Thèses sur le sujet « État de conservation »
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Badreddine, Ali. « Écosystèmes côtiers du littoral libanais : état écologique, conservation, évolution ». Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4031/document.
Texte intégralThe aim of this study was to provide further knowledge of the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the conservation status of important shallow habitats (vermetid reefs, Cystoseira forests) in a relatively poorly known region of the Mediterranean Sea: the Lebanese coast. Multiple approaches were applied for the first time along the Levantine Sea, such as the CARLIT (CARtography of rocky-shore LITtoral communities) index, a tool conceived to quantify the Ecological Status (ES) in the framework of the Water Directive (WFD 2000/60/EU). A general description of the Lebanese coastline, summarizing the major environmental features and anthropogenic activities influencing benthic communities, highlighted that Lebanon has been (and is at present) subject to multiple stressors. The application of the CARLIT, based on macroalgal, gives important insights on the ES of Lebanese ecosystems in relation to human impacts and provides a detailed cartography on the distribution and abundance of shallow communities, and in particular Cystoseira and Sargassum forests. The survey of some Lebanese vermetid reefs allowed the evaluation of their current status according to different human pressures and highlighted that they are highly affected by human pressures and only few of them are still alive. In a view of the upcoming oil and gas discovery offshore Lebanon, Lebanese marine ecosystems are under multiple and massive threats; the data provided in the research performed provide a baseline of the distribution and conservation status of key habitats along Lebanese coasts, in order to follow their evolution and to have a management tool in case of catastrophic oil spills
Carignan, Maude. « Écotourisme et conservation environnementale : le cas d'Isla Arena, Campeche, Mexique ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25271.
Texte intégralLeclerc, Camille. « Biodiversité endémique insulaire face aux changements globaux : état des lieux dans un contexte de conservation ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS507.
Texte intégralGlobal changes, because of human activities, are associated with numerous population declines and species extinctions, which are especially pronounced in island systems. The important biodiversity of such ecosystems is particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures because of several characteristics (e.g. island syndrome, low functional redundancy, island geographical isolation). Despite this increased vulnerability, few studies have so far looked at these systems as a study model for assessing patterns of threats to the different facets of diversity (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic). However, such work would improve our understanding of islands threats. In this sense, the aim of this PhD thesis is to describe patterns of insular endemic diversity in the current context of global changes and in a future climate change context, by exploring different facets of diversity. The purpose of this work is to highlight potential conservation priorities for these particularly vulnerable ecosystems. We have addressed all of this thesis work on a large scale using two databases of worldwide islands and endemic species. In a first part, we characterized threats to island ecosystems at a global scale and also explored their distributions within different taxonomic groups and island regions. In a second part, we analyzed the impact of threats on the functional component of island endemic biodiversity. In a third part, we have identified priority areas for insular endemic biodiversity representativeness and conservation across different dimensions of biodiversity and explored their levels of protection through protected areas and threats affecting them. In a last part, we studied the future vulnerability of islands and endemic biodiversity to climate change by 2050 based on endemic mammals. In the light of our results (identification of major threats whose importance varies according to the taxonomic groups, the island regions and also the dimensions of biodiversity considered), we discussed the implications of global changes for island endemic biodiversity in a conservation context. This PhD thesis reveals the importance of integrating multiple threats and diversity dimensions for global changes and conservation approaches
Pedroza, Gutiérrez Maria del Carmen. « La forêt tropicale entre développement et conservation : la réserve de la biosphère de Calakmul, et les enjeux de la mondialisation ». Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0069.
Texte intégralThe doctoral dissertation investigates the links between trade, environnement and developpement in rural areas, and how they are relevant to tropical forest change (degradation). I have considered a case study in the southeast of Mexico. This case study, Calakmul, is a national park wich has the status of National Biosphere Reserve and is the biggest tropical forest Reserve in Mexico. Considering this case study I analyse, how national development policies may influence on the use and management of the natural resources wich belong to rural communities in development policy, and the use and management of natural resources wich belong to rural communities in tropical protected areas, such as Calakmul. At the same time I study how the national development policy, and the use and management of natural ressources may be affected by a trade competition dinamic at the national and international level. In order to approach this relationship I analyse the agricultural and forest policies implemented at the national and local levels. I consider the influence of the international trading system on the making and implementation of these policies and, what have been their consequences on the natural resources and the people living in the tropical forest of Calakmul
García, Moreno Rodríguez Renata. « Les sépultures royales de Calakmul, Mexique : technologie, iconographie et symbolisme : l'apport de la conservation et l'étude physico-chimique du mobilier en support périssable ». Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010570.
Texte intégralGuindon, Andréanne. « Prescrire et proscrire : les enjeux de la conservation environnementale : transformations des rapports socio-environnementaux à El Cuyo, Réserve de la biosphère de Ría Lagartos, Yucatán, Mexique ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21819.
Texte intégralAbrahao, Amancio Rosa Carolina, et Amancio Rosa Carolina Abrahao. « Chemins de fer : voies de l’histoire et de la mémoire ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37731.
Texte intégralLa précarité du patrimoine ferroviaire et le manque de compréhension de cette ressource culturelle de la société ont motivé l’enquête sur le contexte du chemin de fer au Paraná. Il est analysé de sa construction à son déclin, puis, de son abandon à sa conservation. L’évolution du chemin de fer paranaense nous apprend entre autres sur son importance politique, sociale, économique et culturelle pour la société. À la lumière de l'évolution des théories et des pratiques dans le domaine de la conservation et de l'analyse des processus de tombamento (classement), nous identifions comment le patrimoine ferroviaire de l’État est appréhendé, valorisé et préservé. L’accent quasi exclusif sur la valeur historique montre une tendance à la muséalisation et un décalage du contexte international de la conservation par l’organisme de préservation du Paraná, la Coordination du patrimoine culturel (CPC). Pour attirer l'attention sur l'ampleur de l’importance du patrimoine ferroviaire, nous avons élaboré pour ce patrimoine un tableau de valeurs qui s'étend au-delà de la valeur historique. Sur la base de ce tableau, l’analyse de l’importance du patrimoine ferroviaire tombado au Paraná est mise enévidence. Par conséquent, une vision plus large du patrimoine était nécessaire pour mieux le comprendre. Une méthode d'interprétation du paysage culturel ferroviaire du chemin de fer Paranaguá-Curitiba, le premier chemin de fer construit au Paraná, nous montre une vision globale du patrimoine ferroviaire en tant que ressource culturelle pour la conservation et en tant que potentiel pour le développement local. Avec l’adoption de cette perspective, certaines valeurs, incluses dans le tableau de valeur du patrimoine ferroviaire, mais qui étaient jusque-là ignorées dans l'analyse du patrimoine entreprise par l'État, apparaissent et renforcent son importance au Paraná. Avec la méthode d'analyse du paysage, nous avançons dans la compréhension et la valorisation du patrimoine ferroviaire, en analysant les éléments essentiels du paysage ferroviaire et certaines bonnes pratiques, ces dernières qui présentent la conservation du patrimoine ferroviaire et industriel surtout à l’international. Nous apprenons également des façons d’utiliser le paysage ferroviaire du chemin de fer Paranaguá-Curitiba comme vecteur du développement local.
