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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Europe – Economic integration – History »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Europe – Economic integration – History"

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Gehler, Michael, et Wolfram Kaiser. « A Study in Ambivalence : Austria and European Integration 1945–95 ». Contemporary European History 6, no 1 (mars 1997) : 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004057.

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During the Cold War era the smaller states in Western Europe were confronted with numerous external pressures. These included most of all the need for closer economic co-operation within Western Europe to sustain the process of post-war economic and political reconstruction and the impact on Europe of the confrontation between the new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. The responses of the smaller states to these external pressures varied considerably between two poles: on the one hand, a policy of active integration, with common policies and the transfer of at least some degree of national sovereignty to common institutions, and, on the other, a policy of neutrality, either chosen freely or initially forced upon, to retain as much decision-making autonomy as possible, while safeguarding core economic interests through intergovernmental co-operation. The choice of strategy depended not only on the character and degree of the external political pressures, but also on the respective historical preconditions and on what domestic and external aims the smaller states hoped to achieve with their policies.
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Milward, Alan S., et R. T. Griffiths. « The Netherlands and the Economic Integration of Europe, 1945-1957. » Economic History Review 44, no 4 (novembre 1991) : 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597831.

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Yavuz, M. Hakan, et Mujeeb R. Khan. « Turkey and Europe : Will East Meet West ? » Current History 103, no 676 (1 novembre 2004) : 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.676.389.

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For many Europeans, integration with a large Muslim country of 70 million people with a lower level of economic development and a much faster-growing population seems a daunting prospect. Equally daunting, however, may be a Turkey cast adrift….
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Freeman, Alan. « For Another Europe : A Class Analysis of European Economic Integration ». Historical Materialism 14, no 1 (2006) : 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920606776690901.

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Bianchini, Stefano. « L'Europa orientale a venti anni dal 1989 ». PASSATO E PRESENTE, no 78 (octobre 2009) : 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pass2009-078001.

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- Eastern Europe twenty years on looks retrospectively at the radical changes that have occurred in East-Central Europe since 1989. Despite the Cold War, cultural, economic and social exchanges and "métissages" had developed between the two parts of Europe. The communist collapse of 1989 offered a simultaneous opportunity of reforms and integration, given the interdependence between the "post-socialist transition" and the double process of the Eu enlargement and deepening. Nationalism however has emerged in opposition to integration (and globalization) in both Eastern and Western Europe, giving a new dimension to processes that increasingly have emphasized how Europe is no longer divided in an East-West dichotomy, but displays similar problems in dealing with diversity, social welfare, effective governance and mutual recognition.Key words: Post-socialist transition, European Union, métissage, Nationalism, Globalization.Parole chiave: transizione post-socialista, Unione europea, meticciato, nazionalismo, globalizzazione.
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Lynch, Frances M. B., et Fernando Guirao. « L'ereditŕ intellettuale di Alan S. Milward ». MEMORIA E RICERCA, no 41 (février 2013) : 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2012-041011.

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Alan S. Milward was a contemporary historian who combined the political historian's method of consulting the written record with the economic historian's use of statistical data and the social scientist's preference for general theory. On the strength of the resulting research methodology he produced a series of original histories of Nineteenth and Twentieth century Europe which tackled the big historical issues of his time: the nature of Nazism; of total war; of economic development in Nineteenth and Twentieth century Europe; and the reasons for the sustained economic boom in western Europe after 1945 and for the origins of European integration. In so far as his conclusions on each separate theme challenged the dominant theories, they stimulated considerable debate. Indeed, his implicit theories of historical change and European integration continue to resonate in the current political and economic crises facing Europe. Unlike neo-classical economists, European federalists and many integration theorists, Milward argued that economic and monetary union would not necessarily lead to a democratic political union in Europe and the end of nation-state. Indeed he predicted in 2000 that if the European Monetary Union was beset by asymmetric shocks, it would weaken progressively until its desired effect had been so reduced as to defeat the Union's original purpose. As we live through such asymmetric shocks, Milward's predictions seem to carry more force than any of teleological theories of European integration.
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Vdovychenko, Victoria. « Narrating Integration and Disintegration in Europe : Italy’s View ». European Historical Studies, no 6 (2017) : 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.06.6-24.

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EU’s economic and political challenges open a new page of the European integration history. The Eurozone crisis and challenges presented by Brexit enhanced scholars from various countries to analyze and rethink about the future of the European integration and EU as a whole. The paths of the differentiated integration present a specific interest in this article. This kind of integration is becoming more and more popular among politicians and researchers in their affords to demonstrate a pragmatic approach how to re-start the integration process. This article will outline the issues framed by the differentiated integration in Italy, a founding member of the European Union. Moreover, it presents an attempt to apply the principles of differentiated integration to some of the politics: political and economic governance in the EU. The article poses the question to what extent the political fluidity will be necessary in order for the EU to still remain solid tackling common economic and political challenges. The article presents the opinions of the Italian scholars and politicians referred to the differentiated integration. The first part of it theorizes the concept of differentiated integration and presents an evolution of scholars’ thoughts starting from the mid-90s. The second part of the article reveals the challenges of the EU, the European integration process and the implications on the Italian Republic. It tries to show how Italy manages to overcome the present integration challenges.
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Canihac, Hugo. « Programming the Common Market : The Making and Failure of a ‘Dirigiste’ Europe, 1957–1967 ». Contemporary European History 30, no 3 (27 mai 2021) : 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777321000242.

