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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Europe, Eastern – Economic conditions – Forecasting"
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Erokhina, Lioudmila Dmitrievna, et Hailun Zhang. « The impact of historic zoning of the Chinese and Western European cities upon social differentiation in the conditions of urbanization ». Урбанистика, no 3 (mars 2019) : 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2310-8673.2019.3.30657.
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The object of this article is the cities of China. The rapid growth and impact of Chinese cities upon the economy, politics and social life of the country and South Eastern part of the world sparks persistent interest of the researchers. Urbanization processes in China has a range of specific features that distinguish them from urbanization in the countries of Western Europe. Their identification is the goal of this article. The subject of this research became the differentiation of the modern Chinese cities and intraurban social stratification. Based on the accepted in Chinese sociology methodology of classification of cities, the author determines the differences between the urban structures of Western European and Chinese cities. The acquired results detect that the urban social and spatial structures in Western Europe have established under the influence of general economic processes that destroyed the traditional urban structure; while the Chinese cities, despite their rapid development, retain historical and cultural continuity of the principles of creation of spatial structure as a result of planned economy and political control. Examination of the peculiarities of urban structure and agglomerations allows forecasting the development of China’s social structure in the context of global transformations.
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Bublyk, Yevhen, Oleksandra Kurbet et Roman Yukhymets. « Price convergence on the national gas markets of the Eastern European region ». Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no 4 (30 décembre 2022) : 612–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(4).2022.47.
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Establishing institutional arrangements for regulating gas markets toward price convergence is one of the crucial integrational factors. The strategy of the firm and economic development management depends on it. The paper aims to assess the characteristics of price convergence on the natural gas markets of the Eastern European region. This region is relevant for Ukraine in a number of parameters. The assessment was made based on Eurostat data for different groups of consumers, excluding taxes, using the standard deviation detection method of price convergence for 15 countries in 2007–2020. Despite the revealed generally positive price convergence on the natural gas markets in the considered countries after 2014, obtained results showed three points that highlight the heterogeneous structure of the process. First, an even movement toward a single price is detected in groups of large households (the standard price deviation of the price decreased in 2014–2020 from 2.7 to 1.9 euro per Giga Joule or 1.5 times) and medium industrial enterprises (the standard deviation decreased from 1.0-1.7 to 0.6-1.1 or 1.5-1.8 times). Second, the prices for the largest industrial enterprises in considered countries approached the fastest (the deviation decreased from 2.0 to 0.5). Third, in the segment of small enterprises, the deviation even increased from 2.1 to 2.2 (1.05 times). This result highlights the gap in the institutional mechanisms of European integration and sources of uncertainty for the small firms’ management. AcknowledgmentThe paper was funded as a part of the “Determination of institutional conditions for the development of the exchange segment of the gas market” research project (No. 0122U002205), conducted at the State Institution Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the NAS of Ukraine.
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Gospodinov, Ilian, Valentin Kazandjiev et Veska Georgieva. « The potential benefit of the use of seasonal forecast during the agricultural economic year 2019-2020 in Bulgaria ». Agricultural Sciences 13, no 30 (20 septembre 2021) : 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.30.009.
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Seasonal forecasting gained ground in the last decades by building up knowledge on the processes staying behind the climate variability at the seasonal time scale, constructing ever more sophisticated general circulation models and ensemble prediction systems and thus enhancing forecast skill. The seasonal forecast is a climate forecast and is therefore probabilistic in nature. The predictability of the atmospheric circulation at the seasonal scale is limited in the middle latitudes, where Europe and Bulgaria are situated, by its chaotic nature. The current standard is to give forecast of the potential anomalies of the mean seasonal temperature and the seasonal amount of precipitation. The National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Bulgaria has been issuing operationally seasonal forecast for the country since 2005. The goal of this work is to discuss the seasonal forecast for the last agricultural year 2019-2020. The year was characterized by its drought conditions especially in Eastern Bulgaria. This work would show the extent to which it was successfully predicted and how the seasonal forecast could have been used for decision making. The use of agrometeorological indices for the analysis of the skill of the seasonal forecast has been shown.
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Majchrzak, Dariusz, Krzysztof Michalski et Jacek Reginia-Zacharski. « Readiness of the Polish Crisis Management System to Respond to Long-Term, Large-Scale Power Shortages and Failures (Blackouts) ». Energies 14, no 24 (9 décembre 2021) : 8286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248286.
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Large-scale failures of electric power systems (blackouts) have been the subject of intensive research in most countries for several years. This research aims primarily at seeking solutions to improve the reliability of the operation of power systems and the development of effective strategies to protect critical infrastructure from the effects of energy shortages and power cuts. In contrast, systematic research on crisis management and civil protection under conditions of prolonged blackout has been undertaken in Europe only recently, and these extremely important aspects of energy security have been delayed by the COVID-19 crisis. The ability of the Polish crisis management system to cope with the consequences of long-term, large-scale shortages and interruptions in the supply of electricity, as well as the consequences of possible failures in this field, has not been systematically examined to date. This issue is of growing strategic importance, not only from the point of view of security and defence policy, but also economic cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe. Poland’s infrastructural security must be considered in a broad regional and supra-regional context. A long-term lack of electricity in a large area of Poland would undermine the stability of the entire national security system, destabilising the region and supranational security systems. Apart from objective reasons, intentional attacks on the links of such a chain cannot be ruled out. Poland is the leader of this region, a frontline country in the NATO-Russia conflict, as well as a liaison state that provides the Baltic states—being EU and NATO members—with a land connection to Western Europe. In view of the growing risk of blackout, the importance of the problem and the existence of a cognitive gap in this field, we evaluated the Polish crisis management system in terms of its ability to respond to the effects of a sudden, long-term, large-scale blackout. Methodologically, we adopted a systems approach to security management. In order to estimate the consequences of a blackout, we used analogue forecasting tools and scenario analysis. By analysing previous crisis situations caused by blackouts and local conditions of vulnerability to such events, we formulated basic preparedness requirements that a modern crisis management system should meet in the face of the growing risk of blackouts. A review of strategic documents and crisis planning processes in public administration allowed us to identify deficits and weaknesses in the Polish crisis management system. On this basis we formulated recommendations whose implementation shall improve the ability of the national security system to face such challenges in the future.