The precarious condition of the railway heritage and the lack of understanding of this cultural resource motivated the investigation into the context around the Paraná railway. The railway heritage is analyzed from its construction to its decline, then, from its abandonment to its conservation. The evolution of the paranaense railway teaches us, among other things, about its political, social, economic and cultural importance for the society. In the light of developments in the field of conservation and analysis of the processes of tombamento (heritage designation), the way that the state's railway heritage is understood, valued and preservedare identified. The almost exclusive emphasis on historical value shows a tendency towards musealization and a lag from the international conservation context by the Paraná conservation organization, the Cultural Heritage Coordination. To draw attention to the importance of railroad heritage, a Railway Heritage Value Table that extends values beyond historicalvalue was developed. The analysis of the importance of the tombado railway heritage in Paraná is completed based on this table. In consequence of the extended values, a broader vision of heritage was needed to better understand the heritage. A method of interpreting the Paranaguá-Curitiba railroad cultural landscape, the first railway built in Paraná, shows us a global vision of railway heritage as a cultural resource for conservation and as a potential for the future local development. Certain values –that were included on the Railway Heritage Value Table –were ignored in the heritage analysis undertaken by the state. These values however are found in Paraná railway heritage and they reinforce its importance. The understanding and valorization of the railway landscape from the analysis of essential elements and good practices is advanced. The good practices present the preservation of the railway and industrial heritage especially the international ones. It is also learned ways to use the Paranaguá-Curitiba railway landscape as a vector for local development.
The precarious condition of the railway heritage and the lack of understanding of this cultural resource motivated the investigation into the context around the Paraná railway. The railway heritage is analyzed from its construction to its decline, then, from its abandonment to its conservation. The evolution of the paranaense railway teaches us, among other things, about its political, social, economic and cultural importance for the society. In the light of developments in the field of conservation and analysis of the processes of tombamento (heritage designation), the way that the state's railway heritage is understood, valued and preservedare identified. The almost exclusive emphasis on historical value shows a tendency towards musealization and a lag from the international conservation context by the Paraná conservation organization, the Cultural Heritage Coordination. To draw attention to the importance of railroad heritage, a Railway Heritage Value Table that extends values beyond historicalvalue was developed. The analysis of the importance of the tombado railway heritage in Paraná is completed based on this table. In consequence of the extended values, a broader vision of heritage was needed to better understand the heritage. A method of interpreting the Paranaguá-Curitiba railroad cultural landscape, the first railway built in Paraná, shows us a global vision of railway heritage as a cultural resource for conservation and as a potential for the future local development. Certain values –that were included on the Railway Heritage Value Table –were ignored in the heritage analysis undertaken by the state. These values however are found in Paraná railway heritage and they reinforce its importance. The understanding and valorization of the railway landscape from the analysis of essential elements and good practices is advanced. The good practices present the preservation of the railway and industrial heritage especially the international ones. It is also learned ways to use the Paranaguá-Curitiba railway landscape as a vector for local development.
A condição precária do patrimônio ferroviário e a incompreensão deste recurso cultural motiva a investigação do contexto das estradas de ferro do Paraná. A herança ferroviária do estado é analisada da construção das ferrovias ao seu declínio e do seu abandono à sua conservação. A evolução das ferrovias paranaenses nos ensina, entre outras coisas, sobre a sua importância política, social, econômica e cultural para a sociedade. À luz da evolução das teorias e práticas no campo da conservação e da análise dos processos de tombamento do patrimônio ferroviário paranaense identificamos como o estado entendeu, valorizou e conservou estepatrimônio. A ênfase quase que exclusiva no valor históricodo patrimônio ferroviáriomostra uma tendência à musealização e um atrasodo organismo do estado, a Coordenação do Patrimônio Cultural (CPC), com relação aocontexto internacional da conservação. Para chamar a atenção para a importância do patrimônio ferroviário foi desenvolvida a Tabela de Valor do Patrimônio Ferroviário que estende os valores deste patrimônio para além do valor histórico. A análise da importância do patrimônio ferroviário tombado no Paraná é concluída com base nesta tabela. Consequentemente, era necessária uma visão mais ampla deste patrimônio para melhor compreendê-lo. Um método de interpretação da paisagem cultural ferroviária aplicado aestrada de ferro Paranaguá-Curitiba, a primeira ferrovia construída no Paraná, nos apresenta uma visão mais ampla do patrimônio ferroviário como recurso cultural para a conservação, considerando o seu potencial para o desenvolvimento local. Com a adoção dessa perspectiva, alguns valores apresentados na Tabela de Valor do Patrimônio Ferroviário que estavam, até então, ignoradosna análise, quando destacados, reforçaram a importância deste patrimônio. Avançamos nacompreensão e na valorização da paisagem ferroviária a partir da análise de elementos essenciais e de boas práticas, estas últimas, apresentando exemplos de conservação do patrimônio ferroviário e industrial, principalmente em outros países. Aprendemos maneiras de utilisara paisagem da estrada de ferro Paranaguá-Curitiba como vetor para o desenvolvimento local.
A condição precária do patrimônio ferroviário e a incompreensão deste recurso cultural motiva a investigação do contexto das estradas de ferro do Paraná. A herança ferroviária do estado é analisada da construção das ferrovias ao seu declínio e do seu abandono à sua conservação. A evolução das ferrovias paranaenses nos ensina, entre outras coisas, sobre a sua importância política, social, econômica e cultural para a sociedade. À luz da evolução das teorias e práticas no campo da conservação e da análise dos processos de tombamento do patrimônio ferroviário paranaense identificamos como o estado entendeu, valorizou e conservou estepatrimônio. A ênfase quase que exclusiva no valor históricodo patrimônio ferroviáriomostra uma tendência à musealização e um atrasodo organismo do estado, a Coordenação do Patrimônio Cultural (CPC), com relação aocontexto internacional da conservação. Para chamar a atenção para a importância do patrimônio ferroviário foi desenvolvida a Tabela de Valor do Patrimônio Ferroviário que estende os valores deste patrimônio para além do valor histórico. A análise da importância do patrimônio ferroviário tombado no Paraná é concluída com base nesta tabela. Consequentemente, era necessária uma visão mais ampla deste patrimônio para melhor compreendê-lo. Um método de interpretação da paisagem cultural ferroviária aplicado aestrada de ferro Paranaguá-Curitiba, a primeira ferrovia construída no Paraná, nos apresenta uma visão mais ampla do patrimônio ferroviário como recurso cultural para a conservação, considerando o seu potencial para o desenvolvimento local. Com a adoção dessa perspectiva, alguns valores apresentados na Tabela de Valor do Patrimônio Ferroviário que estavam, até então, ignoradosna análise, quando destacados, reforçaram a importância deste patrimônio. Avançamos nacompreensão e na valorização da paisagem ferroviária a partir da análise de elementos essenciais e de boas práticas, estas últimas, apresentando exemplos de conservação do patrimônio ferroviário e industrial, principalmente em outros países. Aprendemos maneiras de utilisara paisagem da estrada de ferro Paranaguá-Curitiba como vetor para o desenvolvimento local.
Kiema, Sébastien. « Elevage extensif et conservation de la diversité biologique dans les aires protégées de l’Ouest burkinabé : arrêt sur leur histoire, épreuves de la gestion actuelle, état et dynamique de la végétation ». Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2031.
Texte intégralCaze, de Montgolfier Sandrine. « Collecte, stockage et utilisation des produits du corps humain dans le cadre des recherches en génétique : état des lieux historique, éthique, et juridique ; analyse des pratiques au sein des biothèques ». Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N122.
Texte intégralThe biobanks are defined as the place of storing human body parts and human genetic data. Genetic biobanks are springing up all over the place arising ethical principles such as human protection rights, confidentiality and consent validity. We analyze historical, ethical and juridical context. And then we evaluate the practice of constitution, storing and using products human body with questionnaires intended for professionnals, research participants and research ethical committees. The results show that there is a gap between the practice and the legislative and regulatory procedures. In this perspective, our results and propositions transmitted to research professionals, population and legislators must be used to built the rules.
