Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Ethical, Corporate social responsible (CSR)/sustainable dimensions »

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a good business practice and an organized movement develops and gains increasing support not only among entrepreneurs and businesspersons but also among consumers choosing goods and services from reputable enterprises that implement generally accepted business ethics in their daily operation. The problem of CSR has become urgent in the context of ensuring economic and sustainable business development. Increasing attention is paid to raising the competitiveness and efficiency of business through the principles of CSR. The latest research on reputation and CSR in Latvia shows that there are few entrepreneurs, national institutions and members of the public in Latvia who understand the basics of CSR and support the manifestations thereof. In Ukraine, CSR practices of companies are also at the initial stage of their development, they are carried out epidemically, and only large companies have sustainable development strategies and publish non-financial reports. The aim of the research is to assess CSR practices in Ukraine and Latvia. General scientific research methods were used in the given research, namely: the monographic and descriptive methods and comparative analysis. The results of the research revealed that socially responsible entrepreneurship related to the principles of sustainable development, i.e. meeting current needs without compromising the needs of future generations. Sustainable development is characterized by three interrelated dimensions: environmental, economic and social, through which socially responsible entrepreneurship could be assessed.

Abstract Local and regional authorities are often held responsible for implementing social and economic “population drain reduction” policies but at the same time are constrained with little fiscal power and inability to access resources. Being considered the “backbone” of local economies, it is on small- to medium-size enterprises (SMSEs) to come up with an “out-migration” solution which would be effective; yet at the same time sustainable, and adding social value to the local or regional development. Therefore, using a sample of 24 SMSEs from the hospitality industry environment, this paper empirically examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a prerequisite for employees’ affirmative work attitudes, such as job satisfaction (JS), effective organizational commitment (OC), and employees’ voluntary retention (R). Inspired by Carroll’s (2015, 2016) four-dimensional concept of CSR (economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic dimension), the findings suggest a significant causal relationship between CSR and the examined employees’ desirable behavior outcomes. However, it is mainly the ethical and legal dimension of CSR that influence all three employees’ affirmative work attitudes - JS, effective OC, and voluntary R. The contribution of this paper also lies in amounting to the body of scholarly literature on CSR in respect to employees. Most works focus on other stakeholders but employees, or are set in different cultural settings or geographical regions, mainly in Asia, and thus their findings might be difficult to implement in the Central European context. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • CSR as a prerequisite for sustainable management of employees’ retention in small-to medium- size enterprises. • CSR may act as an approach to reduce “out-migration” faced in local and regional development. • SMSEs adding a social value to local and regional development.

Research background: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) involves doing business in an ethical manner, being responsible to employees, customers and stakeholders in the business, and contributing to society and social causes. Organisations that implement CSR in their business have the potential to become more competitive in the market, and to create a better image of themselves in public. An organisation should behave in a socially acceptable manner towards interest groups affected by its business, since the behaviour of those interest groups also has an impact on the organisation’s operations. Purpose of the article: This article covers the economic, social, environmental and ethical dimensions of CSR, and focuses on the care for the environment and the impact of the application of CSR on the success of the organisation. Methods: The aim of the research is to investigate how the application of CSR in the organisation affects its performance factors but also its environment and whether the organisation can in addition to achieving its primary objective - profit, also contribute to a better and healthier environment for future generations. Findings & Value added: It can be concluded from the research results that people prefer working in an organisation that is socially responsible and would accept lower pay if conditions such as opportunities for advancement, health and safety at work etc. are met.

ABSTRACT This study examines whether socially responsible firms behave differently from other firms in their financial reporting. Specifically, we question whether firms that exhibit corporate social responsibility (CSR) also behave in a responsible manner to constrain earnings management, thereby delivering more transparent and reliable financial information to investors as compared to firms that do not meet the same social criteria. We find that socially responsible firms are less likely (1) to manage earnings through discretionary accruals, (2) to manipulate real operating activities, and (3) to be the subject of SEC investigations, as evidenced by Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases against top executives. Our results are robust to (1) controlling for various incentives for CSR and earnings management, (2) considering various CSR dimensions and components, and (3) using alternative proxies for CSR and accruals quality. To the extent that we control for the potential effects of reputation and financial performance, our findings suggest that ethical concerns are likely to drive managers to produce high-quality financial reports. Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from public sources identified in the study.

