Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Età del Rame »

VERSO UNA CRONOLOGIA ASSOLUTA PER L'ETÀ DEL RAME IN ITALIA CENTRALECon la recente pubblicazione di dodici nuove determinazioni radiocarboniche per Conelle d'Arcevia nella regione Marche, è ora possibile, da una parte, collocare la sequenza cronologica di questo importante sito dell'età del rame su una base più solida, e, dall'altra, cominciare a costruire una struttura cronologica assoluta per l'età del rame in Italia centrale. Per l'età del rame, tre ampie fasi possono ora essere proposte: una età del rame iniziale, datata al 3550–3050 a.C.; una media età del rame, datata al 3050–2750 a.C.; e una tarda età del rame, datata al 2750–2200 a.C. Tale struttura ora richiede conferma e potenziamento attraverso la produzione di nuove datazioni radiocarboniche.

LO SFRUTTAMENTO DELLA SELCE IN ETÀ PREISTORICA NELLA VALLE DEL CESOLONE (MACERATA): RELAZIONE PRELIMINAREQuesto articolo descrive i risultati di un progetto diretto dall'autore tra il 1992 e il 1995, volto allo studio del procacciamento di selci in età preistorica, della produzione di utensili e dello scambio di attivita grave;esercitate nell'area dell'importante risorsa di pietra siliceà alia sommita della Valle del Cesolone, vicino Serrapetrona (Macerata). Il progetto è iniziato con l'esame delle pubblicazioni di fine XIX e inizio XX secolo delle ricerche archeologiche effettuate sul campo e delle collezioni museali di manufatti realizzati nella valle. É poi proseguito con tre stagioni di ricognizioni sul campo che hanno confermato l'interpretazione originale di Gnoli del sito di Torre Beregna, come luogo di approvvigionamento della selce e di produzione di manufatti, e soprattutto di produzione ed esportazione di grandi lame, databili all'Eta del Bronzo e all'Etá del Rame. Le ricognizioni sul campo hanno inoltre fornito nuovi dettagli sulle sequenze di riduzione dei nuclei impiegati nelle zone di procacciamento, e identificato alcune differenze nella produzione più tarda di manufatti in selce e nel consumo nella valle.

Este trabajo, que parte de un estudio más amplio sobre la percepción de diferentes aspectos del clima escolar en Cantabria, se centra en los resultados que hacen referencia a las propuestas de mejora planteadas por los/as adolescentes, a partir de su percepción sobre dicho objeto de estudio. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 834 estudiantes de Secundaria (i.e., ESO, Bachillerato, FP Básica y FP de Grado Medio), 57.7 % mujeres y 42.3 % varones, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 20 años (M = 15.7, DT = 2.1). Los datos se recogieron mediante un muestreo aleatorio por conglomerados bietápico con carácter estratificado, esto último en función del curso, la titularidad del centro y el tipo de municipio. Las propuestas de mejora del alumnado se agruparon en tres categorías emergentes: vigilancia/supervisión (e.g., aumentar el control por parte del profesorado, introducir vigilancia externa, etc.), acciones preventivas educativas (e.g., incrementar la participación del alumnado, aumentar la educación emocional, etc.) y acciones reactivas (e.g., sancionar a los/as acosadores/as o dar apoyo a las víctimas). Además, según los/as participantes, estas acciones deberían implementarlas preferentemente los equipos directivos, en colaboración con el alumnado o bien toda la comunidad educativa. De estos resultados se desprende la importancia de tomar en consideración la voz del alumnado: ello debería redundar no solo en el bienestar de los/as estudiantes, sino también en la mejora de la convivencia escolar y en la calidad educativa.

Los tiempos de sueño y descanso juegan un papel fundamental en el bienestar y el aprendizaje de los niños y niñas más pequeños. La gestión del tiempo escolar, que es organizado por los sistemas educativos, afecta a las horas de instrucción del alumnado o al régimen de organización de la jornada lectiva, así como a los momentos dedicados al descanso y a las funciones vitales (comer, dormir, etc.). Este artículo se centra en el análisis normativo en el nivel estatal en España y Suecia en relación con estas cuestiones pedagógicas. Los resultados muestran cómo ambos sistemas educativos organizan el tiempo escolar de forma variable, lo que se traduce en diferentes organizaciones del tiempo, espacio y recursos humanos para permitir la función esencial del sueño o el descanso. Este hecho está teniendo consecuencias directas, en cuanto al tiempo que los niños y niñas pueden ocupar a las actividades y dedicar al descanso durante la educación preprimaria; así, en última instancia, se discute cómo este hecho está impactando en el bienestar infantil y se exploran futuras líneas de investigación.

- The paper analyzes the race issue within the labor transformations in the South of the United State, focusing on the Research Triangle Park case in North Carolina. Developing analytical categories partially original in the Italian sociology of labor debate (whiteness, blackness, racial management, etc.), the author explores the Latino workers experiences, highlighting the articulation between the color line and the shape and organization of the labor market.

En este artículo analizamos las principales perfiles y problemáticas experimentadas por el alumnado de secundaria y estudios universitarios para continuar el curso académico durante el confinamiento debido a la pandemia del COVID-19. A partir de un análisis cuantitativo bivariado y multivariable, mostramos cómo los grupos sociales más vulnerables (clase baja, nacionalidad extranjera) han tenido más dificultades para continuar con la educación online. Además, elaboramos una tipología de dificultades experimentadas por el alumnado (Q1-sin problemas importantes, Q2-problemas técnicos, Q3-problemas psico-sociales, Q4-problemas de competencias) que nos permiten dimensionar los diferentes tipos de dificultades según las características sociodemográficas de los sujetos. La falta de competencias es la problemática más extendida para continuar con los estudios, si bien las condiciones estructurales (falta de tiempo y espacio, acceso a las TIC, estado anímico, etc.) son especialmente relevantes entre los grupos sociales más vulnerables (clase social baja, áreas rurales, mujeres).

En 1990 se celebró en El Escorial (Madrid) la primera Conferencia de Sociología de la Educación (SE) que reunió a un numeroso grupo de docentes e investigadores (-as) de muchas universidades españolas. A estas conferencias han sucedido otras más a lo largo de treinta y un años, bien con el formato de Conferencia, bien como Reunión-Encuentro del Comité de Investigación de Sociología de la Educación (SE) dentro de las reuniones trienales de la Federación Española de Sociología (bienales a partir del Congreso de Valencia de 2019) o bien como Conferencias Internacionales con Asociaciones de SE de Portugal (2015 en Lisboa y 2017 en Córdoba) y de Italia y Francia donde han participado además docentes e investigadores (-as) de otros países como Brasil, Argentina, Chile, México, etc. adscritos principalmente a universidades españolas, portuguesas o italianas. Desde 2015 el Comité de Investigación (CI) de Sociología de la Educación (SE) [CISE] número 13 de la Federación Española de Sociología (FES) asume la organización de estas reuniones con carácter abierto e internacional con un último encuentro realizado telemáticamente en octubre de 2021.Este artículo ahonda en el trayecto recorrido, no sólo datando fechas de reuniones, acuerdos y publicaciones, sino que se detiene asimismo en el análisis de los temas tratados y de algunos logros muy relevantes para la SE en España como la aparición de dos revistas de impacto, RASE en 2008 y RISE en 2012.

La formación técnica en Argentina ha sido un ámbito históricamente masculinizado. Ante el incremento de la matrícula femenina y la visibilización y demandas sociales respecto de las desigualdades de género, nos preguntamos, de qué manera las instituciones de ETP favorecen el reconocimiento y la participación con miras a la justicia social. Este trabajo analiza discursos sobre las desigualdades entre varones y mujeres (en interseccionalidad con otras) que circulan en 12 instituciones de educación técnico profesional en dos provincias argentinas (Neuquén y Mendoza), y sobre los dispositivos de acompañamiento a la escolaridad y articulación con el trabajo que allí se construyen. Desplegamos un diseño de investigación comparativo basado en la triangulación de fuentes secundarias y el uso de técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas para la producción de datos primarios. Como estrategia de análisis optamos por el Análisis Crítico del Discurso. Encontramos tres tipos de discursos que organizan los modos de mirar, entender y actuar en relación a ser varón o mujer que se articulan con otras dimensiones con un sentido de justicia social particular. Definimos a estos discursos como: Naturalización de jerarquías; Visibilización de jerarquías; Visibilización de jerarquías y acciones para la transformación. Si bien estos discursos conviven en todas las instituciones, identificamos predominancia de algunos en cada una de ellas, así como en los territorios en que se asientan. Finalmente presentamos un caso de una institución en el que analizamos el entramado discursivo.

El término latín compromissum se utiliza para describir una obligación que se ha contraído; en ocasiones es una promesa o una declaración de principios. Por otra parte, la ética, del latín eth cus, es la rama de la Filosofía que se ocupa del estudio racional de la moral, la virtud, el deber, la felicidad y el buen vivir. Son diversas las profesiones que se comprometen éticamente con las personas a las que cuidan, ejerciendo su disciplina muy de cerca. El profesional de enfermería está autorizado para ofrecer una amplia gama de cuidados y cada uno de ellos implica un compromiso ético.

