Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Essequibo – History »

The first one hundred years of the Dutch presence on the “Wild Coast” of Guiana, beginning with exploratory voyages and establishment of trading networks, and culminating in the establishment of plantation societies in Berbice and Essequibo, forms the historical context for the emergence of the Dutch creole languages of Berbice and Essequibo. This article explores that historical backdrop, focusing on the early plantation colonies, their management, and the presence and roles of different linguistic groups: Amerindian, Dutch, African. Amerindians—both free and enslaved—formed a numerically dominant presence in the initial plantation phase; although they were soon to be outnumbered by enslaved Africans, they were present on and around the plantations throughout the history of these Dutch colonies. It is surprising, then, to note that Arawak-origin material in rather peripheral domains of the Berbice Dutch lexicon forms the sole evidence of an Amerindian presence during its formation. This contrasts sharply with the very central Eastern-Ijo derived contribution to basic lexicon and bound morphology. On the Dutch side, given the dominance of the southwestern provinces in the colonization of both Berbice and Essequibo, it is not surprising that Zeelandic Dutch characteristics can be recognized in many of the Dutch-derived forms. The marginal linguistic role played by Amerindians suggests that the dynamics of slavery determined the linguistic influence of the different groups historically present in the plantation society.

RESUMO O artigo trata da ciência como veículo produtor de um discurso de verdade sobre a disputa diplomática por limites geográficos entre diferentes nações no século XIX. A mudança do estatuto que a ciência adquiriu entre os séculos XVIII e XIX como instrumento para solução de conflitos é trabalhada especificamente na análise do caso da disputa anglo-brasileira pelo Pirara, terras fronteiriças entre Roraima e Guiana Inglesa, lugar de encontro da bacia do rio Essequibo com a do Amazonas. A ciência inglesa manifestou-se na disputa com o Brasil produzindo um mapeamento cartográfico muito bem elaborado, construtor de um discurso do verdadeiro sobre o território. A representação gráfica, mais do que a ocupação humana, teve função legitimadora da posse territorial na disputa judicial sobre o Pirara. O discurso da autoridade científica baseou-se na obra cartográfica produzida por Robert Schomburgk (1840; 1841; 1843), cuja passagem pela região pode ser definida como o ponto de inflexão nessa disputa (Figura 1).

The genus Sorubim Cuvier, 1829, and two species, S. lima (Bloch & Schneider 1801) and S. trigonocephalus Miranda- Ribeiro, 1920, are redescribed based on the examination of type material and about 400 non-type specimens from ichthyological collections in Europe and North and South America. The five species of the genus are, in addition to S. lima and S. trigonocephalus, S. elongatus Littmann, Burr, Schmidt and Isern 2001, found in the Essequibo, Orinoco, and Amazon basins; S. cuspicaudus Littmann, Burr and Nass 2000, occurring in the Sinu, Cauca, and Magdalena rivers of Colombia and the Lago Maracaibo basin of Colombia and Venezuela; and S. maniradii Littmann, Burr and Buitrago-Suarez 2001, known from the upper and middle Amazon basin. Sorubim lima is the widest-ranging species, occurring in most of the major drainage basins of South America. Sorubim trigonocephalus is extremely rare in natural history collections and is currently known from only two major tributaries of the Amazon basin. Three species (S. maniradii, S. elongatus, and S. lima) occur syntopically. Species of Sorubim are diagnosed on the basis of body and head shape, differences in fin ray and gill-raker numbers, mental barbel position, and degree of pigmentation of the lateral stripe. At least two of the species (S. lima and S elongatus) make up part of the ornamental fish trade and are sold for food in local fish markets in South America. A key to adults of the five species is included.

Two new species of particular biogeographic significance are described from the upper rio Paraguay basin, one of the genus Paracanthopoma (Trichomycteridae, Vandelliinae) and the other of the genus Ernstichthys (Aspredinidae, Hoplomyzontinae). The two species occur sympatrically in the Rio Taquarizinho, tributary of the Rio Taquari, in the upper Paraguay system. Paracanthopoma saci is distinguished from its only congener, P. parva, by a spatulate caudal peduncle; a minuscule premaxillary dentition (reduced to three delicate teeth); the supraorbital latero-sensory canals opening as two separate s6 pores; the caudal fin slightly convex or truncate with round edges; the skull roof entirely open, unossified; the origins of dorsal and anal fins approximately at same vertical; and the pelvic fin with three rays. Ernstichthys taquari is diagnosed among congeners by the narrow bony shields on dorsal and ventral series, not overlapping or contacting each other; by the presence of seven or eight serrations on the posterior margin of the pectoral spine; and by the pectoral-fin spine only slightly larger than subsequent soft rays. Both Paracanthopoma and Ernstichthys were previously unknown outside of the Greater Amazonian river systems (Amazon, Orinoco, Essequibo and smaller surrounding drainages). Their presence restricted to the Rio Taquari is unexpected and suggests a peculiar biogeographical history. Ancestral geographic distributions were reconstructed using S-DIVA and BBM methods in RASP. A majority of resulting hypotheses support that the two species reached the Paraguay from the Amazon. The alternative explanation accounts for their presence in the Paraguay by vicariant events. In no case, their presence in the Paraguay is an ancestral distribution with subsequent Amazonian dispersal. Though unusual, this pattern is also seen in a few other fish taxa, showing that the Rio Taquari is biogeographically hybrid, combining elements from both the Paraguay and Amazon drainages.