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This article contributes to the debate about the history of the political economy of the European Economic Community (EEC). It retraces the efforts during the early years of the EEC to implement a form of ‘European economic programming’, that is, a more ‘dirigiste’ type of economic governance than is usually associated with European integration. Based on a variety of archives, it offers a new account of the making and failure of this project. It argues that, at the time, the idea of economic programming found many supporters, but its implementation largely failed for political as well as practical reasons. In so doing, it also brings to light the role of economists during the early years of European integration.
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C. Van Hook, James. « Translating Economics into Politics in Cold War Germany ». German Politics and Society 25, no 2 (1 juin 2007) : 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2007.250207.

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Economics and economic history have a fundamental role to play in our understanding of Cold War Germany. Yet, it is still difficult to establish concrete links between economic phenomena and the most important questions facing post 1945 historians. Obviously, one may evaluate West Germany's “economic miracle,” the success of western European integration, or the end of communism in 1989 from a purely economic point of view. To achieve a deeper understanding of Cold War Germany, however, one must evaluate whether the social market economy represented an adequate response to Nazism, if memory and perspective provided the decisive impulse for European integration, or if the Cold War ended in Europe because of changes in western nuclear strategy. Economic history operates in relation to politics, culture, and historical memory. The parameters for economic action are often as determined by the given political culture of the moment, as they are by the feasibility of alternative economic philosophies.
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BOHLING, JOSEPH. « Colonial or Continental Power ? The Debate over Economic Expansion in Interwar France, 1925–1932 ». Contemporary European History 26, no 2 (mai 2017) : 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777317000066.

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In the 1920s various French elites argued that the nation state was not viable in an increasingly interdependent world economy dominated by ‘continental blocs’ such as the United States and the Soviet Union; instead, they hoped to expand French economic power through larger political structures, whether France's existing empire or a federal Europe. French foreign minister Aristide Briand called for the organisation of Europe at the same time that other elites advocated the consolidation of the French empire. Although imperial rivalry would trump European cooperation in the interwar years, the 1920s created a framework for post-1945 debates about whether France would achieve economic growth and maintain political independence through colonial development, continental cooperation or some combination of the two. Conventional narratives locate the origins of European integration in the devastations of the Second World War and the crisis of empire. This article argues that integration was conceived within and in tension with, not outside of, an imperial framework.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Europe – Economic integration – History"

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Kadow, Alexander. « Essays in European integration and economic inequalities ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3403/.

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The ongoing process of economic integration in Europe and beyond has already led to profound changes that are likely to manifest themselves further. Within Europe, formerly centrally planned economies have joined the European Union (EU) with the intention to ultimately introduce the common currency. On a more global scale, marginalised farmers in developing countries seek to become integrated in the world trading system to lift themselves out of poverty. However, issues surrounding economic inequalities are no longer exclusively confined to emerging economies. Indeed, awareness of income inequalities and their impact on the domestic economy is increasing among industrialised nations. This dissertation seeks to contribute to these topical debates in the form of three self-contained essays. The first essay is concerned with monetary integration in Europe. More specifically, we consider the EU member countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) that seek to adopt the euro in the foreseeable future. Our analysis is based on a global VAR (GVAR) model to investigate to what extent central banks in CEE follow the European Central Bank’s lead. We look in another core chapter at the economic implications of the Fair Trade (FT) movement. This is a fairly novel topic to the economics profession and we thus aim to provide intuitive insights. One of the key elements of our trade model is that FT generates and hinges upon economic inequalities. We combine these two aspects in the third core chapter. In particular, we analyse how monetary policy operates in an environment which is characterised by wage inequalities using a New Keynesian model that features heterogeneous labour. The third essay is motivated by the case of the United States, where, similar to many European countries, there is strong empirical evidence for rising internal economic divergence. Overall, the thesis not only combines and investigates topical issues, it moreover does so employing various techniques with the intention to also make contributions on the methodological level. We conclude the monograph by highlighting policy implications and by providing directions for future research.
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SUZUKI, Hitoshi. « Digging for European Unity : the role played by the trade unions in the Schuman plan and the European coal and steel community from a German perspective, 1950-1955 ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10420.

