Thèses : « Equality – Social aspects »

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KRÖGER, Lea Katharina. « Family matters : a sibling similarity approach to the study of intergenerational inequality in Germany ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/70865.

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Defence date: 13 April 2021
Examining Board: Professor Fabrizio Bernardi (European University Institute); Professor Juho Härkönen (European University Institute); Professor Anette Eva Fasang (Humboldt University Berlin); Professor Markus Jäntti (Stockholm University)
The intergenerational transmission of inequality is a research field that has sub-strands in several disciplines with findings that have consequences for the way we see and evaluate our society. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously update how we address questions in such an important research area. In this thesis, I study the importance of the family of origin for different areas of social inequality using a sibling design. I estimate the influence of the family on labor market success, partnership union formation, and occupational gender stratification in Germany using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. The results show that the family plays a crucial role in the generations of social inequality over the life course. It affects the labor market attainment for different social origin groups and over and above a person's education, and it influences the timing of marriage, cohabitation, and living-apart-together unions. In addition, the gender composition of the sibling group creates inequality regarding occupational attainment within families. Thus, this thesis provides a comprehensive view of how the family of origin is relevant to several areas of social and economic life in Germany. It discusses the implications of using a comprehensive approach to the family for further research and policy.

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Law, Hau-yee, et 羅巧兒. « An evaluation on the Building Safety Loan Scheme in Hong Kong : a social equality perspective study ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45008176.

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Wong, Ian-ian, et 黃茵茵. « Public rental housing and social inequity in Hong Kong ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43895566.

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Caouette, Julie. « "Don't blame me for what my ancestors did!" : factors associated with the experience of collective guilt regarding aboriginal people ». Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79828.

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Egalitarianism is highly valued in Canada and yet some groups are profoundly disadvantaged. This can be explained by sociological and psychological theorizing that claims advantaged group members are motivated to maintain a system of inequality from which they benefit. The challenge is to explain the few advantaged group members who defy self-interest and support disadvantaged groups. My research objectives were to understand what motivates selected advantaged group members to support disadvantaged groups, and to understand how the majority of advantaged group members maintain their belief in egalitarianism in the face of clear social inequality. Results revealed that most advantaged group members value egalitarianism highly, but only those who define egalitarianism in terms of social responsibility unequivocally support the interests of disadvantaged groups. Most advantaged group members conceive egalitarianism in terms of equality of opportunity, rights or treatment, allowing them to legitimize inequality; consequently, they are less willing to sympathize with the demands for fair treatment by disadvantaged group.

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Yeh, Ling-Miao. « Determination of legitimate speakers of English in ESL discourse social-cultural aspects of selected issues - power, subjectivity and equality / ». Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1092350762.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Document formatted into pages; contains 299 p. Includes bibliographical references. Abstract available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2007 Aug. 13.

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Kohon, Jacklyn Nicole. « Building Social Sustainability from the Ground Up : The Contested Social Dimension of Sustainability in Neighborhood-Scale Urban Regeneration in Portland, Copenhagen, and Nagoya ». PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2330.

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In response to growing social inequality, environmental crises, and economic instability, sustainability discourse has become the dominant "master signifier" for many fields, particularly the field of urban planning. However, in practice many sustainability methods overemphasize technological and economic growth-oriented solutions while underemphasizing the social dimension. The social dimension of sustainability remains a "concept in chaos" drawing little agreement on definitions, domains, and indicators for addressing the social challenges of urban life. In contrast, while the field of public health, with its emphasis on social justice principles, has made significant strides in framing and developing interventions to target the social determinants of health (SDH), this work has yet to be integrated into sustainability practice as a tool for framing the social dimension. Meanwhile, as municipalities move forward with these lopsided efforts at approaching sustainability practice, cities continue to experience gentrification, increasing homelessness, health disparities, and many other concerns related to social inequity, environmental injustice, and marginalization. This research involves multi-site, comparative case studies of neighborhood-scale sustainability planning projects in Portland, U.S.; Copenhagen, Denmark; and Nagoya, Japan to bring to light an understanding of how the social dimension is conceptualized and translated to practice in different contexts, as well as the challenges planners, citizen participants, and other stakeholders encounter in attempting to do so. These case studies find that these neighborhood-scale planning efforts are essentially framing the social dimension in terms of principles of SDH. Significant challenges encountered at the neighborhood-scale relate to political economic context and trade-offs between ideals of social sustainability, such as social inclusion and nurturing a sense of belonging when confronted with diverse neighborhood actors, such as sexually oriented businesses and recent immigrants. This research contributes to urban social sustainability literature and sustainability planning practice by interrogating these contested notions and beginning to create a pathway for integration of SDH principles into conceptualizations of social sustainability.

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Diaz, Martinez Elisa. « Does social class explain health inequalities ? : a study of Great Britain and Spain ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca53a88e-0459-47d0-b13a-2525745d0d6a.