2007/2008
Sono stati studiati manufatti in pietra levigata – soprattutto lame d’ascia e asce forate – riferibili al Neolitico e all’età del Rame, scoperti nel Caput Adriae e nelle aree limitrofe (principalmente Friuli, Carso, Istria e Palude di Lubiana). Alcune ricerche preliminari hanno indicato un drastico cambio di materie prime tra Neolitico ed età del Rame, principalmente HP metaofioliti affioranti in Italia nord-occidentale per lame d’ascia neolitiche e altre litologie metamorfiche, di provenienza non ben precisata ma genericamente alpino-orientale o balcanica, per le asce forate dell’età del Rame. Sulla base di queste indicazioni è stato redatto un progetto di ricerca volto a raccogliere dati utili per ricostruire l’evoluzione culturale e dei sistemi di scambio attivi nel Caput Adriae durante la preistoria recente e per cercare di comprendere le cause di eventuali interruzioni o sviluppi significativi. Nel primo capitolo vengono esposti i criteri morfo-metrici e tecnologici adottati per la descrizione dei reperti attraverso un sistema di schedatura e le metodologie analitiche più utilizzate. In quello successivo, dedicato al contesto archeologico, viene riassunto lo stato delle conoscenze per quanto concerne le evidenze archeologiche e lo sviluppo culturale delle varie aree incluse nel progetto per un arco cronologico compreso tra Neolitico ed età del Rame. Segue un capitolo dedicato alla descrizione tipologica e alla caratterizzazione dei manufatti in pietra levigata, suddivisi per cronologia. Tra i materiali neolitici del Friuli prevalgono le industrie costituite da HP metaofioliti – soprattutto giade ed eclogiti –. Reperti dello stesso tipo sono piuttosto comuni anche nelle grotte del Carso, in Istria e nelle isole del Quarnero, mentre il loro numero si riduce drasticamente in Slovenia centrale dove essi appaiono per la prima volta appena nel IV millennio a.C.. In questo periodo nei siti del Ljubljansko barje le lame d’ascia sono tuttavia in gran parte fabbricate con rocce piroclastiche. Le asce forate, nella gran parte dei casi riferibili con sicurezza all’età del Rame, sono costituite principalmente da tre litologie d’importazione: serpentiniti, diffuse soprattutto nella parte settentrionale del Caput Adriae; metaultramafiti anfibolico-cloritiche-pirosseniche, comuni nel Ljubljansko barje e nel Carso; doleriti parzialmente ricristallizzate, particolarmente numerose in Istria e nella Slovenia meridionale. Nel quarto capitolo, sulla base dei dati emersi dalla caratterizzazione dei manufatti, vengono prese in considerazioni le possibili fonti di approvvigionamento, sia sulla base della letteratura, sia su quella del lavoro effettuato in campagna. Nel tentativo di identificare l’area di provenienza delle serpentiniti sono stati campionati i principali affioramenti di queste rocce in Slovenia (Pohorje) e in varie regioni austriache (Carinzia, Stiria, Salisburghese, Tirolo Orientale e Burgenland). Grazie al confronto dei dati emersi dalla caratterizzazione dei manufatti con quelli relativi alle possibili zone sorgenti – nel quinto capitolo – è stato possibile definire la più probabile zona di provenienza della gran parte dei materiali importati: 1) i manufatti in HP metaofioliti sono costituiti da rocce provenienti da depositi del Piemonte e della Liguria, come numerosi studi hanno già dimostrato; 2) le serpentiniti impiegate per la produzione delle asce forate trovano strette affinità in alcuni affioramenti degli Alti Tauri in Austria centrale; 3) l’area di approvvigionamento delle asce forate in dolerite dovrebbe corrispondere al Banija Ophiolite Complex, margine estremo settentrionale della Central Dinaric Opholitic Belt in Croazia; 4) non si è ancora proceduto a uno studio sistematico delle possibili zone sorgenti delle asce forate in metultramafite ma la distribuzione dei reperti suggerisce un’origine diversa da quella delle serpentiniti e più orientale, nell’ambito delle Alpi Orientali o forse altrove. Nel sesto capitolo i dati morfo-metrici e tecnologici dei manufatti, considerati nell’ambito di gruppi litologici distinti – vista l’importanza e il condizionamento delle proprietà delle rocce e della morfologia dei supporti –, sono stati considerati per verificare la possibilità di creare dei raggruppamenti tipologici significativi. In alcuni casi è stato possibile riconoscere dei tipi caratteristici di determinate fasi cronologiche e la loro evoluzione nel tempo. Gli elementi raccolti hanno permesso di evidenziare alcuni dei tratti fondamentali e di lungo periodo dei sistemi di scambio attivi nell’area del Caput Adriae tra VI e III millennio a.C.. Durante il Neolitico, a partire dalla cultura di Danilo/Vlaška, le aree costiere del Caput Adriae sono coinvolte in sistemi di scambio che le collegano soprattutto all’Italia settentrionale e all’attuale fascia costiera croata, mentre, allo stato attuale mancano del tutto prove certe di contatti con la Slovenia centrale, dove una cultura neolitica si afferma appena nella prima metà del V millennio a.C.. L’esistenza di questi circuiti di scambio è documentata dalla comune presenza di manufatti in HP metaofioliti, manufatti in ossidiana lipariota, in ossidiana carpatica, asce a cuneo da calzolaio – queste ultime due classi di materiali introdotte in Friuli e Carso probabilmente tramite la mediazione dalla costa Dalmata – e da manufatti ceramici, recipienti e oggetti cultuali. Nel corso dell’età del Rame – dal IV millennio a.C. – si assiste a una crescita della rilevanza strategica del Caput Adriae e forse alla sua prima costituzione nel senso di un territorio fortemente connotato come luogo di incontro e passaggio di elementi materiali e spirituali tra il modo europeo continentale e quello mediterraneo, fenomeno chiaramente indicato dall’origine delle asce forate e di altre classi di materiali. I dati archeometrici a disposizione per le asce forate in Italia settentrionale e nel Caput Adriae indicano che le aree di provenienza della materie prime corrispondono a fonti di approvvigionamento, in genere non troppo distanti, sconosciute o quasi durante il Neolitico. Le ragioni di questo netto cambiamento, già messo in evidenza da altri studiosi, vanno probabilmente ricondotte a un insieme complesso di fattori, non facilmente definibili. Una possibile chiave interpretativa è suggerita dal tipo di materie prime sfruttate per la manifattura delle asce forate. Si tratta infatti di rocce affioranti in complessi ofiolitici ricchi di mineralizzazioni di rame. La corrispondenza tra le fonti di approvvigionamento delle materie prime usate per la produzione di asce forate e aree ricche di depositi di rame, sfruttate da momenti diversi della tarda preistoria, potrebbe non essere casuale. L’adozione di martelli litici, spesso fatti di rocce doleritiche o altre litologie magmatiche, la cui presenza è registrata in siti minerari dell’età del Rame, implica una ricerca delle materie prime litiche più dure e adatte all’attività di estrazione mineraria. La conoscenza delle proprietà tecniche delle rocce, acquisita empiricamente in un contesto di esplorazione e sfruttamento delle risorse di rame, potrebbe essere dunque stata applicata anche nella produzione di asce forate.
XXI Ciclo
1979

El Caribe ha sido reconocido por considerarse una pluralidad de espacios que simultáneamente son solo uno. Contrario al contexto de su fragmentada geografía, su segregada historia colonial y su diversidad racial y lingüística, los intelectuales caribeños han establecido puentes de unidad cultural con la intención de configurar una identidad pan-caribeña. Por consiguiente, los ensayistas del siglo XX se enfrentan a la necesidad de examinar críticamente los factores que formulan sus respectivas identidades, en contraste con aquellas tradicionalmente impuestas bajo el discurso colonial y metropolitano. Desde el tercer cuarto del siglo, pensadores como Aimé Césaire (1913-2008), Fernando Ortiz (1881-1969), Fidel Castro (1926-), George Lamming (1927-), Kamau Brathwaite (1930-), Juan I. Jiménes-Grullón (1903-1983), Hubert Devonish (1953-), Edouard Glissant (1928-2011), Antonio Benítez-Rojo (1931-2005), Arcadio Díaz Quiñones y Maryse Condé (1937-), entre otros, cuestionan el sistema colonial, los procesos étnicos y las propuestas lingüísticas, relacionándolos con conceptos tales como la hibridez, el sincretismo, la transculturación y la heterogeneidad. Estas teorías culturales, de alguna manera, reescriben ideas antecedentes en reacción a discursos hegemónicos previos como consecuencia de los cambios políticos que trajeron las guerras de independencia en América Latina durante el siglo XIX. En mi tesis demuestro que estos planteamientos delinean un mapa de modelos epistemológicos de la cultura del Caribe. Para indicar que estas propuestas constituyen metáforas que muestran una consciencia cultural, las proposiciones acerca de la cultura de Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) y Hayden White (1928-) sirven como marco teórico apropiado. Así, a través de las representaciones literarias ensayísticas de los modelos metafóricos de la cultura caribeña, este trabajo redefine algunos aspectos importantes de la identidad cultural vis a vis la mirada parcial que usualmente se utiliza para estudiar el archipiélago antillano. Igualmente, incluso aunque estos modelos proponen una representación metafórica de la cultura pan-caribeña, la construcción de un modelo del Caribe puede ser utilizado en otras regiones y espacios culturales en el contexto de la globalización, ya que elucida una gnoseología cultural que sirve para describir distintas realidades globales.