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Honcharenko-Zakrevska, Nataliia, Mykhailo Goncharenko et Liudmyla Osipova. « PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF MARKET ENVIRONMENT DISTORTIONS ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no 1 (16 mars 2020) : 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-1-42-50.
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Further changes and improvement of the conditions necessary for the development of economy, market and institutional environment should be based on gradual institutional transformations of the most important spheres of social relations, taking into account all the peculiarities of functioning of enterprises of different types of economic activity and forms of ownership. The regulation of the market environment should be based, first of all, on an institutional approach by creating an adequate support mechanism and stimulating its development. The purpose of the article is to formulate the methodological bases for the study of institutional aspects of market environment disortion on the basis of predictive analysis and institutional engineering. The authors summarize that the institutional environment has certain rules of behavior for the subjects of the socio-economic system, which reduce uncertainty in the functioning of this system, and also contribute to the growth of welfare of members of society. It has been determined that, both formal and informal, they must promote the effective functioning of economic processes and represent social value and productive force in socio-economic development in themselves, forming such a resource of society as social capital, which supplements and regulates the use of physical and human capital. The availability of social capital reduces the amount of transaction costs and, accordingly, the number of services for monitoring and controlling the behavior of participants in the economic process. It is proposed to conduct research based on predictive models of forecasting manner, that is used to predict the income and expenses of the subject and its future status. The overall macro-factor analysis of market distortions has made it possible to determine that the most comprehensive analysis of the elements of the institutional environment is carried out by the World Bank, with the help of several groups of indicators: the first group includes political liberties and political stability, the second one isthe efficiency of governance and the quality of regulatory activity, and the third one is the rule-of-law assessment of the quality of compliance of the human rights, property rights. It is also possible to determine the dynamics of the efficiency of government in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Predictive analysis of the market environment allowed us to consider institutional changes, both through the prism of quantitative analysis of economic agents and qualitative factors of influence (the perfection of rules, time interval for their implementation, etc.). Also, it allowed to analyze the disparities in the market environment from the point of view of trajectories formed by gradual changes and trajectories that have certain "breaks", jumps or "institutional shocks". The authors present the characteristics of the results of a predictive analysis of institutional development. It is generalized that the final assessment of institutional changes and their effectiveness can only be determined after their implementation. Pre-forecasting gives a plausible estimate of the effectiveness and a predictable estimate of chreodity of the development option. It also proposes the introduction of institutional engineering as an activity aimed at developing models of economic institutions that are consciously and purposefully introduced into the market environment and mass economic behavior. The main problem lies in the development of such rules and principles of activity, the adherence of which would contribute to the effective solution of those problems for which they were created.
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Hayo, Bernd. « A note on democratization and economic conditions in Eastern Europe ». Journal of Socio-Economics 30, no 6 (novembre 2001) : 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(01)00119-6.
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Angresano, James. « Evolving Socio-economic Conditions in Central and Eastern Europe : A Myrdalian View ». Development Policy Review 12, no 3 (septembre 1994) : 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1994.tb00067.x.
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Bożyk, Paweł. « Polish-Russian Economic Relations Under the Conditions of System Transformation ». International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 13, no 1 (23 novembre 2011) : 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10223-011-0003-3.
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The rapid economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, modelled on Western economies and based, in some aspects, on neoliberal principles, Has found the region’s countries to a bigger (Eastern European countries) or lesser (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) degree unprepared. The resulting economic recession, especially in Russia, has had an adverse effect on mutual trade between Poland and Russia. In order to improve economic relations with Russia and increase the trade volume, Poland, remaining within the bounds of EU standards and regulations, needs to adapt the commodity structure of Polish exports to the needs of the Russian market.
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Lobanov, M. M., J. Zvezdanovic Lobanova et M. Zvezdanovic. « Typologization of industrial systems in the countries of Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe ». Journal of the New Economic Association 56, no 4 (2022) : 92–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-56-4-5.
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The differences between the countries of Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in terms of socio-economic and, in particular, industrial development suggests the use of complex approach to their study. At the same time, the formation of industrial potential takes place in similar, but not identical institutional conditions, which allows the development of typologies and classifi cations as a result of qualitative and quantitative data generalization. We analyzed intraregional differences in indicators of industrial production dynamics, its role in the economic development, the supply and cost of labor resources, foreign trade diversifi cation and the level of foreign capital penetration, structural rationalization and the effi ciency of enterprises. In addition, on the example of the countries of the region, the relationship between labor productivity and the share of foreign companies in the production structure was studied. The proposed typology of industrial systems in CEE and SEE countries is based on a comparison of two groups of indicators characterizing 1) the main trend in the industrial development and its contribution to economic growth (reindustrialization, recurrent / repeated deindustrialization, persistent deindustrialization, secondary / market industrialization); 2) the effi ciency of factors of production, the extent of involvement in global economic relations, the focus on the products with high added-value (intensive, extensive and transitional industrial development).
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Drakokhrust, Tetiana, Iryna Prodan et Uliana Tkach. « MIGRATION CHALLENGES : TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR UKRAINE AND COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no 2 (13 mai 2019) : 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-30-37.
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Transformational processes in the global economy are due to strengthening the integration of national economies, increasing transnationalization, deepening internationalization of production and exchange, are accompanied by the activation of migration challenges. The purpose of the article is to examine and analyse the migration challenges, their development trends and the potential consequences for Ukraine’s and countries of Eastern Europe economic potential. To achieve the goal, the study focuses on the following tasks: to consider and analyse the main factors that have a direct impact on the socio-economic development of the country, such as the activation of international mobility of the Ukrainian people, armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, the introduction of a visa-free regime with the EU; to make a socio-economic analysis of migration processes in the countries of Eastern Europe; to consider and analyse the possible (potential) scenario of the development of the impact of migration challenges on the Ukrainian economy; to offer recommendations on mitigating the negative manifestations of the current migration challenges for Ukraine. Methodology. In the process of writing the article, methods of scientific abstraction, observation, synthesis of generalization were used to distinguish key socio-economic factors influencing migration challenges. The information and analytical base for the study of migratory challenges is the monographic works of foreign and domestic economists devoted to international migration, materials and analytical reports of international organizations dealing with migration (International Organization for Migration, International Labor Organization, United Nations Population and Development Commission, World Bank and others), regulatory and statistical data of the state authorities of Ukraine, results of scientific research of the Institute of Demography and Social Research after M. V. Ptukha NASU, Internet resources. The practical significance of the scientific research is to clarify the migration challenges, their development trends and potential implications for the economic potential of Ukraine on the basis of macroeconomic indicators; the likely economic consequences of the introduction of a visafree regime for the European Union for Ukraine and the projected tendencies of migration challenges as proposed scenarios, indicating developers and prospects for forecasting.