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The main research questions examined in this thesis concern the extent to which social class influence individuals' health, and how and whether individuals' occupation, education and lifestyles mediate between class and health. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of these empirical questions cast further light on the widening health inequalities seen in developed societies in recent decades. In particular, this research suggests that, employment conditions as well as educational levels are variables that need to be taken into account when planning policies aimed at tackling differences in health outcomes. Lifestyle variables, on the other hand, would appear to be almost irrelevant when explaining why the members of the more privileged social classes not only live longer than those in other classes, but also enjoy significantly better health over the course of their lives. In trying to understand the association between class and health, I define a theoretical framework that specifies the mechanisms through which class is linked to health. Social structure influences health by distributing certain factors such as material resources or some health-related behaviour that ultimately result in individuals having different living conditions. Educational attainment also affects the way these resources are employed and, therefore, lifestyles. A fundamental element of a social class is occupation: individuals' employment and working conditions also affect their health. Furthermore, the nature of a social structure has an effect on health at the aggregate level of analysis since social policies are partly the result of the structure of class interests. Four mechanisms are specified in order to systematically test this theoretical framework. Mechanisms (2) and (3), those that relate class and health through education and lifestyle lie at the heart of the empirical analysis. This analysis employs individual-level data drawn from health surveys carried out during the first half of the 1990s in the two countries selected for the analysis, United Kingdom and Spain. These countries are treated as contexts in which to test the theoretical explanation. The main results of the analysis reveal the importance of social class in determining health outcomes. Indeed, individuals from different classes enjoy distinct degrees of health. Specifically, individuals in the most privileged class categories have persistently better health than those in the other class categories. Differences exist in terms of both objective and subjective or self-perceived health. Moving on from observation to explanation, the analysis suggests that the distribution of certain resources across classes accounts for some of the variance in health outcomes. Hence, education is identified as a significant variable to comprehend part of the health inequalities in developed societies. Lifestyle, on the other hand, does not appear relevant in accounting for health outcomes. The small differences found between the United Kingdom and Spain in the mechanisms that link class and health suggest that the process through which class affects health is essentially similar in developed societies.

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Galloway, Sarah. « Distinguishing between empowerment and emancipation in the context of adult literacies education : understanding power and enacting equality ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12902.

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This thesis considers a theoretical tradition which is concerned with how adult literacies education might not always serve to socialise students into existing society, instead encouraging possibilities for desirable alternatives to it. Without this possibility, adult literacies education might only be understood as a socialising machine that slots students into society as it stands and where the role of research is to describe its operation. My research describes a long-standing refusal by educators, researchers and students to accept this possibility and my thesis continues this tradition. Through the analysis and interplay of the work of Pierre Bourdieu, James Paul Gee, Paulo Freire, Jacques Rancière, I distinguish between empowerment and emancipation in the context of literacies education. I set out the assumptions that Bourdieu and Gee make, how they understand power, identity, discourse and oppression, and what this means for the practice of an empowering adult literacies education. I also present assumptions made by Freire and Rancière, how they understand equality and oppression, and how an emancipatory literacies education might be understood and practiced. In particular, I describe how education for ‘empowerment’ encourages practices underpinned by the assumption that ideological processes prevent students from understanding how oppression is manifested. In contrast, I describe how an emancipatory education implies enacting educational relationships that are not reliant on this assumption, whilst exerting a social response to societal oppression. I make three claims. Firstly, that the idea of an emancipatory literacies education has come to be neglected or conflated with the idea that literacies education might empower, which has come to hold great sway. In so doing, I critique Freire’s work whilst reclaiming it as an emancipatory project. Secondly, that the educational practices associated with adult literacies for empowerment can be understood to encourage the socialisation of students into society as it stands. This emphasises the importance of distinguishing between empowerment and emancipation in the context of adult literacies education. Finally, that emancipation is a notion that must continue to be questioned and explored if educators, students and academics are to take responsibility for the practice of adult literacies education and its consequences. An emancipatory literacies education cannot be reliant upon the assumption that discourse is inherently ideological. Instead, it is predicated upon teachers and students assuming that emancipation is possible and acting on that assumption.

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Schoff, Staci Leigh. « Economic Inequality's Correlation with Political Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity and the Implications for Social Justice Theory ». PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/980.

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In 2004 the American Political Science Association ("APSA") published research exploring whether the rising income inequality in the United States had an effect on political equality. Although the APSA found tremendous evidence of a correlation between income and political power, the APSA nonetheless concluded that the issue could not be conclusively determined without further analysis. The intent of this thesis is to argue the position that economic inequality is heavily implicated in both political equality and equality of opportunity, and to propose a political theory that directly addresses - rather than evades - this issue. A conclusion drawn in this paper is that it is necessary in liberal capitalist environments to place constraints on individual economic liberty for the sake of maintaining some degree of economic equality. I show in this paper that this conclusion is consistent with both the liberal tradition and American political culture. This paper accepts - rather than circumvents - the fundamental principle that income inequality is inevitable in a capitalist democracy as is the ability of money to purchase positions, power and assorted privileges. Therefore, it should be the goal of social justice theory to ensure the gap between the richest and poorest be allowed to be great enough to respect individual choice and responsibility, but not great enough to dampen the opportunities available to those born into the bottom of the economic scale or to permit those born into the top of the economic ladder to exert oppressive power over the rest. In the final chapter I propose four methods of narrowing economic inequality. These include a minimum standard, minimum wage and income tax reform, a tax and cap on wealth and an absolute inheritance cap. These four methods of limiting economic inequality are directed at narrowing, if not eliminating political inequality and inequality of opportunity.

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Azong, Jecynta A. « Economic policy, childcare and the unpaid economy : exploring gender equality in Scotland ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22827.