La presente tesis busca identificar y describir la situación actual de la gestión de los residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos comercializados en las tiendas por departamento. Esta idea nace debido a que en los últimos diez años se ha incrementado el número de estos establecimientos a nivel nacional, las preferencias por parte de los consumidores para comprar en estos lugares y a la obligación legal de las tiendas por departamento para implementar planes de manejo de estos residuos. Por otra parte existe una mayor preocupación mundial en el manejo de estos residuos debido a su incremento y a los componentes tanto peligroso como reaprovechables que requieren un manejo especializado distinto al de los residuos urbanos. En el desarrollo del presente trabajo de tipo exploratorio se presenta de manera resumida el marco legal aplicable, rol de los diferentes actores involucrados en la gestión de los residuos, las dificultades y oportunidades que se presentan para el manejo de estos residuos, experiencias en otras regiones y en instituciones tanto públicas como privadas , avances entre otros. Se ha realizado una estimación de la probable generación de residuos en base a una metodología y supuestos, con los que ha permitido calcular aproximadamente el gasto monetario para el reaprovechamiento y/o disposición final. Finalmente se plantea una serie de conclusiones y recomendaciones para los diferentes actores a fin de mejorar el manejo de estos residuos.
Tesis

L’analisi del sito di Arano si concentra nei primi 5 capitoli. La cronologia delle frequentazioni comprende l’età del Rame e l’antica età del Bronzo, e la quantità di elementi da considerare ed analizzare, nella loro specificità e complessità, è senza dubbio notevole. Il Capitolo 6 rappresenta il tentativo di enfatizzare l’importanza del dato archeometallurgico, perchè emerso in un contesto così particolare come quello dell’area nord-orientale dell’Italia settentrionale, ricca di depositi minerari conosciuti e sfruttati, ai quali però non è possibile riferire la materia prima con cui sono stati realizzati i materiali in metallo del sito. Il Cap. 7 riguarda la contestualizzazione della necropoli dell’antica età del Bronzo nel quadro dei pochi rinvenimenti funerari coevi conosciuti in Italia settentrionale. L’areale e la cronologia portano a riferire Arano alla Cultura di Polada, della quale ho cercato di mettere in evidenza problematiche, lacunosità, contraddizioni. Il Cap. 8 rappresenta, infine, un approfondimento sulle necropoli e i gruppi culturali coevi a nord dell’arco alpino, in particolare quelli stanziati in area danubiano-carpatica, con una selezione necessariamente parziale e soggettiva dei contesti di confronto.

Orofacial clefts are a heterogeneous group of craniofacial malformations that affect the lip and/or palate and represent the most common craniofacial birth defect in humans. In 30% of patients the cleft is accompanied by additional physical or cognitive abnormalities. Hundreds of these clefting syndromes have been described, many of which have Mendelian inheritance patterns. The most common of these is Van der Woude syndrome (VWS), caused by mutations in the transcription factor IRF6 (Kondo et al. 2002). The other 70% of patients lack additional features and are considered nonsyndromic. The etiology of nonsyndromic clefts is complex and involves the combined action of multiple genetic variants interacting with environmental factors. A common approach for identifying genetic risk factor for complex disorders such as nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is the genome wide association study (GWAS). We pursued a locus on 1p22 shown to be associated with NSCL/P by Beaty et al. (2010). Through a combination of expression studies in a mouse model and mutation screening in NSCL/P patients, we identified ARHGAP29 as a novel gene for NSCL/P and the likely etiologic gene at this locus. We identified eight rare variants in NSCL/P patients absent in controls including a nonsense and a frameshift mutation. These rare variants are reminiscent of previous resequencing studies that reported rare coding mutations in 20 different candidate genes for NSCL/P. We reviewed these variants and compared them with variants found in over 7000 exomes from the 1000 Genomes Project (1kGP) and NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) to identify the variants and genes most likely to contain etiologic rare variants. We found good support for a role for rare variants in NSCL/P, particularly for MSX1 and genes of the FGF signaling pathway. We next performed several studies to understand the genetic architecture of syndromic forms of clefting, focusing on VWS and popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS), which is allelic to VWS. We compiled all of the nearly 300 published IRF6 mutations and compared the distribution of these mutations with IRF6 variants obtained from the 1kGP and ESP exomes. We found that mutations causing VWS were significantly over-represented in the DNA-binding domain and for the most part were absent from control exomes, indicating that they are likely to be truly causative for VWS or PPS. These mutations in VWS and PPS only account for 70% of VWS and 97% of PPS. We next hypothesized that mutations in RIPK4, which causes an autosomal recessive pterygia syndrome, could underlie the remaining VWS and/or PPS cases. We found novel homozygous mutations in RIPK4 in two PPS patients. This result has significant clinical ramifications, as counseling of recurrence risk is very different for PPS patients whose disease is caused by dominant IRF6 mutations compared to recessive RIPK4 mutations. Finally, to understand the variable expressivity of VWS and PPS we performed an association study to identify genetic modifiers. We also looked for genotype-phenotype correlations between the type and location of IRF6 mutations. Although we did not find strong evidence that the candidate genes we selected from GWAS of NSCL/P or other clefting syndromes are modifiers of the VWS or PPS phenotypes, several marginal associations suggest that members of the IRF6 gene regulatory network could act as modifiers. Finally, we found evidence of a larger genotype-phenotype correlation by demonstrating that mutation-negative VWS families have a deficiency of cleft lip phenotypes. Together this work has advanced our understanding of the genetic basis of this diverse set of cleft lip and palate disorders, informing both the biology of craniofacial development and the clinical care of patients affected by these disorders.

Dans ce travail on a montré l'occurrence de transitions exothermiques et endothermiques entre les niveaux métastables 3P2 et 3P0 dans la collision d'atomes de gaz rare avec une surface solide. Le développement d'une source d'atomes métastables utilisant le processus d'échange de métastabilité au sein d'un jet supersonique a permis ensuite d'observer la diffraction par un réseau de nanofentes, puis, dans une expérience de collision sur un réseau micrométrique en Cuivre en présence d'un champ magnétique externe, d'observer des transitions Zeeman au sein du niveau 3P2. Le calcul, à partir des données spectroscopiques, de l'interaction de van der Waals entre un atome d'argon métastable dans l'état 3P2 et une surface conductrice plane a révélé outre une partie scalaire, une partie quadrupolaire modifiant l'énergie des sous niveaux au voisinage de la surface. Un modèle d'évolution soudaine prédit alors une probabilité de transition dont l'ordre de grandeur est en accord avec l'expérience.

Dans cette thèse, on a montré l'occurrence de transitions exothermiques et endothermiques entre les niveaux métastables 3P_2 et 3P_0 dans la collision d'atomes de gaz rare avec une surface solide. Le développement d'une source d'atomes métastables utilisant le processus d'échange de métastabilité au sein d'un jet supersonique a permis ensuite d'observer la diffraction par un réseau de nanofentes, puis, dans une expérience de collision sur un réseau micrométrique en Cuivre en présence d'un champ magnétique externe, d'observer des transitions Zeeman au sein du niveau 3P_2. Le calcul, à partir des données spectroscopiques, de l'interaction de van der Waals entre un atome d'argon métastable dans l'état 3P_2 et une surface conductrice plane a révélé outre une partie scalaire, une partie quadrupolaire modifiant l'énergie des sous niveaux au voisinage de la surface. Un modèle d'évolution soudaine prédit alors une probabilité de transition dont l'ordre de grandeur est en accord avec l'expérience.

