Articles de revues : « ESSENTIAL HOUSING MODELS »

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Perrucci, Daniel, et Hiba Baroud. « A Review of Temporary Housing Management Modeling : Trends in Design Strategies, Optimization Models, and Decision-Making Methods ». Sustainability 12, n^o 24 (11 décembre 2020) : 10388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410388.

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Temporary housing plays a critical role in disaster response and recovery by providing a temporary home for displaced people before they return to their permanent residence. In recent years, temporary housing has faced three primary dilemmas related to design type, site selection, and cost. Significant contributions have been made in research and in practice to improve temporary housing management. However, gaps still exist in resolving the dilemmas, and a critical review and evaluation of current methods is needed to determine the path forward and identify priorities of future research. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of prior methods developed and applied towards temporary housing management and identifies future pathways for success in temporary housing research and implementation. The literature review reveals that temporary housing requires further research in proactive management, storage, sustainability, and community resilience to effectively enhance post-disaster temporary housing. This study finds that programs such as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and the Sheltering and Temporary Essential Power (STEP) program provide methodologies which can benefit temporary housing implementation, designs, and modeling. In addition, circular economy thinking can enable the recyclability of temporary housing to reduce economic and environmental impacts.

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Jones, Andrew, et Lisa Stead. « Can people on low incomes access affordable housing loans in urban Africa and Asia ? Examples of innovative housing finance models from Reall’s global network ». Environment and Urbanization 32, n^o 1 (14 mars 2020) : 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247819899557.

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While delivering decent, affordable housing at scale is essential to global sustainable development, one formidable blockage is a lack of accessible housing finance for end users. People on low incomes have been perceived by lenders as high risk. They are excluded from financial systems and are forced to self-build using informal credit at exorbitant rates. This article engages with this problem, discussing practical examples and potential ways forward. It does so through case studies of models from Reall (a UK-based international development organization and social enterprise that promotes affordable homes) and its partner organizations in India, the Philippines, Nepal, Mozambique and Pakistan. The article evaluates the strengths and limitations of these models, and their potential for scaling up. Reall’s partners demonstrate that decent houses can be delivered at a cost that is accessible for potential low-income homeowners, while proving the viability of lending to borrowers in the bottom of the income pyramid. This is essential for demonstrating the commercial viability and impactful investment opportunity represented by affordable housing in urban Africa and Asia.

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Chen, Shaopei, Dachang Zhuang et Huixia Zhang. « GIS-Based Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Housing Prices Oriented towards a View of Spatiotemporal Homogeneity and Nonstationarity : A Case Study of Guangzhou, China ». Complexity 2020 (23 avril 2020) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1079024.

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In the past decades, the booming growth of housing markets in China triggers the urgent need to explore how the rapid urban spatial expansion, large-scale urban infrastructural development, and fast-changing urban planning determine the housing price changes and spatial differentiation. It is of great significance to promote the existing governing policy and mechanism of housing market and the reform of real-estate system. At the level of city, an empirical analysis is implemented with the traditional econometric models of regressive analysis and GIS-based spatial autocorrelation models, focusing in examining and characterizing the spatial homogeneity and nonstationarity of housing prices in Guangzhou, China. There are 141 neigborhoods in Guangzhou identified as the independent individuals (named as area units), and their values of the average annual housing prices (AAHP) in (2009–2015) are clarified as the dependent variables in regressing analysis models used in this paper. Simultaneously, the factors including geographical location, transportation accessibility, commercial service intensity, and public service intensity are identified as independent variables in the context of urban development and planning. The integration and comparative analysis of multiple linear regression models, spatial autocorrelation models, and geographically weighted regressing (GWR) models are implemented, focusing on exploring the influencing factors of house prices, especially characterizing the spatial heterogeneity and nonstationarity of housing prices oriented towards the spatial differences of urban spatial development, infrastructure layout, land use, and planning. This has the potential to enrich the current approaches to the complex quantitative analysis modelling of housing prices. Particularly, it is favorable to examine and characterize what and how to determine the spatial homogeneity and nonstationarity of housing prices oriented towards a microscale geospatial perspective. Therefore, this study should be significant to drive essential changes to develop a more efficient, sustainable, and competitive real-estate system at the level of city, especially for the emerging and dynamic housing markets in the megacities in China.

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Abad, María Alexandra Arias, José David Quizhpe Campoverde et Julio Pintado Farfán. « Comparative Study Between the Management Models of Social Housing Programs : SAV-BID and SIV, of the Province of Azuay Between the Years 2010 - 2020 ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 1203, n^o 3 (1 novembre 2021) : 032129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032129.

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Abstract The creation of management models for the construction of Social Interest Houses in the province of Azuay has been one of the relevant actions to mitigate the existing housing deficit in the territory in the last ten years. Within this period, two management models have played a leading role: the SAV-BID National Social Housing Program and the SIV National Social Housing Program. Models created and promoted by the Ecuadorian State, with the help of various actors, that try to correct the housing problems present in the vulnerable socioeconomic strata of the country. With this background, a comparative study of the management models applied in Ecuador is proposed, through which the similarities and differences between each of them are evidenced, as well as the potentialities and weaknesses that have characterized them, both in their management as in your application. The study begins with a referential framework, where central issues are considered such as: characterization of the concept of Social Interest Housing, housing deficit in Ecuador, and the essential components required for the design and implementation of a housing management model, with the purpose to define and understand the context of the investigation. For the development of the study, a qualitative methodology is proposed, which uses a deductive-inductive system; where dimensions, sub-dimensions and variables are raised in order to approach the study of management models from the general to the particular. The dimensions are defined as the great considerations and aspects that determine the models; The subdimensions are the analysis components where the results of the execution and application of the models are produced, and the variables are made up of the unique aspects or particularities of the study. The results show similarities in the planning and structuring of the two models. However, there are differences in the source of financing and in the characteristics and obligations of the project stakeholders. The study concludes that there are some differences that have allowed the SAV BID National Housing Program management model to generate greater production of Social Interest Housing. These differences are closely related to the active and continuous participation of the managers or home builders, a fundamental aspect that has allowed the success of the projects developed through this management model.

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Liu, Junxiao, et Kerry London. « MODELLING HOUSING SUPPLY AND MONETARY POLICY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC TURBULENCE ». International Journal of Strategic Property Management 17, n^o 1 (3 avril 2013) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2012.735273.

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Housing supply is an essential component of the property sector. Compared with an increasingly strong housing demand, the growth rates of total housing stock in Australia have exhibited a downward trend since the end of the 1990s. Over the same period, the significant adjustments in the Australian monetary policy were being implemented under a turbulent global economic climate. This research aims to identify the relationship between housing supply and monetary policy within the context of global economic turbulence by a vector error correction model with a dummy variable. The empirical evidence indicates that the monetary policy changes and global economic turmoil can significantly affect the supply side of the housing sector in Australia. The models developed in this study assist policy makers in estimating the political impacts in the global context.

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Zamri, Zur’ain, Zakri Tarmidi, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun, Noordyana Hassan, Ahmad Nabil Md Nasir, Akhmal Sidek et Nik Norasma Che’Ya. « Assessing the Suitability of Affordable Housing Based on Demand Criteria ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1064, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2022) : 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1064/1/012045.

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Abstract Affordable housing has become essential to provide housing with affordable prices, but most of the locations of affordable housing are often not suitable with the people’s demand. To assess the suitability of affordable housing, several initiatives has been developed, to match the demand and location of the affordable housing, but most the models lacks of spatial element, other model focusing on the goal related to site suitability to cities, and people’s preferences of housing. This study aims to integrating spatial information and analysis to assessing the suitability level of affordable housing in Malaysia. This assessment model consists of 3 main indicators; suitability house according to neighbourhood context, demographic factor and commute distance. The method use in this study is using multi-Criteria Analysis, using weighted scoring techniques. The results show that most of the affordable housing score more than 60% average, with the highest score are 84% and the lowest score are 57.9%. this shows that the suitability level of affordable housing in the study area is good. These indicators can be used for further investigation of other affordable housing, and also in finding the suitable site for affordable housing in the future.

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Lameira, Gisela, Luciana Rocha et Rui Jorge Garcia Ramos. « Affordable Futures Past : Rethinking Contemporary Housing Production in Portugal While Revisiting Former Logics ». Urban Planning 7, n^o 1 (31 mars 2022) : 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i1.4770.