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The research undertaken represents an in-depth study of gender and economics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. By drawing on economic, social policy and political science literature it makes an original contribution to the disciplines of economics and feminist economics by advancing ideas on a feminist theory of policy change and institutional design. Equally, the study develops a framework for a multi-method approach to feminist research with applied policy focus by establishing a pragmatic feminist research paradigm. By espousing multiple research philosophies, it extends understanding of gender differences in policy outcomes by connecting theories from feminist economics, feminist historical institutionalism and ideational processes. Jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council UK and the Scottish Government, this project attempts to answer three key questions: What is the relative position of men and women in the Scottish economy and how do childcare responsibilities influence these? Which institutions, structures and processes have been instrumental in embedding gender in Scottish economic policy? To what extent and how is the Scottish Government’s approach to economic policy gendered? Quantitative analysis reveals persistently disproportionate differences in men and women’s position in the labour market. Women remain over-represented in part-time employment and in the public sector in the 10years under investigation. Using panel data, the multinomial logistic regression estimation of patterns in labour market transitions equally reveal disproportionate gendered patterns, with families with dependent children 0-4years at a disadvantage to those without. Qualitative analysis indicates that these differences are partly explained by the fact that the unpaid economy still remains invisible to policymakers despite changes in the institutional design, policy processes and the approach to equality policymaking undertaken in Scotland. Unpaid childcare work is not represented as policy relevant and the way gender, equality and gender equality are conceptualised within institutional sites and on political agendas pose various challenges for policy development on unpaid childcare work and gender equality in general. Additionally, policymakers in Scotland do not integrate both the paid and unpaid economies in economic policy formulation since social policy and economic policy are designed separately. The study also establishes that the range of institutions and actors that make-up the institutional setting for regulating and promoting equality, influence how equality issues are treated within a national context. In Scotland, equality regulating institutions such as parliament, the Scottish Government, equality commission and the law are instrumental variables in determining the range of equality issues that are embedded in an equality infrastructure and the extent to which equality issues, including gender, are consequently embedded in public policy and government budgets. Significantly despite meeting all the attributes of an equality issue, unpaid care is not classified as a protected characteristic in the Equality legislation. These institutions can ameliorate, sustain or perpetuate the delivery of unequitable policy outcomes for men and women in the mutually dependent paid and unpaid economy. Thus, economic, social and political institutions are not independent from one another but are interrelated in complex ways that subsequently have material consequences on men and women in society. In summary, there are interlinkages between the law, labour market, the unpaid economy, the welfare state and gendered political institutions such that policy or institutional change in one will be dependent on or trigger change in another. These institutions are gendered, but are also interlinked and underpin the gender structure of other institutions to the extent that the gendered norms and ideas embedded in one institution, for example legislation or political institutions, structure the gendered dimensions of the labour market, welfare state, and the unpaid economy. By shedding light on institutional and political forces that regulate equality in addition to macroeconomic forces, the analysis reveals the important role of institutions, policy actors and their ideas as instrumental forces which constantly define, redefine and reconstruct the labour market experiences of men and women with significant material consequences.

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Mawarire, Jealousy Mbizvo. « A critical inquiry into the absence of a gender equality discourse in the coverage of the land redistribution issue in two Zimbabwean newspapers, The Daily News and The Herald, between 01 February and 30 June 2000 ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002915.

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The media, which help define what we think and our roles in the society, have a crucial role to project both men and women’s issues so as to change people’s perceptions and stereotypes about the role men and women play in the society. There is need, therefore, to ensure gender equality in the operations of the media so that issues to do with both men and women get adequate and equal coverage. This study on the reportage of the land redistribution exercise in Zimbabwe has, however, exposed the gendered nature of the operations of the media, particularly in the news production process. It provides that, overally, the news discourse is a masculine narrative whose androcentric form is a result of, and is protected by, claims to ‘objectivity,’ ‘professionalism’, ‘impartiality’ and the pursuit of a journalistic routine system that hegemonically prioritises men’s issues over those of women. The situation, as the research shows, has not been helped by journalists’ incapacity to do thematic appreciation of issues and their over-inclination towards a simplistic event-based journalism that fails to question policies as they are enacted and implemented in gender-skewed processes. The lack of gender policies, the operations of patriarchy and the pursuit of a journalistic routine system that sees nothing wrong with the ostracisation of women issues are very fundamental findings that the research uses in its attempts to explain why the gender equality discourse was left out of the news reports about the land reform exercise in Zimbabwe.

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Palmedo, P. Christopher. « Equality, Trust and Universalism in Europe, Canada and the United States : Implications for Health Care Policy ». PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1929.

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A number of theoretical explanations seek to describe the factors that have led to the position of the United States as the last industrialized Western nation without a universal health care program. Theories focus on institutional arrangement, historic precedent, and the influence of the private sector and market forces. This study explores another factor: the role of underlying social values. The research examines differences in values among ten European countries, the United States and Canada, and analyzes the associations between the values that have been seen to contribute the individualism-collectivism dynamic in the United States. The hypothesis that equality and generalized trust are positively associated with universalism is only partially true. Equality is positively associated (B = .301, p < .001), while generalized trust is negatively associated with universalism (B = -.052, p < .001). Not only do Americans show lower levels of support for income equality and universalism than Europeans, but the effect of being American holds even after controlling for socio-demographic and religious variables (B = .044, p < .01). When the model tests the association of equality and trust on universalism in each region, it explains approximately 17 percent of the variance of universalism for the United States, and approximately 13 percent in Europe and Canada.

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Aho, Lind Hanna. « What are the needs and use of educational games in the modern workplace ? : A case study on the prospects of equality, diversity, and inclusion education in a multinational business, through the use of a serious game ». Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20002.

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Workplace diversity is an increasingly important topic for all companies who wish to stay in business. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to evaluate the needs and usage of a serious game in the form of an educational tool when teaching employees at a multinational business about equality, diversity, and inclusion topics. The study also involves an evaluation of the development of soft skills through an artificial environment offered through a team-based game experience. This was done by conducting a quasi-quantitative with a pre-test/post-test design, inspired by the work of Parker and Du Plooy (2021). The data gathered was analysed, where the results suggested that there is a growing need for serious games as an educational tool in the modern workplace, and if executed correctly, they can be of use for training soft skills regarding equality, diversity and inclusion matters in the employees. Notable connections between earlier research and this thesis’s findings arealsopresented and analysed.

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Barry, Nicholas. « Defending luck egalitarianism ». University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0036.