Considérées, aujourd’hui, comme des œuvres majeures de la littérature allemande du XXe siècle, Scènes de la vie d’un faune et L’Ombre du corps du cocher sont, à l’origine, deux textes pour le moins à part dans le paysage littéraire allemand du début des années 1950 – au point que celui de Weiss n’a même pas trouvé d’éditeur avant 1960. La présente étude analyse les deux récits autodiégétiques à partir des traits saillants suivants : leur dispositif d’énonciation à double voix (narrateur vs. instance auctoriale non anthropomorphe), leurs réseaux de métaphores à valeur poétologique, et surtout les multiples interactions entre le foisonnement des microséquences descriptives et les macroséquences narratives quelque peu occultées par les premières, mais toujours indéniablement présentes. Dès lors, l’analyse dégage les implications esthético-politiques de chacun des deux textes ; en résonance avec des intertextes soit romantiques et d’ordre mythique (pour Scènes de la vie d’un faune), soit surréalistes et freudiens (pour L’Ombre du corps du cocher), chacun soulève une question ‘explosive’ en ce qu’elle est négligée ou évitée par la production littéraire allemande dominante de ces années-là. L’idylle convulsive d’Arno Schmidt : Quel est le prix à payer pour un récit fictionnel traitant de l’époque national-socialiste qui ne veut pas renoncer au plaisir de la métaphore ? Le psychodrame chosifié de Peter Weiss : Quelles zones la littérature allemande de l’après-guerre laisse-t-elle dans l’ombre en se tournant entièrement vers le recensement du monde extérieur et en optant pour un langage prétendument univoque, apposant des contours stables au réel ?
Today, Scenes from the Life of a Faun and The Shadow of the Coachman’s Body are considered as major works of the 20th century German literature ; originally however, at the beginning of the 1950s, they were rather isolated in the German-language literary landscape – to such an extent that Peter Weiss’ text was not even published until 1960. The present work analyses the two auto-diegetic narratives by choosing the following axes of comparison : the tension between the narrator’s voice and the voice of the authorial, non anthropomorphic instance ; the networks of metaphors with poetological implications and, above all, the interaction between the abounding descriptive micro-sequences and the narrative macro-sequences, somewhat hidden behind the descriptions but nonetheless and undeniably present. By following these tracks, the analysis shows the aesthetic-political implications of the two texts ; echoing with either romantic and myth-like (as far as Scenes from the Life of a Faun is concerned) or surrealist and Freudian (The Shadow of the Coachman’s Body) intertexts, each of the texts raises a specific ‘explosive’ question, neglected or avoided by the dominant literary production. Thus, Arno Schmidt’s convulsive idyll asks : What is the price to pay for a fictional narrative about the Nazi-years if it is not willing to give up the pleasures of the metaphor ? And Peter Weiss’ matter-of-fact psycho-drama : What is it that post-war German literature keeps out by focusing entirely on the outlines of the exterior world and by relying on a supposedly non-metaphorical language with stable meanings ?

Calculs ab initio sur le systeme hautement degenere cr h: mise en evidence d'un fort couplage entre etats ioniques et neutres et analyse des fonctions d'onde dans une description diabatique. Proposition d'une methode perturbative pour calcul des energies de dispersion entre un systeme versatil a (decrit dans une grande base) et un systeme quasi passif b (traite a l'approximation en coeur gele et caracterise par sa polarisabilite); calcul scf + ci de (a + b gele), du champ electrique exerce par a sur b, et de ses fluctuations, a l'aide d'un hamiltonien effectif; application a l'etude des courbes de potentiel des premiers etats excites des molecules diatomiques de ar avec na, k ou mg. Emploi de la theorie des pseudopotentiels et des potentiels modeles pour le calcul de potentiels impulsifs d'atomes inertes transferables a des systemes moleculaires; a partir de ces potentiels, calcul d'energies de dispersion applicable a la spectroscopie d'atomes alcalins en matiere de gaz rare

Studio ed inquadramento crono-culturale delle produzioni in pietra e materia dura animale provenienti dallo scavo del sito archeologico di Monte Covolo (Villanuova sul Clisi, Brescia). Analisi e confronto dei risultati nel quadro del popolamento dell’area alpina tra IV e III millennio a.C.

AbstractConcepts like race, migration background, or ethnic group are more and more being investigated in health research. It should be noted that those concepts themselves are very heterogeneous. They are, for example, endowed with different rights (e.g., cosmopolitan migrants from the global north, refugees from the global south) (Ambrosini & van der Leun, 2015) or have to deal with racism or discrimination (Nazroo, 2003). A challenge and a recurrent difficulty in research on the health of migrants is the operationalization of studies due to the heterogeneity of the group. On the one hand, it is unclear which criteria—nationality, mother tongue, ethnicity of grandparents, race, place of birth, place of migration as well as migration regime—are used to determine “migrants,” which makes comparability of the studies difficult (Sheldon & Parker, 1992). On the other hand, the group of people with a history of migration is very heterogeneous with regard to other lines of difference, such as social milieu/class and gender, but also country of origin and reason and time of migration. This makes the health situation of the so-called migrants very different, and it cannot be described in a generalized way. Research shows that social integration and social support can play a big role in the health status of migrants. It can provide information to the healthcare system, provide emotional support, or simply make someone feel like they are not alone. Social networks also play a big role for people with a so-called migration background or with a so-called different ethnic background (Johnson et al., 2017). In this chapter, we explore the link between health, migration, and networks. In doing so, we will try to minimize the uncertainty of the heterogeneity of the group as much as possible.

AbstractThe problem of land with unknown ownership is becoming increasingly evident with Japan’s declining population, low birth rate and aging population. This paper examines the need for the titling system using perspectives from economics and considers what sorts of titling system works for which types of society and looks at ways to deal with the problem of land with unknown ownership. A series of previous researches such as Miceli et al. (Eur J Law Econ 6:305–323, 1998; J Urban Econ 47:370–389, 2000) categorize the titling systems used in many advanced countries as either registration systems or recording systems. In terms of broad categorization Japan’s titling system is categorized as a recording system. However, since the details of registered information are confirmed through various registration procedures, the system also has aspects that resemble a registration system. This can be interpreted as having selected the titling system’s strength that considerably lowers the level of litigation risk. In that case, transaction costs become very high. This could be the cause of the excessively small current level of Japanese real estate transactions. Furthermore, the result of selecting the recording system in Japan, which is a system with a very high strength, could explain why nobody takes insurance to cover the risk of title litigation. In Japan, it is highly likely that the full-fledged population decline, low birth rate and aging population will lower the profitability of land. In that case, a titling system with low strength is likely to be the best for society as indicated in the analysis above.

AbstractEnvironmental issues are growing at an alarming rate and addressing the same is the need of the hour. Hazardous industrial pollutants and discharges are adding to the misery. Therefore, new ideas and technologies are being created and adopted to deal with ever increasing conservational troubles. Due to the burning issue of environmental pollution rising daily, a paradigm shift towards more sustainable and greener has to be pondered on. Microbial enzymes are such versatile, useful and beneficial weapons those can be exploited to combat the above-mentioned issues. In this aspect various works have been done and different sources of isolation of microbes and their fermentation process for procuring enzymes from them have been investigated in detail in those work. Pualsa Jagdish et al.’s work (2013) from Viva College, Virar, and Maharashtra entails that Lipase enzyme was procured from curd and waste oil was used as substrate. Lipase was produced by Lactobacillus sp. Whose lipolytic activity was calculated to be 0.082 U/mg. This enzyme if isolated under favorable conditions can be used to be applied for various industrial purposes in order to suppress the pollution rate and reduced the dependency on market-based chemicals and reagents those are highly dangerous and harmful. Work of Ashutosh Nema et al. (2019) [1], talks about the use of lipase enzyme as well as proteases are used as catalysts in biodiesel production as an effective and economical approach. According to Wu et al., large scale productions of protease have been achieved from Aspergillus species for their application in food and beverage industries. Alkaline proteases were reported to be produced under solid state fermentation processes by A. flavus and A. oryzae. Ikram-Ul-Haq and Mukhtar (2015) [2] stated that Penicillium sp. Alkaline proteases were generated under both solid state and submerged fermentation. The Mucor sp. of fungi can produce protease for milk clotting and can substitute rennin in the cheese making industry. Fungal enzymes are commonly used in industries over bacterial enzymes due to various technical reasons such as the feasibility of gaining enzymes at a high concentration in the fermentation medium and easier downstream processing. This way it can be encapsulated that microbial enzymes are savior in the field of pollution remediation and replacer of harsh and hazardous chemicals for carrying out various industrial applications.

Dette kapittelet er en studie av dekningen av børskrakket i 1987 i to store norske aviser. På det tidspunktet krakket fant sted, var både norsk politikk og presse i endring. Markedet hadde over noen år fått betraktelig større betydning i den norske blandingsøkonomien, samtidig som toneangivende nye medier var åpne markedsforkjempere. Kapittelet er basert på rammeverket som ble brukt i en studie publisert av Bjerke og Fonn i 2015, som tok for seg finanskrisen og dens etterdønninger i de samme to avisene – Aftenposten og Dagbladet. Denne studien var igjen inspirert av Baldwin van Gorp og Robert Entman. I artikkelen om finanskrisen spurte Bjerke og Fonn om det var mulig å identifisere to forskjellige måter å vurdere økonomiske kriser og krakk på – to forskjellige «rammepakker» – og om dekningen var dominert av en såkalt «nyliberalistisk» eller en «kasinokapitalistisk» forståelse. I den første vil et krakk bli betraktet som en midlertidig korreksjon i et marked som snart vil oppnå likevekt, mens i en kasinokapitalistisk ramme vil det bli pekt på de grunnleggende ustabile og mulig langsiktige effektene av uregulerte markeder. I dette kapittelet stiller forfatteren de samme spørsmålene på nytt til et 20 år eldre materiale, til et krakk som fant sted mens deregulering og internasjonalisering var relativt nye fenomener i den norske offentligheten, og 1990-tallets skjellsettende bankkrise ennå ikke hadde funnet sted. Men var allmennmediene allerede påvirket av den nye økonomipressen og den fremvoksende markedsideologien, i måten de valgte ut tematikk, vinkler og kilder på?