Purpose – This paper is an attempt to explore the awareness and attitude of the management students towards corporate social responsibility (CSR). Students are perceived as future managers of the corporate world and their perception about CSR is deemed important to business organisations. The students can make companies understand their responsibility towards various stakeholders. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – By doing a review of past literature, an appropriate scale consisting of forty-one items has been developed to measure the dimensions of CSR. Data were collected from 294 students of various business schools situated in Rajasthan (India). The data collected was subjected to exploratory factor analysis to extract the main dimensions that would bring out the attitudes of the students towards CSR. Findings – Results revealed that the companies should pay attention to accountability towards stakeholders, corporate governance, ethical commitment and humanitarian concerns besides fulfilling other responsibilities as covered under the eight factors identified in the study. Research limitations/implications – This paper used survey data from small sample of management students in a limited geographic area. Hence, it might be difficult to generalize the results to a larger, more representative population. The research also suggests how corporations can make CSR an integral part of the business organisation. Practical implications – The dimensions identified in the study if incorporated by the business in its day-to-day operations can make it socially responsible as well as socially acceptable in the true sense. Originality/value – This research makes an empirical contribution to identify the factors which management students expect business enterprises should do to be justified as socially responsible corporate citizens.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 is the United Nations development agenda for developing the economy, society, and environment. Moreover, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an emerging topic in the business world. The paper aims to pursue business students’ knowledge and perception of CSR activities linked to SDGs. The quantitative research design and descriptive research analysis were used. The data were collected from business learning students of three public universities in Bangladesh. CSR’s perception-related items positively correlated with Spearman’s Rho’s formula. The descriptive statistics revealed perceptions of CSR activities among respondents, which are directly and indirectly related to SDGs. In addition, the two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test showed a variation of perceptions among groups. The findings of this study showed respondents had an acceptable knowledge level on CSR activities. There was a positive perception of respondents on economic and social dimensions of SDGs and mainly included in philanthropic and economic fields of CSR. Besides, their consciousness of the environmental dimension related to ethical and legal activities of CSR concepts was comparatively low. Finally, favourable knowledge and perception of business studying students in CSR activities are imperative for the successful implementation of SDGs.

This research contributes to the developing literature on CSR, second-order social capital, and sustainable innovation ambidexterity by (1) offering a complete theoretical framework grounded on related theories by clarifying the associations between the four components of CSR proposed by Carroll, because this model suggests a company to be a responsible member of the society by following the required laws while generating profits and conducting philanthropic initiatives, SSC, and sustainable innovation ambidexterity, and (2) testing this framework in a new setting and with a new target population. This study focuses on the top-level management of different manufacturing companies located in Pakistan. A total of 34 manufacturing industries were selected using a cluster sampling technique based on their proximity in the selected cluster. Geographical location and industry type were selected as the criteria to group the industries in clusters. The data collected from 220 top and middle-level managers were analyzed using a partial least square method while the moderation analysis was conducted by using variance analysis. According to the findings of this study, economic, ethical, legal, and philanthropical responsibilities of CSR were all found to have a positive influence on second-order social capital. The economic, ethical, and legal responsibility of CSR did not influence sustainable innovation ambidexterity, whereas the philanthropical responsibility of CSR was found to have a positive influence on sustainable innovation ambidexterity. The findings of this research study will allow the managers to identify the right mix of CSR initiatives required to manage SSC and sustainable innovation exploitation and exploration techniques.