D'agata, Stéphanie. « Vulnérabilité des communautés de poissons coralliens aux pressions humaines et importance des sites références pour l'évaluation des outils de conservation ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS067.
Texte intégralBeyond species loss, human activity may cause the decrease of phylogenetic and functional diversity carried by species. One of the major issue, particularly in marine ecology, is to understand the effects of human activities on all aspects biodiversity related to ecosystem functioning and assess conservation tools.The objectives of the thesis are i) to assess human impacts on the diversity of phylogenetic lineages and functions within the coral reef fish communities regardless of natural environmental factors, ii) to evaluate the ability of marine protected areas to conserve these facets efficiently and produce baselines values for ecosystem management and iii) to measure the intrinsic functional vulnerability, without human pressure, of fish communities. For this we had sampled very remote sites across the Indo-Pacific and we used statistical tools that take into account thresholds effects and interactions to extract the marginal effect of human activities.First, we show that across the South West Pacific, parrotfish species richness decreases linearly but only of 12% along a gradient of human impact while the phylogenetic and functional diversity decrease of 36% and 47%, respectively, with strong threshold effects. Secondly, considering the human impact gradient and a wide range of marine protected areas (MPAs) in New Caledonia, we demonstrate that very remote sites from human activities (> 20 hours of travel time from Noumea, the regional capital) have greater fish functional diversity and biomass of apex predators than the largest and oldest MPA.Finally, considering four remote sites across the Indo-Pacific, we have found that the diversity of functions carried by fish communities is very vulnerable, showing that 60% of functions were only worn by one species, even without human impact. Our work shows that the functional and phylogenetic aspects of biodiversity are highly vulnerable to human activities, with a lack of ability of MPAs to restore all of the functional roles of fish and a very limited redundancy for these functions even in the most isolated locations
Lema, Catherine. « L'exploitation illégale du palmier protégé Euterpe edulis Mart. : dynamique d'un conflit environnemental dans le Parque Estadual Três Picos [sic] (État de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil) ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0032.
Texte intégralThis work focuses on the exploitation of Euterpe edulis Mart. Palm (known in Portuguese as palmito Juçara), whose heart is very popular in Brazil gastronomy. In the Parque Estadual Três Picos (located in the State of Rio de Janeiro) the exploitation of the palm occurs under a double protection: on the one hand the palm is protected by law, and on the other hand exploitation is done in an area where any use of natural resources is prohibited. In the Park, overharvesting of the palm is favored by the socio-economic status and vulnerability of local people (who find the principal source of income on palm exploitation) and by a prosperous market, both elements threatening the wild stocks of the species. Moreover, the mechanisms for control and supervision of the Park also intensify the creation of clandestine forms of organization resulting in violence. The link between environmental issues and social issues around the palm exploitation opposes two main actors: administrators of the Park and illegal loggers of palmito (palmiteiros). This opposition takes the form of an environmental conflict as these actors perform different actions depending on their interests and their perceptions regarding the exploitation of the palm. Indeed, while for palmiteiros extracting palm hearts represents a cultural and historical activity as well as a livelihood, for park administrators this exploitation constitutes a threat to biodiversity conservation. This creates an explicit confrontation that is not only related to environment but that encompasses a far more complex reality of competing interests and social and political structures that promote inequality and exclusion
Maciejewski, Lise. « Reconnaissance et dynamique récente des habitats forestiers dans le contexte de la Directive Habitats-Faune-Flore ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AGPT0001.
Texte intégralIn 1992, European natural habitats became items to be conserved in the same way as species were, thanks to the Habitats Directive. This enlarged the scope of action of nature protection public policies to a new level of biodiversity organisation. But the late recognition of the conservation value of habitats and the gaps in their definitions partly explain the absence of time series data at the national scale. This limits our capacity to monitor and assess their conservation status and to adapt conservation measures at the national and local levels. The present thesis work first investigates rapid, formalised approaches for identifying forest habitats. Then, these approaches are used to study the recent dynamics of forest habitats in relation to two substantial changes that occurred in the past decades, i.e., climate warming and the creation of the Natura 2000 network.We first studied the uncertainties linked to the identification of forest habitats when assigning floristic surveys to habitat types by comparing five expert’s judgements with three automatic classification programs. We highlighted high variability among expert judgements, and comparable efficiency between automatic classification programs and expert judgements. We also demonstrated that a limited number of species was sufficient to identify forest habitats, and that surveys carried out in winter could be used too. We thus created time series of standardised data on forest habitats based on different floristic survey sources, whether assigned to a habitat type or not.Secondly, we created 5,701 pairs of historical (before 1987) and recent (after 1997) floristic surveys, and highlighted that 11% of the pairs located in highlands had shifted towards forest habitats characteristic of warmer climate conditions. The increased dominance of these habitats led us to conclude that thermophilisation was underway in highlands. However, no significant shift was observed in lowlands, hence a substantial difference between the thermal requirements of plant communities and current temperatures: a climatic debt is developing. In the face of these different impacts, we proposed that nature protection public policies could be more efficient if they were implemented and prioritised differently in highlands vs. lowlands.Finally, we studied 155 Natura 2000 sites distributed across mainland temperate and mountainous France, and showed that the number of very large trees in the plots where they were observed had increased significantly more inside the network than outside it since its implementation. We thus evidenced that the conservation measures implemented in Natura 2000 forests, which are managed and exploited, have already had positive effects on very large trees – considered as a characteristic of old-growth forests and also used as biodiversity and conservation status indicators of forest habitats.This thesis work was necessary to complement the numerous studies already available at the species and plant community scales, for it is indispensable to aim for the simultaneous conservation of all the levels of organisation of biodiversity to be efficient. Knowing the scope of validity of the tools used to identify forest habitats, but also understanding the recent dynamics of forest habitats and its influencing factors provide useful data to implement surveillance and adapt public policies and management actions, and thereby reach greater efficiency
Genet, Paul-Edgard. « Impact des interventions humaines sur l’érosion des calcaires monumentaux du secteur Río Bec (Campeche, Mexique) ». Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAL018.
Texte intégralThe Mayan archaeological sites in the Río Bec sector are characterized by a high conservation challenge, due to the low durability of limestone built materials and to the high level of atmospheric stresses to which they are being subjected. Moreover, human interventions carried out on built heritage in the sector since its rediscovery are likely to constitute an anthropogenic forcing on weathering processes and rates, which we aimed to identify, spatialize and quantify. Different steps of this research include archives work compilation, GIS mapping, petrographic analysis and 3D modelling by photogrammetry. Main results show that human interference is much more likely to modify weathering processes and rates than the mere exposure of stone materials to atmospheric agents. The harmful effects of some interventions, such as cement repointing, have been demonstrated, and the effects of colonizing organisms on the stone surface have been assessed. Finally, new insights and perspectives have been provided on very localized restorations causing drastic changes of weathering regimes within a very restricted area
Vandenabeele, Valérie. « Les nouveaux horizons des Tibétains de Pudacuo : politique, conservation et globalisation dans le premier parc national de Chine (Shangri-La, Yunnan) ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100185/document.
Texte intégralIn Northwestern Yunnan, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is the place of definition of a consensual and attractive Tibetan identity, by which political authorities give local people a concern for the natural environment. The representations they carry echo and mobilize Western representations of the Tibetan people, which include the Shangri-La imagery and the identification of Tibetan Buddhism with ecology. Since 2006, it is staged in Pudacuo National Park, which is the first national park in China. Although it was elaborated with the help of a United-States conservationist non-governmental organization, this place has in fact little to do with the protection of the natural environment and aims to grow mass tourism. The alternative development it offers to local farmers is welcome as it opens new horizons, including the possession of a contemporary culture, access to the consumer society and the opening to the outside world
Kerninon, Fanny. « Développement d'outils méthodologiques pour le suivi et l'évaluation de l'état de santé des herbiers d'outre-mer français et de leur environnement, dans un contexte de pertubations multiples ». Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0030.