I detta kapitel diskuteras hur olika sociopolitiska vindar som blåser runt matematikundervisning påverkar förutsättningarna för både lärare och elever på olika nivåer. Fokus ligger på planering för en inkluderande matematikundervisning under dessa förutsättningar. Detta belyses utifrån de tidigare kapitlens ’vindriktningar’ samt vår egen forskning som fokuserar på planering och inkludering i matematikundervisning. Utifrån de sociopolitiska beskrivningar som finns av mötet mellan elever, lärare och matematik kan vi se att det dels finns skillnader som uppträder över tid —förändringar som går från något mot något annat, men också förändringar som visar återkommande företeelser. För att synliggöra frågor om inkludering och planering inom ramen för dessa förändringar behövs en ständigt pågående debatt men det behövs också samverkan mellan forskare och lärare för att tillsammans kunna möta sociopolitiska utmaningar som uppstår när vi arbetar för en mer likvärdig och rättvis matematikundervisning. Det behövs även stöd och utrymme för lärare så att de kan tolka och navigera och genom ett informerat handlande planera för en inkluderande matematikundervisning.

La neuroanatomía es una rama de las neurociencias que permite comprender la manera en que se conforma y estructura el sistema nervioso (Clark et al., 2019). Por ello, facilitar a los estudiantes el acceso a este conocimiento les permitirá comprender de una forma más sencilla cómo los mecanismos cerebrales se interrelacionan, cómo están compuestos y funcionan desde su base neurobiológica, y les permitirá entender cómo los diferentes factores sociales y ambientales influyen directamente en la forma en que estas estructuras funcionan y dan respuesta a las exigencias del medio y permiten la adaptación del individuo a su entorno.

The objective of the Project is to define an experimental protocol for the accessibility assessment of the transport vehicles, by analysing the evolution of the effort and time variables consumed by a target group –Persons of Reduced Mobility (PMRs). This protocol consisted in tests of accessibility on a sample of 6 passenger cars (class M1) by 8 elderly people carrying a heart rate monitor, and whose access manoeuvres were recorded by video cameras. Based on the Hilloskorpi et al. [1] model and by developing a method of truncation of the heart rate (HR) tests records - eliminating the component of the work biologically needed by the organism to keep its basal metabolic rate from the work each person performed – it was possible to evaluate how much energy each individual invested in each access manoeuver. Immediately after each test, and after the whole round of vehicles, each participant was surveyed for a subjective assessment of the difficulty of accessing to the cars. According to each of the above results, the HR objective measurements and the subjective opinion about the ease of access experienced by each individual, the vehicles were ranked by order of accessibility to the front and rear seats. The result of both rankings showed the orders of the similar vehicles, the potential of the method and a fair closeness between its results and the subjective, but real and unequivocal, judgments of the participants.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3501

In recent years, many public bike rental systems have proliferated in Spain. Unfortunately, many have had to close because of their poor financial feasibility. The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, a benchmarking of the main public bicycle systems in Spain is conducted, analysing the growth in the last decades, with special emphasis on successful systems and on the recently failed. In addition, the financial feasibility of some successful systems in Spain is analysed: Seville, Valencia and Barcelona. Thus, major factors directly related to the viability of such systems are discussed. A proper and correct knowledge of these factors is essential when making decisions in mobility policies. The main factors on which the management company may decide are: pricing policy (annual and weekly rate), advertising rates, and system dimensions (number of docking stations, anchors and bicycles). There are other external factors not directly controlled by the company (subscribers, occupancy rate of advertising space and system maintenance cost) but which are crucial to their feasibility. To achieve the aforementioned objectives, mobility studies in Seville (1400 surveys) and Barcelona (1000 surveys) were conducted in order to achieve more accurate parameter values (time cycling, distances, used rate, frequencies, etc.). Despite the similarities between the systems in Valencia and Seville, they have shown very different profitability. The high profitability in Valencia and Barcelona is highlighted in contrast to the case of the Seville system.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3383

Introduction : Les dysplasies osseuses sont définis (WHO histological classification of odontogenic tumours 2005) comme des processus idiopathiques localisés au niveau de la région périapicale des dents, caractérisées par le remplacement de l’os normal par un tissu fibreux avec un os métaplasique. Ces conditions regroupent différentes formes cliniques : dysplasie osseuse périapicale, localisée au niveau des apex des dents antérieures, dysplasie osseuse focale, localisée aux dents postérieures, dysplasie osseuse floride (DOF) touchant 2 à 4 quadrants et cemontome gigantoforme familial, présent chez le jeune avec une symptomatologie très marquée. La découverte de ces lésions est souvent fortuite au niveau de radiographie panoramique avec des images radioclaires, mixtes ou radio-opaques, de différentes tailles. Cependant, une symptomatologie infectieuse peut être associée à ces lésions. Observations : Les quatre cas cliniques reportés représentent différentes situations pouvant révéler la dysplasie osseuse floride. Le premier cas clinique d’une patiente âgée de 56ans avec une petite dénudation osseuse de 3mm au niveau du quadrant3 avec une tuméfaction endobuccale douloureuse comblant le vestibule. La lésion est fréquemment traumatisée par une PAT mandibulaire. Le deuxième cas clinique d’une patiente de 50ans avec une tuméfaction exobuccale gauche avec une peau de recouvrement d’aspect normal, légèrement sensible à la palpation et faisant suite à l’ extraction de la 36 datant de 2 mois, le 3ème et 4ème cas cliniques sont de deux femmes de 50 et 70ans, se présentant avec des fistules cutanées accompagnées de tuméfactions exobuccales gauches. Discussion : Pour les 4 cas cliniques, le diagnostic de dysplasie osseuse floride compliquée d’une infection est posé suite à une investigation clinique et radiologique minutieuse, leurs gestion est chirurgicale avec une bonne évolution dans le temps. La littérature objective que la symptomatologie de la DOF reste rare et lorsqu’elle existe, elle se manifeste le plus souvent par une tuméfaction endobuccale, accompagnée d’une douleur comme pour le premier cas clinique ; les recherches considèrent que l’infection est secondaire à l’exposition des masses pathologiques après résorption des corticales alvéolaires chez le sujet édenté ou après extraction de dents proches des lésions chez le denté. Le 2ème cas clinique peut porter appui à ces résultats, vu que l’infection secondaire peut être rattachée à l’extraction de la 36. La diminution de la vascularisation au niveau des sites atteints expose le patient à un risque élevé de diffusion de l’infection se manifestant par une ostéomyélite voire une cellulite si la prise en charge est retardée ou non adéquate comme objectivé pour les 3ème et 4ème cas cliniques, avec une ostéomyélite accompagnée d’une extériorisation de l’infection sous forme de fistule cutanée. Conclusion : Une attention particulière devra être apportée à la prise en charge chirurgicale qui risque d’exposer plus de tissu vasculaire et entrainer des complications. La prise en charge adoptée dans ces cas cliniques répond à celle recommandée par la littérature avec exérèse des tissus responsables de l’infection, accompagnée d’un débridement des sites d’ostéomyélite avec une abstention et surveillance pour les sites asymptomatiques.

Le vitiligo est une leucodermie affectant 0,5 à 1% de la population mondiale. Il n’y a pas de différence de prévalence concernant l’âge, le sexe ou le type de peau. La disparition des mélanocytes entraine une hypopigmentation localisée en plaques symétriques blanches ivoire, à bords nets souvent hyperpigmentés. Les lésions sont le plus souvent retrouvées au niveau des zones découvertes, de frottement et des extrémités. L’évolution des lésions est imprévisible, alternant des phases de développement et de quiescence. Le mécanisme physiopathologique est mal connu, il s’agirait d’une pathologie auto immune avec une prédisposition héréditaire sur un terrain psychologique affaibli. On le retrouve associé dans d’autres affections auto immunes : l’insuffisance surrénalienne, les pathologies thyroïdiennes et la maladie de Biermer (Nagarajan et al (2015)). Le cas clinique rapporté est celui d’une jeune femme de 17 ans, qui présentait une dépigmentation de la lèvre supérieure apparue en octobre 2016. Initialement, la lésion affectait l’hémi lèvre supérieure gauche. Le dermatologue avait posé le diagnostic de vitiligo et instauré un traitement par vitamine C et acide folique, suivi pendant un mois, sans résultat. En juillet 2017 la patiente a consulté en pathologie de la muqueuse buccale car la lésion s’était étendue à l’ensemble de la lèvre supérieure avec atteintes de la commissure labiale gauche et cutanée en regard. L’interrogatoire a révélé un mordillement chronique des lèvres. L’examen de la muqueuse buccale a mis en évidence une dépigmentation linéaire de du bord vermillon de la lèvre supérieure avec renforcement pigmentaire périphérique. L’examen cutané a révélé une plage dépigmentée centimétrique de l’auriculaire de la main droite. Un bilan biologique incluant thyréostimuline, anticorps anti thyroglobuline et anticorps antithyroperoxydase a été prescrit de façon systématique. Il n’a pas révélé d’anomalie. Le traitement prescrit était : tacrolimus à 0,1% en application locale biquotidienne et arrêt de la pathomimie. Le vitiligo des muqueuses buccales est rare. Il a essentiellement été décrit en Inde où la maladie est endémique (Nagarajan et al (2015)). L’atteinte des muqueuses orales concernerait 55% des patients et la lèvre serait touchée dans près d’un cas sur 2 dans cette population. Le cas présenté concernait une patiente originaire d’Afrique du nord. Les études concernant le traitement du vitiligo labial ont été menées uniquement sur le traitement chirurgical : micropigmentation et greffes de mélanocytes semblent avoir le plus fort taux de succès (Gupta et al (2006)). Rodrigues et al (2017) ont conseillé une application locale biquotidienne de tacrolimus 0,1% pour les affections de la face et des zones intertrigineuses. De par son mode d’action, le tacrolimus a une activité immunosuppressive et pourrait favoriser la pigmentation de la muqueuse orale (Fricain et al 2005). Dans le cas présenté, un traitement par tacrolimus a été instauré dans un premier temps. Un traitement chirurgical par greffe de mélanocytes ou un traitement cosmétique sera proposé en cas d’échec du traitement local. Bien que rare, le vitiligo de la muqueuse buccale ne doit pas être ignoré du chirurgien oral qui devra collaborer avec le dermatologue pour définir le traitement adapté.