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[Truncated abstract] In this thesis, I seek to determine whether luck egalitarianism is a compelling interpretation of egalitarian justice. In answering this question, I challenge existing interpretations and criticisms of luck egalitarianism, and highlight its radical consequences. I propose a revised theory of luck egalitarianism, and conclude that it does represent a compelling interpretation of egalitarian justice. In the first chapter, I trace the evolution of luck egalitarianism, highlighting the variety of theories that have been grouped under this label. In chapter 2, I defend the approach against an influential critique by Elizabeth Anderson, who argues that luck egalitarianism is inherently disrespectful, trapped in the distributive paradigm, and harsh in its approach towards the victims of bad option luck. I argue against these criticisms, pointing out that the harsh treatment problem will rarely arise because few inequalities result entirely from option luck, and that luck egalitarianism is not disrespectful to those it seeks to assist, nor trapped in the distributive paradigm. In chapter 3, I analyse the distinction between option luck and brute luck, which is crucial to luck egalitarianism. I argue that the option-brute distinction is inconsistent with the underlying impulse of luck egalitarianism because it allows morally arbitrary inequalities to go uncorrected and because it is insufficiently sensitive to the impact of background inequalities on individual choice. I propose a revised theory of luck egalitarianism that focuses on the extent to which a person's level of advantage has been genuinely chosen, rejecting the option-brute distinction. In chapter 4, I give a broader justification of this theory, analysing recent critiques by Susan Hurley and Samuel Scheffler, who have both questioned the moral foundations of luck egalitarianism. In chapter 5, I outline a conception of egalitarian advantage to work alongside the revised theory of luck egalitarianism. I support Cohen's claim that egalitarians should adopt a heterogeneous account of advantage, which includes resources, welfare, and midfare. ... In chapter 7, I highlight the counter-intuitive social policy applications of luck egalitarianism, arguing that the universal approach to social provision associated with the social democratic welfare state comes closer to achieving luck-egalitarian objectives than the residual and conditional provision of benefits and services that is associated with the liberal welfare state. I conclude that luck egalitarianism, in the revised form I outline in chapter 3, is a compelling interpretation of egalitarian justice.

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Maia, Maurício. « A configuração constitucional da acessibilidade e sua influência na propriedade imobiliária : a acessibilidade como parte do conteúdo jurídico da função social da propriedade ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21312.

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The Brazilian Federal Constitution has in equality and human dignity two of its main vectors of interpretation and application. Combined with the fundamental objectives of the Republic, these two values give rise to a constitutional commandment of inclusion, imposing on the State and the society the duty to enable all people, without exception, to participate fully and effectively in social life, on an equal footing opportunities. Also, in order to achieve this, it is necessary to identify groups of people who need special legal treatment so that they can have the same opportunities of participation as other people. One of these groups of people is the group of people with disabilities. A fundamental part of this differentiated juridical treatment granted to persons with disabilities is the accessibility, a fundamental right which is instrumental to all other rights to be exercised by the members of this group of persons. Accessibility currently has a comprehensive concept, and is an important instrument for eliminating barriers to the inclusion of people with disabilities, interacting with other fundamental rights, such as the right to property. The guarantee of accessibility necessarily goes through the configuration that the legal system assigns to the property. We can understand that the accessibility is an integral part of the social function that the property must comply, by express constitutional determination. In this sense, there is a duty set by the constitutional order of observance of the norms of accessibility in the existing buildings or in the buildings that will be constructed. In the case of existing buildings, according to their nature, there is a duty of adaptation, which non-compliance may give rise to the consequences for non-compliance with the social function of property, as well as the responsibility of public or private agents. Public officials may even be held liable for acts of administrative misconduct, thus demonstrating the relevance of the accessibility in the Brazilian legal system
A Constituição Federal brasileira tem na igualdade e na dignidade humana dois de seus principais vetores de interpretação e aplicação. Conjugados com os objetivos fundamentais da República, esses dois valores fazem exsurgir um verdadeiro mandamento constitucional de inclusão, impondo ao Estado e à própria sociedade o dever de possibilitar a todas as pessoas, sem exceção, a participação plena e efetiva na vida social, em igualdade de oportunidades. Outrossim, para que seja possível o atingimento de tal mister, é necessária a identificação de grupos de pessoas que necessitam de um especial tratamento jurídico para que possam ter as mesmas oportunidades de participação que têm as demais pessoas. Um desses grupos de pessoas é o grupo das pessoas com deficiência. Parte fundamental desse tratamento jurídico diferenciado deferido às pessoas com deficiência é a acessibilidade, direito fundamental que é instrumental a todos os demais direitos a serem gozados pelos integrantes desse grupo de pessoas. A acessibilidade, atualmente, tem um conceito amplo, sendo importante instrumento de eliminação de barreiras à inclusão das pessoas com deficiência, interagindo com os demais direitos fundamentais, e, dentre eles, a propriedade. A garantia da acessibilidade necessariamente passa pela configuração que o ordenamento jurídico atribui à propriedade. Podemos entender que a acessibilidade é parte integrante da função social que a propriedade, por expressa determinação constitucional, deve cumprir. Nesse sentido, há um dever fixado pelo ordenamento constitucional de observância das normas de acessibilidade nas edificações existentes ou por serem construídas. No caso das edificações já existentes, conforme sua natureza, há um dever de adaptação, cujo descumprimento poderá ensejar as consequências previstas pelo descumprimento da função social da propriedade, bem como a responsabilização dos agentes, públicos ou privados. Aos agentes públicos é possível, inclusive, a imputação de ato de improbidade administrativa, demonstrando-se, assim, a relevância da acessibilidade no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro

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Muthien, Bernedette. « The KhoeSan & ; Partnership : Beyond Patriarchy & ; Violence ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1879.