Texte intégralSeagrass meadows forms remarkable and diversified habitats in the coastal waters of the French overseas territories. A better understanding of their ecological status under multiple disturbances to which they are subjected is necessary to respond to environmental public policy issues applying to these territories. In situ experiments were conducted on the three oceans, in which parameters representing most biological compartments, ranging from the physiology of seagrass to the ecosystem, were tested under contrasting environmental conditions. These experiments lead to assess the pressure-state relationships of seagrass beds in different territories and to select the most relevant descriptors according to the main management objectives. On the basis of the data collected, the first databases of integrated indicators combining early warning indicators (nutrients and trace metals) and long-term response parameters (plant density and cover) adapted to management time scales were developed. A first classification the health status of studied seagrass meadows is thus proposed. These integrated tools will make it possible to improve the effectiveness of the management of this threatened ecosystem, while facilitating the sharing of the implementation of the various public policies. The assessment of seagrass beds health status and their associated environment is essential to deployed appropriate management actions and improve ecosystem quality and long term resilience
Ottenwelter, Estelle. « Early Medieval elite jewellery from Great Moravia and Bohemia : manufacturing processes, construction, materials and condition ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU20058.
Texte intégralAt the beginning of the 9th century, in central Europe, unparalleled lavish pieces of jewellery appear in elite graves from Great Moravia, the first Slavic pre-dominion, in incredible amount and variety. The detailed technological investigation of these jewels performed in this thesis, permitted a better understanding of these objects. This investigation showed that these jewels are very complex, multi-component artefacts, which demanded the fabrication and joining of numerous components as well as very sophisticated techniques of decoration, such as granulation, filigree work, chasing, and gilding. It brought useful additional elements in comparison to the classical typological and thematical approaches. Thus, the choice of material, the different steps of fabrication, the decorative techniques, construction pattern, the size of different constitutive and decorative components assembled, tool marks, and the quality of realization are all very valuable archaeological markers, which were used to identify production from specific workshops, the transfer of technology, probable imports, and influences. In addition, the study revealed that different precious materials (gold, silver, and gilded copper) of variable purity were used in the production of the jewellery and that the compositions of the alloys varied between the different regions and over the course of time. It also evidenced that fine jewels produced by highly skilled and knowledgeable jewellers coexisted with more coarsely manufactured imitations produced by less experienced craftsmen, which reveals a process of new technology acquisition likely initiated by the arrival of specialized jewellers to both Moravia and Bohemia
Meyer, Alix. « Le Congrès républicain (1994 – 2006)- Révolutions conservatrices, contradictions électorales, évolutions institutionnelles ». Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20083.
Texte intégralThe United States Congress is often disparaged including by its own members. The critics of the institution decry the gridlock on Capitol Hill and Congress's alleged inability to deal with the challenges of the modern world. The unpopularity of today's Congress calls into question its ability to represent the American people. In that context it is necessary to try to assess whether or not Congress is truly dysfunctional. To that end, this study proposes to study a period of twelve years from 1994 to 2006 during which the Republican party dominated the institution. In 1994, under the leadership of Newt Gingrich, the Republicans returned to the majority in the House of Representatives for the first time in forty years. In 2006, after another midterm election, the Republican majorities in the House and the Senate were soundly defeated. Drawing on the long and tortuous history of the relationship between the Republican party and conservatism, the new majorities proposed large-scale change that amounted to a conservative revolution. They had initially laid out a clearly conservative agenda that insisted on balancing the budget and reducing the size of government. A detailed study of their fiscal policy and their attempts at entitlement reform over the period actually leads us to conclude that they eventually governed over ever larger deficits and a growing federal government whose policies were adjusted to favor different portions of the population. It is therefore necessary to try to account for the discrepancy between the initial goals and the eventual results. This entails studying first the evolution of the Republican members of Congress themselves to see whether the policy changes can be explained by the members becoming more moderate. Another explanation centers on the relationship between the members of the Congress and their constituents. The Republican majorities could have been forced to moderate their positions by the voters themselves in the elections of 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004. Here the complex interplay that implies the interpretation of election results comes into play. Over the past decades, the American political system has been polarizing clearly. The growing ideological gap between the two parties and their bases calls into question the institutional stability of an institution built on the necessity to compromise. Especially since both parties have polarized while the margins of the majorities have grown more narrow. It is thus essential to look at the constraints set up by the institutional system. The arcane nuances of the legislative process directly impinges on the content of legislation. Indeed, if the majority rules decisively over the House of Representatives, in the Senate, the minority can very easily block most initiatives. The growing recourse to procedural shortcuts offered by the budget process is a testament to that fact.Finally, the relationship with the president of the United States is very much a factor in the equation. The twelve years of Republican domination in Congress covers two very different periods. Until January 2001, they had to battle with President Clinton in a context of divided government. Following George W. Bush's election in 2000, they started working under the command of the White House. The stark contrast in the way Senate republicans dealt with the two presidents when it came to their judicial nominees for the Federal Courts of Appeal offers an excellent opportunity to evaluate the continuing yet variable strength of the system of checks and balances set up by the U.S. Constitution. A deeper understanding of the workings of the contemporary Congress might allow for a more nuanced vision of the institution as much more than a roadblock on the road of presidential leadership and, perhaps, lead to a better appreciation of the way its members are trying or failing to fulfill their constitutional duty
Rafaly, Vonintsoa. « La conservation des ressources halieutiques en haute mer : du régime classique de la responsabilité à la responsabilisation des états ». Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT3003.
Texte intégralDoes everything have to change for everything to stay as it is ? The Law of the Sea is subject to continuous development to maintain the balance between freedom of resource exploitation and emerging environmental pressure. But does everything has to change ? The aim of this study is to get to the heart of the matter, especially regarding state responsibility in the conservation of marine biological resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Between crisis and evolution, the law of the sea has to find its feet regarding the challenges the international community is facing. In order to maintain a sustainable conservation of resources, the consideration of common interest and environmental requirements has led to a reconceptualisation of state responsibility, where international cooperation has its importance. The Law of the Sea has thus made their own and updated some international law and environmental law concepts, through emerging mechanisms to initiate new forms of state responsibility
Michel, Laura. « Méthodologie d’analyse structurelle et de restauration d’oeuvres sculptées ». Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2068/document.
Texte intégralCurrently, the artworks restoration, including broken statues, are based on proven but empirical techniques. Damaged statues often have broken parts. Restoration mainly consists in joining these parts. Thus appears the necessity of taking into account the interfaces mechanical properties between the different broken parts, reducing thereby the extent of repairs and thus better maintain the integrity of the work. Beside this, digital 3D acquisition techniques become more and more popular among the cultural heritage community. This thesis proposes a methodology able to use 3D acquisition datas to simulate the restoration operations and their effects on the structure. The restoration strategy can thus be tested and optimized. A laser scanner is used to acquire the statue geometry, allowing to reconstruct a 3D model for numerical simulation. Computations are carried out within the framework of deformable continuum mechanics using the FLAC3D software. In order to check all the key points ensuring mechanical stability, the behavior of reinforcing elements and those of the interfaces between blocks were considered. From the results of the present studies, a critical analysis of implemented or possible restoration strategy is proposed. In addition, several characterization methods to find the material origin and/or estimate the mechanical properties of the work are proposed : physico-chemical and mineralogical characterizations, non-destructive and destructive tests. An experimental campaign to characterize the behavior of fractures in contact with surface acquisition was performed. An analysis of correlations between mechanical and morphological interfaces properties is then developed. Finally, we propose a predictive modelling based on multiple linear and multivariate regressions. This study allow the simulation of fractured artworks behaviour
Rivenc, Rachel. « Made in L. A. : the role of materials and processes in the birth of West Coast Minimalism : and implications for its conservation ». Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS040S.