En este trabajo se analiza la información sobre la conducción obtenida con GPS para obtener perfiles telemáticos de los conductores en base a algoritmos inteligentes. Para extraer la información significativa ha sido necesario un complejo preprocesamiento, que incluye en primer lugar la aplicación del algoritmo Ramer-Douglas-Peucker para simplificar los datos y facilitar su manejo en etapas posteriores. Después se han aplicado operaciones para ordenar descartar viajes demasiado cortos, deshacer rotaciones y traslaciones aleatorias, etc., con el fin de poder detectar viajes repetidos o similares. Se han desarrollado dos métodos algorítmicos para detectar si dos viajes son similares. Por último, entrenando con los patrones obtenidos, se aplica para la clasificación la técnica de los árboles de decisión.

L’histiocytose langerhansienne est une maladie rare causée par la prolifération et l’infiltration d’un ou plusieurs organes, par des cellules dendritiques de type Langerhans. Elle s’exprime par des manifestations cliniques extrêmement polymorphes et peut toucher l’os, la peau, l’hypophyse, les poumons, le système nerveux central, et plus rarement le foie et le système digestif. Elle a été initialement décrite chez les enfants. L’histiocytose langerhansienne de l’adulte présente une entité particulière tant par ses manifestations cliniques que par sa prise en charge. Le cas présenté est celui d’un patient âgé de 53ans, en bon état de santé apparent et non fumeur, qui s’est présenté à la consultation pour des lésions nécrotiques et douloureuses des muqueuses gingivales mandibulaires et maxillaires, associées à des mobilités dentaires sévères. L’examen exobuccal ne révélait aucune asymétrie faciale ni adénopathies. L’examen endobuccal confirmait la présence de lésions nécrotiques gingivales et une parodontite sévère au niveau mandibulaire antérieur et maxillaire postérieur. Le secteur maxillaire antérieur présentait un parodonte sain. L’examen radiologique panoramique et Cone Beam CT , révélaient des lyses osseuses moyennes à terminales s’étendant de la 44 à la 38 et au niveau des molaires maxillaires droites et gauches. Les dents antérieures ne présentaient quant à elles pas de lyse. Par ailleurs des images lacunaires à l’emporte pièce siégeaient au niveau du secteur mandibulaire édenté. Ces manifestations évoquaient un lymphome ou une manifestation orale d’une infection virale type VIH. L’examen biologique révélait une légère hyperleucocytose et une augmentation de la vitesse de sédimentation à la première heure. L’examen anatomopathologique des lésions muqueuses, a rapporté la présence d’éléments histiocytaires se regroupant en nodules, concluant en une histiocytose langerhasienne de l’adulte. Le bilan d’extension ne révélait aucune atteinte associée, concluant en une histiocytose localisée. L’étude moléculaire a montré la présence d’une mutation V600E du gène BRAF (Facchetti et al, European journal of pathology, 471(4); 2017). Ce dernier est situé sur le chromosome 7, et il est impliqué dans l’envoi des signaux qui déterminent la croissance cellulaire. L’évolution et le pronostic de cette maladie sont étroitement liés à l’âge et aux organes atteints. Les régressions spontanées ont été rapportées, et peuvent être induites par un curetage ou par une simple biopsie. (Goncalves et al, Biomedical research notes,9(19); 2016) Pour notre cas, les extractions des dents mobiles avec curetage des lésions ont permis une cicatrisation complète. La thérapeutique médicamenteuse peut comprendre une corticothérapie locale ou systémique, des bisphosphonates, voire même une radiothérapie. Par ailleurs la confirmation de la mutation BRAF permet d’oser un traitement spécifique par inhibition de l’enzyme produite par ce gène. (Martıénez et al, Revisita Odontologica Mexicana, 16(2 ); 2012)

L’hémangioendothéliome intravasculaire végétant ou tumeur de Masson est une pathologie tumorale bénigne secondaire à la prolifération réactive de cellules endothéliales papillomateuses liées à un thrombus (Masson P., 1923). Il s’agit d’une tumeur vasculaire relativement rare qui représente 2% des tumeurs vasculaires des tissus cutanés et sous cutanés. Peu d’études rapportent sa localisation endobuccale, cependant il existe de nombreux cas dans la littérature décrivant sa prédilection pour la région cervicocranio- faciale (Lancaster et al, 1998). Un patient âgé de 71 ans, sans antécédents médico-chirurgicaux notables, était adressé à la consultation spécialisée de pathologie de la muqueuse buccale pour une tuméfaction de la face dorsale de la langue de découverte fortuite. Il s’agissait d’une lésion nodulaire d’un centimètre de grand axe, de coloration violacé et indolore. AU la palpation on ne retrouvait pas de battement. Une exérèse chirurgicale au laser diode a été réalisée sous anesthésie locale. Une incision jusqu’aux plans musculaires au niveau desquels s’insinuait la tumeur a été réalisée. Les suites opératoires ont été simples. Le patient a été revu à 3 mois sans signe de récidive. L’analyse anatomopathologique mettait en évidence un hémangioendothéliome intravasculaire végétant. La cicatrisation à 1 mois post-opératoire était satisfaisante. L’hémangioendothéliome intravasculaire végétant est une tumeur vasculaire bénigne dont l’étiopathogénie reste encore discutée. Trois formes sont décrites ; la forme primaire apparaissant dans des vaisseaux distendus, la forme secondaire à des lésions vasculaire préexistantes, et la forme extravasculaire (Bologna-Molina et al, 2010). Cependant, il a été observé que la majorité des cas d’hémangioendothéliome intravasculaire végétant, quel que soit leur type, sont associés à un thrombus (Korkolis et al, 2005). L’hémangioendothéliome intravasculaire végétant est une pathologie rare souvent confondue avec une malformation vasculaire ou une lésion maligne telle que l’angiosarcome. L’établissement d’un diagnostic positif est essentiel pour écarter le diagnostic différentiel d’angiosarcome et éviter toute chirurgie inutilement invasive pour le patient. La prise en charge de l’hémangioendothéliome intravasculaire végétant repose sur son exérèse.

Les tumeurs des glandes salivaires sont rares et représentent 2 à 6.5 % des néoplasies de la tête et du cou. L’atteinte des glandes salivaires accessoires représente moins de 25% de l’ensemble des tumeurs des glandes salivaires [Auclair et al. 1991]. Les localisations les plus fréquentes sont : le palais, la joue et la région linguale postérieure [Tijoe et al., 2015]. La grande variabilité de l’expression clinique de ces tumeurs rend difficile l’établissement d’un diagnostic précis, d’où l’importance de l’analyse histologique. Le cas d’une tumeur bénigne des glandes salivaires accessoires de la joue est rapporté. Il s’agit d’une femme de 68 ans adressée initialement pour l’exérèse d’une lésion kystique maxillaire. Elle ne présente aucun antécédent médico-chirurgical. L’examen endobuccal révèle la découverte fortuite de plusieurs lésions nodulaires indépendantes et de tailles variables (de 0,5 à 1,5 cm de longueur dans leur grand axe) situées sur la face interne des lèvres et des joues, passées inaperçues par la patiente. La muqueuse de recouvrement est d’aspect normal. L’hygiène bucco-dentaire est défectueuse (PI>50%) et les édentements sont compensés par prothèses amovibles. A la palpation, aucune symptomatologie douloureuse n’est mise en évidence, ni d’adhésion avec les plans profonds. Ces nodules sont fermes, et pour le nodule ayant fait l’objet de l’exérèse, une suppuration apparaît. L’examen exobuccal est sans particularité, les aires ganglionnaires sont libres. L’examen radiographique est sans particularité exceptée la lésion motivant la consultation au niveau du site de 12. Les caractéristiques cliniques peuvent faire évoquer une pseudo-tumeur de glandes salivaires accessoires de type mucocèle ou une hyperplasie épithéliale (diapneusie). L’exérèse complète de la lésion de plus grande taille présentant une suppuration a été pratiquée sous anesthésie locale. Les suites opératoires ont été simples et asymptomatiques. L’examen anatomopathologique de la pièce opératoire conclut à un cystadénome papillaire d’une glande salivaire accessoire. Le cystadénome papillaire est une tumeur épithéliale bénigne rare des glandes salivaires [OMS, 2017]. Il intéresse spécialement les glandes salivaires principales, notamment la glande parotide (45%), et dans seulement 0.6 à 4% des cas une glande salivaire accessoire [Tijoe et al., 2015]. L’âge moyen de découverte se situe entre 50 et 70 ans. Le traitement de cette lésion réside dans sa simple exérèse et les récidives sont exceptionnelles. Histologiquement, la lésion est multiloculaire et du tissu conjonctif sépare les kystes, la littérature souligne la possibilité de lésions uniloculaires dans 20% des cas. Une seconde forme muqueuse moins fréquente est décrite. Le diagnostic différentiel du cystadénome papillaire comprend principalement le kyste muqueux de rétention. L’absence d’une composante lymphöde écarte le diagnostic de tumeur de Warthin. Dans ce contexte, le carcinome mucoépidermöde de bas grade doit être écarté [Stojanov et al., 2017].