Thèses sur le sujet "Europe, Eastern – Economic conditions – Forecasting"
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Marktanner, Marcus. « A Comparison of Economic Development in Latin America, Middle Eastern Europe and Asia in the 1990s ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2181/.
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The 1990s were characterized by severe turbulence in the global economy. Economic and financial crises occurred in Latin America, Middle and Eastern Europe and Asia. This analysis distinguishes between the two socioeconomic criteria "transitional" and "emerging" region. Transitional countries are former centrally planned socialist economies and emerging countries former agricultural-oriented classical developing economies with mostly a history of military or some other kind of autocratic dictatorship. The resources for the analysis are data sets regarding investment, exchange rate behavior, government finance, international liabilities of monetary authorities and inflation. The study reveals macroeconomic patterns associated with economic development in each socioeconomic region. It is shown that similar patterns are responsible for successful and non-successful performance in each region. A comparison of different regions shows many parallels between emerging economies, but only little similarity between transitional economies.
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Zytek, Roman. « Essays on east European economies ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39872.
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Batt, Judy. « Economic reform and political change in eastern Europe : a comparison of the Czechoslovak and Hungarian experiences ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1987. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1283/.
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Economic reform - the introduction of elements of the market into a planned economy - has been the central political problem for socialist states for at least three decades. This thesis seeks to elucidate the nature of the problem through a reconsideration of the general theoretical issues, and through a comparative analysis of the practice of economic reform in two countries - Czechoslovakia and Hungary. In Part One, the arguments in favour of the use of the market in socialism are recapitulated, and the implications of various socialist economic models for political freedom, democracy, and the realisation of some concept of the 'social interest 1 are discussed. The case studies presented in Part Two address the practical political problem of introducing market-type reform into communist systems. In Czechoslovakia, the issue of economic reform contributed to a profound political crisis culminating in 1968. But it is argued, economic reform was not the only, or even the most important source of the crisis. In the different political conditions in Hungary, economic reform was embraced by the regime as a means of securing political stability and popular legitimacy. Political crisis was avoided, but at the costof compromise in the economic reform. The conclusion is that while full-scale democratisation of the political system may not be an inevitable concomitant of economic reform, profound changes in the style and instruments of communist rule are required.
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Castanheira, De Moura Micael. « Essays on strategic voting and the speed of transition ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212124.
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Carty, Robert. « Strategic alliances in emerging markets : an investigation of the effects of culture and emerging market characteristics on the performance of acquisitions in Eastern Europe ». Thesis, City University London, 2000. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7884/.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of culture - national, organisational, and regional - on the performance of strategic alliances (mergers, acquisitions, or joint ventures) in Eastern Europe. From a research perspective Eastern Europe is very much `virgin territory', in which the effect of Western European management techniques and processes should be uniquely detectable as few have previously existed. There are schools of thought that suggest that because of the years of Soviet domination there may be homogeneity of organisational cultures in the region, which will make the effect of national cultural differences easy to detect. Further, freedom from communism will result in the newly liberated economies exhibiting similar `emerging market' characteristics as the economies evolve, hence pointing towards some homogeneity of regional influences. Alternatively, many observers suggest that Eastern Europe, having been freed from Soviet domination, is re-establishing latent forms of free market systems that have been dormant during the Soviet era, and consequently the markets' development can be thought of as 'reemergence'. These issues of cultural differences and emerging market characteristics have not been previously researched at the organisational level in this environment. Hitherto international strategic alliances have largely been unsuccessful from the viewpoints of either management or investors. The reasons for this are thought to lie in the implementation phase of the management of the alliance, as it is now recognised that value can only be added after the deal or agreement has been signed. Within the implementation phase, cultural integration is thought to be the major challenge. Cultural integration may have different challenges in Eastern Europe because of the issues outlined above. An exploratory study based on inductive methods has established that there is nohomogeneity of organisational cultures in the region. The findings are in accordance with the small group of researchers who suggest that is the manner in which different cultures are managed, rather than the cultural differences themselves, which creates a basis for successful integration. Additionally, two factors, the effects of experience and reputation, not prominent in the management literature, are identified as important in the integration process. It is postulated that success in managing the integration process is a function of organisational capability as much as the adoption of a formulaic process based on best practice or theoretical considerations, and a model for assessing such capability is proposed. The findings suggest that the markets of Eastern Europe are following patterns of `reemergence' rather than `emergence', and the study questions whether in fact emerging markets display common characteristics which are observable at the level of the firm.
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Šerić, Adnan. « Three empirical essays on determinants of industry and investment location patterns in the context of economic transition and regional integration : the evidence from Central and Eastern European countries ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2098.
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The factor determinants of industry and investment location patterns in transition economies can be expected to differ from those frequently observed in developed countries. Historically, centrally planned economies have suffered from inefficient industrial policies that are generally assumed to have had distortive effects on spatial location of industry. The process of economic transition and regional integration that followed the demise of socialist structures is assumed to have subsequently affected the geographical distribution of economic activities within and between countries of the region. Given the above this thesis capitalises on the quasi-natural experiment setting to further explore industry and investment location decisions in transition economies. In particular, the research presented here follows three main objectives. First, it intends to provide a comprehensive picture of changes in industry location patterns over time. Second, it aims to contribute to the debate on factor determinants of industry location at various levels of spatial aggregation. Third, it seeks to explore location determinants of foreign direct investors in particular, given their pivotal role for economic development of transition economies. In all instances, the research is geared towards a better understanding of the role of institutional factors, such as reforms and policies, in affecting distribution of economic activity across space. Thus, the work conducted qualifies as a further contribution to the analysis of structural changes that have affected the economies under examination. In broad terms, the findings presented here point towards significant changes in spatial location patterns of industry and investments that are leading to increased polarisation of economic landscape over time. Nonetheless, we find evidence that certain institutional factors qualify as viable policy levers, thereby providing ample scope for policy makers to impact existing location patterns of economic activity.
