path of progress, so in Africa today we are repaying the debt, and bringing to the dark places of the earth — the abode of barbarism and cruelty — the torch of culture and progress... we hold these countries because it is the genius of our race to colonise, to trade and to govern "(quote by the English educationist Sir Frederick Lugard (1858-1954) in Mandell, 1986: p.102).Key Words: foot drain, globalisation, labour migration, national identity, soccer, sport nationalism, world sport-system.

Abstract Background School years are crucial for acquiring life-lasting healthy habits. However, an increasing rate of children and adolescents fail to maintain a healthy lifestyle. European Union has financed the Erasmus+ Sport Let’s Move Europa project to design an innovative digital tool for promoting healthy lifestyles among those age groups. University of Bologna, partner of the project, has developed 30 Learning Units (LUs) about Physical Activity, Sleep and Nutrition to be integrated in the school program by teachers. Methods A group of 17 teachers (15 females and 2 males, mean SD age 49,5 ±11,6) from primary and secondary schools located in Bologna province (Italy) took part in semi-structured focus groups (FGs). The investigation focused on facilitators/barriers of the intervention and possible solutions, identifying time frames and locations, suggestions for engaging the different stakeholders (teachers, students and families). All FGs were recorded, transcribed, anonymized, and analyzed through inductive thematic analysis. Results 30 LUs were created based on the latest scientific evidence and the FGs output. Each LU addresses a specific topic and is tailored differently for primary and secondary school. The layout includes an investigation on the topic, classroom activities, and a section about “healthy homework” or “challenges” to be accomplished at home, engaging families in the construction of a healthy routine. All the activities were designed to be feasible and sustainable. Each LU includes a discussion phase to understand students’ feedback about proposed homework and learning content. Conclusions FGs have proven crucial to tailoring LUs on the needs of different stakeholders and co-designing an effective intervention. “Healthy homework” and “Challenges” encourage students to pursue healthy habits also outside the school setting, involving families. Feedback on the activity provides an insight into the progression and effectiveness of the intervention. Key messages • The EUmove project integrates knowledge about sleeping, nutritional and physical activity habits into the school curriculum to promote healthy lifestyles among students and their families. • Thanks to the FGs, LUs are designed to suit the target audience. LUs integration into school curricula is therefore a feasible intervention, not requiring specialized personnel to be implemented.

In 2018-19, in Poland, there was a significant increase in the incidence of both measles and syphilis. In 2019, a 38-year-old HIV-positive MSM patient was admitted to a Department of Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw due to a rash on his trunk and palms. The patient had a past medical history notable for several syphilis episodes and hepatitis C twice. The patient was under care of the HIV Outpatient Clinic in the Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw since 2015, on fully effective antiretroviral therapy. Due to new syphilis onset with high titers and concomitant acute hepatitis C, he was hospitalized and treated with crystalline penicillin in a dose of 4x5 million units intravenously for 2 weeks along with benzathine penicillin 2.4 million units intramuscularly before being discharged. Ten days after being discharged home, the patient presented at the HIV clinic with fever and a non-itchy maculopapular rash that first appeared on the face and then also on the trunk and limbs. In presumptive diagnosis, three main conditions were taken into account: new onset of sexually transmitted disease, delayed allergic reaction to benzathine penicillin, and—in relation to a recent epidemical outbreak—measles. On physical examination, small white spots on the inner lining of the cheek were found (Koplik’s spots). Swabs taken for measles RNA testing confirmed the diagnosis. Regarding the fact that both diseases may occur with a rash, they may pose a diagnostic challenge. Physicians should always include local epidemiological situation, including the possibility of overlapping outbreaks in differential diagnosis of nonspecific symptoms.

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background The importance of exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) is still controversial in the prevention of cardiovascular events among sportsmen. The aim of this study was to assess the relevance of exercise ECG as a significant prognostic marker for cardiovascular events when any CVD risk factors are present. Methods The SEEPRED cohort study included leisure time asymptomatic sportsmen over 35 years old, referred from 2011 to 2016 in the Sports Medicine Unit of our university hospital. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and atrial fibrillation were collected 5 years after exercise ECG using a phone questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to predict positive exercise ECG, suspected and confirmed silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) and cardiovascular events. Results Of the cohort of 2457 sportsmen (1898 men; mean age 50.2 ± 9.4 years; physical activity level 29.4 ± 25.1 MET-h/week), 1482 (60%) had at least one cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor and 52 (2%) had a SCORE&gt;5%. A total of 256 exercise ECGs (10%) were defined as positive, most of them due to SMI (n = 196; 8%). SMI was an indication for coronary angiography in 43 cases, leading to 33 documented SMIs (1%), including 23 significant stenoses requiring revascularization. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, having at least 2 CVD risk factors was independently associated with (1) positive exercise ECG [OR=1.80 (CI 95%: 1.29-2.52), p=0.0006], with (2) suspected SMI [OR=2.57 (CI 95%: 1.10-6.02), p=0.0304], with (3) confirmed SMI [OR=8.20 (CI 95%: 3.46-19.46), p&lt;0.0001] and with (4) cardiovascular events (MACE or atrial fibrillation) [OR=6.95 (CI 95%: 3.49-13.81), p&lt;0.0001]. Conclusions The study supports the European recommendations for the use of exercise ECG in evaluation of asymptomatic leisure time sportsmen over 35 years. Having at least 2 CVD risk factors was the best predictors for presence of coronary lesions at risk for events.

Objectives: Growing interest in physical activity has led to the development of a number of organizations, networks and associations, including grass-root, professional and academic institutions. To maximize relevance and effectiveness of work undertaken in this field, we aimed at developing a systematic overview of institutions active in health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA). Methods: Systematic, purposive weblink-search complemented by expert input; classification by institutional type, main activity and synergy with goals of HEPA Europe, the European network for the promotion of HEPA. Results: Of 127 identified institutions, 42 met the criteria of being European and active in physical activity promotion. 45.3% were NGO/associations, 33.3% were networks, 11.9% WHO units or platforms and 9.5% bodies of the European Commission. Sport was the main topic of 28.6% institutions. Health promotion was represented with 21.4%, physical activity promotion and transport/environment with 19.0% each, disease prevention with 7.2% and nutrition with 4.8%. Seven institutions had a high synergy to HEPA Europe’s goals. Conclusions: The search identified many institutions, networks and initiatives, which 1. reflects the growing interest in and importance of physical activity for a number of stakeholders, 2. provides increased capacity to address this important topic on a European scale and 3. creates a “critical mass” to push the agenda forward into clearer and synergetic directions. Systematically mapping key players is a useful tool for institutions active in an environment with a multitude of actors to ensure that activities provide added value, to avoid duplication and to promote partnership and efficient use of resources.