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This article focuses on a specific term associated with the scientific, theoretical, and academic discourse on housing architecture in Portugal. Over the last 100 years, the term “affordable” has frequently been used in the vocabulary of urban housing in Portugal, being linked to other words commonly used in housing construction, such as económica (economical), barata (cheap/inexpensive/low-cost), pobre (poor), cooperativa (cooperative), or even custos controlados (controlled costs). Therefore, we propose to explore the multiple appropriations and contemporary shifts in its original meaning, seeking in this way to: (a) further stimulate the contemporary discussion on types of buildings, public housing programmes (i.e., following a historical perspective), contemporary housing policies (e.g. Basic Housing Law and New Generation of Housing Policies), refurbishment policies, new regulations, and new models for the middle classes (in Portugal); (b) share perspectives about the updating of this concept and the materialisation of its respective types and models in contemporary architectural practice; and (c) build bridges between the past and the present (public and private models and solutions, and shifts in the target audience). Although a wide range of different words was used to describe “affordable housing” in Portugal from the early 20th century to the first decade of the 21st century, it is essential to stress the importance of several newly emerging concepts. In recently implemented laws, concepts such as economicamente acessível (economically accessible) and custos controlados (controlled costs/low-cost) encompass the shifts in the meaning of the term “affordable” and broaden the contemporary discussion of the housing problem in relation to the type of property and target audience.

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Li, Sheng, Yi Jiang, Shuisong Ke, Ke Nie et Chao Wu. « Understanding the Effects of Influential Factors on Housing Prices by Combining Extreme Gradient Boosting and a Hedonic Price Model (XGBoost-HPM) ». Land 10, n^o 5 (18 mai 2021) : 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050533.

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The characteristics of housing and location conditions are the main drivers of spatial differences in housing prices, which is a topic attracting high interest in both real estate and geography research. One of the most popular models, the hedonic price model (HPM), has limitations in identifying nonlinear relationships and distinguishing the importance of influential factors. Therefore, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), a popular machine learning technology, and the HPM were combined to analyse the comprehensive effects of influential factors on housing prices. XGBoost was employed to identify the importance order of factors and HPM was adopted to reveal the value of the original non-market priced influential factors. The results showed that combining the two models can lead to good performance and increase understanding of the spatial variations in housing prices. Our work found that (1) the five most important variables for Shenzhen housing prices were distance to city centre, green view index, population density, property management fee and economic level; (2) space quality at the human scale had important effects on housing prices; and (3) some traditional factors, especially variables related to education, should be modified according to the development of the real estate market. The results showed that the demonstrated multisource geo-tagged data fusion framework, which integrated XGBoost and HPM, is practical and supports a comprehensive understanding of the relationships between housing prices and influential factors. The findings in this article provide essential implications for informing equitable housing policies and designing liveable neighbourhoods.

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Kumar, Gadde Vinay Venkata Abhinav, Kanneganti Subba Rayudu, Gutta Ajay Kumar et Dr Thatavarti Satish. « House Prices Advanced Regression Techniques ». International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, n^o 2 (28 février 2023) : 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49031.

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Abstract: The real estate industry is seeing an increase in the use of data mining. The capacity of data mining to extricate helpful data from crude information makes it especially helpful for anticipating home estimations, essential housing characteristics, and a great many different elements. Homeowners and the real estate industry frequently feel anxious about price swings, according to research. The most useful models and important criteria for predicting home values are examined in a literature review. The adoption of Random Forest and XGBoost as the most effective models in comparison to others was confirmed by this study's findings. Additionally, our data suggest that locational and structural characteristics are significant forecasting variables for housing values. In order to identify the most effective machine learning model for conducting a study in this field and the most significant factors that influence home prices, this study will be very helpful, particularly to housing developers and academics.

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Chen, Yucong. « Analysis and Forecasting of California Housing ». Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 3 (20 janvier 2023) : 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v3i.4704.

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House prices have significant impact on people’s daily life, and it is essential for people to have fixed abode, to live, work and social prosperity and stability. Hence predicting House price is a meaningful and big challenge. To achieve this goal, we use California Census dataset in this project to how distinctive features (attributes) can make the house price higher or lower. The main idea of this project is to build a Regression Model that can learn from this data and make predictions of the price of a house in any block, given some useful features provided in the datasets. In the regression task, we applied cross-validation and K-Fold method on Ridege Model, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting models to select the optimal hyperparameters. Then we apply the best selected model on test set, the results show decent performance for Random Forest and Gradient Boosting. The Random Forest performs the best with MSE (Mean Squared Error) 0.290, while it takes training time 14.7 seconds. Although the Gradient Boosting takes the result of MSE is 0.295, it took a shorter training time (2.91s).

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Dragutinovic, Anica, Aleksandra Milovanovic, Mihajlo Stojanovski, Tea Damjanovska, Aleksandra Đorđevic, Ana Nikezic, Uta Pottgiesser, Ana Ivanovska Deskova et Jovan Ivanovski. « Approaching Extracurricular Activities for Teaching and Learning on Sustainable Rehabilitation of Mass Housing : Reporting from the Arena of Architectural Higher Education ». Sustainability 15, n^o 3 (30 janvier 2023) : 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032476.

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The article presents the potentials and capacities of extracurricular activities such as student workshops for strengthening existing curricula and introducing emerging specialised areas, topics, and challenges into architectural higher education. The specific objective of this study is to enhance and test different pedagogical models for learning on the sustainable rehabilitation of mass housing neighbourhoods (MHN), as a specific type of modern heritage, through innovative extracurricular teaching practices based on interdisciplinarity, flexibility, and adaptability. This research presents three student workshops focusing on the rehabilitation of mass housing neighbourhoods (MHN), involving students, academics, and professionals from the field, organised in Germany, Serbia, and North Macedonia in 2022. Moreover, it engages a comparative analysis of the learning formats and approaches developed within this discipline-specific cross-border collaboration. The study provides (1) an insight into the comparative analysis of learning capabilities and (2) the formulation of workshop models supported by diagramming of the workshop structure. The conclusion of the article summarises the findings and highlights the essential aspects for engaging student workshops, as an instrument for generating operational knowledge in the field of mass housing rehabilitation.

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Weber, Klaus, Tanja Razinger, Jerry F. Hardisty, Peter Mann, Kellie C. Martel, Emily A. Frische, Kai Blumbach et al. « Differences in Rat Models Used in Routine Toxicity Studies ». International Journal of Toxicology 30, n^o 2 (7 février 2011) : 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810391818.

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The discussion on whether the Sprague Dawley (SD), the Fischer F344, or the Hannover Wistar rat is the most appropriate model for toxicity studies in rodents is ongoing. A substantial quantity of data on these strains concerning their source, diet, and housing conditions have been published. Generally, before starting a toxicology program in rodents, it should be taken into account that oncogenicity studies will be required for the majority of compounds successfully completing development. Survival, body weight development, incidence, type, time of onset of age-dependent lesions and neoplasms, as well as some special considerations of the rat model selected may be decisive. Therefore, an understanding of the historical background data is essential. These aspects demonstrate why the use of a specific rat model should be carefully considered at the beginning of the toxicology program.

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Nikezić, Ana, Jelena Ristić Trajković et Aleksandra Milovanović. « Future Housing Identities : Designing in Line with the Contemporary Sustainable Urban Lifestyle ». Buildings 11, n^o 1 (4 janvier 2021) : 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010018.

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Over the past decade, urban housing typologies have evolved from being a feature of modern life to an essential postmodern issue, questioning future housing identities. One of the ways in which architecture can become engaged in this ever-changing process of urban regeneration is to challenge the inherited traditional housing typologies with the newly recognized values of contemporary lifestyle. This paper presents research and design aimed at exploring contemporary sustainable urban lifestyles as a resource for positioning housing structures as cultural urban infrastructure. The main focus of this study is design principles and strategies for generating future housing identities in accordance with sustainable urban development and sustainability of life in urban areas. It is about finding housing conceptual models for an interaction between housing and identity as a response to the impact of increased cities, changed lifestyles in contemporary cities and the requirements for the preservation of the city image and the public space within the housing areas in the city center. The main goal of this study is to understand whether and how an architectural design can preserve a sustainability of life within the city center and become a valuable agent of place identity in the process of urban regeneration. The paper indicates that the contemporary development of society requires a new architectural paradigm, in which lifestyle and architecture create a unique elastic open-ended system with the ability to adapt and change over time and throughout the place.