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Lu, Tailai. « International Debt Crisis : Interaction of Economics and Politics ». Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935791/.
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This study attempts to examine the international debt crisis in the 1980s from a primarily political perspective, to permit a greater understanding of the interaction between economics and politics in the course of crisis management The process of dealing with the current international debt crisis provides an pat case for investigation of how economic concerns affect political outcomes, and how political factors influence economic outcomes, and how political factors influence economic policies. This study concentrates on the two regions of Latin America and Eastern Europe where the debt crisis started. The study emphasizes that the international debt crisis started. The study emphasizes that the international debt problem has been increasingly politicized in the contemporary international relations, and that its solution, in addition to the economic aspects, calls for political willingness by all parties concerned.
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Golab, Anna. « An investigation into the volatility and cointegration of emerging European stock markets ». Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/572.
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This dissertation examines the interaction between European Emerging markets including cointegration, volatility, correlation and spillover effects. This study is also concerned with the process of the enlargement of the European Union and how this affects the emerging markets of newcomers. The twelve emerging markets studied are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungry, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, which are all progressing very rapidly in their reforms and domestic economic stability.
The majority of prior studies on stock market comovements and integration have concentrated on mature developed markets or the advanced emerging markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland whilst the behaviour and interrelationship of other Central and Eastern European equity markets has been neglected. This study fills that gap.
There are two key aspects investigated in this study. Firstly the cointegration between studied emerging markets and secondly the volatility and spillover effects.
The cointegration analysis examines the short and long run behaviour of the twelve emerging stock markets and assesses the impact of the EU on stock market linkages as revealed by the time series behaviour of their stock market indices. The adopted time- series framework incorporates the Johansen procedure, Granger Causality tests, Variance Decompositions and Impulse Response analyses. The cointegration results for both pre- and post- EU periods confirm the existence of long run relationships between markets. Granger Causality relationships are indentified among the most advanced emerging markets. The Variance Decomposition analyses find evidence of regional integration amongst the markets. Furthermore, the Impulse Response function illustrates that the shocks in returns for all twelve markets persist for very short time periods.
The volatility and spillover analysis applies several univariate models of Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, including GARCH, GJR and EGARCH. The models used in the analysis of cross market effects include CCC, diagonal BEKK, VARMA GARCH and VARMA AGARCH. Overall, the econometric analysis using these models shows stock market integration during the pre-EU period, however interdependence of the markets is established for the post-EU period. The results provide important information on the impact of the accession of new countries to the EU, with clear evidence of stability in Central and Eastern Europe markets and integration within the region.
This study has important implications for investors wishing to diversify across national markets, such as the implications of growing asset correlations, if they are displayed, and whether investors should diversify outside the Central and Eastern European countries. It could be argued that the former Eastern block economies constitute emerging markets which typically offer attractive risk adjusted returns for international investors. Moreover, stock market comovement is of considerable interest to policy makers from a perspective of the effects on the macroeconomy, the planning of monetary policy and impact of the degree of stock market comovements on the stability of international monetary policy.
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Pardo, Sierra Oscar. « The governance of the European Union in its Eastern neighbourhood : the impact of the EU on Georgia ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1708/.
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The European Union (EU) has set itself ambitious objectives in order to transform its neighbourhood. It aims to induce domestic reforms in order to promote democracy, good governance and prosperity. Theoretical-oriented empirical analyses on the impact of the EU’s attempts to trigger institutional, regulatory and normative changes in domestic policies remain scarce. It is necessary to increase our understanding of the EU’s potential, limitations, and the conditions under which it may have an impact. This thesis contributes to closing this empirical and theoretical gap by examining the impact of the EU on Georgia, a country included in the Eastern dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). This evaluation is derived from original empirical research of four different modes of EU governance in the context of the ENP: Governance by conditionality (access to the single market regarding economic issues); intergovernmental governance (cooperation in foreign and security policies); external governance (energy security); and cooperative governance (Security Sector Reform). This thesis suggests that we can explain the responses to EU policies in neighbouring countries if we use a synthetic ideational/rationalist analytical framework which takes into account additional variables in the EU–neighbour relations in the domestic and regional context. The findings indicate that the impact of the EU is slowly increasing, even in areas dominated by geopolitics such as energy security. Although the impact has been uneven at policy level, the EU has become an important external influence in Georgia. The thesis argues that, although important, EU incentives and geopolitical pressures are less decisive than the existing literature would predict. In contrast, the role of ideas in bilateral relations has had a crucial role across the case studies, showing in some instances the limitations of the alluring power of the EU as a ‘normative power’. Thus, EU impact is based on the existence of a coherent institutional framework of relations; embedded in social, political and economic links that are locked into favourable path-dependence processes and where ideational convergence is present.