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Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.
This thesis contributes to existing literature on violent and peaceful societies generally, and more specifically contributes to debates on gender egalitarian societies within the fields of Peace, Gender and Indigenous Studies, by focusing on the KhoeSan, and KhoeSan women especially. This research project focused on two critically intersectional components: (1) reconstructing knowledge in general and reclaiming indigenous knowledge, from an African feminist perspective; and (2) analysing and reclaiming peaceful societies and the notion of nonviolence as a norm. Inextricably tied to these primary research questions, is the issue of gender, and gender egalitarianism, especially as it relates to women. An interdisciplinary, intersectional approach was used, combining the analytical lenses of the fields of Political Science (Peace Studies), Anthropology and Gender Studies, with some attention to cultures and spiritualities. The participatory methods employed include focus group discussions and unstructured interviews with KhoeSan community leaders, especially women elders. Concrete skills exchange with, and support for, the participating communities was consciously facilitated. Scholarship on, as well as practices of, the Khoesan evince normative nonviolence, as well as gender egalitarianism. These ancient norms and practices are still evident in modern KhoeSan oral history and practice. This thesis sets the following precedents, particularly through the standpoint of a female KhoeSan scholar: (a) contributing to the research on peaceful societies by offering an analysis of the KhoeSan’s nonviolence as a norm; (b) and extending scholarship on gender egalitarian societies to the KhoeSan. Further research in these intersecting areas would be invaluable, especially of peacefulness, social egalitarianism and collective leadership, as well as gender egalitarianism, among the KhoeSan. Broadening research to encompass Southern Africa as a region would significantly aid documentation.

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Oliveira, Paulo Adriano Guedes de. « A escada invisível : aspectos sociais, políticos e econômicos do negro no mercado de trabalho 2002 a 2014 ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19550.

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The objective of this work is to perform an of social aspects analysis, political and economic of black people in the Brazilian labor market between the years 2002 to 2014. To assist in the analysis, data will be presented collected between the years in question to give support to work. There is a latent socioeconomic gap in Brazilian society between whites and blacks, this situation leads to numerous social, political and economic problems for the black population. The same holds the worst indicators and sanitation rates, health, education, employment, income, among others. Therefore, analyze the racial question via the labor market, it is something entirely valid, since it is that part of the socio-economic relations take place. Not counting that is through the labor market that people can generate income so they can get their personal development
O objetivo desta dissertação é efetuar uma análise sobre a situação social, política e econômica do negro no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre os anos de 2002 a 2014. Como forma de auxílio das análises, serão apresentados dados coletados entre os anos em questão a fim de darem suporte para o trabalho. Há um abismo socioeconômico latente na sociedade brasileira entre brancos e negros, tal situação acarreta inúmeros problemas sociais, políticos e econômicos para a população negra. Os mesmos, detém os piores indicadores e índices de saneamento, saúde, escolarização, emprego, renda, entre outros. Portanto, analisar a questão racial via mercado de trabalho, é algo totalmente válido, visto que é nele que parte das relações socioeconômicas se realizam. Sem contarmos que é através do mercado de trabalho que as pessoas conseguem auferir renda para que possam obter seu desenvolvimento pessoal

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Castelini, Pricila. « Mulheres ma computação : percepções, memórias e participação de estudantes e egressas ». Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2018. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2944.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Pesquisas do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (INEP), Censo da Educação Superior, Teses e Dissertações, apontam que os cursos de graduação na área de Computação são os com menor número de mulheres matriculadas. Assim, para compreender quais os fatores para esta disparidade, foram propostas, nesta pesquisa, três oficinas com estudantes e egressas de cursos da área de computação de uma universidade federal: a primeira foi uma atividade presencial com estudantes da área de Computação para entender as percepções e memórias destas pessoas; a segunda também foi uma atividade presencial com este mesmo intuito, porém, com egressas de Bacharelado em Sistemas de Informação (BSI) e Engenharia de Computação (EC); e a terceira, um espaço virtual para promover a participação e discussão sobre as memórias das egressas. Para essas três oficinas, utilizou-se uma prática de Design Participativo (DP), a Oficina de Futuro. O Design Participativo proporcionou que cada uma das atividades tivesse o desenvolvimento conduzido de forma diferente, pois a proposta de DP permitiu que as práticas fossem organizadas colaborativamente pelos participantes, o que difere dos dados obtidos por questionários, por exemplo. Os resultados destas aproximações trazem as percepções e memórias de estudantes e egressas sobre a participação de mulheres na área de Computação. Estes resultados encaminham que cabe à sociedade e à comunidade acadêmica promover discussões para a implementação de política de cotas para gêneros, promover mudanças, apontando para a igualdade de gênero, no ambiente escolar, no mercado de trabalho e nos papéis sociais.
In researches of National Institute for Educational Studies and Research (NIES), Higher Education Census, Theses and Dissertation, it was observed that undergraduate courses in Computing are those with fewer women enrolled. Accessing such information identifies that quantify data about women participation in Computing area is insufficient. Thus, to comprehend which factors to this disparity has proposed three workshops: first face-to-face workshop with students of Computing area; second also a workshop, however, with recent grads of Bachelor of Information Systems and Computer Engineering; and third a virtual space for collaboration on topics that involve the women participation in Computing, remote mode, in corais.org plataform, three workshops were with students and recent grads from the same Institution – Federal Technological University of Paraná – in Curitiba. The three workshops used Participatory Design (PD) practice - future workshop, however in each of them the development was different, because (PD) allowed that participants organized the approach collaboratively. The results bring perceptions and memories of students and recent grad about women participation in Computing, and these results point out that is up to society and to University, to promote discussions to implementing genre quotas, changes since childhood, at school, and the participation of parents and all the society; it is necessary to point to gender equality; labor market; opportunities; destruction of gender categories and the development of public policy for equity.

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Rodrigues, Manoela Carpenedo. « Quando a resistência se torna política pública : analisando a produção de subjetividade(s) nas políticas de equidade de gênero no campo do trabalho ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/33315.