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Defence date: 13 December 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Wilfried Loth (Universität Duisburg-Essen) ; Prof. Bo Stråth (EUI) ; Prof. Pascaline Winand (EUI and Monash University) ; Prof. Gérard Bossuat (Université de Cergy-Pontoise)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
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Defraigne, Jean-Christophe P. L. G. « De l'intégration nationale à l'intégration continentale : analyse de la dynamique d'intégration supranationale européenne et de ses liens avec les changements technologiques des processus de production dans une perspective de long terme ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211359.

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Schneider, Eric B. « Studies in historical living standards and health : integrating the household and children into historical measures of living standards and health ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f2e55a37-c605-4aba-8a2e-3d699c6b82b7.

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This dissertation attempts to integrate the household and children more fluidly into measures of well-being in the past. In part one, I develop a Monte Carlo simulation to test some of the assumptions of Allen’s welfare ratio methodology. These included his assumptions that family size was constant over time, that there were no female-headed households and that women and children did not participate in the labour force. After all of the adjustments, it appears that Allen’s welfare ratios underestimate the welfare ratios of a demographically representative group of families, especially if women and children’s labour force participation is included. However, the predicted distributions also highlight the struggles of agricultural labourers, who are given separate consideration. Even the average agricultural labourers’ family with women and children working would have had to rely of self- provisioning, gleaning, poor relief or the extension of the working year to make ends meet at the poorest point in their family life cycle. Part two adjusts Floud et al.’s estimates of calorie availability in the English economy from 1700 to 1909 for the costs of digestion, pregnancy and lactation. Taken together, these three additional costs reduced the amount calories available by around 15 per cent in 1700 but only by 5 per cent in 1909 because of the changing composition of the English diet. Part three presents a new adaptive framework for studying changes in children’s growth patterns over time and a new methodology, longitudinal growth studies, for measuring gender disparities in health in the past. An adaptive framework for understanding growth provides a more parsimonious explanation for the vast catch-up growth achieved by slave children in the antebellum American South. The slave children were only able to achieve this catch-up growth because they were programmed for a tall height trajectory by relatively good conditions in utero. Finally, impoverished girls experienced greater catch-up growth than boys in two schools in late-nineteenth century Boston, USA and early-twentieth century London, suggesting that girls were deprived relative to boys before entering these institutions.
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Spelman, Greg Thomas. « Reconciling a policy of neutrality with the prospect of integration : Ireland, the European economic community, and Ireland's United Nations policy, 1965-1972 ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15787/1/Greg_Spelman_Thesis.pdf.

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The decade of the 1960s was a period of significant evolution in the foreign policy priorities of the Republic of Ireland. On 31 July 1961, Ireland applied for membership of the European Community. That application was vetoed in January 1963 by the French President, Charles de Gaulle. Nevertheless, it was an indication of the growing "Europeanisation" of Irish foreign policy, which was secured in May 1967 in a renewed and ultimately successful application by Ireland for membership of the Common Market. Because of the overlapping interests of the European Community and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), however, these initiatives towards integration with Western Europe posed a dilemma for the decision-makers in Dublin given that, in the Irish context, foreign policy was predicated on neutrality. Since Ireland's admission to the United Nations (UN) in 1955 and especially from the reinstatement of Frank Aiken as Minister for External Affairs in 1957, the diplomatic component of Ireland's neutrality was defined largely by its UN policy. Ireland's continued attachment to neutrality, despite its application for European Community membership, caused significant frustration to the governments of the member-states, especially France under de Gaulle, and was seen to be an obstacle to Ireland's accession. These concerns were communicated explicitly to Dublin, along with the view that Ireland needed to demonstrate a greater propensity to support Western interests on major international issues. Pressure of this kind had dissuaded other European neutrals (Austria, Finland, Malta and Sweden) from pursuing membership of the European Community until 1995 - after the Cold War had ended - but it did not deter the Irish. Despite the pressure from the European Community, Irish policy continued to be characterised by neutrality and, almost invariably, conflict with French UN policy. This included, amongst other matters, policy in relation to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, the financing of peacekeeping, the Vietnam War, representation of China at the UN, and various decolonization problems in Southern Africa. This insulation of Ireland's foreign policy from the imperatives of the application for membership of the European Community was largely the product of the fragmentation of decision-making in the formulation of Irish diplomacy. This research project takes a unique perspective on the topic by focusing, in particular, on the period 1965 to 1972 and, also, breaks further new ground in utilizing documentary material only recently released by the National Archives in Dublin, the University College Dublin Archives, the Public Record Office, London, and the UN Archives in New York, along with published diplomatic records and secondary sources. Consequently, it offers an original contribution to our understanding of Irish foreign policy in this crucial period of its development and the capacity of the Irish Government to reconcile the two fundamental and apparently conflicting pillars of its foreign policy - neutrality and membership of the European Community.
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Spelman, Greg Thomas. « Reconciling a Policy of Neutrality with the Prospect of Integration : Ireland, the European Economic Community, and Ireland's United Nations Policy, 1965-1972 ». Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15787/.