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Gérard, Marc. « Economic catching-up and monetary integration of Central and Eastern European countries ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100021.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse au défi que représente le rattrapage des niveaux de prix pour la stabilité macroéconomique des pays en transition d’Europe centrale et orientale, dans la perspective de leur future participation à la zone euro. A cet égard, une modélisation du taux de change réel d’équilibre suggère que l’appréciation réelle liée au rattrapage économique recouvre des évolutions de prix relatifs différentes suivant les régimes de change, dont témoignent des trajectoires d’endettement extérieur contrastées. Dans les économies en changes flexibles, la hausse du taux de change nominal favorise une appréciation endogène des termes de l’échange à moyen terme, en orientant les investissements directs étrangers et la réalisation des gains de productivité vers le secteur exposé de l’économie, ce qui se traduit par une appréciation du taux de change réel d’équilibre et une amélioration des comptes extérieurs. Dans les économies en changes fixes, les effets de valorisation liés à la hausse des prix relatifs domestiques tendent à orienter les investissements vers le secteur abrité de l’économie, entraînant une érosion de la compétitivité extérieure, dont témoigne le gonflement de la dette externe. Par ailleurs, l’intégration monétaire comporte des risques spécifiques pour la stabilité macroéconomique des économies en rattrapage, dans la mesure où elle s’accompagne d’un processus marqué de convergence des conditions de financement entre Etats membres, dès lors que la perspective de l’adhésion à l’espace monétaire commun devient crédible. Un modèle dynamique à anticipations rationnelles permet de montrer que face au choc de demande lié à une telle convergence financière, l’appréciation du taux de change nominal se révèle cruciale pour limiter la surchauffe de l’économie. A l’inverse, dans les économies en régime de change fixe, l’abaissement des primes de risque pays est susceptible de provoquer une montée de l’endettement extérieur, suivi d’enchaînements déflationnistes une fois dans l’union monétaireThis research investigates the challenges of price level catching-up for macroeconomic stability in Central and Eastern European transition countries seeking to enter the Euro area. In this respect, an equilibrium real exchange rate model suggests that the process of real appreciation observed along economic catching-up in these countries can be ascribed to different relative price developments, depending on the exchange rate regime, as exemplified by contrasted external debt trajectories. In flexible exchange rate economies, the increase in the nominal exchange rate fosters an endogenous appreciation of the terms of trade in the medium run, by channelling foreign direct investment and associated productivity gains to the exposed sector of the economy, thus appreciating the equilibrium real exchange rate and strengthening the current account over time. In fixed exchange rate economies, positive valuation effects associated with the increase in domestic relative prices tend to divert investment to the sheltered sector, thus undermining external competitiveness and bringing about higher external debt. Furthermore, monetary integration entails specific risks for macroeconomic stability in catching-up economies, because it implies a process of rapid convergence in the financing conditions across member States, which takes place as soon as the perspective of accession to the common monetary area appears credible. A dynamic, rational expectations model shows that the appreciation of the nominal exchange rate becomes crucial to curtail the economic overheating triggered by the demand shock associated with financial convergence. By contrast, diminishing country risk premia under fixed exchange rate regimes are likely to cause ‘boom bust’ cycles, with an increase in external indebtedness followed by deflationary developments once in the monetary union
Livres sur le sujet "Europe, Eastern – Economic conditions – Forecasting"
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United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. et United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. Subcommittee on Technology and National Security., dir. Eastern Europe : Coming around the first turn. Washington, D.C : Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project, Exchange and Gift Division, Library of Congress, 1991.
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Chawla, Mukesh. From red to gray : The third transition of aging populations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington DC : World Bank, 2007.
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Foundation, New Economics. Economic alternatives for Eastern Europe. London : New Economics Foundation, 1992.
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Abteilung, Deutsche Bank Volkswirtschaftliche, dir. Rebuilding eastern Europe. Frankfurt, Germany : Deutsche Bank, Economics Dept., 1991.
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Cohen, Daniel. The solvency of Eastern Europe. London : Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1991.
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R, Bird Graham, dir. Economic reform in Eastern Europe. Aldershot, Hants, England : E. Elgar, 1992.
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Genov, Nikolai. Managing transformations in Eastern Europe. Paris : UNESCO-MOST, 1999.
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Clifford, Thompson, dir. Russia & Eastern Europe. New York : H.W. Wilson Co., 1998.
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Csaba, La szlo. Eastern Europe in the world economy. Budapest : Akade miai Kiado, 1990.
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Steven, Morewood, dir. Economic change in Eastern Europe since 1918. Aldershot, Hants, England : E. Elgar, 1995.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Europe, Eastern – Economic conditions – Forecasting"
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« 15The political conditions of economic reform in socialism ». Dans Reform and Transformation in Eastern Europe, 221–39. Routledge, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203167694-25.
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Comisso, Ellen. « The political conditions of economic reform in socialism ». Dans Reform and Transformation in Eastern Europe. Routledge, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203167694.ch15.
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Backlund, Anders, Alejandro Ecker et Thomas M. Meyer. « The Economic and Political Context of Coalition Politics in Central Eastern Europe ». Dans Coalition Governance in Central Eastern Europe, 60–85. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844372.003.0002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter introduces the economic and political context in Central Eastern Europe (CEE) at the wake of the democratic transition. It compares these circumstances to those in Western Europe and then goes on to trace the political and economic development of CEE since the onset of democratic rule. This economic and political context provides important background information to get a better understanding of coalition politics in the ten CEE countries studied in this volume. The chapter shows that the countries in CEE had quite different starting conditions. They differed substantially on factors such as level of industrialization, unemployment, and economic growth and they opted for different strategies in the transition from central planned to a free market economy. While most of the countries had reached comparatively high levels of market orientation within a few years of democratization, considerable differences remained when the countries joined the European Union. The ten countries also differ with regard to their democratic traditions, and opted for different institutional designs on matters such as the electoral system, the role of the head of state, and the organization of the legislature. High uncertainty associated with initial design choices has resulted in frequent institutional reforms. The communist legacy not only affected the development of party systems, it also affected the political culture in the polities. In conclusion, the countries studied in this book show both initial and persisting variation in terms of economic performance, their institutional framework, the social conditions, and attitudes towards politics among the electorate.
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Grigor, Hayrapetyan, et Hayrapetyan Viktoriya. « Hayrapetyan Viktoriya, Economic Relations between Armenia and the EU within the framework of Eastern Partnership ». Dans Eastern Chessboard : Geopolitical Determinants and Challenges in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus, 231–46. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788376386706.18.
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In the nearest future a new agreement will be concluded between the EU and Armenia that aims at further developing and strengthening their comprehensive cooperation in all areas of mutual interest, taking into account the other international commitments of Armenia, in particular its decision to join the EEU. In our paper we analyze the present conditions of the bilateral trade flows between the RA and the EU, and the flows of investments from the EU to the RA, aiming to reveal the base for further development of economic relations between the RA and the EU. The EU has always been one of the leading economic partners of Armenia since its independence. We found that the main characteristics of the RA-EU economic relations are 1) geographical (by-country) concentration – 5 European countries covered in 2014 above 95% of the total Armenia’s export to the EU; and 7 EU countries covered in 2013 about 94% of gross inflow of foreign investments from the EU into the RA; 2) raw-material orientation of both export flows from Armenia to the EU and investments from the EU into the Armenian economy. Thus, Armenian government should make efforts in the line of reimaging of Armenia for European business from raw-materials base to provider of manufactured products.