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Didenko, K. « GLOBAL ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING TRENDS 1900s and 1930s AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING OF METROPOLITAN KHARKOV ». Municipal economy of cities 3, n^o 156 (1 juillet 2020) : 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-3-156-126-134.

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Organizational changes in project activity and the stages of its formation in the Ukrainian SSR as a tool for constructing a new social reality have been traced. The first stage was the approval of the altered role of architecture and the architect in socialist model, the second - the inclusion of social relations and lifestyle in the subject of architectural creativity, the third - conceptual approaches / models and the fourth - the creation of new samples of architecture. Global trends in urban planning and housing construction in the 1920s - 1930s essential for understanding the processes taking place in the construction of the capital Kharkov have been established. Namely: – the formation of urban planning schools at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries. (England, France, Germany, Austria (Vienna), as well as in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkov and Kiev; – outsourcing knowledge from other sciences (statistics, economics, law, sociology, etc.); – aspiration to construct cheap housing, industrialization and standardization; – attraction of private capital to the construction of residential complexes. A similarity pointed out between architectural and urban planning concepts is composed of the attraction to conceptual solutions alike to the "garden city" in early 1920s, the search for a new housing typology (sometimes small) with facilities; creation of the concepts of a house-commune and a housing complex. Implementation of avant-garde concepts in the development of social and housing infrastructure of the metropolitan Kharkov is considered. In the 1920s the formation of architectural and urban planning concepts in the USSR took place in correlation with the basic social ideas of architectural and urban planning practices of the West in the following sequence: noncritical borrowing of Western bourgeois models ("garden city"), attempts at social innovation inspired by the classics of utopian socialism (house-commune as phalanx reincarnation), constructing new functional-spatial models as means of implementing social doctrine (residential complexes); socio-economic invention in the context of industry planning (Sotsgorod). Practical verification of the models created at each stage became an incentive for new searches. Keywords: architectural and town-planning tendencies, socialization of town-planning, socialization of residential architecture complexes, metropolitan Kharkov.

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Scuderi, Giuliana. « Designing Flexibility and Adaptability : The Answer to Integrated Residential Building Retrofit ». Designs 3, n^o 1 (11 janvier 2019) : 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs3010003.

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Speaking about building retrofit in Europe, the attention is often focused on the residential building stock built after the Second World War, which represents the 75% of the total number of buildings present on the territory. Recently many cities are encouraging campaigns of retrofit of the housing heritage built after the Second World War, since, in terms of cost, time, financing, consumption, and sustainability, the practice appears more convenient than building anew. To maximize the benefits of these retrofit campaigns, it is essential to promote multi-purpose and innovative strategies considering contemporarily architectural, functional and structural aspects. In the field of housing, in particular, it is necessary to develop new models able to answer to the new living style of a dynamic society. In fact, today as in the past, one of the downfalls of the housing sector is failing to recognize the human dimension within the designing process. This paper evaluates past architectural practices to achieve adaptability and flexibility in the residential sector and evaluate strategies for integrated retrofit based on two macro-areas: architectural/societal/functional and structural/technological/constructional.

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Deurloo, M. C., F. M. Dieleman et W. A. V. Clark. « Tenure Choice in the Dutch Housing Market ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 19, n^o 6 (juin 1987) : 763–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190763.

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In this paper, tenure choice in complex housing markets is examined, that is, in markets with more than a simple choice between own and rent. The paper has both substantive and technical foci. The substantive focus is to extend the authors' research on the links between housing and mobility and to provide detailed information on the way in which dwelling choices are made after the decision to relocate. The technical focus is to continue the authors' concern with building robust models of urban processes. The technical concerns are focused on special forms of automatic interaction detection and dummy variable multiple regression to estimate the influence of household characteristics and previous housing situation on dwelling choice. The data used in the analysis are part of a large sample taken in 1981 of all Dutch households. The automatic interaction detection method is used as a form of exploratory data analysis to identify the underlying ‘structure’ in the data. The results are used as input to the dummy regression process, which, in combination with the proportional reduction in uncertainty measures, establishes the importance of income and the role of regional variations, age, and type of house as major predictors of tenure choice. A main conclusion from the research is that, even though income is the most important predictor, age, size of family, type of house, and price also affect tenure choice. Even more important is the conclusion that it is essential to do separate analyses for separate tenures.

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Marques, Francine Z., Hamdi A. Jama, Kirill Tsyganov, Paul A. Gill, Dakota Rhys-Jones, Rikeish R. Muralitharan, Jane Muir, Andrew Holmes et Charles R. Mackay. « Guidelines for Transparency on Gut Microbiome Studies in Essential and Experimental Hypertension ». Hypertension 74, n^o 6 (décembre 2019) : 1279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13079.

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Hypertension is a complex and modifiable condition in which environmental factors contribute to both onset and progression. Recent evidence has accumulated for roles of diet and the gut microbiome as environmental factors in blood pressure regulation. However, this is complex because gut microbiomes are a unique feature of each individual reflecting that individual’s developmental and environmental history creating caveats for both experimental models and human studies. Here, we describe guidelines for conducting gut microbiome studies in experimental and clinical hypertension. We provide a complete guide for authors on proper design, analyses, and reporting of gut microbiota/microbiome and metabolite studies and checklists that can be used by reviewers and editors to support robust reporting and interpretation. We discuss factors that modulate the gut microbiota in animal (eg, cohort, controls, diet, developmental age, housing, sex, and models used) and human studies (eg, blood pressure measurement and medication, body mass index, demographic characteristics including age, cultural identification, living structure, sex and socioeconomic environment, and exclusion criteria). We also provide best practice advice on sampling, storage of fecal/cecal samples, DNA extraction, sequencing methods (including metagenomics and 16S rRNA), and computational analyses. Finally, we discuss the measurement of short-chain fatty acids, metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, and interpretation of data. These guidelines should support better transparency, reproducibility, and translation of findings in the field of gut microbiota/microbiome in hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

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Rose, Gloria, Mirjam Stocker et Michael Ornetzeder. « The Learning City : Temporary Housing Projects as Urban Niches for Sustainability Experiments ». Sustainability 14, n^o 9 (25 avril 2022) : 5198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095198.

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It is widely acknowledged that real-world experimentation is essential for the advancement of sustainable solutions. Urban contexts are perfectly suited for this form of innovation, since they have a high demand for solutions and also offer the necessary resources for the development of new ideas. However, there is a need for a well-defined basis for the selection process of suitable experimental designs for specific cases. This paper presents a typology of various existing sustainability experimental designs, focusing on the distinct features between different types and their respective strengths and weaknesses. Using the case of temporary housing models for Vienna, this paper provides a step-by-step selection process based on a catalogue of questions to match various types of housing projects with experimental designs. By improving the understanding of what the defining features of existing experimental approaches are, more clarity is provided for the design and planning of sociotechnical experiments for greater sustainability.

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Rose, Gloria, Mirjam Stocker et Michael Ornetzeder. « The Learning City : Temporary Housing Projects as Urban Niches for Sustainability Experiments ». Sustainability 14, n^o 9 (25 avril 2022) : 5198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095198.

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It is widely acknowledged that real-world experimentation is essential for the advancement of sustainable solutions. Urban contexts are perfectly suited for this form of innovation, since they have a high demand for solutions and also offer the necessary resources for the development of new ideas. However, there is a need for a well-defined basis for the selection process of suitable experimental designs for specific cases. This paper presents a typology of various existing sustainability experimental designs, focusing on the distinct features between different types and their respective strengths and weaknesses. Using the case of temporary housing models for Vienna, this paper provides a step-by-step selection process based on a catalogue of questions to match various types of housing projects with experimental designs. By improving the understanding of what the defining features of existing experimental approaches are, more clarity is provided for the design and planning of sociotechnical experiments for greater sustainability.

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Rose, Gloria, Mirjam Stocker et Michael Ornetzeder. « The Learning City : Temporary Housing Projects as Urban Niches for Sustainability Experiments ». Sustainability 14, n^o 9 (25 avril 2022) : 5198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095198.

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It is widely acknowledged that real-world experimentation is essential for the advancement of sustainable solutions. Urban contexts are perfectly suited for this form of innovation, since they have a high demand for solutions and also offer the necessary resources for the development of new ideas. However, there is a need for a well-defined basis for the selection process of suitable experimental designs for specific cases. This paper presents a typology of various existing sustainability experimental designs, focusing on the distinct features between different types and their respective strengths and weaknesses. Using the case of temporary housing models for Vienna, this paper provides a step-by-step selection process based on a catalogue of questions to match various types of housing projects with experimental designs. By improving the understanding of what the defining features of existing experimental approaches are, more clarity is provided for the design and planning of sociotechnical experiments for greater sustainability.