The Chumash (Five books of Moses) has potential from which conventional models and theories could leverage for public wellbeing. Considering the moral and ethical magnitude of business/corporate social responsibility (CSR) or Sustainable Responsible Business, understanding this concept from the religious stand-point could help strengthen CSR compliance, where religions play direct and indirect role in corporate governance and people’s lifestyle. This article explores epigraphic sources to provide answer to the questions: Does CSR have theological foundation from the Chumash? Can faith strengthen CSR and fortify compliance? The researcher sourced the required qualitative data from journal articles, Judaic sources and Chumash (Bible) texts as well as relevant online resources on the subject. The extractions from epigraphic sources were critically and methodically examined carefully using hermeneutic from which answers to the two questions were established. The findings indicate that CSR has theological foundation in the Chumash, and religious ethics and values have great influence for strengthening CSR.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has progressively assumed a strategic role in corporate business. In this sense, the board of directors (Board) assumes a preponderant role, since they make decisions about business strategy. One considerably debated characteristic of Board diversity is gender, since women differ from men in terms of personality, communication style, and values. Therefore, this study analyzes the relationship between CSR and gender diversity on Boards, in a sample of European public firms. Results indicate that firms with a higher percentage of women in the Board have higher CSR practices, suggesting that the presence of women can play an important role in terms of CSR decisions, contributing to more social and sustainable firms. Results also suggest that management teams with a higher female percentage associate with better CSR scores, and firms that exhibit both a higher percentage of women on the Board and on the management team improve CSR scores. From an ethical perspective, more socially responsible firms present more trustworthy financial information, and more sustainable economic performance, which decreases risk assessment from their business partners and remaining stakeholders. Thus, results may be of interest to different stakeholders, such as policymakers, investors, and business partners, in order to increase firms’ involvement in CSR.

The objective of this research is to evacuate the relationship between CSR initiatives and organizational performance. Additionally, the undertaken research examines the impact of brand image and brand awareness as mediators and corporate image as the moderator between CSR initiatives and organizational performance. We employed a modified conceptual framework derived from the Triple bottom line and Carroll’s pyramid models. The data was analyzed through the structural equation model by using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses and conditional process approach for examining the direct, mediating, and moderating hypothesized relationships. The undertaken study’s outcomes demonstrated that the ethical, philanthropic, and sustainable dimensions positively and significantly influence organizational performance. Similarly, the mediation analysis suggested that the brand image and brand awareness are the potent mediators in an association between ethical, philanthropic, and sustainable dimensions and organizational performance. Findings further demonstrated that corporate image as a moderator has strong impact between exogenous factors and organizational performance. The undertaken study has important theatrical and managerial implications that provide value additions for both researchers and industry practitioners.