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Polishchuk, Vadym. « FEATURES OF FISCAL STIMULATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONS IN MODERN CONDITIONS ». Dans Economic system development trends : the experience of countries of Eastern Europe and prospects of Ukraine. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-571-28-2_22.
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Borysiuk, Olena, et Olena Stashchuk. « SECURITY OF FINANCIAL MARKET OF UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF UNSTABLE FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT ». Dans Economic system development trends : the experience of countries of Eastern Europe and prospects of Ukraine. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-571-28-2_5.
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Shelest, Ksenia D. « Socio-Economic Development and Competitiveness of the North-West Federal District of Russia ». Dans Geo-Regional Competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic Countries, and Russia, 381–407. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6054-0.ch012.
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This chapter presents a comparative, competitive geo-regional cross-country analysis of the North-West Federal District of Russia (NWFD) with implications for socio-economic development and perspectives for international economic relations in the Baltic sea region. Based on the analysis of the key trends of socio-economic development of the region and its perspective evaluation, the main strategies for the regional economic co-operation with EU and perspectives for competitiveness of the NWFD in the international context is analysed. Special attention is directed to the significant infrastructure development of the territory. The conditions for strategic socio-economic projects realization are further elaborated in the light of the official strategy of the socio-economic development for the NWFD for the period to 2020.
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Fritsch, Michael. « Economic Restructuring ». Dans The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation, 480–85. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0046.
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Technological progress, competition and trade, relative prices fluctuations, and changes of the institutional framework may require companies, industries, regions, or the whole national economy to undergo a process of significant restructuring. The transformation of the centrally planned socialist economies of Central and Eastern Europe to market economies offers us a natural laboratory to investigate how a transformational shock impacts the restructuring process. This chapter focuses on two basic components of this process. First, adjustments made by incumbent organizations (‘top-down’), and second, the opportunity for new businesses and organizations that complement or compete with the incumbents, entry into the marketplace (‘bottom-up’ transformation). The chapter highlights a variety of causes that forced incumbent firms to make adjustments, and demonstrates that the bottom-up component holds significant importance in such a process. This is particularly true if changes in the framework conditions are abrupt, and adjustments on the side of the incumbents are slow.
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Zhukov, Vladlen. « METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE FORMATION OF EFFECTIVE FORMS OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT OF THE ECONOMY ». Dans Economic system development trends : the experience of countries of Eastern Europe and prospects of Ukraine. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-571-28-2_13.
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Vovk, Roman. « The Eastern Flank of Europe : Ukraine’s Place in the Collective Security System ». Dans Eastern Partnership : The Role and Significance in the Process of Transformation of the Countries of Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus, 69–86. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381386425.05.
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The effective protection of European countries and citizens in today’s conditions requires joint and coordinated systemic actions that will address existing threats and prevent new challenges in both physical and virtual spaces. The threats from the east, caused by the aggressive policy of the Russian Federation and possible socio-political disturbances in the neighbouring countries, need special attention. The EU has implemented the European Neighbourhood Policy and initiated the Eastern Partnership programme to support stability, security and prosperity in the EU’s proximity. Many important projects were implemented in the partner countries within the cooperation under the adopted programmes; they contributed to the democratisation of the political system, the civil society and economic development – all of which had a positive impact on the security situation in the region. The article presents the main achievements of Ukraine in the process of economic reform and transformation of the socio-political system as a result of cooperation with the European Union within the Eastern Partnership programme. The positive impact of the adopted Association Agreement on the development of Ukraine-EU cooperation is being noted. An important step in maintaining regional security is the development of military and technical cooperation between Ukraine and the EU which provides access to financial resources and defence innovative technologies, contributes to the modernisation of Ukraine’s security forces and increase their defence capabilities. Ukraine successfully cooperates with European partners in cybersecurity, civil protection and integrated border management. In general, Ukraine-EU cooperation is of great benefit to both parties and helps to improve the security situation in Europe, and further integration into European structures and programmes such as PESCO will increase this effect.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Europe, Eastern – Economic conditions – Forecasting"
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Parlinska, Agnieszka, et Volodymyr Rudyk. « Features of the functioning of national pension systems of Eastern Europe and Ukraine in the modern conditions ». Dans 20th International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2019". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2019.120.
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Kartamyssov, Aidyn, Beibit Bissakayev, Bolat Zhumabayev, Raziya Shektebayeva, Miro Durekovic, Beibit Akbayev et Yermek Kaipov. « Multiple Application of Multi-Energy Gamma Ray Venture Type Multiphase Flowmeter in Giant Karachaganak Gas Condensate Field ». Dans SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208522-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this paper is to demonstrate multiple application of multi-energy gamma ray venture type multiphase flowmeter (MPFM) trial campaign in Karachaganak gas condensate giant carbonate field, operated by KPO B.V. The results of MPFM that was included into surface well test spread, to verify its performance, was compared against portable test separator and plant production testing facilities (control separator, flowmeters) and manual sampling results. MPFM from other vendors historically failed to deliver accurate production measurement mainly due to complexity of reservoir fluid in Karachaganak field. To ensure the MPFM considers this complexity, PVT samples were taken to provide laboratory data for PVT model of the MPFM to ensure sufficient quality of PVT data and compare against PVT model inside MPFM. First application of MPFM was during clean-up of the well prior handover well to production. Using MPFM helped to improve the quality during data acquisition. This information was critical for the well to be accepted by processing facility it is hooked-up to and to define optimal operating regime. Validation of BS&W, GOR and rates in unstable (foaming, carry over) and transient phase of production using MPFM has shown practical advantages. Another application was for water sampling loops to measure water cut and production rates. KPO has had challenges with inaccurate water cut measurement due to the limitations of existing test separators. A recent approach of performing fluid sampling (sampling loop) at the well head proved to be reliable source of measurements. In addition, the MPFM in combination with the test separator has been used to further improve the quality of the measurements of each phase. The third MPFM application had been with high gas-volume-fraction (HGVF) pumps, that helped to produce from low reservoir pressure, low GOR and high water cut wells. The operational range of HGVF pump was limited to maximum 75-80% of gas-volume-fraction (GVF). MPFM measures GVF in real-time to ensure HGVF pump operates in optimum operational range by managing the surface flow conditions. With current limitations of test separators in Karachaganak field and due to complexity of the gas-condensate fluid, the use of MPFM brings additional quality in the measurements (rates, water cut and GOR) which is crucial for field production optimization, reservoir management and short and long term forecasting.