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Partindo de uma perspectiva Foucaultiana, este estudo analisa a formação e a institucionalização do enunciado de igualdade de gênero e seus posteriores efeitos na produção de políticas públicas para as mulheres no Brasil. Dessa maneira, descreveu-se de que forma alguns dos discursos feministas puderam ser integrados dentro das políticas públicas do Estado brasileiro especialmente no que se refere ao entrecruzamento da dimensão de gênero e o campo do trabalho. Através desse exercício foi possível pensar de que modo os enunciados feministas transformaram-se em uma determinada forma de conduzir a população, na perspectiva da Governamentalidade, produzindo modos específicos de subjetivação para as mulheres trabalhadoras no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, o estudo oferece uma análise genealógica que abarca a institucionalização e a internacionalização de algumas premissas feministas. Aborda-se de que modo algumas dessas propostas entraram no bojo de ações do Estado brasileiro. Subsequentemente, o estudo propõe uma análise crítica acerca das propostas das políticas de igualdade de gênero no Brasil enfocando, sobretudo, as intervenções que entrecruzam as dimensões de gênero e trabalho. A análise aponta para a dominância dos discursos feministas mais moderados dentro do conjunto destas propostas. A partir disto, demonstram-se algumas das incoerências e limitações da premissa geral de igualdade que são produzidas no interior destas políticas. Entre elas é importante sublinhar a reiteração da norma de gênero em muitas das estratégias de intervenção das políticas para as mulheres no Brasil. Na medida que estas estratégias não desafiam e/ou desestabilizam a norma de gênero, vemos a repetição de determinados regimes de gênero que podem ser considerados como uma reiteração das hierarquias de gênero, as quais bloqueiam o próprio ideal de igualdade de gênero.
Starting from a Foucauldian perspective, this study seeks to analyze the establishment and the following institutionalization of gender equality statement. By problematizing this specific statement, we were able to trace the impact of this notion on the production of gender equality policies in Brazil - focusing on the relevant field of work and gender production. In this sense, we explored the way by which some feminist discourses could be incorporated in the set of public strategies developed by the Brazilian State. Through this exercise, we could think how these feminist statements influenced the population’s “conduction” (governamentality paradigm); producing, as a result, specific subjectivities for Brazilian working women. In the first part of the study, we proposed a genealogical analysis which demonstrates the process of institutionalization and internationalization of some feminist premises. Connected to this, we explored the way by which some of these feminist discourses could integrate some State’s governmental actions in Brazil. Subsequently, the study uses critical lenses to analyze gender equality policies in Brazil, again the main focus were public strategies that specifically deal with gender inequality in the work field. The analysis suggests that there is a dominance of a moderate feminist point of view within these policies. Taking this element into consideration, we demonstrate how these premises embedded in these public policies for women could produce incoherencies and limitations for the general premise of gender equality. It is important to stress the reiteration of gender norms within these strategies. By not problematizing and/or destabilizing gender norms, we see the repetition of old gender regimes regarding gender equality policies in Brazil. Therefore, these strategies often reiterate gender hierarchies which are able to obstruct the gender equality ideal.

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Guillaumond, Julien. « L’Irlande de 1922 à 2002 : l’impossible route vers une société plus juste ? » Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030135.

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Partant des années du tigre celtique, la croissance économique remarquable de l’Irlande et les inégalités existantes dans son sillage, cette thèse tente de réévaluer la question des inégalités contemporaines dans les sociétés modernes en s’intéressant au cas irlandais entre 1922 et 2002. Dans quelle mesure les inégalités existaient-elles avant l’avènement du tigre celtique ? Quelles étaient les attitudes irlandaises vis-à-vis des inégalités et comment celles-ci ont-elles évolué ? Les Irlandais se préoccupent-ils de l’égalité ? À partir d’une analyse économique, sociale, historique et politique fondée sur des recherches comparatives portant sur le développement des systèmes d’État providence et le degré plus ou moins redistributif de leurs politiques, ainsi que des réflexions portant sur les inégalités et la justice dans nos sociétés, cette thèse a pour objectif de montrer que les inégalités actuelles en Irlande peuvent être mieux appréhendées lorsqu’elles sont considérées sous l’angle d’une incapacité à créer une société plus juste à partir de 1922. Selon l’auteur, trois séries particulières de facteurs, les facteurs démographiques et économiques, les facteurs politiques et les mentalités irlandaises, ont, en profonde interaction les uns avec les autres, établi un cadre puissant qui a empêché l’avènement d’une société plus juste entre 1922 et 2002
Beginning with the Celtic Tiger years, Ireland’s remarkable economic growth and the inequalities existing in its wake, this PhD tries to re-assess the issue of contemporary inequalities in modern societies emphasising the Irish case from 1922 to 2002. To what extent did inequalities exist in Ireland prior to the advent of the Celtic Tiger? What were Irish attitudes to inequalities and how have they evolved? Do Irish people care about equality? Based on an economic, social, historical and political analysis resting on recent comparative studies of the development of welfare state systems and the varying extents of their redistributive agendas as well as on reflections on inequalities and fairness in our societies, this thesis aims to show that current inequalities in Ireland can best be understood in the light of an inability to create a more just society from 1922 onwards. The author argues that three particular sets of factors, demographic and economic factors, political factors, and Irish mentalités have, in close interaction with one another, provided a strong framework which has prevented the advent of a more just society between 1922 and 2002

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Oliveira, Alicianne Gonçalves de. « A questão racial na esfera pública (virtual) : a experiência da Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial no Governo Dilma Rousseff ». www.teses.ufc.br, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/7864.