L’objectif de ce travail est de faire le point sur les manifestations buccales de la sclérose tubéreuse de Bourneville (STB) à travers le cas d’un jeune patient. Un jeune homme de 15 ans était adressée pour la mise en place de minivis orthodontique afin de fermer des espaces d’agénésies de 35 et 45. L’interrogatoire retrouvait une STB dont les manifestations épileptiques étaient traitées par de la lamotrigine 75mg/j et de la carbamazépine LP 200mg/j. L’examen clinique exo-buccal retrouvait des macules hypochromiques sur le membre inférieur droit, des angiofibromes faciaux et une malformation vasculaire jugale gauche. L’examen endo-buccal retrouvait de multiples lésions buccales sur les papilles interdentaires pouvant évoquer des fibromes ou des hamartomes. Une biopsie était réalisée et retrouvait un revêtement malpighien, discrètement hyperplasique et sans atypie cellulaire. Les faisceaux collagènes du conjonctif étaient mêlés à de nombreux fibroblastes aux noyaux réguliers, sans mitose visible. Les cellules inflammatoires, essentiellement mononuclées, étaient dispersées mais tendaient à se regrouper autour de vaisseaux nombreux et hyperplasiques. L’examen concluait à un fibrome. Aucun traitement buccal n’était proposé devant l’absence de symptôme et de demande esthétique. La STB est une maladie génétique autosomique dominante avec une incidence de 1/10 000. Elle est liée à une mutation du gène TSC1 sur le chromosome 9 ou du gène TSC2 sur le chromosome 16 qui perturbe la sécrétion d’une protéine régulant la voie mTOR. C’est une maladie multisystème avec une expression clinique variable. Les principaux symptômes sont l’épilepsie, le retard mental et la présence d’adénomes sébacés, mais la maladie est associée à un polymorphisme clinique rendant le diagnostic difficile. La conférence de consensus de 2012 a ainsi défini des critères diagnostiques majeurs (lésions cutanées, oculaires, cérébrales, cardiaques, pulmonaires, rénales,..) et mineurs dont deux sont bucco-dentaires. Le diagnostic est retenu devant deux critères majeurs ou un critères majeur et deux critères mineurs. Les signes oraux sont la présence de trois ou plus puits d’émail et deux ou plus fibromes gingivaux. Les fibromes gingivaux atteindraient 50 à 70% des patients. La région antérieure maxillaire semble la plus touchée. L’exérèse est indiquée en cas de gêne esthétique ou de saignements associés. Actuellement, les inhibiteurs de mTOR représentent une option thérapeutique proposée dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de STB. La STB est une pathologie rare. La présence de lésions buccales fait partie des critères diagnostiques.

Den här rapporten är en delrapport inom ramen för det Vinnovafinansierade projektet Strategiska partnerskap för effektiv och transparent samverkan (Spets) och belyser Malmö universitets samverkan med organisationer inom den idéburna sektorn. Rapporten bygger på en intervjustudie med tio idéburna organisationer, och speglar samverkan med Malmö universitet ur deras perspektiv: vilken samverkan som bedrivs, vad den ger organisationerna, utmaningar och hinder samt möjlighet för utveckling av samverkan, till exempel genom ett strategiskt partnerskapsavtal.Rapporten visar att det på Malmö universitet sker en hel del samverkan både kopplat till forskning, utbildning och nyttiggörande och att denna samverkan när den sker i relation till idéburen sektor främst är kopplad till tre av universitetets fakulteter – Fakulteten Kultur och samhälle, Fakulteten Hälsa och samhälle samt Fakulteten Lärande och samhälle. De intervjuade organisationernas motiv för samverkan med universitetet varierar, och undersökningen indikerar att organisationerna ser samverkan som ett sätt att fylla behov av kunskap och kompetensförsörjning, att genom vänlig kritik stimulera till nytänkande, samt att ge organisationerna ökad legitimitet i deras arbete för samhällsförändring. Undersökningen visar att det finns behov av ökad systematik i samverkan och att mer skulle kunna göras för att stärka samverkan kring forskning och utbildning. De intervjuade organisationerna lyfter behovet av mer forskning om och tillsammans med den idéburna sektorns organisationer och behovet av mer samverkan kopplat till studenters uppsatser och praktik. Här finns en möjlighet att möta organisationernas behov av kunskap, kompetens och framtida personal. Det finns även ett behov av fler arenor för möten, gärna regelbundet återkommande, mellan universitetet och den idéburen sektor, och organisationerna efterlyser även generellt ökade kunskaper om den idéburna sektorns särart, förutsättningar och behov, inom akademin såväl som i samhället i stort. Undersökningen belyser även behovet av utökat stöd och finansiering för forskare som samverkar med idéburen sektor, då finansiering av samverkan är ett särskilt problem.

L’art a été utilisé pour communiquer les préoccupations environnementales dans les pays sahéliens. Néanmoins, le dialogue dirigé par les arts entre les acteurs politiques et les citoyens est cependant rare, bien qu’il ait le potentiel de trouver des solutions aux problèmes socio-environnementaux complexes. Il est indispensable d’exploiter ce potentiel, alors que des défis, tels que le changement climatique, s’accélèrent et touchent les populations. La sensibilisation aux processus de dialogue menés par les arts pourrait être renforcée, parallèlement à davantage de recherches sur les contextes dans lesquelles ils sont appropriés et sur la meilleure façon de les utiliser.

Hur kan skolor och lärarutbildningar använda casemetodens didaktiska samtal för att möta och utveckla språkligt heterogena klassrum? Under tre år, från hösten 2019 till hösten 2022, fick lärare från grundskolor och gymnasieskolor i sydvästra Skåne tillsammans med forskare och lärare på Malmö universitet möjlighet att genomföra ett samverkansprojekt inom ramen för ULF, en nationell försöksverksamhet för praktiknära forskning. I rapporten presenteras en undersökning av fem ämnesspecifika case som nätverket tagit fram från dilemman i grundskolans och gymnasiets praktik. Resultatet visar att ämnesrelevanta case öppnar för didaktiska samtal och genom att vara en del av verksamheternas systematiska kvalitetsarbete ökar möjligheterna till att casemetoden också ger avtryck i undervisningen.

Med denna rapport vill vi förmedla hopp till unga, öka kunskapen, med-vetenheten och minska skammen kring psykisk ohälsa. Unga uttrycker själva att de vill ha mer kunskap om psykisk hälsa och skolan lyfts ofta som en bra plattform. Många unga vet inte vart de ska vända sig för att få hjälp med psykiska besvär och de har behov av att bli lyssnade på. När-varande vuxna som lyssnar behövs, dock saknar många vuxna kunskap om psykiska besvär och diagnoser kopplat till psykisk ohälsa.Psykisk hälsa bland unga är en viktig samhällsfråga som de senaste åren har fått mer uppmärksamhet i samhällsdebatten. Flera satsningar har gjorts av civilsamhällesaktörer och offentliga aktörer. Samtidigt visar den internationella kartläggningen att det är svårt att påvisa långsiktiga effek-ter av alla de satsningar som görs. Det kan finnas flera orsaker till detta. Det finns dock insatser som verkar mer lovande och här finns en möjlighet för beslutsfattare att göra skillnad för ungas psykiska hälsa. Förutom att bespara unga onödigt lidande är dessa insatser ofta samhällsekonomisktkostnadseffektiva, eftersom de på sikt leder till minskat vårdsökande och bättre förutsättningar för unga att klara skolan och i förlängningen arbets-livet. Sådana satsningar går även i linje med Barnkonventionen artikel 24 om alla barns rätt till bästa möjliga hälsa, som sedan 2020 är lag i Sverige. Utifrån kartläggningen har vi följande rekommendationer 1. Rusta unga med färdigheter om psykisk ohälsaUnga bör få tillgång till de kunskaper och färdigheter som enligt forsk-ning visat sig lovande för att främja psykisk hälsa och förebygga ohälsa. Internationellt ges flera av dessa insatser inom ramen för sko-lan. De behöver utveckla sina färdigheter i hur man tolkar och förstår sina egna känslor och sin kropp och vad som är vanlig livssmärta, hur man kan hantera den och när man behöver kontakta vården. Därför bör ett nationellt initiativ som når alla barn tas för att främja barn och ungas kunskap och färdigheter om psykisk hälsa för att rusta dem för livet. Det bör även inkludera information om vart man kan vända sig om man behöver ytterligare stöd eller vård. Unga ska vara delaktiga i utformningen av ett sådant initiativ. 2. Ge vuxna kunskap och verktyg om psykisk hälsa – för att underlätta stöd till ungaBarn och unga behöver närvarande vuxna som har förmågan att lyssna, fånga upp och vägleda dem. Det är inte ovanligt att vuxna i barns och ungas närhet upplever osäkerhet och saknar kunskap om psykiska besvär och diagnoser. Därför behöver vuxna, framförallt föräldrar och yrkes-verksamma som jobbar nära unga, få bättre kunskap och verktyg för hur de ska möta unga på ett bättre sätt. Satsningar på att höja föräldrars kun-skap om psykisk hälsa bör göras, exempelvis i form av föräldrastödspro-gram och folkbildning. Lärare bör även ges grundläggande kunskaper om psykisk hälsa inom ramen för lärarutbildningen. 3. Insatser bör följas upp under en längre tidInsatser för att främja psykisk hälsa bör planeras, implementeras och ut-värderas med långtidsuppföljningar (>12 månader). Detta för att bättre kunna bedöma de långsiktiga effekterna och för att kunna utveckla och anpassa insatserna efterhand.