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Jelušić, Adriana, et Karmen Mikulić. « ENHANCING COMPETITIVENESS FOR ECONOMIC AND TOURISM GROWTH : CASE OF CROATIA ». Dans Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021 : ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.26.
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Purpose – the Tourism-Led Economic Growth Hypothesis (TLGH) is fundamental to the development of the tourism countries. The following research stresses the ever-growing importance of knowledge and creativity– through various disciplines – on national competitiveness and overall economic and tourism development. Emphasis will be given to the particulars of the tourism industry, the achieved level of economic growth, the tourism and economic competitiveness as well as the level of creativity. The study asserts that the nation’s economic and tourism development corresponds to the acquired competitiveness and creativity level. Methodology – the relationship between the variables which indicate economic and tourism development, knowledge, competitiveness and creative economy, will be examined through the comparative study on the case of EU countries (EU28). Multiple linear regression model (MLR) is tested on the case of Croatia (IBM SPSS). Findings – in today’s global crisis, one of the ways to promote economic wealth and growth is supporting service and creative industries. Tourism, as a part of the economic growth model, has a strong positive impact on the creative economy and competitiveness. The optimal development model of tourism economies is global comprehensive approach and it encompasses multidisciplinary relationship with all economic activities. Competitiveness, creativity, economic and tourism growth can be used as variables in forecasting tourism demand and tourism consumption. Contribution – the research’s contribution is reflected in a comprehensive study of the competitiveness and creative economy with a particular emphasis on tourism. The proposed macroeconomic model forms an excellent basis for the conduction of an economic policy and the employment of the appropriate instruments.
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Mitrović, Đorđe, Emilija Manić et Slobodan Ivanović. « BUSINESS CONDITIONS REGIONAL ANALYSIS WITH A REFERENCE TO POTENTIALS IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT : THE CASE OF SERBIA ». Dans Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021 : ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.33.
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Purpose – Tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world, and many developing countries saw it as the chance of economic development accelerating. However, tourism potential is different among countries as well as within one country. The scope of this paper is to reveal the regional differences in business conditions considering tourism development in Serbia. Methodology – Instead of using a wide number of different individual indicators measuring regions’ tourism performances, it is more appropriate to use one composite indicator for depicting complex issues in regional tourism development - a composite index was developed using Data Envelopment Analysis. Data Envelopment Analysis is a sort of methodology that constructs an ‘efficiency frontier’ based on each region’s individual data using mathematical linear programming. It determines the best practice by measuring the relative position of each of the regions in terms of the value of the set of observed indicators. Such presentation of the existing region’s development in the tourism field and recommendations for possible improvement are clearer to the general public and non-scientific audience. The composite index is calculated as the weighted sum of the corresponding individual indicators, where the weights are endogenously determined by mathematical linear programming to obtain the maximum possible value. Findings – The results of DEA showed which parts of Serbia have the best business conditions for tourism development, considering the different factors (regional development index and subindexes). The results have been contrasted to chosen tourism statistics on the regional level, with a reference to the limitations during the research process. The proposed composite index is used to point the differences in regional business conditions which could be further influenced by government policies to tackle the specificities and needs of each separate region during tourism development. Contribution – DEA is a known methodology in regional development analysis, but it hasn’t been so much used in business conditions regional analysis before. Having different indicators which shaped business climate within one region, using DEA one tried to analyze the entrepreneurship possibilities with a spatial reference to the tourism development. This is an important contribution in the context of local economic and social development especially within poorly developed regions in Serbia
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Muntean, Neli, Mihaela Birsan et Iulian Muntean. « Corporate insolvencies evolution in Republic of Moldova during 2013 – 2020 period ». Dans 4th Economic International Conference "Competitiveness and Sustainable Development". Technical University of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2022.34.
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Due to the strong support and help of the government during the recent economic crisis, the number of corporate insolvencies in the Republic of Moldova maintained the same tendency since 2017. This paper focuses on the evolution of firm exit due to bankruptcy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, with a special attention to the Republic of Moldova. The study was carried out on a sample of 15 countries in the period 2013-2020. Data was collected from Euler Hermes, Allianz Research and Creditreform reports. The research methods used in this paper are: data collection, data processing, time series trend model estimation and descriptive analysis. Examining trends allows the identification and analysis of the main trends that appear within the analyzed phenomenon. In most cases, the level of fit of the model to the empirical data indicates its practical utility. The obtained econometric tool can be used for forecasting the examined variable.
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Raszková, Soňa. « Dynamika regionálních inovačních systémů ve střední a východní Evropě ». Dans XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-16.
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This article examines regional innovation systems in Central and Eastern Europe, with particular attention to the regions with the highest innovation success. The articles also include a discussion of the presence of elements and dynamic of regional innovation systems in these countries. The Innovation performance of regions in Central and Eastern Europe is analyzed and selected progressive regions are further examined in terms of partial innovation and socio-economic indicators. Data on regions were obtained from the Regional Innovation Scoreboard 201at the NUTS II level. Detailed analysis is possible through a case study of the Malopolskie region. The analysis focuses primarily on the causes of the region's innovative progress, including the setting of favorable conditions for SMEs and the associated high cluster activity, the commercialization of research and the dissemination of external knowledge. On the basis of the overall analysis, RIS in Central and Eastern Europe are far below RIS in Western and Northern Europe and their results are very low compared to these regions.
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S. Dragin, Aleksandra, Zrinka Zadel, Maja B. Mijatov, Vladimir Stojanović, Tamara Jovanović, Lazar Lazić, Tamara Zelenović Vasiljević et Nemanja Milenković. « COVID-19 RISK MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE : WHAT NOW ? » Dans Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021 : ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.14.