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Tripathi, Gireesh Chandra. « Prepayment Risk Modeling for Residential Mortgage Backed Securities ». International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 4, n^o 2 (avril 2012) : 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisss.2012040105.

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The first public issue of securitized instruments is overdue in Indian capital market (SEBA 2008). Development of suitable pricing models would be helpful in trading of these instruments. This paper is focused on prepayment risk of housing loan pools. Prepayment estimation is useful to project the cash-flows, which are essential for pricing. A few prevalent models and their variations are tested and suitably adjusted to make them readily applicable on the Indian data. It is found that the prepayment can best be explained by an adjusted Chinloy model with contracted rate (and not the current rate), age of the mortgage and burnout. This behavior is unique because the current rate does not have any bearing on the prepayments in India.

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Pinto, Manuel, M. Ramiro Pastorinho, João Lanzinha et Marisa Monteiro. « Model for Health Risk Assessment in Portuguese Housing Spaces ». Environments 9, n^o 6 (6 juin 2022) : 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9060069.

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Currently, people spend most of their time inside their homes. However, poor conditions in terms of comfort and quality of the indoor environment can pose high risks to the inhabitants’ health. Therefore, a good quality environment is essential, since, in addition to the hazards present in indoor air (e.g., particles, (S)VOCs, CO, radon and tobacco smoke), extreme temperatures, relative humidity levels, pests (e.g., mold, dust mites and bioaerosols), noise, airborne infectious agents (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) and contamination through water and soil can cause physical injuries, respiratory diseases, damage to multiple organ systems as well as harmful effects on the mental health of the occupants. Faced with this requirement, housing evaluation models were studied together with the main types of risk that could affect the health of the inhabitants, with the objective of proposing a new evaluation model for housing health and safety risks, fitted to the occupants, and especially suitable for Portuguese dwellings, although applicable in other geographical contexts. As a result of this analysis, this article proposes a new model for evaluating health and safety risks in housing, applicable in Portugal, supported by an inspection form and, as the main difference from the existing models, parameter measurements, providing complementary data for the evaluation. This model was created based on a set of functional and regulatory requirements that were identified for the healthy use of living spaces. Twenty-eight hazards were identified, and the respective risk factors were assessed using different processes and target demographics, including visual inspection, parameter measurements, occupants’ age and location and age of housing. In order to validate the model and determine its usefulness, it was applied to a set of houses with different construction dates, locations and occupants. This exercise enabled the identification of hazard classes and the calibration and fine tuning of the model application. Finally, proposals for future work are presented in order to create a base of evolution for the model.

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Kang, Chang-Deok. « Effects of spatial access to neighborhood land-use density on housing prices : Evidence from a multilevel hedonic analysis in Seoul, South Korea ». Environment and Planning B : Urban Analytics and City Science 46, n^o 4 (21 juillet 2017) : 603–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317721184.

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Attaining a mixture and diversity of land use within walkable neighborhoods is an essential principle within contemporary urban planning and design. Empirical studies by New Urbanists argue that mixed land use, neo-traditional, and walkable neighborhoods yield socioeconomic benefits and generate a substantial premium in residential property prices. However, few studies apply reliable metrics to capture the connections among urban form, the spatial distribution of land use, and travel behavior and then value their combined effects on housing prices. To bridge this gap, this study calculates the metrics of spatial accessibility and centrality, combining street nodes, networks, and built density by land use type within walkable neighborhoods. We investigate empirically the extent to which residents value spatial accessibility and centrality to residential, commercial, office, and industrial space regarding housing prices in Seoul, South Korea in 2010. The multilevel hedonic price models used suggest that residents highly value urban settings that access larger volumes of commercial and residential buildings in densely spaced areas along dense street networks. However, homeowners respond negatively to higher access to industrial property and weakly to office space. This analysis identifies the value of spatial access to heterogeneous land-use density in housing prices and provides policy implications for land use, transportation, and urban design.

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Obi, Lovelin Ifeoma, Mohammed Arif et Dennis J. Kulonda. « Prioritizing cost management system considerations for Nigerian housing projects ». Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 22, n^o 2 (7 août 2017) : 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-06-2016-0025.

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Purpose This study aims to develop a success factor model to understand and facilitate improved cost management system (CMS) implementation in low-cost housing (LcH) project delivery in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Literature findings highlight 13 drivers affecting effective implementation within the CMS and uses series of brainstorming sessions and questionnaire surveys to validate the drivers. Factor analysis (FA) identifies possible contextual relationships among the validated drivers and groups them into three success factors. The results of the FA are refined using interpretive structural modelling (ISM). The ISM identifies and models the influential drivers and aids the development of the success factor model. Findings Effective team qualities, information and management actions and a stable operational environment are the three essential success factors for effective CMS implementation. Practical implications The paper highlights effective team qualities as the most important CMS considerations for Nigerian LcH project delivery. This finding creates the needed awareness to guide project sponsors and project managers in the appropriate selection of the project management team (PMT) as well as the procurement system that facilitates their collaboration. Originality/value This study is a novel research using FA and ISM to investigate the influence of success factors needful for effective implementation within the CMS. It further develops a hierarchy model that aids the PMT with better understanding of the drivers and factors interrelationships for use on LcH projects within the Nigerian context.

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Yum, Seungil. « Two Strategies to Secure Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Capital in the United States ». Action Research and Innovation in Science Education 2, n^o 1 (24 juillet 2019) : 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51724/arise.13.

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The study proposes two strategies for education planners and governments to secure Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) capital. First, this paper highlights that essential knowledge and skills for STEM students are differentiated by their major. For instance, the knowledge of English ranked first in Science, and the knowledge of mathematics placed first in Technology. Second, the study employs panel models to exhibit factors that are related to the proportion of STEM workers in the U.S. states between 2003 and 2012. The panel models highlight the variables associated with the gradient of STEM workers as follows: (1) industrial structure, (2) housing price, and (3) foreign-born people. Therefore, governments and education planners should develop education policies or training programs differentiated by the STEM fields to provide proper knowledge and skills for STEM students and take into account the important factors to secure STEM capital.

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Du, Mingzhu, Le Wang, Shengyuan Zou et Chen Shi. « Modeling the Census Tract Level Housing Vacancy Rate with the Jilin1-03 Satellite and Other Geospatial Data ». Remote Sensing 10, n^o 12 (30 novembre 2018) : 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121920.

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The vacant house is an essential phenomenon of urban decay and population loss. Exploration of the correlations between housing vacancy and some socio-environmental factors is conducive to understanding the mechanism of urban shrinking and revitalization. In recent years, rapidly developing night-time remote sensing, which has the ability to detect artificial lights, has been widely applied in applications associated with human activities. Current night-time remote sensing studies on housing vacancy rates are limited by the coarse spatial resolution of data. The launch of the Jilin1-03 satellite, which carried a high spatial resolution (HSR) night-time imaging camera, provides a new supportive data source. In this paper, we examined this new high spatial resolution night-time light dataset in housing vacancy rate estimation. Specifically, a stepwise multivariable linear regression model was engaged to estimate the housing vacancy rate at a very fine scale, the census tract level. Three types of variables derived from geospatial data and night-time image represent the physical environment, landuse (LU) structure, and human activities, respectively. The linear regression models were constructed and analyzed. The analysis results show that (1) the HVRs estimating model using the Jilin1-03 satellite and other ancillary geospatial data fits well with the Census statistical data (adjusted R2 = 0.656, predicted R2 = 0.603, RMSE = 0.046) and thus is a valid estimation model; (2) the Jilin1-03 satellite night-time data contributed a 28% (from 0.510 to 0.656) fitting accuracy increase and a 68% (from 0.359 to 0.603) predicting accuracy increase in the estimate model of the housing vacancy rate. Reflecting socio-economic conditions, the luminous intensity of commercial areas derived from the Jilin1-03 satellite is the most influential variable to housing vacancy. Land use structure indirectly and partially demonstrated that the social environment factors in the community have strong correlations with residential vacancy. Moreover, the physical environment factor, which depicts vegetation conditions in the residential areas, is also a significant indicator of housing vacancy. In conclusion, the emergence of HSR night light data opens a new door to future microscopic scale study within cities.