Review question / Objective: Patients who meet the clinical diagnostic criteria of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (DSM-IV/DSM-V) are included, regardless of race, sex, age, etc. Deep brain electrical stimulation for the treatment of Tourette's syndrome, with no limit on the specific procedure and duration of stimulation. Randomized controlled trials were selected, the language was limited to Chinese and English, and there were no restrictions on race, age, sex and so on. The main outcome indicators were the Yale Global tic severity scale score. Other outcome indicators included the Modified Rush Video Rating Scale score, Beck's Depression Inventory score, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score, Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome-Quality of Life Scale score and Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale score. Information sources: The Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE and four Chinese electronic databases: China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China knowledge Network (CNKI), VIP Chinese Technical Journals Database (VIP), Wanfang Digital Database.The search time limit is from the self-built database to July 03, 2022.

Denna rapport har skrivits inom ramen för det tvärvetenskapliga forskningsprogrammet ”Effektiv räddning på framtidens skadeplats” som fokuserar på komplexiteten i det framtida räddningssystemet, till exempel med avseende på resurser, teknik, metodutveckling och utvärdering. ”Effektiv räddning på framtidens skadeplats” är femårigt och finansieras gemensamt av Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB) och Linköpings universitet (LiU). Det bedrivs inom Centrum för forskning inom respons- och räddningssystem (CARER) som också är att samarbete mellan LiU och MSB. Efterforskning av försvunna personer (EFP) är polisens räddningstjänstuppgift. Varje år rapporteras ca 26 000 personer försvunna till polisen varav en fjärdedel gäller allvarliga och akuta försvinnanden som orsakar stort lidande, innebär höga kostnader och där några inte skulle överlevt om de inte återfunnits i tid. Denna rapport redogör för en delstudie i ett bredare pilotprojekt för att kartlägga verksamheten EFP. Rapporten gäller polisens hantering av information och kunskap i verksamheten och syftar till att peka på behov och ge förslag till utveckling för en långsiktig kunskapsbaserad verksamhet. Studien har utförts med kvalitativ innehållsanalys av bland annat intervjuer och dokumentstudier i flera steg. Studiens slutsatser pekar på centrala områden med behov av uppföljning och utveckling; 1) Verksamhetsuppföljning, styrning och utbildning, 2) digitalisering och digital integration, 3) EFP-metodens inriktning och olika inslag samt slutligen 4) statistik, jämförelser och samverkan med forskning för en kunskapsbaserad verksamhet. Inom digitalisering och digital integration pågår utvecklingsarbete. För samtliga områden ges förslag både för uppföljning och utveckling.

Improving plant cell wall (fiber) degradation remains one of the highest priority research goals for all ruminant enterprises dependent on forages, hay, silage, or other fibrous byproducts as energy sources, because it governs the provision of energy-yielding nutrients to the host animal. Although the predominant species of microbes responsible for ruminal fiber degradation are culturable, the enzymology and genetics underpinning the process are poorly defined. In that context, there were two broad objectives for this proposal. The first objective was to identify the key cellulosomal components in Ruminococcus albus and to characterize their structural features as well as regulation of their expression, in response to polysaccharides and (or) P AA/PPA. The second objective was to evaluate the similarities in the structure and architecture of cellulosomal components between R. albus and other ruminal and non-ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. The cooperation among the investigators resulted in the identification of two glycoside hydrolases rate-limiting to cellulose degradation by Ruminococcus albus (Cel48A and CeI9B) and our demonstration that these enzymes possess a novel modular architecture specific to this bacterium (Devillard et al. 2004). We have now shown that the novel X-domains in Cel48A and Cel9B represent a new type of carbohydrate binding module, and the enzymes are not part of a ceiluiosome-like complex (CBM37, Xu et al. 2004). Both Cel48A and Cel9B are conditionally expressed in response to P AA/PPA, explaining why cellulose degradation in this bacterium is affected by the availability of these compounds, but additional studies have shown for the first time that neither PAA nor PPA influence xylan degradation by R. albus (Reveneau et al. 2003). Additionally, the R. albus genome sequencing project, led by the PI. Morrison, has supported our identification of many dockerin containing proteins. However, the identification of gene(s) encoding a scaffoldin has been more elusive, and recombinant proteins encoding candidate cohesin modules are now being used in Israel to verify the existence of dockerin-cohesin interactions and cellulosome production by R. albus. The Israeli partners have also conducted virtually all of the studies specific to the second Objective of the proposal. Comparative blotting studies have been conducted using specific antibodies prepare against purified recombinant cohesins and X-domains, derived from cellulosomal scaffoldins of R. flavefaciens 17, a Clostridium thermocellum mutant-preabsorbed antibody preparation, or against CbpC (fimbrial protein) of R. albus 8. The data also suggest that additional cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, F. intestinalis DR7 and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Dl may also employ cellulosomal modules similar to those of R. flavefaciens 17. Collectively, our work during the grant period has shown that R. albus and other ruminal bacteria employ several novel mechanisms for their adhesion to plant surfaces, and produce both cellulosomal and non-cellulosomal forms of glycoside hydrolases underpinning plant fiber degradation. These improvements in our mechanistic understanding of bacterial adhesion and enzyme regulation now offers the potential to: i) optimize ruminal and hindgut conditions by dietary additives to maximize fiber degradation (e.g. by the addition of select enzymes or PAA/PPA); ii) identify plant-borne influences on adhesion and fiber-degradation, which might be overcome (or improved) by conventional breeding or transgenic plant technologies and; iii) engineer or select microbes with improved adhesion capabilities, cellulosome assembly and fiber degradation. The potential benefits associated with this research proposal are likely to be realized in the medium term (5-10 years).

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.

This report describes a particular situation of young population in Romania: the population of NEETs, with a focus on rural NEETs.Based on a complex methodology which uses data from different national sources (INS) and international sources (Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey-EU-LFS, OECD),this report gives an overview of the evolution and particularities of NEETs in Romania during the previous deca-de, namely 2009-2019.Within the last ten years, the population of NEETs in Romania has grown rapidly, placing Ro-mania in first place in the EU-28 in terms of the share of this population among the young population. Thus, in 2009 Romania with a NEET rate of 13.9%, occupied first places in the EU, along with Bulgaria (19.5%), Italy (17.5%), Latvia (17.5%) (Eurostat, 2020). A decade later, in Bulgaria and Latvia, the NEET rate decreased significantly to 13.7% and 7.9%, respectively, but in Romania and Italy it increased by more than 1pp: 14.7% in Romania and 18.1% in Italy. (Eurostat, 2020). The causes for this are both individual (way of life, socio-familial origin, expectations and aspirations) and socio-economic (accessibility of the education system, development of lifelong learning, correspondence between education and labour market demand, particu-larities of the Romanian labour market, socio-economic policies supported by central and local authorities, etc.)

Because autonomous vehicles (AVs) equipped with active front steering have the features of time varying, uncertainties, high rate of fault, and high burden on the in-vehicle networks, this article studies the adaptive robust control problem for improving lateral stability in steer-by-wire (SBW) vehicles in the presence of abrupt nonlinear faults. First, an upper-level robust H∞ controller is designed to obtain the desired front-wheel steering angle for driving both the yaw rate and the sideslip angle to reach their correct values. Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy modeling method, which has shown the extraordinary ability in coping with the issue of nonlinear, is applied to deal with the challenge of the changing longitudinal velocity. The output of the upper controller can be calculated by a parallel distributed compensation (PDC) scheme. Then an event-triggered adaptive fault-tolerant lower controller (ET-AFTC) is proposed to drive the whole SBW system driving the desired steering angle offered by the upper controller with fewer communication resources and strong robustness. By employing a backstepping technique, the tracking performance is improved. The dynamic surface control (DSC) approach is used to avoid the problem of repeated differentiations, and Nussbaum function is adopted to overcome the difficulty of unknown nonlinear control gain. Both the stability of the upper and lower controllers can be guaranteed by Lyapunov functions. Finally, the simulations of Matlab/Simulink are given to show that the proposed control strategy is effectively able to deal with the abrupt nonlinear fault via less communication resources and perform better in ensuring the yaw stability of the vehicle.