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The decade of the 1960s was a period of significant evolution in the foreign policy priorities of the Republic of Ireland. On 31 July 1961, Ireland applied for membership of the European Community. That application was vetoed in January 1963 by the French President, Charles de Gaulle. Nevertheless, it was an indication of the growing "Europeanisation" of Irish foreign policy, which was secured in May 1967 in a renewed and ultimately successful application by Ireland for membership of the Common Market. Because of the overlapping interests of the European Community and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), however, these initiatives towards integration with Western Europe posed a dilemma for the decision-makers in Dublin given that, in the Irish context, foreign policy was predicated on neutrality. Since Ireland's admission to the United Nations (UN) in 1955 and especially from the reinstatement of Frank Aiken as Minister for External Affairs in 1957, the diplomatic component of Ireland's neutrality was defined largely by its UN policy. Ireland's continued attachment to neutrality, despite its application for European Community membership, caused significant frustration to the governments of the member-states, especially France under de Gaulle, and was seen to be an obstacle to Ireland's accession. These concerns were communicated explicitly to Dublin, along with the view that Ireland needed to demonstrate a greater propensity to support Western interests on major international issues. Pressure of this kind had dissuaded other European neutrals (Austria, Finland, Malta and Sweden) from pursuing membership of the European Community until 1995 - after the Cold War had ended - but it did not deter the Irish. Despite the pressure from the European Community, Irish policy continued to be characterised by neutrality and, almost invariably, conflict with French UN policy. This included, amongst other matters, policy in relation to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, the financing of peacekeeping, the Vietnam War, representation of China at the UN, and various decolonization problems in Southern Africa. This insulation of Ireland's foreign policy from the imperatives of the application for membership of the European Community was largely the product of the fragmentation of decision-making in the formulation of Irish diplomacy. This research project takes a unique perspective on the topic by focusing, in particular, on the period 1965 to 1972 and, also, breaks further new ground in utilizing documentary material only recently released by the National Archives in Dublin, the University College Dublin Archives, the Public Record Office, London, and the UN Archives in New York, along with published diplomatic records and secondary sources. Consequently, it offers an original contribution to our understanding of Irish foreign policy in this crucial period of its development and the capacity of the Irish Government to reconcile the two fundamental and apparently conflicting pillars of its foreign policy - neutrality and membership of the European Community.
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Dunbar, Cameron A. « Walking a Fine Line : Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955 ». Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1505144142763366.

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Paixão, Ricardo Fernandes. « Mercados coloniais : um estudo sobre a integração entre mercados latino americanos e europeus de 1650 a 1820 ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-27032009-113238/.

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Se maiores mercados permitem ganhos de especialização, conforme postulado por Adam Smith, o estudo da integração entre mercados ocupa posição central em economia. No contexto histórico tais estudos permitem inferir, a partir de evidência empírica contida em séries de preços, relacionamentos entre diversos mercados e, conseqüentemente, permitem apoiar ou refutar a narrativa histórica tradicional. Apesar do grande número de estudos históricos sobre integração de mercados entre países europeus, e, em menor grau, Estados Unidos e China, a literatura sobre integração entre mercados latino americanos e europeus durante o período colonial é praticamente inexistente. Esta tese estuda, através de técnicas de cointegração, oito produtos (açúcar, trigo, linho, papel, sabão, carne e vinho) e doze mercados (Bolívia, Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colômbia, Inglaterra, França, Alemanha, Itália, Espanha e Portugal) ao longo de até 800 anos. O principal resultado é o fato de o mercado inglês aparecer ao centro do comércio latino americano e mesmo ibérico durante o período colonial. Este resultado suporta a narrativa histórica tradicional que enfatiza a crescente ascendência do contrabando inglês na região. Por outro lado, a evidência empírica aqui demonstrada questiona a validade do chamado pacto colonial e coloca num contexto temporal mais longo os movimentos de independência que eclodiram na região ao final do período.
If larger markets allow gains from specialization, as postulated by Adam Smith, the study of market integration occupies a central position in economics. In the historical context such studies can infer, from evidence contained in price series, relationships between various markets and, consequently, can support or refute the traditional historical narrative. Despite the large number of historical studies on market integration between European countries, and to a lesser extent, the United States and China, the literature on integration between Latin American and European markets during the colonial period is virtually nonexistent. This thesis studies, using techniques of cointegration, eight products (sugar, wheat, linen, paper, soap, meat and wine) and twelve markets (Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal) over up to 800 years. The main result is the fact that the English market appears to be in the center of trade in Latin America and even in the Iberian Peninsula during the colonial period. This result supports the traditional historical narrative that highlights the growing ascendancy of English smuggling in the region. Moreover, the evidence demonstrated here questions the validity of the so-called \"colonial pact\" and places the independence movements that erupted in the region at the end of the period in a longer time span.
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Mendes, A. J. Marques. « Economic integration and growth in Europe ». Thesis, University of Kent, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370370.