Texte intégralIn the 1960s, a group of Los Angeles based artists embarked on a reductive process that led to the creation of a distinct aesthetic, often referred to as West Coast Minimalism. The use of innovative materials and processes, often borrowed from the industrial world has been a critical element of their artistic innovation. This doctoral thesis focuses on the use of materials and processes by four pioneers of West Coast Minimalism, Larry Bell, Robert Irwin, Craig Kauffman and John McCracken. The thesis contends that materials and processes played a crucial role in prompting these artists to transition from paintings to objects that were hybrid painting – sculpture, and in making their practice an avant-garde one. The thesis also demonstrates their intimate and first-hand involvement with their process and suggest that this should be taken into account when deciding how to approach the conservation of their work
Lembe, Aline-Joëlle. « Pêches maritimes et développement durable dans les états côtiers d'Afrique centrale : des dysfonctionnements à l'exploitation durable des ressources halieutiques ». Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT3011.
Texte intégralThe aim of this research was to study the maritime fishing in the coastal central african states from the angle of sustainable development. In this viewpoint, the research used a work of observation and of surveys especially thanks to interviews to draw up a diagnosis of the state of fishing in a context marked by important halieutic potentials although the landscape remains not very glossy. Indeed, the area is marked by numerous operational and organizational problems. Problems that materialize among others by proven under-equipped materials, insufficient involvement of political decision-makers, low incomes and to some extent, the lack of coordination between the various entities that reflect the relative vitality of the sector. Through case studies : Sao Tome (Sao Tome and Principe), Komo estuary (Gabon) and Youpwé (Cameroon), the research also enabled to assess the existing environmental risks due to the practices and uses of fishing gears which are dangerous for the marine ecosystems. Moeover, thanks to these case studies, the concept of sustainable development has been questioned in the context and in the sector we refers too. It was about a kind of probation of the concept. And some maladaptation of the international orientations appears clearly, in the context of coastal central africain states due to specific realities which are not taken into account in the international level. In fact, this probation underlines all the difficulty that exists to tie up the popularisation of "right practices" as far as fishing are concerned and the satisfaction of the primary need of food, which is essential to the survival of the players themselves, in a context where food security remains &almost an illusion. So, this analysis tempts to a replacement of the approaches. That the reason why, the study suggests to consider (again) the sustainable development issue in the maritime area by integrating the concept of territory. Actually, it is about conceptualise or consider the layout of halieutic territories and not only about the fishing activity only. All the related activities such as offshore, the maritime transport, tourism, have to be integrated to the analysis. All in all, this study, by questioning the sustainability of the maritime fishing, fuels and repeats a longstanding debate in human geography : that of the relationship between man and environment
Masutti, Christophe. « Le Dust Bowl, la politique de conservation des ressources et les écologues aux Etats-Unis dans les années 1930 ». Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/MASUTTI_Christophe_2004.pdf.
Texte intégralNoblet, Christel de. « Protection du patrimoine architectural et initiative privée : étude de droit comparé sur la protection du patrimoine architectural par l'initiative privée à but non lucratif, aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni ». Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA110024.
Texte intégralMacKillop, Fionn. « Vers une gestion de l'eau plus "durable" ? : les enjeux des mutations de la planification de l'eau et du foncier dans la métropole de Los Angeles ». Marne-la-Vallée, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MARN0363.
Texte intégralThis dissertation analyzes the current debate in Southern California on water supply and land use planning in major development projects. Developers and local authorities claim that these developments are more “sustainable” than the traditional urbanism of the region. Numerous opponents, who argue that current practices are still characterized by excessive water use and other environmental damages, contest these claims. These controversies take place against the backdrop of perceived growing political, environmental and economic threats to the region’s water supply. We discuss the changes and elements of continuity in the current evolutions, and analyze their environmental, political and social consequences. We thus build a critique of “sustainability” and “environmental protection”, by showing how these notions are socially and politically shaped in given geographical contexts
Boussac, Tamara. « Retour à Newburgh, New York : assistance sociale, fiscalité et bon gouvernement aux États-Unis (1945-1975) ». Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0113.
Texte intégralThis dissertation looks into the Newburgh, New York affair so as to unfold the existence a strong conservative critique of welfare programs in New York State between 1945 and 1975. It thus purports to write a social and political history of local and grassroots mobilizations against welfare in the liberal Northeast
Gagnon, Gilles. « Le wilderness et le paysage comme fondements des principes environnementaux du monde occidental contemporain : l'exemple des aires protégées américaines et françaises ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/43639.
Texte intégralGloc, Marie. « Construire, restaurer, écrire, Edouard Jules Corroyer (1835-1904) : l'architecture dans tous ses états ». Paris, EPHE, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPHE4019.
Texte intégralTinas, Rukiye. « État et religion dans la Turquie post-kémaliste. : L’évolution du Parti de la justice et du développement (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) : Les deux mandats : 2002-2007 et 2007-2011 ». Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20020.
Texte intégralIn modern Turkey clearly marked by secularism, the AKP called “conservative democrat” by its founders from the Islamist movement is the winner of elections of any kind since its appearance in 2001. Although the Kemalist Establishment had wanted to throw out this party could not do it. Paradoxically any attempt on his part has only increased its popularity. Then, the question is “what are the sociocultural and political transformations of society as well as the strengths of the AKP, which may explain its success story both inside and outside the country? ”. The answer to this question depends on what is “Conservative democracy” which could get the green light from the Establishment to enter the political arena: where the party is situated on the political spectrum, what distinguishes it from its counterparties, the most important is it really a political ideology which is distinct from Islamism as suggested by its ideologues? This is how we can know if Turkish Islamism is in the process of inventing in the Muslim world a form comparable to what was the “Christian democracy” in European countries. And if we can classify the AKP among the Islamists, we will examine whether the future of Islam as a political force of government is in Turkey or elsewhere?
Moumaneix, Caroline. « Une approche géographique des parcs co-frontaliers entre les États-Unis et le Canada : politiques, coopérations et conflits : Les exemples des parcs nationaux de Glacier et des lacs Waterton, de Wrangell-Saint Elias et de Kluane, de North Cascades et des parcs provinciaux du lac Chilliwack et de la vallée de la Skagit ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10106/document.
Texte intégralThe first national park, Yellowstone, was created in 1872 in the United States. Canada was inspired by this model, before turning away from it. These two countries have many things in common: the wilderness, the conquest and control of territory, the creation of parks as strong markers of identity… A comparison of co-border parks between the US and Canada underlines their mutual contributions. Considering these facts, a real dynamic of cooperation should be observed: similar park zonings and management policies, a similar approach of local populations and very few conflicts on each side of the longest undefended borderline in the world. However, our study, based on interviews with both employees and inholders as well as on analysis of official documents, reveals divergences between these co-border parks. The wilderness and the international borderline are perceived differently. The reality of transboundary cooperation does not correspond to the official discourse. Numerous internal boundaries are fragmenting the parks and are thus affecting their capacity for cooperation. These limits reveal the importance of local populations, non-natives and natives, as well as associations that are considered unequally by park managers. The American parks inholdings lead to significant conflicts between the inholders and the National Park Service. In Canada, private property having been banned, internal tensions are more limited. Through a common will to protect wilderness, co-border parks show an unequal cooperation and internal fragmentations which outline border regions, giving another dimension to the international border. From an identical model, Canada and the United States are becoming differentiated in the matters of management, cooperation and the implication of the local populations. The US no longer being a unique model in the matter of parks, Canada may be rising as an alternative model…
Medina, Alexis. « Le progressisme et la réforme de l’État en Équateur, 1883-1895 ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100129/document.