ABSTRACT The bluntnose knifefish genus BrachyhypopomusMago-Leccia, 1994, is diagnosed from other Rhamphichthyoidea (Rhamphichthyidae + Hypopomidae) by the presence of a disk-like ossification in the anterior portion of the palatoquadrate, and by the following external characters: short snout, 18.7-32.6% of head length (vs. 33.3-68.6% in Hypopomus, Gymnorhamphichthys, Iracema, and Rhamphichthys), absence of a paired accessory electric organ in the mental or humeral region (vs. presence in Hypopygus and Steatogenys), presence of 3-4 pectoral proximal radials (vs. 5 in Akawaio), presence of the antorbital + infraorbital, and the preopercular cephalic lateral line canal bones (vs. absence in Racenisia). Brachyhypopomus cannot be diagnosed unambiguously from Microsternarchus or from Procerusternarchus on the basis of external characters alone. Brachyhypopomus comprises 28 species. Here we describe 15 new species, and provide redescriptions of all 13 previously described species, based on meristic, morphometric, and other morphological characters. We include notes on ecology and natural history for each species, and provide regional dichotomous keys and distribution maps, based on the examination of 12,279 specimens from 2,787 museum lots. A lectotype is designated for Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus (Hopkins, Comfort, Bastian & Bass, 1990). Brachyhypopomus species are abundant in shallow lentic and slow-flowing freshwater habitats from southern Costa Rica and northern Venezuela to Uruguay and northern Argentina. Species diversity is highest in Greater Amazonia, where 20 species occur: B. alberti, new species, B. arrayae, new species, and B. cunia, new species, in the upper rio Madeira drainage; B. batesi, new species, in the central Amazon and rio Negro; B. beebei, B. brevirostris, B. regani, new species, B. sullivani, new species, and B. walteri, widespread through the Amazon and Orinoco basins and the Guianas; B. belindae, new species, in the central Amazon basin; B. benjamini, new species, and B. verdii, new species, in the upper Amazon basin; B. bennetti, in the upper, central, and lower Amazon, lower Tocantins, and upper Madeira basins; B. bullocki in the Orinoco, Negro and Essequibo drainages; B. diazi in the Orinoco Llanos; B. flavipomus, new species, and B. hamiltoni, new species, in the central and upper Amazon basin; B. hendersoni, new species, in the central Amazon, lower Negro and Essequibo basins; B. pinnicaudatus in the central and lower Amazon, lower, upper Madeira, lower Tocantins and Mearim basins, and coastal French Guiana; and B. provenzanoi, new species, in the upper Orinoco and upper Negro basins. Five species are known from the Paraná-Paraguay-Uruguay basin and adjacent southern Atlantic drainages: B. bombilla in the lower Paraná, upper, central, and lower Paraguay, Uruguay and Patos-Mirim drainages; B. brevirostris in the upper Paraguay basin; B. draco in the lower Paraná, lower Paraguay, Uruguay, Patos-Mirim, and Tramandaí basins; B. gauderio in the lower Paraná, upper, central, and lower Paraguay, Uruguay, Patos-Mirim and Tramandaí basins; and B. walteri in the lower Paraná and upper Paraguay basins. Two species occur in small Atlantic drainages of southern Brazil: B. janeiroensis in the São João, Paraíba and small intervening drainages; and B. jureiae in the Ribeira de Iguape and Una do Prelado. One species occurs in the middle and upper São Francisco basin: B. menezesi, new species. Three species occur in trans-Andean drainages: B. diazi in Caribbean drainages of northern Venezuela; B. occidentalis in Atlantic and Pacific drainages of southern Costa Rica and Panama to Darién, and the Maracaibo, Magdalena, Sinú and Atrato drainages; and B. palenque, new species, in Pacific drainages of Ecuador.