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Vera-Martin, Mercedes. « Growth, specialisation, and economic integration in Europe ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1743/.

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This thesis contributes to the understanding of the economic effects of European integration, on both the pattern of industrial specialisation in European regions and openness and income for countries of the European Economic Community (EEC). Chapter 2 provides a descriptive analysis of the evolution of the patterns of specialisation across European regions during 1975-1995. We find that regions are more specialised than countries. Over time, countries and regions have increased specialisation, although at a slow pace. When analysing specialisation dynamics, mobility within the pattern of specialisation changes notably at the regional level. We also find significant cross-country and within-country differences in specialisation. Chapter 3 studies production patterns in 45 European regions since 1975. We estimate a structural equation derived directly from the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, which relates an industry's share of a region's GDP to factor endowments and relative prices. Factor endowments are found to play a significant and quantitatively important role. The explanation is most successful for aggregate industries, and works less well for disaggregated industries within the manufacturing sector. We find no evidence that increasing European integration has weakened or stengthened the relation between factor endowments and production patterns. Chapter 4 adds economic geography considerations into the analysis of patterns of specialisation in manufacturing industries across regions in seven European countries since 1985. We estimate an equation that relates an industry's share of GDP to factor endowments, industry characteristics, and economic geography variables. Both factor endowments and economic geography are found to be significant in explaining specialisation. Among economic geography variables, cost linkages are more important than demand linkages. There is no evidence that increasing integration has weakened or stengthened the relationship between factor endowments, economic geography, and production patterns within countries. Chapter 5 explores how European economic integration has affected openness and income. We test for permanent effects of EEC membership on openness, income, and income convergence at the time of accession. Results indicate EEC membership improves permanently openness within the EEC and income, but has neither an effect on income growth nor on convergence. Second, we investigate the differential effect of EEC membership by applying a differences in differences specification which controls for common time series shock. Openness, income, and convergence among the EEC countries were improved significantly. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the thesis with a summary of conclusions and contributions. Chapter 6 summarises the main findings of the thesis.
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Livres sur le sujet "Europe – Economic integration – History"

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European integration : A concise history. 2e éd. Lanham, Md : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011.

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The road to Europe : History, institutions, and prospects of European integration, 1945-1993. New York : P. Lang, 1993.

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Communication, European Commission Directorate-General, dir. Europe in 12 lessons. Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2010.

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Europe in 12 lessons. Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2006.

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Fontaine, Pascal. Europe in 12 lessons. Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004.

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Elizabeth, Roberts. Europe 1992 : The United States of Europe ? New York : Gloucester, 1990.

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The community of Europe : A history of European integration since 1945. 2e éd. London : Longman, 1995.

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Europe recast : A history of European Union. 2e éd. Boulder, Colorado : Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2014.

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Europe recast : A history of European Union. Boulder : Lynne Rienner, 2004.

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Europe recast : A history of European Union. Houndmills, Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Europe – Economic integration – History"

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Tilly, Richard. « Banks and Industry : Lessons from History ? » Dans European Economic Integration as a Challenge to Industry and Government, 397–435. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80014-6_20.

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Sequeira, Joana, et Flávio Miranda. « ‘A Port of Two Seas.’ Lisbon and European Maritime Networks in the Fifteenth Century ». Dans Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 339–53. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.18.

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With the development of research in economic history, historians are now testing the hypothesis that maritime networks and port cities contributed to the phenomenon of European integration. This essay applies a holistic approach to discuss how the city of Lisbon, located outside the privileged setting of multi-cultural interactions that was the Mediterranean Sea, became appealing to merchants from far and wide in late-medieval Europe. To do so, it examines a whole array of commercial, normative, fiscal, royal and judicial sources from European archives to discuss if it is possible to observe this phenomenon of European integration in fifteenth-century Lisbon.
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Perez-Garcia, Manuel. « Conclusions ». Dans Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 171–79. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7865-6_5.

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Abstract The Spanish and Qing empires were connected through the agency of merchants, the trade networks they created, and the circulation of goods which fostered local demand. Trade routes, mainly the maritime economic arteries such as the Manila galleons, connected and integrated Western markets and polities, in this case the Spanish empire with the Middle Kingdom. The constant inflow of American silver into China and the outflow of highly prized Chinese goods (i.e. silk, tea, porcelain) into European and American markets were the main features for such market integration between the Bourbon (French) Spanish empire and the Qing (Manchu, non-Han) dynasty. This surpassed the realm of official institutions of both empires along with their concomitant weak state capacity.
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Hubert, Florence, et Nigel Pain. « Economic Integration in Europe and the Pattern of German Foreign Direct Investment ». Dans Economic Integration, 135–56. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230629257_8.