Texte intégralProgressivism was a political movement born in Ecuador in 1860s that aimed at embodying a third way between conservatism and liberalism. While they were in power, from 1883 to 1895, the progressives tried to modernize Ecuador both politically and economically. On the economic level, they sought to consolidate the agroexport model, develop technical and scientific education, build railroads and redefine the relationship between Church and State. They also wanted to stabilize the republican institutions, based on the respect for civil liberties, separation of powers and suffrage as the source of political legitimacy. In spite of its failures, progressivism represents a fundamental step in the formation of the Nation state in Ecuador
Meunier, Mélanie. « Tensions in American environmentalism : federal and non-federal initiatives from a historical perspective ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAC021.
Texte intégralAmerican environmentalism is a movement that grew out of concerns over wilderness and wildlife depletion evident in the late 19th century. Theodore Roosevelt initiated conservation measures designed to manage natural resources wisely to ensure their sustainability for the benefit of present and future generations. Preservation, another current of American ideas that stressed the esthetic and spiritual values of nature, existed concurrently. The two visions of humans' relationship to nature gave rise to conflicts over how the nation's natural resources should be used. By the 1960s rapid development had led to heightened resource use and pollution, as well as new threats posed by the chemical and atomic industries. Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" published in 1962, demonstrated that humans themselves were in peril and launched the modern environmental movement. The ethical dimension of preserving nature and human health came to rival economic concerns. The success of the movement, canonized in a series of major environmental protection laws, made it the target of the conservative countermovement from the 1980s onward. Ecological values threaten the dominant values of the American creed, causing tensions that have characterized the debate since the advent of environmental protection in the United States
Ribieras, Amélie. « Le discours socioculturel et les pratiques militantes des conservatrices aux États-Unis. Le cas de Phyllis Schlafly et Eagle Forum ». Thesis, Paris 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA030048.
Texte intégralThis thesis focuses on the sociocultural discourse as well as the militant activities championed by conservativewomen in the United States, through the specific example of Phyllis Schlafly (1924-2016) and her organization EagleForum. This conservative activist mobilized her peers by drawing from her personal experiences, especially in theRepublican Party, and from ideological principles crafted by the conservative movement. Her personal trajectory,between conformity to social norms and involvement in the political arena, is discussed in parallel with the rise ofconservatism and in the context of the 1960s-70s social protest. In the face of thriving social movements, and more particularly feminism, which advocated women’s liberation, conservative women also resorted to collective action in order to protect what they saw as the traditional family construct, characterized by a strict division of work by sex. In their vision, the man is meant to be the sole breadwinner, ensuring the economic viability of the home, while the woman is a homemaker, taking care of home and children. In 1972, conservative women opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which aimed to secure equality between the sexesin the U.S. Constitution. Phyllis Schlafly founded STOP ERA that same year, and Eagle Forum in 1975, in order tospread the conservative message and provide conservative women, often homemakers, with an organization into whichthey could channel their activism. Phyllis Schlafly crafted a strongly antifeminist discourse that opposed the feminists’ intention to liberate women and reform the family, and she advocated for traditional sociocultural norms that she considered beneficial to women. Thanks to appropriate collective action frames, coupled with her ability to manipulate emotions, she was able to spread her ideas throughout the country, especially with the use of her newsletter The Phyllis Schlafly Report.In order to strengthen her organization and insure her legacy, Schlafly also devised collective practices such as emotionalsupport and the construction of memory, thus developing a unique militant culture. She also established herself as anabsolute leader, solely at the forefront of the conservative women’s movement
Smith, Bradley. « La Dialectique du néolibéralisme aux États-Unis : aux origines de « révolution conservatrice » et de la crise financière de 2008 ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA143/document.
Texte intégralThis dissertation aims to study the economic, social, political and ideological transformations that have characterized the development of neoliberalism in the United States, from the rise of the conservative movement that brought Ronald Reagan to power in 1980 to the financial crisis of 2008. Neoliberalism can be defined as an ideology that claims the free market and the private sector to be superior to government intervention, as a package of economic policies that aim to liberate market forces from government constraints, and as a mode of governance based on corporate management practices. Although many studies have been published on neoliberalism, each of them tends to focus on a limited dimension of the subject, such as its ideological, political, or international dimension. Given this fragmentation, there is a lack of studies that attempt to understand the specific development of neoliberalism in the United States from a holistic point of view. In order to achieve this goal, Jean-Paul Sartre’s “progressive-regressive” method appears to be an effective approach. While Sartre developed this method as an epistemological tool for the humanities, few researchers have attempted to make use of it. By applying it to the study of American neoliberalism, this dissertation hopes to contribute not only to the knowledge a topical subject, but also to the development of new research methods in the field of civilizational studies
Rouby, Eric. « « Une voix et un écho » : Analyse des interactions entre le Tea Party et le système politique américain (2009-2013) ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0043/document.
Texte intégralIn 2009, while the United-States were suffering from the worst economic crisis in more thansixty-five years, Barack Obama entered the White House and began implementing the first measuresof his “Hope and change” agenda. Opposition to his actions quickly crystallized around the Tea Partymovement. This PhD thesis aims firstly to explain the sudden success of the Tea Party by pointing therole of four factors linked to the “political opportunity structure”: access to the party system and policydecisions, the political alignments stability, the alliance structure, and finally the conflict structure.Those four elements can also help us understand the way the movement’s ideology was shaped. Asecond part is devoted to analyzing the effects of the Tea Party on its political environment. We intendto show to what extend and in which ways the Tea Party was able to influence the American politicalsystem, in a context marked, since the seventies, by a growing political polarization. To do so, weproceed by resorting to the comparative study of the Tea Party, the Republican Party, and theDemocratic Party discourses
Collomb, Jean-Daniel. « John Muir et l'usage de la nature ». Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_collomb_j-d.pdf.
Texte intégralHow can one use nature without unsettling its equilibrium or impair its beauty? That is the question that John Muir (1838-1914), an American writer of Scottish background, tried to answer throughout his life. Given that he lived in a culture emphasising utilitarianism and materialism, John Muir set forth an usual viewpoint which announced twentieth-century ecological thinking. Muir was a talented naturalist whose work rested on a scientific knowledge of nature. Moreover the combined influence of Christianity and transcendentalism led him to promote a moral use of nature at a time when American society was becoming more industrial and more urban. So the question arises: was Muir a radical thinker? As he endeavoured to promote the US national park system, Muir came to develop a less demanding conception of the use of nature. But the question is, how did he manage to combine the promotion of recreation and the ecological notion of nature as biosphere which implies a radical change in the way American people ought to act as regards nature. These tensions and paradoxes are precisely what make John Muir's works interesting and challenging
Douzou, Marion. « Le conservatisme américain en mouvement : enquête sur le Tea Party en Pennsylvanie ». Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2136.