2007/2008
With the globalization Businesses are getting a lot of power and they are more influence companies in the society than before. Business malpractices have the potential to inflict enormous harm on individual, communities, and the environment; the demands from all stakeholders to be a business to behave ethically greatly have been increased at this time. Moreover, ethical infractions and abuses of power are presented in business and affect the corporations reputation and as well as societies. There are needs to be a call for responsible and sustainable corporate behaviour. This corporate behaviour can create a competitive advantage and will generate value, social and economical value. This thesis will be presented such an alternative approach. This thesis presents an approach of the new paradigm. It is an integration of the 3 dimensions: ethical, corporate social responsibility and sustainability that generate social and economical value. The social value is for present and future generations: when corporations are helping development communities, poverty reductions, increased standards of life and education, increasing the work conditions and possibilities of employ’s companies, communities and other stakeholders. Economical value has many benefits to a corporation such as: decrease reputation risk; access the competitions of financial market, fidelity with customers and employees, increase firm’s reputations, reductions of cost and others. This research will try to answer some questions such as: what is the business of business and what is its social responsibility? How this responsibility is applied in the field of finance? How this corporate social responsibility is measured? And does this CSR affects the share price value of a company? The methodology used is a review of literature about Business ethics, CSR, SRI, ethical rating, sustainable reports, model market, and events studies. A case study of the Italian Insurance Company: Generali Group is presented. In this case study, it will be analyzed: (1) The Generali ethical, CSR and sustainable compromise – The integration of these three dimensions- and (2) how this information on CSR affects Generali Insurance’s share price value. In order to measure the effects of the three dimensions –ethical/CSR/sustainable in share price, it is conducted an event study, which measure change in share prices based on the announcement of events. In that way, it is possible to determine if share prices that reflect firm’s financial performance are affected by public information of ethical, environmental, social and economical performance. Particularly, it will be measured the effect of Ethical/CSR/sustainable events of the Generali Group Insurance group in its share prices. Moreover, for this reach, it was consulted available information on the web side and sustainable reports regarding to Generali Group ethical/CSR/sustainable compromise. Additionally some informal meetings were taken place with, the Director of Sustainable Department in Generali Insurance Company in Trieste, Marina Donnato in order to clarify several issues The conclusion of this research is that the business of business is to be ethically, CSR and sustainable. It can be extrapolated to sustainable finance; in this way business will generate social value and economically value. The economical value is a consequence of the social value generation. In the long term, social and economically value will converge. Moreover, in the finance field this integration of ethical, CSR and sustainable is necessary: for instance Social responsible investments (SRI) and social finance - micro credits focus on satisfactions of stakeholders. Other conclusion is that Generali is an Insurance company with high standards in ethical, Corporate Social responsibility and sustainability and big social concerns. It is very difficult to generalize about the relationship between CSR and profitability. Ethical/CSR/sustainable is consistently with the long term maximization shareholder value because for a company acting CSR represents a significant value for investors, company can be perceived as an ethical, CSR, sustainable. It perceptions affects positively his reputation more in the lung term. In the short time it is less impacted. The analysis using events studies methods and model market showed that ethical/CSR/sustainable news about Generali Events that not generate very significant abnormal returns different from zero. However some of these were positive. It could be interpreted as the market is responding positively to the news of ethical/CSR/suitable issues. But also it could be that investors are not very well informed about ethical/CSR/Sustainability and in SRI. However the ethical/CSR/sustainable compromise generates more value in the run term because of company reputation, and other benefits as employee and customer’s fidelity. Other conclusion is a way to measure CSR is using ethical rating. This document present an introductory part, Chapter 1. Chapter 2 gives a framework of the ethical issues of corporation’s operations and covers the following topics: MNCs Business ethics and Social responsibility, business ethics, mainly the debates made by Hoffman, which is related to ethical dimensions of the making decisions in a framework of business operation’s ethics systems, The topic of corporations operating in third world countries general overview, and General Standards of Behavior -Code of Principles and MNCs. It is important to clarify that the values and principles in Corporation, Medium, and small enterprises, the ethical principles, values and ethics are referring to same aspects, (human rights, environmental, social, economical aspects). But in this research only the ethical approach for Corporations will be considered. Chapter 3 presents the analysis about: what does it mean corporate social responsibility (CSR)? what is the responsibility of the business?, For this scope, the chapter covers the following aspects such as: The meaning of corporate social responsibility, the concept of CSR based on the definition of the space between the law and social expectation, the expectation of stakeholders and incorporating of identity in the sustainability strategy CSR, the evolution of the concept, the traditional ideology and modern ideology of CSR and why the concept is changing, corporate social responsibility benefits, corporate social responsibility international perspective. In Chapter 4, it is analyzed the following issues: why the finance a new paradigm is necessary, what ethical finance it about, based on concepts such as CSR/SRI and ethical sustainable finance focus in two levels: Macro level and Micro level. The Macro level is focus to the topic of (1) Social Responsible Investments -definitions, growing, background, some trends and so on- Sustainability. Other areas and instruments of ethical finance in a macro level are presented such as: (2) Ethics /CSR and financial sectors, Sustainable index (stock exchanges), (3) Cleantech Venture capital, (4) Financial services, (5) Institutional investors, (6) International institution will be analized. The Micro level make reference to the (7) Social Finance and (8) micro credit issues: In chapter 5, It is analyzed how social responsibility is measured and monitored. In addition, some other topic such as: CSR and ethics rating agencies, ethics rating methodologies, rating agencies in practicing are discussed. Chapter 6, It is discussed how the Generali insurance company presents his CSR/ sustainable compromises. This chapter defines the event to measure the CSR impact on the company value (share value in the short time). Some aspects of Generali Code ethics, values, strategy, CSR initiative (information included in CSR reports and websites) are analyzed. In Chapter 7, an analysis is carried out to verify if the share prices that reflect firm’s financial performance are affected by public information of environmental, social and economical performance. In order to measure the effects of CSR on share price, an event study is carried out which measures changes in share prices based on the announcement of events. Particularly, it will be measure the effect of CSR’s events of the Generali Group Insurance group in its share prices. Finally, conclusions, suggestion- recommendations and issues of further research are discussed.
XXI Ciclo
1968

This chapter attempts to construct a framework for Long-Term Care (LTC) service providers to utilize Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) concepts as the guiding principles for improving management and operations in a socially responsible manner. The framework adopts selected dimensions of the ISO 26000:2010 standard and the Triple Bottom Line framework in the economic, social, and ethical perspectives. LTC service providers need to understand CSR and can benefit from adopting best practices of CSR. Application of the proposed framework for LTC service providers are discussed. This chapter concludes by proposing future research directions on the relation between LTC and CSR.