Este artigo discute as razões para que os estudos históricos sobre a bacia do Rio Branco (correspondente ao atual estado brasileiro de Roraima) levem em conta as suas relações com o espaço mais amplo das Guianas. Embora as fontes coloniais luso-brasileiras raramente denominem a fronteira setentrional como ”Guiana Portuguesa”, o topônimo desde muito cedo foi usado por estrangeiros e pela cartografia internacional para referir-se á região, sempre que ela era objeto de confrontação com as áreas controladas pelas demais potências coloniais (Espanha, França, Holanda e, mais tarde, a Inglaterra). Os europeus inteiraram-se das redes relacionais interétnicas do espaço das Guianas, interferindo no quadro de alianças e rivalidades locais. A história colonial do vale do Rio Branco se define pela disputa geopolá­tica e estratégica de Portugal com os competidores europeus nesse espaço. Os sucessivos tratados entre as metrópoles e, posteriormente, os Estados Nacionais foram modificando as configurações e relações sociais e étnicas na região. O Congresso de Viena (1815), contemporá¢neo das guerras de Independência na América Latina, encerrou um ciclo de conflito global entre França e Inglaterra e ratificou a nova correlação de forças entre as potências coloniais na ilha das Guianas, mas não encerrou os litá­gios territoriais. Além de impor a devolução de Caiena á França (e intervir na questão de fronteiras com a América Portuguesa), sancionou uma mudança indelével na região: a transferência das antigas colônias holandesas de Demerara, Essequibo e Berbice, para a soberania britá¢nica.Palavras-chave: Brasil colonial. Brasil - Tratados Internacionais. Amazônia colonial. Guianas - História. RORAIMA AS PART OF THE GUYANAS: Rio Branco Valley and the ”Guyana Island”Abstract: This paper discusses why historical studies on the basin of the Branco river (corresponding to the current Brazilian state of Roraima) should take in account its relations with the wider space of the Guyana. Although the Luso-Brazilian colonial sources rarely denominate the northern border as "Portuguese Guyana ", this toponym was used since an early age by foreigners and by international cartography to refer to the area where it was opposed to zones controlled by other colonial powers (Spain, France, Holland and later England). Europeans were aware of interethnic relational networks of the Guyana space, interfering in the framework of alliances and local rivalries. The colonial history of the Branco river Valley is defined by geopolitical and strategic disputes between Portugal and the European competitors in that space. Successive treaties between the colonial powers and subsequently the National States gradually modifyed the social and ethnic relations and settings in the region. The Congress of Vienna (1815), contemporary of independence wars in Latin America, ended a cycle of worldwide conflict between France and England and ratified the new correlation of forces between the colonial powers on the island of Guyana, but did not end the territorial disputes. In addition to imposing the return of Cayenne to France (and intervene on the issue of borders with Portuguese America), signed an indelible change in the region: the transfer of the former Dutch colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice to British sovereignty.Keywords: Colonial Brazil. Brazil - International Treaties. Colonial Amazon; Guianas - History. RORAIMA COMO UMA DE LAS GUYANAS: la cuenca del Rio Branco y la ”Isla de Guayana”Resumen: Este artá­culo analiza por que los estudios históricos de la cuenca del Rá­o Branco (correspondiente al actual estado brasileño de Roraima) deben tener en cuenta sus relaciones con el espacio más amplio de las Guayanas. Aunque las fuentes coloniales luso-brasileñas raramente denominan la frontera norte como "Guiana Portuguesa", el topónimo desde muy temprano fue empleado por los extranjeros y por la cartografá­a internacional, en relación con las zonas guayanesas controladas por otras potencias coloniales (España, Francia, Holanda y más tarde Inglaterra). Los europeos se interaron de las redes relacionales interétnicas del espacio de las Guayanas y se introdujeron en el marco de alianzas y rivalidades locales. La historia colonial del Valle del rá­o Branco se define por disputa geopolá­tica y estratégica entre Portugal y los competidores europeos en ese espacio. Tratados sucesivos entre las metrópolis y posteriormente los Estados Nacionales fueron modificando la configuración y las relaciones sociales y étnicas en la región. El Congreso de Viena (1815), contemporáneo de las guerras de independencia en América Latina, terminó un ciclo de conflictos globales entre Francia e Inglaterra y ratificó la nueva correlación de fuerzas entre las potencias coloniales de la isla de Guyana, pero no puso fá­n a las disputas territoriales. Además de imponer el regreso de Cayenne a Francia (e intervenir en la cuestión de las fronteras con la América portuguesa), firmaron un cambio indeleble en la región: la transferencia de las antiguas colonias holandesas de Demerara, Esequibo y Berbice a la soberaná­a británica.Palabras clave: Brasil colonial. Brasil - Tratados Internacionales. Amazon colonial. Guayana - Historia.

Defence date: 22 February 2017
Examining Board: Professor Jorge Flores, European University Institute; Professor Regina Grafe European University Institute; Professor Cátia Antunes European University Institute; Professor Gert Oostindie, KITLV/Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies
When, in 1796, the British invasion fleet approached the Demerara River, its commanders were in for an unpleasant surprise. The expedition, arriving from Barbados with some 1,300 men, aimed to take possession of the Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demerara on the Guiana coast of South America. Theoretically the British came to offer “protection” to the colonies in the name of the Dutch Stadtholder, in practice they were also keen on taking these lucrative colonies for themselves. The Dutch colonies of Essequibo and especially Demerara already had a high percentage of British planters, and their fertile soils carried the promise of great riches. The coffee, sugar and cotton planters could fuel the unfolding Industrial Revolution in Britain with the raw material for its machines and the consumer goods for its workforce.
Thesis chapter 4 'The commercial web : mercantilism, cash crops and captives as contraband' was previously published as and article in Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis (2013) and as a chapter in the book 'Beyond empires : global, self-organizing, cross-imperial networks, 1500-1800' (2016)