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ISBATOV, ILQAR. « MASS HOUSING CONSTRUCTION AND TYPES OF HOUSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM OF GREAT BAKU ». Urbanizm 26 (2021) : 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.58225/urbanizm.2021-26-30-36.

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At the end of the twentieth century, the Azerbaijani Republic gained independence and, in this regard, began a new stage in the development of the country. With the advent of the outstanding statesman Heydar Aliyev to the leadership of the republic, and then Ilham Aliyev, the rapid development of the economy of Azerbaijan began. This entailed, along with the development of all areas of industry and agriculture, the development of the construction industry. Large-scale housing construction has begun in all cities and towns. Especially large-scale construction has begun in the city of Baku. At the beginning of the 21st century, as well as throughout the world, models of the future development of housing are emerging in Azerbaijan. Meeting the housing needs of people is a primary task of urban planning and architecture. According to the theses of «International Congress of Modern Architects» (SIAM), which were laid down in 1933 in «Athens Charter», the dwelling is subordinated to four main vital functions: work, life in home, rest, and transportation. Modern housing does not include only personal life; it is an essential and integral part of the overall social life process. A study of the process of life of the population clearly shows that all the functions of their vital activities are interconnected. This applies both to a person’s participation in the social production of material and spiritual values, to his participation in cultural life and to the restoration of his physical and spiritual strength. A complex life process requires an environment that functions as a system in which the apartment is only one of the elements.

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Saré, Rachel Michelle, Abigail Lemons et Carolyn Beebe Smith. « Behavior Testing in Rodents : Highlighting Potential Confounds Affecting Variability and Reproducibility ». Brain Sciences 11, n^o 4 (20 avril 2021) : 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040522.

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Rodent models of brain disorders including neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases are essential for increasing our understanding of underlying pathology and for preclinical testing of potential treatments. Some of the most important outcome measures in such studies are behavioral. Unfortunately, reports from different labs are often conflicting, and preclinical studies in rodent models are not often corroborated in human trials. There are many well-established tests for assessing various behavioral readouts, but subtle aspects can influence measurements. Features such as housing conditions, conditions of testing, and the sex and strain of the animals can all have effects on tests of behavior. In the conduct of behavior testing, it is important to keep these features in mind to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of results. In this review, we highlight factors that we and others have encountered that can influence behavioral measures. Our goal is to increase awareness of factors that can affect behavior in rodents and to emphasize the need for detailed reporting of methods.

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Si-Wen, Guo, Mohammad Asif Ikabl et Pradeep Kumar. « Smart Agriculture and Food Storage System for Asia Continent ». International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 12, n^o 1 (janvier 2021) : 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.20210101.oa5.

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Asia is the largest and most populous continent of Earth with an overall population of 446.27 crores. Housing this population drives various challenges in different aspects, in which providing healthy and nutritious food to each and every individual is most challenging. Unfortunately, because of certain production issues, farmers are not getting the desired throughput, and in some critical cases, situations lead to suicide. On the other hand, proper storage and distribution of these harvests are other challenges. Various models and IoT (internet of things)-based approaches have been presented and are available for implementation, but a dedicated layout combining the digitization of all the essential steps, starting from preparation of soil for agriculture to the making food available for every needy person, is still missing. In the paper, various related models have been studied, and an integral model is presented where integration of IoT is carried out with agriculture and with the food storage and distribution system.

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Perri, Melissa, Adrian Guta, Marilou Gagnon, Matt Bonn, Pamela Leece, Ahmed M. Bayoumi, Nanky Rai, Natasha Touesnard et Carol Strike. « Developing a digital health strategy for people who use drugs : Lessons from COVID-19 ». DIGITAL HEALTH 7 (janvier 2021) : 205520762110284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076211028404.

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COVID-19 has significantly exacerbated negative health and social outcomes for people who use drugs (PWUD) around the world. The closure of harm reduction services, ongoing barriers to employment and housing, and pre-existing physical and mental health conditions have increased harms for diverse communities of PWUD. Adapting current models of health and human service delivery to better meet the needs of PWUD is essential in minimizing not only COVID-19 but also drug-related morbidity and mortality. This article draws on research, practice, and advocacy experiences, and discusses the potential for digital health tools such as remote monitoring and telecare to improve the continuum of care for PWUD. We call for a digital health strategy for PWUD and provide recommendations for future program development and implementation.

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Cucca, Roberta, et Costanzo Ranci. « Sviluppo e disuguaglianze. Monaco, Barcellona, Copenhagen e Lione a confronto ». TERRITORIO, n^o 61 (juin 2012) : 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2012-061003.

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This essay reconsiders and reanalyses the results of research carried out in four European cities (Monaco, Barcelona, Copenhagen and Lyon) on the social impact of the economic growth process, as well as potential tensions and trade-offs between the mechanisms of social reproduction and competitiveness of urban systems, till shortly before the 2009 financial and economic. In particular, this article restores several essential elements relative to four aspects of the analysis: policies for attracting flows of investment, goods, and people, and for safeguarding and enhancing local liveability; the impacts of economic development models on conditions of social inequality; the policies, the housing market and the affirmation of various lines of spatial division; and the integration of immigrants into the economic and social fabric of the cities.

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Fafard St-Germain, Andrée-Anne, et Valerie Tarasuk. « Prioritization of the essentials in the spending patterns of Canadian households experiencing food insecurity ». Public Health Nutrition 21, n^o 11 (21 mars 2018) : 2065–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018000472.

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AbstractObjectiveFood insecurity is a potent determinant of health and indicator of material deprivation in many affluent countries. Food insecurity is associated with compromises in food and housing expenditures, but how it relates to other expenditures is unknown. The present study described households’ resource allocation over a 12-month period by food insecurity status.DesignExpenditure data from the 2010 Survey of Household Spending were aggregated into four categories (basic needs, other necessities, discretionary, investments/assets) and ten sub-categories (food, clothing, housing, transportation, household/personal care, health/education, leisure, miscellaneous, personal insurance/pension, durables/assets). A four-level food insecurity status was created using the adult-specific items of the Household Food Security Survey Module. Mean dollars spent and budget share by food insecurity status were estimated with generalized linear models adjusted first for household size and composition, and subsequently for after-tax income quartiles.SettingCanada.SubjectsPopulation-based sample of households from the ten provinces (n9050).ResultsFood-secure households had higher mean total expenditures than marginally, moderately and severely food-insecure households (P-trend <0·0001). As severity of food insecurity increased, households spent less on all categories and sub-categories, except transportation, but they allocated a larger budget share to basic needs and smaller shares to discretionary spending and investments/assets. The downward trends for dollars spent on basic needs and other necessities became non-significant after accounting for income, but the upward trend in the budget shares for basic needs persisted.ConclusionsThe spending patterns of food-insecure households suggest that they prioritized essential needs above all else.

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Shen, Guoqiang, Zhangye Wang, Long Zhou, Yu Liu et Xiaoyi Yan. « Home-Based Locational Accessibility to Essential Urban Services : The Case of Wake County, North Carolina, USA ». Sustainability 12, n^o 21 (3 novembre 2020) : 9142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219142.

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Accessibility is an important concept in urban studies and planning, especially on issues related to sustainable transportation planning and urban spatial structure. This paper develops an optimization model to examine the accessibility from single family homes to major urban facilities for services or amenities using geographical information systems. The home-based accessibility to facilities is based upon the point to point direct distance from sampled homes to sampled facilities. Descriptive statistics about the accessibility, such as min/max, mean/median, and standard deviation/variance were computed. Variations of accessibility for a range of categories by home price and year built were also examined. Multivariate linear regression models examining the housing value with respect to home-facility accessibility by facility types were implemented. The results show that desirable urban facilities, which are also more frequently used for livability, enjoy better accessibility than undesirable urban facilities. The home-based accessibility’s positive or negative associations with home price along with year built and/or residential lot size exist for most facilities in general, and by confirming to the literature, the home-facility accessibility in particular does strongly impact home values as evidenced by fair to excellent R2 values. Accordingly, this research provides evidence-based recommendations for sustainable urban mobility and urban planning.

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Spilbergs, Aivars. « Residential Mortgage Loans Delinquencies Analysis and Risk Drivers Assessment ». Emerging Science Journal 4, n^o 2 (1 avril 2020) : 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2020-01214.