This chapter attempts to construct a framework for Long-Term Care (LTC) service providers to utilize Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) concepts as the guiding principles for improving management and operations in a socially responsible manner. The framework adopts selected dimensions of the ISO 26000:2010 standard and the Triple Bottom Line framework in the economic, social, and ethical perspectives. LTC service providers need to understand CSR and can benefit from adopting best practices of CSR. Application of the proposed framework for LTC service providers are discussed. This chapter concludes by proposing future research directions on the relation between LTC and CSR.

This chapter aims to contribute to the debate about corporate social responsibility (CSR), sustainable development (SD) and global corporate citizenship (GCC) that is becoming increasingly an important issue for the human well being as well as that of ecological systems. It contains three sections. The first section looks at the concept of CSR with a historical perspective. The dimensions of CSR and its relationship with ethical theories is investigated in the second section since CSR is an ethical concept. Throughout this chapter three main groups of ethical theories classified by Garriga and Mele (2004) will be presented such as normative stakeholder theory, universal rights, the common good approach. Based on the relationship between common good approach and sustainable development, the author will discuss a requirement for global corporate citizenship approach in the third section.

Corporate Social Responsibility means that a company should be responsible for its actions in society in the form of - social, ethical, and environmental. Tourism industry is one of the fastest growing service sectors around the world. It provides jobs to under skill, semi skilled and skilled worker on various designations. This research article explores the concept of corporate social responsibility in hospitality industry in which selected hotels and airlines in India are discussed. CSR initiatives of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Tourism were explored. The article is based on critical literature review and analyzed to establish the connection between tourism and the physical and social environments.. Results showed a stronger focus on environmental issues than on the social or economic dimensions of CSR. Although a large number of airlines and hotels publishing CSR reports discussed their achievement of major goals only a much smaller number have provided detailed information relating to specific initiatives implemented in order to contribute to these goals.

This chapter aims to contribute to the debate about corporate social responsibility (CSR), sustainable development (SD) and global corporate citizenship (GCC) that is becoming increasingly an important issue for the human well being as well as that of ecological systems. It contains three sections. The first section looks at the concept of CSR with a historical perspective. The dimensions of CSR and its relationship with ethical theories is investigated in the second section since CSR is an ethical concept. Throughout this chapter three main groups of ethical theories classified by Garriga and Mele (2004) will be presented such as normative stakeholder theory, universal rights, the common good approach. Based on the relationship between common good approach and sustainable development, the author will discuss a requirement for global corporate citizenship approach in the third section.

A growing call for green initiatives made companies implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) into their business activities ethically or strategically to gain legitimacy and present an environmentally responsible public image. In this regard, the problem of greenwashing has emerged even during the pandemic: companies disclose positive communication to ensure business legitimacy even when they are applying irresponsible business practices. Their CSR strategy is responsive: businesses have implemented CSR activities to comply with environmental and social legislation and the stakeholders’ pressure. In the other hand, other companies have undertaken more strategic CSR models to achieve long-term competitive advantages combining the ethical and business orientations. They consider CSR as a differentiation process. They reviewed their CSR strategies, as a core of the corporate strategy, to align social commitments and business objectives. For instance, the pandemic has driven many businesses to rethink the founder lines of their CSR strategies, in order to avoid social crisis and create strategic benefits. Within this framework, this chapter aims to shed light on the effect of strategic CSR on corporate performance and businesses practices during the pandemic. It assesses the key factors that can improve the implementation of socially and eco-friendly sustainable practices to be more resilient toward potential crisis.