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Purpose – Tourism industry is facing unexpected economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak, indicating the need for knowledge that would support the crisis management in rapidly changed market conditions. Such difficulties increased the managers’ and decision makers’ anxiety and put a pressure on actions with uncertain outcomes. Tourism has become a top priority in Serbia, which is supported by the fact that Novi Sad was declared European Capital of Culture (ECoC) 2021. Authors analyzed the consequences on the ECoC Novi Sad (Serbia). Methodology – The research was conducted in the form of interviews with representatives of the leading institutions related to the ECoC project and tourism of the City of Novi Sad, institutions in the field of the ECoC project management, tourism and creative industries, as well as the leading institution for tourist promotion of the City. Findings – The main findings are indicating the fact that respondents’ marketing and management concepts, applied in the previous year of the crisis, are proactive and reflected in the following activities: planning, organizing, communicating, controlling. The main issues were related to the following topics: Modifications in the business since the moment when the COVID-19 pandemic was declared until today; Assessment of the travel risk/benefit perception and activities related to mitigation/exploitation of such circumstances and; Recommendations in the field of the crisis management segment for the next ECoC. Contribution – This research will focus on building a knowledge base for various stakeholders from different sectors in terms of developing the guidelines for the risk management strategies.
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Martinčević, Ivana, Predrag Brlek et Nives Domjan. « ROLE OF MaaS IN TOURISM ». Dans Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021 : ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.34.
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Purpose – The occurrence of bottlenecks, congestion, increased fuel consumption and environmental pollution are the basic problems of large urban areas, especially when it comes to tourist areas where with the local population roads are used by visitors who, during or after a stay are looking for some way of transportation. Regardless of the final destinations, the tourist activity strives to meet the needs and requirements of visitors to the maximum, so their offer must be attractive, fast and accessible at all times, as well as adaptable to changes in travel habits. With regard to the specific criteria of the local economic, social and environmental policy mobility services should be adapted to different target groups, including a unique travel option that would facilitate the stay of tourists. The aim of this paper is to: (1) explore MaaS concept (2) explore the importance and benefits of MaaS concept (3) and to explore the importance and benefits of MaaS concept in area of tourism. Methodology – In order to investigate and achieve the set goals, world and Croatian literature was used and analyzed by searching the databases such as Wos, Scopus, Google Scholar, using the search phrase ("mobility as a service” OR sustainable development) AND (“transport” OR “tourism”). For this purpose, a survey was conducted to explore the importance of MaaS in the field of tourism on the basis of which the advantages and benefits of the mentioned concept as one of the main conditions for sustainable development were analyzed. Findings – As no research has been conducted in the territory of the Republic of Croatia that investigates the application of the MaaS concept in the field of tourism and its importance and contribution to strengthening tourism, this research contributes to strengthening the awareness of individuals about this concept and its application. The intention and goal of this research was to make aware general public of the importance of the Maas concept. Although MaaS concept is a relatively new concept it takes on increasing importance; therefore, it needs to be strongly and systematically developed further. By analyzing the relevant scientific sources and based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that a strategic approach to the MaaS concept can provide a numerous of advantages and benefits. Recommendations for further research is to include data from other countries of the European Union (EU) or from neighboring countries in order to be able to compare data by specific areas. Contribution – By introducing the concept of MaaS in the segment of tourism, it opens the possibility for visitors to access a wide selection of public and private carriers through a digital platform. The trip for each user is planned separately according to the previously collected data on the demand and supply of transport services, combining them with information on the preferences of the participants themselves. Simply put, the traveler can plan, book and pay for any trip, anywhere and at any time. Simultaneous planning of tourism and transport is not an easy task because in most cases these plans diverge, but the cooperation of stakeholders of both branches is necessary for more attractive and environmentally friendly measures of sustainable mobility that ultimately affect the development of tourism. The obtained results can be used to expand the current scientific knowledge about the MaaS concept and its impact in file of tourism.
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Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja, Krzysztof Galos et Katarzyna Guzik. « SAFEGUARDING OF MINERAL DEPOSITS AS THE BASIS OF EUROPEAN UNION RAW MATERIALS SECURITY IN THE ERA OF UNSTABLE GEOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS ». Dans 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s03.046.
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The economic results of many dynamically developing European countries largely depend on the availability of mineral raw materials. For this reason, securing their supplies from import must be supported by a committed foreign policy as well as a sustainable raw materials policy in the field of their obtaining from domestic sources, both from mineral deposits, as well as secondary and waste sources. Raw material security must be based on the diversification of supply sources and minimizing supply risks. The results of analyses show that the European Union relies heavily on imported raw materials, especially in industries recognized as strategic (renewable Energy - wind & PV; grids, Li-ion batteries (LIB), electric vehicles (EVs), Robotics and defense). Moreover, most of the import sources are countries with high or very high risk of supply. Recently, these risks are higher due to unstable political situation in Eastern Europe. Taking into account above, the European Union should consider the possibility of further development of its own mining industry, based on its own resources. The raw material potential of European countries is significant, but recently problems related to the possibility of launching new mining projects have been increasing. Social, environmental and spatial conditions play a decisive role. In this context, particular attention should be paid to the properly implemented policy of mineral deposits safeguarding which provides access to primary sources of raw materials (deposits), thus reducing dependence from unstable import sources.
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Roszkowska-Mądra, Barbara, et Paulina Łupińska. « Role of Leasing in Financing Business Activity of Enterprises in Poland ». Dans The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.18.
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The development of enterprises requires permanent investment and searching for sources of effective support for business activity. Therefore, when entrepreneurs create new development opportunities, they look for appropriate sources of support for the activities of enterprises. In the opinion of entrepreneurs, such an attractive source of financial support is leasing. Due to the benefits of leasing business activities, more and more business entities in Poland have decided to use this form of obtaining capital. The aim of the study is an attempt to define the significance and role of leasing in financing economic activity of enterprises in Poland. Firstly, based on the literature review, the essence, types, advantages and disadvantages of leasing were presented, and an attempt was made to evaluate the current market of leasing services in Poland and the prospects for its development. Secondly, based on the results of a survey of a representative sample of entrepreneurs in Podlasie Province (North-west Poland) their opinion on the importance of leasing as a form of enterprise support was presented. The conducted research has shown that leasing is a willingly chosen source of financing business activity. According to entrepreneurs, favorable financing conditions as well as understandable and easy procedures turned out to be important properties, characteristic of leasing. The results of the conducted research provide knowledge about the advantages, disadvantages, availability and profitability of leasing, noticed by entrepreneurs in the studied region. They are of pure scientific and application significance, making it possible to predict the nature of the leasing market in Poland in the near future.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Europe, Eastern – Economic conditions – Forecasting"
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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.
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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.