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Residential mortgage loans play an important role in improving living conditions in developed countries. In Latvia, however, residential mortgage volumes have declined throughout the post-crisis year’s and were at the end of 2018 12% below the end 2008 level, while the house price index ca. 25% below pre-crisis level. The main reasons for this are banks credit losses, which resulted in a revision of credit granting standards and a deteriorating in their availability. On the other hand, households have experienced increased uncertainty, both as a result of financial difficulties, experienced during the crisis years and political instability in the post-crisis years. It is therefore essential to identify the true risk drivers and to analyse them. Based on existing researches in other countries, the author has identified several dozen macro-economic indicators, such as the unemployment rate, wage growth, housing price index, etc. and micro factors such as the age of the borrower, total debt to income, loan-to-value, etc., have developed univariate and multivariate econometric models and have examined their statistical stability. Consequently, through a consistent application, it is possible to take sound credit decisions, both in banks and by households, and to contribute to the sustainable development of the housing market.

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Pascual, Arnau, Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersguter, David Riba et Dietmar Crailsheim. « Long-Term Assessment of Captive Chimpanzees : Influence of Social Group Composition, Seasonality and Biographic Background ». Animals 13, n^o 3 (26 janvier 2023) : 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030424.

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Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) live in flexible fission–fusion societies with frequent changes in both group size and composition. These changes depend mostly on resource availability and individual social preferences yet in captivity are determined by housing organizations. During a period of seven years, we observed a group of sanctuary chimpanzees, focusing on how they adapted to changes in the group composition over time. Using linear mixed models (LMMs), factors such as group size, sex ratio, seasonality, and the individuals’ sex and origin (wild caught vs. captive born) were considered in order to evaluate the impact on the chimpanzees’ activity levels, the occurrence of undesired behaviors (abnormal and self-directed behaviors) and the social grooming networks. Our results indicate that the activity levels and the occurrence of undesired behaviors were impacted by changes in group composition and the individuals’ biographic background. The colder season was marked by higher levels of activity and more time spent grooming. Moreover, it was the individuals’ origin but not changes in group composition that affected social grooming, with wild-caught chimpanzees grooming far less frequently. Long-term observations are essential to evaluate, predict and detect potential benefits and/or issues of housing conditions while considering the social and physical environment.

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Uzqueda, Angel, Pilar Garcia-Almirall, Còssima Cornadó et Sara Vima-Grau. « Critical Review of Public Policies for the Rehabilitation of Housing Stock : The Case of Barcelona ». Buildings 11, n^o 3 (9 mars 2021) : 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030108.

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This article reviews rehabilitation programs in Barcelona, focusing on aspects such as the intervention model, actual public investment, and results. Programs of this type are not exclusive to Barcelona; however, similar examples can be found in other European cities, especially where European Union (EU) funding is present. After analyzing these models, we reached a series of general conclusions that may be of interest. Thus, an eminently practical and reflective analysis is presented, aimed at technicians and those responsible for the design of intervention policies in urban regeneration. Rehabilitation programs are increasingly focused on vulnerable settings, and in this context, the participation and service function of public administrations are particularly relevant. The general model for rehabilitation subsidies rarely takes into account the specific characteristics of disadvantaged urban settings, as the article will show. After analyzing the different policies presented in this research, we identified two essential requirements: detailed knowledge of the affected neighborhood, and ongoing evaluation of the development of programs—beyond simple management indicators—so negative effects can be corrected in time such as gentrification, real estate speculation, and other by-products that the intervention itself can promote. This study confirms that not all public investments have the expected results.

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Selwood, Lynne, et Shuliang Cui. « Establishing long-term colonies of marsupials to provide models for studying developmental mechanisms and their application to fertility control ». Australian Journal of Zoology 54, n^o 3 (2006) : 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05052.

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To study marsupial developmental mechanisms and their application to fertility control, it is necessary to develop reliable procedures for breeding, colony maintenance, reproductive monitoring for obtaining known-age embryos and, if possible, an induced ovulation protocol. These procedures also provide means to enhance conservation of endangered species. Such procedures are examined in the stripe-faced dunnart, an excellent model for developmental analysis, and the common brush-tail possum, an agricultural and ecological pest species in New Zealand that has become a model for fertility control in marsupials. A long-term colony of the stripe-faced dunnart has been in existence for 21 years, and the procedures for its maintenance and continued survival are outlined, and include minimal reproductive contributions from wild-caught animals, and development of an appropriate timetable of development and induced-ovulation protocols. Common brushtail possum colonies are relatively frequent but have regular input from wild-caught animals. Procedures that minimise competition for prized resources and allow successful group housing of possums are outlined. For both species the available development timetables, in vitro techniques and induced ovulation protocols are essential tools for the study of developmental mechanisms and fertility control, respectively, and also have considerable implications for conservation of these and other species.

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Park, Isaac W., Michael L. Mann, Lorraine E. Flint, Alan L. Flint et Max Moritz. « Relationships of climate, human activity, and fire history to spatiotemporal variation in annual fire probability across California ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 11 (3 novembre 2021) : e0254723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254723.

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In the face of recent wildfires across the Western United States, it is essential that we understand both the dynamics that drive the spatial distribution of wildfire, and the major obstacles to modeling the probability of wildfire over space and time. However, it is well documented that the precise relationships of local vegetation, climate, and ignitions, and how they influence fire dynamics, may vary over space and among local climate, vegetation, and land use regimes. This raises questions not only as to the nature of the potentially nonlinear relationships between local conditions and the fire, but also the possibility that the scale at which such models are developed may be critical to their predictive power and to the apparent relationship of local conditions to wildfire. In this study we demonstrate that both local climate–through limitations posed by fuel dryness (CWD) and availability (AET)–and human activity–through housing density, roads, electrical infrastructure, and agriculture, play important roles in determining the annual probabilities of fire throughout California. We also document the importance of previous burn events as potential barriers to fire in some environments, until enough time has passed for vegetation to regenerate sufficiently to sustain subsequent wildfires. We also demonstrate that long-term and short-term climate variations exhibit different effects on annual fire probability, with short-term climate variations primarily impacting fire probability during periods of extreme climate anomaly. Further, we show that, when using nonlinear modeling techniques, broad-scale fire probability models can outperform localized models at predicting annual fire probability. Finally, this study represents a powerful tool for mapping local fire probability across the state of California under a variety of historical climate regimes, which is essential to avoided emissions modeling, carbon accounting, and hazard severity mapping for the application of fire-resistant building codes across the state of California.

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Rubino, Irene, Cristina Coscia et Rocco Curto. « Identifying Spatial Relationships between Built Heritage Resources and Short-Term Rentals before the Covid-19 Pandemic : Exploratory Perspectives on Sustainability Issues ». Sustainability 12, n^o 11 (3 juin 2020) : 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114533.

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Built heritage resources (BHRs) are multidimensional assets that need to be conceived under a sustainability and circular economy framework. Whereas it is essential that their conservation, management, and enjoyment are sustainable, it is also necessary that the environmental, cultural, and socio-economic contexts in which they are integrated are sustainable too. Like other amenities, BHRs can improve the quality of the urban environment and generate externalities; additionally, they may influence sectors such as real estate, hospitality, and tourism. In this framework, this contribution aims to identify spatial relationships occurring between BHRs and short-term rentals (STRs), i.e., a recent economic phenomenon facilitated by platforms such as Airbnb. Through the application of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis techniques and taking Turin (Italy) as a case study, this article provides evidence that spatial correlation patterns between BHRs and STRs exist, and that the areas most affected by STRs are the residential neighborhoods located in the proximity of the historic center of the city. Relations with other sets of socio-economic variables are highlighted too, and conclusions suggest that future studies are essential not only to monitor sustainability issues and reflect on new housing models and sustainable uses of buildings, but also to understand the evolution of the phenomenon in light of the pandemic Covid-19.

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Wang, Daikun, Victor Jing Li et Huayi Yu. « Mass Appraisal Modeling of Real Estate in Urban Centers by Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression : A Case Study of Beijing’s Core Area ». Land 9, n^o 5 (8 mai 2020) : 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050143.

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The traditional linear regression model of mass appraisal is increasingly unable to satisfy the standard of mass appraisal with large data volumes, complex housing characteristics and high accuracy requirements. Therefore, it is essential to utilize the inherent spatial-temporal characteristics of properties to build a more effective and accurate model. In this research, we take Beijing’s core area, a typical urban center, as the study area of modeling for the first time. Thousands of real transaction data sets with a time span of 2014, 2016 and 2018 are conducted at the community level (community annual average price). Three different models, including multiple regression analysis (MRA) with ordinary least squares (OLS), geographically weighted regression (GWR) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR), are adopted for comparative analysis. The result indicates that the GTWR model, with an adjusted R2 of 0.8192, performs better in the mass appraisal modeling of real estate. The comparison of different models provides a useful benchmark for policy makers regarding the mass appraisal process of urban centers. The finding also highlights the spatial characteristics of price-related parameters in high-density residential areas, providing an efficient evaluation approach for planning, land management, taxation, insurance, finance and other related fields.