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Phelps, Edmund S. « 1992 Europe as a Unified Customer Market ». Dans European Economic Integration, 39–48. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3919-9_3.

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Becker, Bettina, et Stephen G. Hall. « Inflation Convergence in Europe ». Dans European Socio-Economic Integration, 3–25. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5254-6_1.

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Kirchhelle, Claas. « Conclusion ». Dans Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements, 239–47. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62792-8_13.

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AbstractThe conclusion reflects on Harrison’s achievements as a campaigner and analyses the wider changes of animal welfare politics, science, and activism that occurred during her life. Between 1920 and 2000, synthesist Edwardian campaigning gave rise to professionalised activism and new concepts of animal cognition, affective states, and welfare. The “backstage” of British corporatist welfare politics was similarly transformed by polarising “frontstage” public protest and animal rights thinking. Aided by the rise of a new “mandated” animal welfare science and European integration, the turbulent 1970s eventually resulted in a new world of British welfare politics characterised by transnational decision-making and market-driven assurance schemes, which relied on consumer citizens rather than citizen campaigners to drive change. Determined to bear witness to animal welfare, Harrison shaped and witnessed most of these changes even though the economic drivers of welfare were becoming divorced from the universalist moral framework she believed in.
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Adams, F. Gerard. « Implications of ‘Europe 1992’ in a Changing World Economy ». Dans European Economic Integration, 49–64. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3919-9_4.

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Knight, Melvin M., Harry Elmer Barnes et Felix Flügel. « Southeastern Europe ». Dans Economic History of Europe, 714–48. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003354727-22.

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Balassa, Bela. « Economic Integration in Eastern Europe ». Dans Policy Choices for the 1990s, 306–21. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13033-7_12.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Europe – Economic integration – History"

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İkiz, Ahmet Salih. « Economic Expectations for Turkey, Central Asia and Caucasus Beyond 2050 ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01187.

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In this study main international strategic theories will be shortly discussed under the time and space dimension. Almost all of the Turkic republics do have common historical and cultural ties with Turkey compared to the other European countries. Even though common values have simply forgotten during the time frame under different regimes spatial history and ties had never disappeared. Thus, the citizens of those countries preserve common spatial memory so they shared same land in history. So it is expected that those people would reach the idea of economic and political integration if certain social grounds were initiated. This is basically the idea of economic integration between those republics and Turkey for better economic standards. So, in final part of the study, author will provide his humble opinions for future expectations for 2050 and beyond.
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Bayerl, Mathias, Pascale Neff, Torsten Clemens, Martin Sieberer, Barbara Stummer et Andras Zamolyi. « Accelerating Mature Field EOR Evaluation Using Machine Learning Uncertainty Workflows Integrating Subsurface And Economics ». Dans Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208194-ms.

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Abstract Field re-development planning for tertiary recovery projects in mature fields traditionally involves a comprehensive subsurface evaluation circle, including static/dynamic modeling, scenario assessment and candidate selection based on economic models. The aforementioned sequential approach is time-consuming and includes the risk of delaying project maturation. This work introduces a novel approach which integrates subsurface geological and dynamic modeling as well as economics and uses machine learning augmented uncertainty workflows to achieve project acceleration. In the elaborated enhanced oil recovery (EOR) evaluation process, a machine learning assisted approach is used in order to narrow geological and dynamic parameter ranges both for model initialization and subsequent history matching. The resulting posterior parameter distributions are used to create the input models for scenario evaluation under uncertainty. This scenario screening comprises not only an investigation of qualified EOR roll-out areas, but also includes detailed engineering such as well spacing optimization and pattern generation. Eventually, a fully stochastic economic evaluation approach is performed in order to rank and select scenarios for EOR implementation. The presented workflow has been applied successfully for a mature oil field in Central/Eastern Europe with 60+ years of production history. It is shown that by using a fully stochastic approach, integrating subsurface engineering and economic evaluation, a considerable acceleration of up to 75% in project maturation time is achieved. Moreover, the applied workflow stands out due to its flexibility and adaptability based on changes in the project scope. In the course of this case study, a sector roll-out of chemical EOR is elaborated, including a proposal for 27 new well candidates and 17 well conversions, resulting in an incremental oil production of 4.7MM bbl. The key findings were: A workflow is introduced that delivers a fully stochastic economic evaluation while honoring the input and measured data.The delivered scenarios are conditioned to the geological information and the production history in a Bayesian Framework to ensure full consistency of the selected subsurface model advanced to forecasting.The applied process results in substantial time reduction for an EOR re-development project evaluation cycle.
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Kobos, Edgar. « Analysis of Development Factors of Non-Governmental Organizations with Particular Emphasis on Public Funds and the Process of European Integration ». Dans 5th International Scientific Conference 2021. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-464-4.5.