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OLIVEIRA, Alicianne Gonçalves de. A questão racial na esfera pública (virtual): a experiência da Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial no Governo Dilma Rousseff. 2012. 223f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Comunicação Social, Fortaleza (CE), 2012.
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The present work aims to study how the organ of the Brazilian Federal Executive linked to the issue of racial equality stands in the virtual public sphere. The analysis focuses on the online communication experience from the Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality (SEPPIR): the website www.seppir.gov.br. The organ was created in 2003 to formulate, promote and coordinate activities that promote racial equality in the country. SEPPIR began its activities in the first administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and it meant a historical response to the demands of the Brazilian black movement, a movement that managed to put the race issue in the public sphere in Brazil and went, especially since the 1970s, through an ethnic and cultural reconstruction, based, for example, on the defense of the use of the idea of race. This movement also began to influence the political parties and the sphere of political decision and to demand from the State, in its own way, shares of both recognition and redistribution. The SEPPIR website is the only vehicle used by the Secretariat to disclose, on an ongoing basis, its actions. The dissertation analyzes the object from the Depth Hermeneutics perspective, the methodological framework suggested by J. B. Thompson. It does that by performing together both socio-historical and discursive analysis (narrative analysis), and the interpretation of symbolic forms studied. In conjunction with this methodological framework, the paper seeks to analyze how SEPPIR behaves in the virtual public sphere, in relation to the types of publicity characteristics of the public sphere (visibility and discutibility) and if it can and how it meets the democratic demands of state digital experiences (responsiveness, porosity, and publicity). The hypothesis elaborated and confirmed by this study is that SEPPIR does not bother to give large contributions to the discursive public sphere in which debate is a main concern. It contributes in a greater extent for the formation of a sphere of public awareness around the race issue. It does that by the website being an issue pole of discourses about the racial reality in Brazil. Discourses whose narrative converges with that used in the recent history of the black movement, which, in turn, resembles the narrative chosen by the Workers’ Party in recent years.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar como o órgão do Poder Executivo Federal brasileiro ligado ao tema da igualdade racial se coloca na esfera pública virtual. A análise concentra-se na experiência de comunicação online da Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial (SEPPIR): o site www.seppir.gov.br. O órgão foi criado em 2003 para formular, promover e articular ações que promovam a igualdade racial no país. A SEPPIR começou suas atividades na primeira gestão do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva e significou uma resposta às demandas históricas do movimento negro brasileiro, movimento este que conseguiu colocar a questão racial na esfera pública brasileira e que passou, principalmente a partir da década de 1970, por uma reconstrução étnica e cultural, pautada, por exemplo, pela defesa da utilização da ideia de raça. Tal movimento passou também a influenciar os partidos políticos e a esfera de decisão política e a exigir do Estado, a seu modo, ações tanto de reconhecimento quanto de redistribuição. O site da SEPPIR é o único veículo utilizado pela Secretaria para divulgar, de forma permanente, suas ações. A presente dissertação analisa esse objeto a partir da Hermenêutica de Profundidade, referencial metodológico proposto por J. B. Thompson. Faz isso ao realizar, conjuntamente, as análises sócio-histórica e discursiva (análise narrativa), além da interpretação das formas simbólicas estudadas. Em conjunto com esse referencial metodológico, o trabalho busca analisar como a SEPPIR se porta na esfera pública virtual, em relação aos tipos de publicidade característicos da esfera pública (visibilidade e discutibilidade), e se ela consegue e como consegue atender às exigências democráticas para as experiências digitais do Estado (responsividade, porosidade, além da publicidade). A hipótese trabalhada e confirmada por este trabalho é de que a SEPPIR não se preocupa em dar grandes contribuições à esfera pública discursiva, na qual se prima pelo debate. Ela contribui, em maior medida, com a formação de uma esfera de visibilidade pública em torno da questão racial. Faz isso sendo o site um polo emissor de discursos sobre a realidade racial brasileira. Discursos cuja narrativa converge com aquela utilizada na história recente do movimento negro, que, por sua vez, assemelha-se à narrativa escolhida pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores nos últimos anos.

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De, boras Sandrine. « Vers une refondation de la tarification sociale ferroviaire?- Le cas de la carte Familles Nombreuses ». Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO22012/document.

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L’objectif de ce travail est de déterminer, dans le contexte actuel de dysfonctionnements de la tarification sociale ferroviaire, de remise en cause des interventions publiques, et de déréglementation des réseaux, s’il est possible de réformer ce type de tarification et quelle sont les marges de manœuvre disponibles. La réflexion s’applique au cas de la carte Familles Nombreuses imposée par l’Etat à la SNCF.Dans ce sens, nous appréhendons d’abord le terme de tarification sociale en pratique et en théorie afin d’élaborer une définition générique, puis analysons les modalités alternatives d’organisation et de financement des tarifs sociaux. Nous recherchons ensuite, à travers une analyse historique détaillée du tarif Familles Nombreuses et des relations de gouvernance entre l’entreprise et l’Etat, les leviers et les freins qui permettent d’engager ces évolutions. Nous mettons en évidence les évolutions proposées jusqu’à présent et les éléments déclencheurs de ces évolutions.Forts de ces enseignements et à partir d’une enquête préférences déclarées, nous formulons des propositions d’aménagement du tarif Familles Nombreuses. Elles reposent sur la sensibilité et les choix réels des consommateurs et sont évaluées à partir de calculs de surplus. Les marges de manœuvre apparaissent finalement peu nombreuses. Les évolutions envisagées risquent de provoquer de nombreux mécontentements pour un gain de surplus finalement faible, voire négatif. Une solution pourrait alors consister en l’intégration du tarif Familles Nombreuses dans le système de yield management. Cela permettrait à la SNCF de disposer de marges de manœuvre plus importantes, à l’Etat de sortir de la contrainte de financement et à l’usager de bénéficier de réductions plus importantes. Ainsi, à travers une sorte de policy mix entre les logiques commerciale et sociale, le yield management pourrait constituer un outil de politique sociale, source de justice sociale et de redistribution
The aim of our study is to determine, in the context of dysfunctions with social tariffs in the French railway industry, challenging of public policy, and deregulation of network industries, if it is possible to reform this type of tariff and which ways we can use. Our work deals with the case study of the card “Familles Nombreuses”, which is a social tariff imposed by the State to the French railway operator, SNCF.First we analyze social tariffs in a practical and theoretical approach to make a generic definition. Then we analyze some alternative ways of organizing and financing social tariffs.Then, we are seeking, through a detailed historical analysis of the social tariff “Familles Nombreuses” and the governance relations between SNCF and government, elements that allow these changes. We highlight the changes proposed until today and the events that cause these changes.With these lessons and a stated preference survey, we make, some proposals to reform the social tariff “Familles Nombreuses”. They are based on the sensitivity and real consumer choice, not on assumptions or deductions and are evaluated with calculations of surplus. In terms of results, if we can’t make a single proposal that would be "the" solution, we make some recommendations depending on the objectives of different actors and the role they wish to give to social tariffs. We can also determine the commitment to social tariffs. Leeways appear in fact limited. The changes based on the current commercial tarifs may cause a stir discontent and the surplus could be finally low or even negative. One solution could consist in inserting the social tariff « Familles Nombreuses » into the global system of yield management. This would allow the SNCF to have greater leeway on this tariff, the State to face no longer the funding constraints and the user to be offered more discount. Thus, through a policy between commercial and social logic, the yield management could be a tool of social policy, source of social justice and redistribution