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Dufitinema, Josephine. « Volatility clustering, risk-return relationship and asymmetric adjustment in the Finnish housing market ». International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, n^o 4 (24 février 2020) : 661–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-12-2019-0125.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the house prices in Finland share financial characteristics with assets such as stocks. The studied regions are 15 main regions in Finland over the period of 1988:Q1-2018:Q4. These regions are divided geographically into 45 cities and sub-areas according to their postcode numbers. The studied type of dwellings is apartments (block of flats) divided into one-room, two rooms and more than three rooms apartment types. Design/methodology/approach Both Ljung–Box and Lagrange multiplier tests are used to test for clustering effects (autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity effects). For cities and sub-areas with significant clustering effects, the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH)-in-mean model is used to determine the potential impact that the conditional variance may have on returns. Moreover, the exponential GARCH model is used to examine the possibility of asymmetric effects of shocks on house price volatility. For each apartment type, individual models are estimated; enabling different house price dynamics, and variation of signs and magnitude of different effects across cities and sub-areas. Findings Results reveal that clustering effects exist in over half of the cities and sub-areas in all studied types of apartments. Moreover, mixed results on the sign of the significant risk-return relationship are observed across cities and sub-areas in all three apartment types. Furthermore, the evidence of the asymmetric impact of shocks on housing volatility is noted in almost all the cities and sub-areas housing markets. These studied volatility properties are further found to differ across cities and sub-areas, and by apartment types. Research limitations/implications The existence of these volatility patterns has essential implications, such as investment decision-making and portfolio management. The study outcomes will be used in a forecasting procedure of the volatility dynamics of the studied types of dwellings. The quality of the data limits the analysis and the results of the study. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the volatility of the Finnish housing market in general, and by using data on both municipal and geographical level, particularly.

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Baxter, A. J., T. S. Brugha, H. E. Erskine, R. W. Scheurer, T. Vos et J. G. Scott. « The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders ». Psychological Medicine 45, n^o 3 (1 août 2014) : 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171400172x.

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BackgroundAutism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are persistent disabling neurodevelopmental disorders clinically evident from early childhood. For the first time, the burden of ASDs has been estimated for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010). The aims of this study were to develop global and regional prevalence models and estimate the global burden of disease of ASDs.MethodA systematic review was conducted for epidemiological data (prevalence, incidence, remission and mortality risk) of autistic disorder and other ASDs. Data were pooled using a Bayesian meta-regression approach while adjusting for between-study variance to derive prevalence models. Burden was calculated in terms of years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), which are reported here by world region for 1990 and 2010.ResultsIn 2010 there were an estimated 52 million cases of ASDs, equating to a prevalence of 7.6 per 1000 or one in 132 persons. After accounting for methodological variations, there was no clear evidence of a change in prevalence for autistic disorder or other ASDs between 1990 and 2010. Worldwide, there was little regional variation in the prevalence of ASDs. Globally, autistic disorders accounted for more than 58 DALYs per 100 000 population and other ASDs accounted for 53 DALYs per 100 000.ConclusionsASDs account for substantial health loss across the lifespan. Understanding the burden of ASDs is essential for effective policy making. An accurate epidemiological description of ASDs is needed to inform public health policy and to plan for education, housing and financial support services.

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Morse, Daniel F., Sahil Sandhu, Kate Mulligan, Stephanie Tierney, Marie Polley, Bogdan Chiva Giurca, Siân Slade et al. « Global developments in social prescribing ». BMJ Global Health 7, n^o 5 (mai 2022) : e008524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008524.

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Social prescribing is an approach that aims to improve health and well-being. It connects individuals to non-clinical services and supports that address social needs, such as those related to loneliness, housing instability and mental health. At the person level, social prescribing can give individuals the knowledge, skills, motivation and confidence to manage their own health and well-being. At the society level, it can facilitate greater collaboration across health, social, and community sectors to promote integrated care and move beyond the traditional biomedical model of health. While the term social prescribing was first popularised in the UK, this practice has become more prevalent and widely publicised internationally over the last decade. This paper aims to illuminate the ways social prescribing has been conceptualised and implemented across 17 countries in Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. We draw from the ‘Beyond the Building Blocks’ framework to describe the essential inputs for adopting social prescribing into policy and practice, related to service delivery; social determinants and household production of health; workforce; leadership and governance; financing, community organisations and societal partnerships; health technology; and information, learning and accountability. Cross-cutting lessons can inform country and regional efforts to tailor social prescribing models to best support local needs.

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Ghavidelfar, Saeed, Asaad Y. Shamseldin et Bruce W. Melville. « Evaluating the determinants of high-rise apartment water demand through integration of water consumption, land use and demographic data ». Water Policy 20, n^o 5 (19 février 2018) : 966–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.028.

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Abstract Over the past decades rapid population growth in urban areas has promoted the development of high-density housing such as high-rise apartments. In order to properly supply water to this growing sector, it is essential to understand the determinants of its water use. However, this task has largely remained unexplored through the empirical study of water demand mainly due to the scarcity of data in this sector. Using a rich source of GIS-based urban databases in Auckland, New Zealand, this study integrated apartment water consumption, property characteristics, weather, water pricing and census microdata to overcome this issue. This study also compared high-rise apartment water use and its determinants with low-rise apartments. Through applying panel data models, the study revealed that, similar to the low-rise apartments, household size is the most important determinant of high-rise apartment water use in Auckland, where other socioeconomic factors, building features, water pricing and weather variables were not significant determinants. The study also showed that the per capita water consumption in the high-rise apartments in Auckland was higher than in the low-rise apartments, challenging the assumption underlying contemporary urban policy that densifying the central city areas can offer significant savings in water use.

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Kriz, Pavel, Radim Kunes, Lubos Smutny, Pavel Cerny, Zbynek Havelka, Pavel Olsan, Maohua Xiao, Radim Stehlik, Antonin Dolan et Petr Bartos. « Methodology for Measurement of Ammonia Emissions from Intensive Pig Farming ». Agriculture 11, n^o 11 (30 octobre 2021) : 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111073.

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Determination of ammonia (NH3) emissions for intensive livestock facilities (pork, poultry) is important from both a regulatory and a research point of view. Buildings housing livestock are a large source of ammonia emissions from the agriculture sector. However, measurements to determine emissions can be time-consuming and costly. Therefore, it is essential to find a suitable methodology for monitoring NH3. The methodology for determining NH3 emissions is legislatively unified in terms of sampling methodology, including sampling time (24 h), sampling points (input/output), number of sampling days, and their distribution during the year, and to determine only a general calculation of the annual average NH3 emissions. For this reason, the researchers chose different approaches for the calculation of NH3 emissions, and these approaches are not unified. Based on accurate monitoring and created models, the authors proposed a methodology for calculation of NH3 emissions, which divides the 24 h measurement into time windows (30 min), from which the arithmetic mean and standard deviation are determined, and the total emissions for one year is determined. The chosen time windows for the partial calculation are important from the point of view of reflecting the microclimatic conditions inside the stable and the device limits for sampling the NH3 concentration and airflow.

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Andersen, Stig, Kent Kleinschmidt, Bodil Hvingel et Peter Laurberg. « Thyroid hyperactivity with high thyroglobulin in serum despite sufficient iodine intake in chronic cold adaptation in an Arctic Inuit hunter population ». European Journal of Endocrinology 166, n^o 3 (mars 2012) : 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-11-0888.