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In the last quarter of the century, there has been a steady increase in the number and scope of organizations operating under the so-called third sector. These organizations implement a wide range of activities, from social services to recreational activities, from political pressure groups to groups that promote art or history. Foundations and associations are an important arena of social, economic and political activity, alongside the state and the private sector, they feature an increasingly important role in today's world. European public funds provide a plentiful supply of financing for these activities. It has been shown that European funds change the statutory objectives of foundations and associations as public funds determine their operational priorities and directions of development. Active civil society supports the creative processes of social capital, and the most important function of NGOs is precise to strengthen social capital. Participation in NGOs is a determinant of civic maturity for citizens. On the other hand, due to the active participation of citizens in such organizations, societies have changed. This is the reason why the direction of the third sector development and the phenomena of its growth is so crucial for every European State.
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Nykamp, S., A. Molderink, V. Bakker, H. A. Toersche, J. L. Hurink et G. J. M. Smit. « Integration of heat pumps in distribution grids : Economic motivation for grid control ». Dans 2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465605.

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Jiang, Han, Teng Zhao, Yi Gao, Yuanbing Zhou, Xingyu Yan, Jinxiang Zhu, Alexandre Oudalov, Shuran Liu et Junxian Hou. « Economic Assessment of Power Link between Europe and China ». Dans 2020 IEEE 4th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei250167.2020.9347332.

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Gao, Wenkai, Yong Wang, Wenwen Liu, Ying Ding, Changhui Ma et Zhe Jiang. « Economic analysis of nuclear power plant's operation modes in power system with high wind integration ». Dans 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2017.8260313.

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Birou, Camille, Xavier Roboam, Hugo Radet et Fabien Lacressonniere. « Techno-economic analysis of second-life lithium-ion batteries integration in microgrids ». Dans 2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/epe20ecceeurope43536.2020.9215635.

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Alamanova, Chinara. « Experience of Economic Integration of Kyrgyzstan within the Framework of the Eurasian Economic Union ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02188.

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At present, practically all countries of the world are involved in integration processes. However, at the present stage, the mechanism of integration interaction is not sufficiently regulated, as evidenced by the experience of integration of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. The history of various integration groupings, along with regularities, carries in itself essential features of historical uniqueness. This determines the theoretical and practical relevance of the research topic. In the article, the example of Kyrgyzstan explores the experience of the country's integration into an integration association. Practice has revealed not only positive results, but also negative unpredictable consequences. Such experience requires scientific and practical study and will be useful for further improvement of economic integration processes. The abolition of customs control has enabled the development of an illegal flow of goods both to Kyrgyzstan and from Kyrgyzstan. The change in tariffs of the Eurasian Economic Union for third countries may lead to a reduction in multilateral trade. Russia's application of anti-sanctions to individual countries violates the first basic principle of integration: the trade policy of the four members of the Eurasian Economic Union is becoming less coherent. The difficult access of goods due to the application of restrictive measures in relation to the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union is noted. To achieve the integration result, the following conditions are necessary: Conducting a harmonious trade integration policy, Implementation of political (institutional) integration, General political support for integration plans, including by third countries.
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Murat, Sedat, Sefer Şener et Burcu Kılınç Savrul. « The Role of Economic Integration in Trade Openness : The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization Case ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00832.

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Trade liberalization is one of the greatest economic arguments of the economics and it is claimed that trade openness is a crucial phenomenon for the well-being of nations since Adam Smith. Although various practices have been seen in different parts of the world in the history, from 1980s trade liberalization movements have been the dominant trend. However liberalization of trade in developing countries brought debates in economic literature and it is argued that open trade can have catastrophic effects instead of providing growth and welfare to the practitioner countries. In this study if The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization had contributed the member states to liberalize their trade has been investigated. The changes in the rates of inward and outward investment, import, export, population and labour force of the member countries during the establishment period of the Organization has been evaluated. The data is collected from Worldbank National Accounts Database, IMF World Economic Outlook and Balance of Payments Database and UNCTAD. The results of the study has shown that although the establishment of the organization had positive effect on investment and trade flows of the countries, it had no effect on labour flows of the member states.
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Curto, Domenico, Binh Van Doan, Vincenzo Franzitta, Francesco Montana, Ninh Quang Nguyen et Eleonora Riva Sanseverino. « Wave and Wind Energy Systems Integration in Vietnam : Analysis of Energy Potential and Economic Feasibility ». Dans 2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2020 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic/icpseurope49358.2020.9160682.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Europe – Economic integration – History"

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Margo, Robert. The Integration of Economic History into Economics. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, juin 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23538.

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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand et Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune ? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Sous la direction de Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, mars 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.

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It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."
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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro et Joseph Teye. Long-Term Patterns of Change in the Commercialisation of Cocoa in Ghana : Forest Frontiers and Technological Transformation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.045.