Web 2.0 offers users the unprecedented possibility of taking part in an uninterrupted flow of global communication that encompasses a growing number of people within its network and connection points (Ferreira, 2002). Users/consumers find here a space governed by a logic of connectivity, openness, conversation, and participation. These dimensions are exponentially enhanced by the growing ubiquity of social networks, whose interactive and collaborative architecture has shifted power to user communities (Mollen & Wilson, 2010). This renewed communicational context creates several challenges for organizations, converted into brands whose value depends on the rankings that measure their reputation with the public, who have become avid consumers and producers of information (Kotler et al., 2017). Thus, the process of stakeholder empowerment and the consequent loss of control by companies over the dissemination and circulation of information that concerns them have reinforced the vital need for companies to build and maintain close relationships with their audiences, in which concern for the opinions, needs, and concerns of the latter is clear (Antunes & Rita, 2008). Therefore, communities are increasingly demanding of the perceived contribution of business to the sustained and sustainable development of society, “in the face of the worsening of a wide range of economic, social and environmental problems on a global scale, and the governments’ inability to address them” (Serpa & Fourneau, 2007, p. 97). That said, it is imperative for organizations to adopt an ethical and transparent conduct, which will enable them to gain customer confidence and support over the longer term (Pérez & Bosque, 2015). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies can be seen, then, as important drivers of the desired consumer loyalty to brand and further online advocacy.

Education is one of the most important signs of social progress and throughout the years a twofold evolution has taken place: on the one hand, the providers of knowledge have evolved from schools and universities to the business community and on the other hand, the traditional receivers of knowledge have changed into creators of knowledge. Business organizations have become aware that the corporate involvement in the community by implementing social campaigns on education may trigger a higher degree of visibility and consolidate the stakeholder relationship management. Thus the well-known corporate social responsibility (CSR) syntagm, ?doing well by doing good? (Rawlins, 2005) has turned into a pervasive element of the organizational discourse. As the report on CSR of the European Commission and the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (2011) highlighted, CSR should not be ?an isolated practice or teaching subject but a cross-cutting approach embedded in the wider concept of sustainable development?. The economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic dimensions beyond every CSR activity should be integrated within the framework of campaigns which ?are often driven by reform efforts, actions that seek to make life or society or both better, as defined by emerging social values? (Dozier et. al, 2001). The final outcome of improving people?s life and/ or society involves stirring one?s awareness towards an issue. Investing into people?s education has become a pervasive issue for many organizations nowadays and non-formal education is a type of acquiring knowledge which the business community seems to prefer because it lies on social constructivism whose purposes are self-knowledge, development of identities, and belief that stakeholders can make a difference in the world (Oldfather et al., 1999). Within the age of Web 2.0 the traditional non-formal learning settings (museums, zoos, botanical gardens, planetariums and so on) have changed into online environments where features such as engaging, participating, connecting, collaborating, and sharing (Lee, Williams, Kim, 2012) prevail. Running a CSR 2.0 campaign on non-formal education implies that business organizations create these virtual environments where social media applications are used as a bidirectional information delivery system where stakeholders play an active role in the collaborative knowledge construction. As methodology, we will use the framing theory in order to provide the content analysis of the CSR 2.0 campaigns on non-formal education which were awarded at the Romanian PR Award in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Frames rely on the selection of some aspects of a perceived reality which are made more salient in a communicating (e-)text. We will provide a threefold analysis: a) a general framework of the Romanian CSR 2.0 campaigns on non-formal education taking into account R. Entman?s four frame types: problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and treatment recommendation; b) a structural analysis of non-formal education virtual environments as a hybrid genre formed of multimodal resources; c) a comparative analysis of the online environments framed as treatment recommendations which were used in the awarded Romanian CSR 2.0 campaigns on education. The research questions will focus on four aspects: the salience of business organizations as providers of non-formal education; the dominance of the awarded thematic online environments; the types of social actions framed in the different thematic e-learning environments; the types of digital identities virtually assigned to stakeholders. References Dozier, D.M., Grunig, L.A., & Grunig, J. E. (2001). Public relations as communication campaign. In R. E. Rice, & Ch. K. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns. 3rd edition (pp. 231-248). Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. Lee, K., Williams, M.K. & Kim, K. (2012). Learning through social technologies: facilitating learning experiences with Web 2.0 social media. In P. Resta (Ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2012 (pp. 560-565). Oldfather, P., West, J., White, J., & Wilmarth, J. (1999). Learning through children?s eyes. Social constructivism and the desire to learn. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Rawlins, B. L. (2005). Corporate Social Responsibility. In R.L. Heath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Relations (pp. 210-214). Thousand Oaks, London, New Delphi: Sage Publications. 210-214. CSR