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ObjectiveAdult man hosts brown adipose tissue with the capacity to consume energy and dissipate heat. This is essential for non-shivering thermogenesis and its activation depends on sympathetic activity and thyroid hormones. This led us to evaluate the impact of chronic cold exposure on thyroid activity and thyroid hormones in serum in Arctic residents.DesignComparative, population-based study (n=535) performed in Greenland.MethodsHunters were compared with other men, and Inuit in remote settlements in East Greenland with no modern housing facilities were compared with the residents of the capital city in West Greenland and residents of a major town in East Greenland in a cross-sectional study. We used interview-based questionnaires, measured TSH, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine (fT3), thyroglobulin (TG) antibody and TG (a measure of thyroid activity) in serum, and iodine and creatinine in spot urine samples.ResultsSerum TG was the highest among hunters (P=0.009) and settlement dwellers (P=0.001), who were most markedly exposed to cold, even though they had the highest urinary iodine excretion (hunters,P<0.001; settlement dwellers,P<0.001). Hunters and settlement dwellers also had the lowest fT3(hunters,P<0.001; settlement dwellers,P<0.001) after adjusting for gender, age, smoking habits, alcohol intake and iodine excretion in multivariate linear regression models. TSH was not influenced by measures of cold exposure (hunter,P=0.36; residence,P=0.91).ConclusionsCold exposure influenced thyroid hormones and TG in serum in Arctic populations consistent with consumption of thyroid hormone and higher thyroid hormone turnover. Findings emphasise that changes in thyroid activity are essential in cold adaptation in Arctic residents.

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Kazakos, Vasilis, Zhiwen Luo et Ian Ewart. « Quantifying the Health Burden Misclassification from the Use of Different PM2.5 Exposure Tier Models : A Case Study of London ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n^o 3 (9 février 2020) : 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031099.

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Exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with increased mortality in urban areas. Hence, reducing the uncertainty in human exposure assessments is essential for more accurate health burden estimates. Here, we quantified the misclassification that occurred when using different exposure approaches to predict the mortality burden of a population using London as a case study. We developed a framework for quantifying the misclassification of the total mortality burden attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in four major microenvironments (MEs) (dwellings, aboveground transportation, London Underground (LU) and outdoors) in the Greater London Area (GLA), in 2017. We demonstrated that differences exist between five different exposure Tier-models with incrementally increasing complexity, moving from static to more dynamic approaches. BenMap-CE, the open source software developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was used as a tool to achieve spatial distribution of the ambient concentration by interpolating the monitoring data to the unmonitored areas and ultimately estimating the change in mortality on a fine resolution. Indoor exposure to PM2.5 is the largest contributor to total population exposure concentration, accounting for 83% of total predicted population exposure, followed by the London Underground, which contributes approximately 15%, despite the average time spent there by Londoners being only 0.4%. After incorporating housing stock and time-activity data, moving from static to most dynamic metric, Inner London showed the highest reduction in exposure concentration (i.e., approximately 37%) and as a result the largest change in mortality (i.e., health burden/mortality misclassification) was observed in central GLA. Overall, our findings showed that using outdoor concentration as a surrogate for total population exposure but ignoring different exposure concentration that occur indoors and time spent in transit, led to a misclassification of 1174–1541 mean predicted mortalities in GLA. We generally confirm that increasing the complexity and incorporating important microenvironments, such as the highly polluted LU, could significantly reduce the misclassification of health burden assessments.

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Czapelski, Marek. « The Memory of Opulence and the Freedom of a Pauper : The Constructionmaterial Discourse in the Polish Construction Industry in the Period of the Thaw ». Ikonotheka 28 (6 août 2019) : 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3355.

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The issue of construction materials was one of the essential topics that determined the architectural discourse of the Thaw era. Reminiscences of designers regarding the pre-war wealth of construction materials on offer, as contrasted with current scarcity, revealed the critical and ideologically subversive potential of this topic. This was because such statements not only questioned the “excellence of the way today’s construction site is organised”, eloquently promoted by the Stalinist propaganda, but also highlighted the actual meaninglessness of slogans regarding technological progress and the introduction of new materials into construction practice, which had been tooted since the latter half of 1953. In reality, the central point was cost-cutting, as shown by the parallel campaign undertaken by the authorities, advocating the use of “locally obtainable and waste materials”, i.e. materials that could be acquired without putting a burden on the inefficient state industry. At the same time, however, this campaign, initiated at the threshold of the Thaw, contained some interesting ideological themes, since in return for the dearth of materials, it offered the citizens a legal prospect of conducting – individually or cooperatively, but in each case independently from governmental control – activities aimed at assuaging their housing needs; this constituted a departure from the centralised model of housing construction as promoted in the Stalinist period. Also, small-size houses made of reed boards, which began to be manufactured at that time, turned the general attention to the applicability of lightweight prefabrication – significantly different from large-size concrete block prefabrication promoted at the time following the Soviet models – in contemporary housing construction. A growing interest in, or even fascination with, individual house-building activity of the Polish population soon became evident in the milieus of construction experts and engineers. These feelings found their expression ca. 1958 in, on the one hand, numerous handbooks promoting the notion of a do-it-yourself house, and on the other, in far-reaching analyses of the “wild”, i.e. unauthorised, housing construction in Warsaw, treated as socially detrimental activity, but also as a testimony to the citizens’ spontaneity and creativity. However, in a long-term perspective, it was hard to believe that “local and waste materials” would reduce the chasm between the still unmet needs of the population and the construction policy of the state. In the period of Gomułka’s government, the cost-cutting measures continued to be implemented, but the aspirations and needs of the citizens who undertook to build their own houses, as well as the ambitions of architects, were growing. This is well-documented by the 1964 contest for cost-effective single-family houses, where industrially produced construction materials predominated. Private construction was thus entering a grey zone, not covered by any economic concepts developed by the state; the time of fashioning houses out of clay was over and the époque of cement-stealing had begun.

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Whittemore, C. T., D. M. Green et P. W. Knap. « Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs : food intake ». Animal Science 73, n^o 1 (avril 2001) : 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058008.

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AbstractFood intake in pigs is highly variable across different production circumstances. This report concludes from a critical review of published observations that it was unrealistic to expect from the scientific literature purporting to express nutrient requirement any reasonable prediction of the particular food intake of groups of pigs. None the less, such knowledge is essential for the practical purposes of their day-to-day nutrition. The literature does however yield general principles from which may be derived: (a) the likely forms (but not the parameter values) of intake functions relating food intake to pig live weight; and (b) the likely factors involved in the modulation of food intake at any given live weight. Using these principles two methods for determining on-farm food intake from the use of simple and available records were proposed. The first requires knowledge only of start and final weight, the time elapsed, and total food intake: it involves two steps, the determination of a suitable growth curve followed by the fitting of a suitable food intake curve. The second method is appropriate in the absence of information on total food intake, and requires a minimum number of spot measurements through the growth period. Different functions were tested for the curve of best fit. As a further benefit it appeared that models could be constructed from the information presented that would speculate for diagnostic purposes upon the likely modulators of food intake. Such models could explore the constraints of gut capacity, the energetic requirements of maintenance and potential growth, the influence of excessive or inadequate environmental temperature, the quality of housing and stocking density.

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Chen, Vivian Yi-Ju, Kiwoong Park, Feinuo Sun et Tse-Chuan Yang. « Assessing COVID-19 risk with temporal indices and geographically weighted ordinal logistic regression in US counties ». PLOS ONE 17, n^o 4 (6 avril 2022) : e0265673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265673.

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Purpose Research on the novel coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) mainly relies on cross-sectional data, but this approach fails to consider the temporal dimension of the pandemic. This study assesses three temporal dimensions of the COVID-19 infection risk in US counties, namely probability of occurrence, duration of the pandemic, and intensity of transmission, and investigate local patterns of the factors associated with these risks. Methods Analyzing daily data between January 22 and September 11, 2020, we categorize the contiguous US counties into four risk groups—High-Risk, Moderate-Risk, Mild-Risk, and Low-Risk—and then apply both conventional (i.e., non-spatial) and geographically weighted (i.e., spatial) ordinal logistic regression model to understand the county-level factors raising the COVID-19 infection risk. The comparisons of various model fit diagnostics indicate that the spatial models better capture the associations between COVID-19 risk and other factors. Results The key findings include (1) High- and Moderate-Risk counties are clustered in the Black Belt, the coastal areas, and Great Lakes regions. (2) Fragile labor markets (e.g., high percentages of unemployed and essential workers) and high housing inequality are associated with higher risks. (3) The Monte Carlo tests suggest that the associations between covariates and COVID-19 risk are spatially non-stationary. For example, counties in the northeastern region and Mississippi Valley experience a stronger impact of essential workers on COVID-19 risk than those in other regions, whereas the association between income ratio and COVID-19 risk is stronger in Texas and Louisiana. Conclusions The COVID-19 infection risk levels differ greatly across the US and their associations with structural inequality and sociodemographic composition are spatially non-stationary, suggesting that the same stimulus may not lead to the same change in COVID-19 risk. Potential interventions to lower COVID-19 risk should adopt a place-based perspective.

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