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The commercialisation of cocoa production in Ghana has a long history dating back to the nineteenth century. The process of commercial development in cocoa is well documented and provides an alternative mode to contemporary models of commercialisation rooted in the adoption of modern technology and integration of farmers into markets. This working paper critically analyses frameworks for agricultural commercialisation in cocoa through intensification based on the uptake of synthetic inputs and hybrid seeds, by placing agricultural development within a broader framework of the historical development of the frontier in Ghana, and the related problems of ecological and economic crises. The study examines access to land, labour and technology, and how the complex interactions of scarcity of access to physical resources and labour influence farmers’ farming strategies and adoption of technology.
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Boruchowicz, Cynthia, Florencia López Bóo, Benjamin Roseth et Luis Tejerina. Default Options : A Powerful Behavioral Tool to Increase COVID-19 Contact Tracing App Acceptance in Latin America ? Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002983.

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Being able to follow the chain of contagion of COVID-19 is important to help save lives and control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns. This is especially relevant in Latin America, where economic contractions have already been the largest in the regions history. Given the high rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only in manual contact tracing might be infeasible. Acceptability and uptake of contact tracing apps with exposure notifications is key for the implementation the “test, trace and treat” triad. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find that for a nationally representative sample of 10 countries, an opt-out regime with automatic installation significantly increases the probability of acceptance of such apps in almost 22 p.p. compared to an opt-in regime with voluntary installation. This triples the size and is of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing acceptability in South America compared to Central America and Mexico; for those who claim not to trust the national government; and for those who do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The severity of the pandemic at the place of residence does not seem to affect the effectiveness of the opt-out regime versus an opt-in one, but feeling personally at risk does increase the willingness to accept contact tracing apps with exposure notifications in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options in public health in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.
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Allan, Duncan, et Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, janvier 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.

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The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The history of UK–Russia relations offers four lessons. First, because the two lack shared values and interests, their relationship is fragile and volatile. Second, adversarial relations are the historical norm. Third, each party exaggerates its importance on the world stage. Fourth, external trends beyond the UK’s control regularly buffet the relationship. These wider trends include the weakening of the Western-centric international order; the rise of populism and opposition to economic globalization; and the global spread of authoritarian forms of governance. A coherent Russia strategy should focus on the protection of UK territory, citizens and institutions; security in the Euro-Atlantic space; international issues such as non-proliferation; economic relations; and people-to-people contacts. The UK should pursue its objectives with the tools of state power, through soft power instruments and through its international partnerships. Despite Brexit, the EU remains an essential security partner for the UK. In advancing its Russia-related interests, the UK should have four operational priorities: rebuilding domestic resilience; concentrating resources on the Euro-Atlantic space; being a trusted ally and partner; and augmenting its soft power. UK decision-makers should be guided by four propositions. In the first place, policy must be based on clear, hard-headed thinking about Russia. Secondly, an adversarial relationship is not in itself contrary to UK interests. Next, Brexit makes it harder for the UK and the EU to deal with Russia. And finally, an effective Russia policy demands a realistic assessment of UK power and influence. The UK is not a ‘pocket superpower’. It is an important but middling power in relative decline. After Brexit, it needs to repair its external reputation and maximize its utility to allies and partners, starting with its European neighbours.
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Shaping the COVID decade : addressing the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19. The British Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bac19stf/9780856726590.001.

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In September 2020, the British Academy was asked by the Government Office for Science to produce an independent review to address the question: What are the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19? This short but substantial question led us to a rapid integration of evidence and an extensive consultation process. As history has shown us, the effects of a pandemic are as much social, cultural and economic as they are about medicine and health. Our aim has been to deliver an integrated view across these areas to start understanding the long-term impacts and how we address them. Our evidence review – in our companion report, The COVID decade – concluded that there are nine interconnected areas of long-term societal impact arising from the pandemic which could play out over the coming COVID decade, ranging from the rising importance of local communities, to exacerbated inequalities and a renewed awareness of education and skills in an uncertain economic climate. From those areas of impact we identified a range of policy issues for consideration by actors across society, about how to respond to these social, economic and cultural challenges beyond the immediate short-term crisis. The challenges are interconnected and require a systemic approach – one that also takes account of dimensions such as place (physical and social context, locality), scale (individual, community, regional, national) and time (past, present, future; short, medium and longer term). History indicates that times of upheaval – such as the pandemic – can be opportunities to reshape society, but that this requires vision and for key decisionmakers to work together. We find that in many places there is a need to start afresh, with a more systemic view, and where we should freely consider whether we might organise life differently in the future. In order to consider how to look to the future and shape the COVID decade, we suggest seven strategic goals for policymakers to pursue: build multi-level governance; improve knowledge, data and information linkage and sharing; prioritise digital infrastructure; reimagine urban spaces; create an agile education and training system; strengthen community-led social infrastructure; and promote a shared social purpose. These strategic goals are based on our evidence review and our analysis of the nine areas of long-term societal impact identified. We provide a range of illustrative policy opportunities for consideration in each of these areas in the report that follows.
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