Texte intégralPennsylvania is a complex state in its economic, urban, and racial geographies, accordingly complex is the electoral behavior of its citizens. This thesis examines the ways in which Tea Party groups in Pennsylvania mobilized and organized. The often overlooked conservative tradition of William Penn’s state makes it an excellent case study to examine the evolution and mutations of the conservative movement and of its electoral arm, the Republican party. The fieldwork conducted in this thesis shows that the Tea Party cannot be understood without taking into account a great number of national and local groups, think tanks, and media personalities with whom it often has chaotic relationships.This work focuses on the evolution of a visible social movement into a political mobilization that targets the state and local levels. Local Tea Party groups, who are opposed to any form of institutionalization, fight to snatch power from the hands of the GOP establishment to give it back to the voters. Gradual infiltration of the Republican party, constant pressure on elected officials, ideological work conducted by advocacy organizations, and concerted action in Congress have driven the GOP towards a brand of conservatism that rejects any idea of compromise in governing. Despite a drop in the number of activists, the Tea Party movement has subjected the conservative movement and the Republican party to heavy ideological pressure, which partly explains the current confusion in the country’s political landscape
Schmutz, Hélène. « Vers une redéfinition de la nature américaine : trois études de cas dans la région de Los Angeles ». Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040149/document.
Texte intégralEnvironmental historians have worked at redefining the modes of relationship between man and nature in the United States. The way this relation is defined conditions environmental politics, and therefore contributes to the material transformation of the continent. Five major trends of thought about nature are described: nature as a resource transformed by work ; preservationism ; conservationism ; ecology ; and environmental justice. Those ideas endure to this very day in the discourses constructed about nature: they either juxtapose or confront each other. The goal of this thesis is to understand whether they undergo a transformation, evolving towards a definition of the man/nature relationship as a socionatural hybrid. To this end, three cases are examined here, all of which are connected with the Los Angeles area in the early 2000s. The first concerns Tejon Ranch and the agreement passed in 2008 about Tejon Ranch between environmental associations and the owners : it poses the question of the meaning given to a preservation that would incorporate ecological, mythical and economic aspects of that territory, a remain of the Western past. The second deals with the decision that was made in 2007 by the City of Los Angeles to revitalize its river and offers a good example of the broadening of the definition of nature: it can also be urban. The ecological and cultural preoccupations about the river complicate the conservation problematic in Southern California. Finally, South Central Farm’s environmental justice case (1994-2006) is the sign of a transition in American environmental ideas from a clearly spatially limited object to a world issue
Porion, Stéphane. « Enoch Powell et le powellisme : entre tradition disraélienne et anticipation néolibérale ». Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030150.
Texte intégralThis thesis is a study of the early stages of Enoch Powell’s career, from 1946 to 1968, and an analysis of his system of thought, which wavered between the disraelite paternalistic tradition and the liberal one. It thus shows that, on the one hand, the post-war butskellite consensus was mainly a myth, and on the other hand, the Thatcherite revolution was not only prepared beforehand by Mrs Thatcher and her gurus in the 1970s, but was also the outcome of a long process of reflection and experimentation Powell played a major role. After a three-year training at the Conservative Research Department, Powell was elected as Member of Parliament for the first time in 1950 and joined the One Nation Group, which he left in 1955. During his first nine political years, he focused primarily on the situation of the British Empire and on housing policy. From 1952 onwards, he tried to convince his One Nation colleagues that they should defend liberal stances more actively, at the expense of disraelite paternalism. Then, during his three mandates in the Ministries of Housing, of the Treasury and of Health, he applied liberal ideas without entirely denying the disraelite philosophy, for Prime Minister Macmillan defended a paternalistic approach aiming at implementing the ideas he had developed twenty years before in The Middle Way. Powell refused to be part of the 1963 Douglas-Home Government and consequently decided to break with Macmillan’s legacy thereby inventing Powellism. He became the champion of liberalism in Great Britain before being ostracized within his party in 1968 on account of his nationalistic views as presented through the "Rivers of Blood" speech
Noirot, Jérôme. « Le fusionnisme conservateur américain entre local et national, théorie et pratique du pouvoir : étude de cas (Arizona, Colorado 1953-2006) ». Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20056.
Texte intégralComments made by some of Colorado’s most influential conservative leaders in the wake of the 2006 mid-term elections reveal the extent to which the type of conservatism that they advocate rests on three basic principles: free enterprise, tradition, and strong national defense. It turns out that this brand of conservatism coincides with the political philosophy which William F. Buckley Jr. and Frank S. Meyer sought to formulate in National Review starting in 1955 when the magazine was first published. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Buckley and Meyer actually set out to modernize intellectual conservatism by fusing together into a coherent doctrine the principles of classical liberalism and traditionalism that separately emerged in the United States at the end of World War Two in reaction to international communism and the New Deal. The manifestation of “fusionist” conservatism in Colorado in 2006 raises serious questions about the validity of two interrelated theories which methodologically steer studies of modern conservatism in the United States. The first theory holds that American conservatism in its current expression is philosophically incoherent and will ultimately disintegrate paving the way for a major partisan realignment. The second theory contends that such internal tensions are reflected in sectional cultural and political discrepancies between the Interior West, typically described as libertarian, and the South, generally seen as solidly clinging to traditional and religious values which are purportedly at odds with more individualistic aspirations. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of philosophical and sectional strains within American conservatism and focuses on Arizona and Colorado, two of the fastest-growing states in the Interior West since the end of World War Two
Kaczorowski, Florence. « Les américaines et la politisation de la sphère privée dans l'après seconde guerre mondiale ». Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30048/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis examines various factors that have led to the reconfiguration of the private / domestic sphere, considered as the non-political domain of the family and the intimate, as a crucial subject for political debate and as a legitimate place of political action in the aftermath At the heart of the process were three major phenomena: the militarization of private civil space, the resurgence of the ideal of the "Christian home" in a moralist and familialist climate, and the valorization of the home Consumerism, the "center of freedom", where the defense of the capitalist system was played out in the ideological conflict between the United States and the USSR During this period, the private-public articulation was renegotiated, thanks to the phenomenon of politicization of the private sector and the additional legitimacy granted to the stakes associated with this domain and, by extension, to the women who are supposed to guarantee the integrity . Three case studies, based on rich archival sources that have so far been largely untapped, make it possible to take full account of this renegotiation and to account for the adoption of new forms of policy-making at home ('kitchen-table activism ') By a large number of white women of the middle-upper classes. This mode of activism, reconciling domestic life, feminine sociability and militant commitment, was put to the service of progressive and conservative women's organizations as well as women's divisions of political parties. To what extent did its expansion reflect the politicization of its followers and the rise of their political participation during a latent period of the feminist movement ? Have their involvement in the margins of the institutional sphere been accompanied by an increase in their representation in politics ? Or did the period, on the contrary, see their advance in this delayed field because of this mobilization based on a traditional view of women and gender relations ?
Achouri, Amira. « Une étude du mouvement des Tea Parties et son impact sur la politique étasunienne : une analyse qui dépasse le simple conservatisme populiste ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALL012.
Texte intégral: December 16, 2009, a few weeks prior to the primaries that would agree on the official contestant of the Democratic and Republican parties in the U.S., a group of people in Boston dressed in a way inspired by the American Revolution era. The flags they held symbolized a black rattlesnake on a yellow setting, by means of the slogan “Do not Tread on Me,” in the same manner asthe Boston Tea Party of 1773. The public meeting, which was initially and principally an evident movement in the dwelling of the U.S. representative Ron Paul, was held together with a fundraising campaign prearranged by activists, which would make available a 6 million dollars fundraising on the Internet in only one day, owing to 50 individual donations. One year later, a group of Republican candidates swept the Democratic majority in the midterm elections of November 2010 and won 60 more seats in the House of Representatives, celebrating one of the biggest Republican triumphs during the last fifty years. Far from being a trivial movement in 2009, the Tea Party movement, is considered by many to have had a significant impact in this victory. The crystallization of the debate on the health care reform had given the movement unexpected power and influence. Today, they represent a new conservative movement, yet formerly well established in the country.This dissertation explores the rise of Conservative social movements since WWII and the motives behind this. In the last chapter, it focuses on the Tea Party movement asthe latest chapter in the history of the populist conservative movement as the “Party of No.”Ianalyze (1) the historical background of the Right’s economic theories and ideologies, (2) how the U.S. society has been pulled to the right since the late 1970s in the most continuous political reaction since the Reconstruction era after the Civil War, (3) how welfare programs - as a unifying factor - have been used as a source of fear and fantasy for the Right, and (4) the origins of the movement: the who, what and why of the Tea Party movement and how they changed the American political landscape
Pozzo, Di Borgo Frédéric. « L'instrumentalisation de l'ONU par les Etats-Unis lors de la crise Iraquienne ». Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30038/document.
Texte intégralOn September 12, 2002, George Bush during a speech at the United Nations General Assembly seized the opportunity to submit the Security Council and expose to the International Community his worries concerning Saddam Hussein and his weapons of mass destruction. Dictated by election requirements, referring to the United Nations was imposed on the White House because of failing neo-conservative propaganda convincing the public opinion of need for war in Iraq. This was supposed to give body to the upcoming presidential campaign’s concept of “war against terrorism”, the White House had decided to lean on the United Nations credibility and legitimacy to re-launch propaganda and disguise an illegal war into an act of self defence, by keeping the decision of war secret.The International Community was not fooled by or accomplice of this trick, but the weight of the trans-Atlantic relationship forbade the United Kingdom to set itself apart from the United States and for France to use its right to veto against its allies. These contradictions explain the 2003 Security Council crisis, where, by disagreeing the western governments faced one another on the necessity of a second resolution authorizing war.This crisis was not without consequences, for Bush’s administration or for the International Community and even so for the United Nations, since being stuck in Iraq, the United States obtained several resolutions from the Security Council without questioning their unilateralism. Being in an awkward position, the International Organisation was targeted and its headquarters in Iraq destroyed. In the chaos in the aftermath of the war, the neo-conservative administration was obliged, under electoral pressure, to give up its unilateral attitude, and let the Unieted Nations politically resolve the conflict
Morgan, Frédéric. « Prendre la constitution au sérieux : leo Strauss et ses disciples interprètes du régime américain ». Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040061.
Texte intégralThe Political Philosophy of Leo Strauss has a far wider sphere of influence in America than the departments of Philosophy. By creating their own community of conversation, the “straussians” inflected to study and political activity a style of thought beyond contemporary liberalism and conservatism, even if Straussians mainly chose to converse with new born political conservatism. The lincolnian conservatism they embraced is one moderated by the rationalism of the first American constitutionalism, and has foundings in the reenforcement of the aristotelician political science. This Political Science led them to read the constitutionalism thanks to the principles of the Founding Fathers of the American Republic
Danna, Charlotte. « Le principe de solidarité écologique ». Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2070.
Texte intégralAdopted by article 2 from act nr 2016-1087 concerning the reconquest of biodiversity, nature and landscape of August 8th 2016, the principle of ecological solidarity calls “for taking into consideration the interactions of ecosystems, living creatures and natural or developed environments in all public decisions having a notable impact on the environment of the territories concerned”.This general principle of environmental law inscribed in article L110 1 of the environmental code is designed to preserve the interactions of ecosystems and ecological processes as well as to improve the environmental management of the territories. The duality of its objective renders it a highly valuable principle which should be applied to numerous decisions. Various supranational foundations, within jurisprudence and in international and European laws, can thus be assigned to it. In the context of ecological interdependence the evolution of the international and European dimension of the principle remains essential in order to see the benefits concerning the safeguarding of biodiversity. It is greatly enhanced, as regards internal law, by the fact that it is at the very center of the environment's equilibrium. It justifies the right to a balanced environment and extends the constitutional principles of prevention and sustainable development. Confronted with the crisis of world-wide biodiversity extinction that threatens our survival, the principle of ecological solidarity emerges as the last chance to preserve it. Two major groups of systems allow us to measure the dynamics of the principle of ecological solidarity: the green and the blue line belt network and the Ocean and coastline Governance Framework. They constitute a basis on which to develop ecological solidarity and represent the beginnings of new legislation. The principle of ecological solidarity requires them to be reinforced and more generally to advance all decisions concerned by the principle
Arteaga, Loïc. « Du non-film inexploré aux films à restaurer : l'apport des documents d'archives non-film dans les processus de restauration de films muets ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC291.
Texte intégralDespite its recent re-lighting, silent cinema is still threatened by disappearance, notably because of nitrate film decomposition over time. It is estimated that 80 per cent of the world cinema production from 1895 to 1929 is currently lost, which makes silent film restoration even more crucial for those that still exist. Unfortunately, a century later, those films often remain in incomplete versions, sometimes even different from the original ones. This research work falls within this scope and specifically demonstrates the essential input of non-film archival documents of the time in silent film restoration processes. Those documents from now on represent the only sources attesting the original and complete form of those films. They notably allow, by comparing them with the incomplete films, both the identification of the preserved versions and the reconstruction of the narrative spine. This theoretical reflection on film restoration guiding principles [I] is then put into practice first through our examination of the restoration elements of the non-film archive collection of the American production company Triangle Film Corporation (1915-1919) preserved by the Cinémathèque française [II] then, based on the exploitation of these elements, through our contribution to the restorations of the French versions of the western The Desert Man (La Cité du désespoir, William S. Hart, 1917) and the historical drama The Despoiler (Châtiment, Reginald Barker, 1915) [III] ; two Triangle films so far presumed lost that constitute the only film elements located in the world until now
Wiley, Patrick. « Le mouvement de conservation des ressources naturelles pendant l’ère progressiste : la stratégie et la vision de Theodore Roosevelt ». Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23771.
Texte intégralTheodore Roosevelt's term in the White House (1901-1909) was marked by many efforts in the conservation of natural resources. This was a doubly important theme for Roosevelt, because not only did he see the negative effects of industrialization on the future of resources, but nature had been one of his passions since his childhood. Thus, he wanted to continue to father a conservationist movement that had existed since the 1870s. Ultimately, his objective was to consolidate all natural resources under the authority of the federal government, through numerous policies for the development of forests, agricultural lands, rivers, pastures, ranges and mineral lands. This thesis presents the many perspectives from which conservation developed under Roosevelt, as well as the role of important individuals in the conservation community during the Roosevelt era. Although conservation is generally associated with the economic benefits of natural resources and their actual uses, we explore what other issues conservation could address. Theodore Roosevelt was very attached to his idea of a typically American nation and to what he saw as the essential values of the United States. Thus, we examine the link that might have existed between this ideal of the nation and the efforts to protect natural resources. Our study shows that, by putting his conservation project into practice, Roosevelt was able to remain true to some of the ideals he believed were essential to the proper functioning of American society.
Yupanqui, Huerto Pierina. « Les enjeux contemporains de la protection de connaissances traditionnelles environnementales : quel rôle pour les états parties de la convention sur la diversité biologique ? » Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2455/1/M11069.pdf.
Texte intégralChéreau, Jean-Reno. « Le mouvement Tea Party aux États-Unis : une mobilisation expliquée par le cadre des opportunités politiques ». Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8493.
Texte intégralThis thesis looks at the emerging conditions of the Tea Party movement. Our main effort was to know if the mobilization has been facilitated by political opportunities, as theorized by the social movement framework. By using a content analysis method, it was possible to observe three opportunities in a period between February 2009 and October 2010. During this period, it was also possible to look at the frequency and the nature of the mobilization, which takes the form of protests and informal meetings. I find that these opportunities were there during the emerging phase of the Tea Party. It is reasonable to think that the presence of specific issues, division within political coalitions and support of allies explain the substantial increase of the mobilization. Those external conditions seem to have turned a protest-based movement into a traditional political movement, eager to win the 2010 midterm elections.