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« Complex equality, shared understandings, and social criticism : Michael Walzer's political philosophy ». 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891429.

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Chang Kwun-Hung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-189).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1. --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- The approach of this thesis --- p.3
Chapter 1.2 --- Criticisms on Rawls --- p.8
Chapter 1.3 --- Influences from Marx --- p.13
Chapter 1.4 --- "Socialism, market, and democracy" --- p.14
Chapter 1.5 --- Why should we need equality? --- p.18
Chapter 2. --- Complex Equality and Distributive Justice
Chapter 2.1 --- Social goods and distributive spheres --- p.22
Chapter 2.2 --- Problems on simple equality --- p.26
Chapter 2.3 --- Complex equality and reduction of dominance --- p.33
Chapter 2.4 --- Blocked exchange and free exchanges --- p.37
Chapter 2.5 --- Natural endowments and desert --- p.40
Chapter 3. --- Criticisms on Walzer's theory of social goods
Chapter 3.1 --- Loose link between social meanings and distributive principles --- p.47
Chapter 3.2 --- Moral considerations and principle of utility --- p.50
Chapter 3.3 --- Basic needs and communal provision --- p.56
Chapter 3.4 --- Unclear boundaries between social goods --- p.60
Chapter 4. --- Citizenship and shared understandings of social goods
Chapter 4.1 --- Democratic citizenship and political power --- p.70
Chapter 4.2 --- Decentralized democratic socialism --- p.77
Chapter 4.3 --- Ruled by citizens or ruled by specialists? --- p.79
Chapter 4.4 --- Shared understandings of social welfare --- p.81
Chapter 4.41 --- Medical care
Chapter 4.42 --- Education
Chapter 4.5 --- Art of separation --- p.91
Chapter 5. --- Interpretation and social criticism
Chapter 5.1 --- Interpretation thesis --- p.99
Chapter 5.2 --- Social criticism --- p.111
Chapter 5.3 --- Dworkin-Walzer debate --- p.118
Chapter 6. --- Problems with Walzer's interpretation thesis
Chapter 6.1 --- The possibility of social criticisms made by another society --- p.132
Chapter 6.2 --- Refutation of interpretation thesis --- p.139
Chapter 6.21 --- Georgia Warnke's criticism
Chapter 6.22 --- Joshua Cohen's criticism
Chapter 6.23 --- Raw materials taking part in Walzer's interpretation
Chapter 6.24 --- Joseph Raz's criticism
Chapter 6.25 --- Social practices and underlying ideas
Chapter 6.3 --- Universal application of Walzer's particularism --- p.157
Chapter 6.4 --- Thick and thin --- p.162
Chapter 6.5 --- Improving Walzer's theory --- p.171
CONCLUSION --- p.179
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.184

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Van, Marle Karin. « Towards an ethical interpretation of equality ». Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17733.

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Summaries in English and Afrikaans
The aim of this thesis is to search for an "ethical" interpretation of equality. Although the current South African approach of "substantive" equality is better than mere "formal" equality, I fear that even substantive equality will again deny or reduce difference. An "ethical" interpretation of equality is a way of interpretation that radically acknowledges difference and otherness. I argue for an ethical interpretation of equality as an alternative to substantive and formal equality. The intersection between public space, equality and justice is essential to such an ethical interpretation. An ethical interpretation of equality requires that present South African visions of public space must be reconstructed and transformed continuously. This means that an ethical interpretation of equality rejects finality and closure in respect of public space. The visions of public space and perspectives of equality that I support are alert to difference and otherness. My understanding of justice is that it is never fully achieved in the present. Justice functions as a future orientated ideal. The "ethical" in an ethical interpretation of equality reflects an awareness of the limits of any present system to encompass equality and justice completely. Visions of public space, perspectives on equality and landscapes of justice (the features of the ethical intersection) form the main sections of the thesis. I discuss the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a manifestation of the ethical intersection between public space, equality and justice. The TRC was an outstanding example of reconstruction and transformation of public space. It was a public space where each and every individual was treated equally while concrete contexts, specific circumstances and difference were taken into account. The TRC as event was inspired by the ideal of justice. The value of the TRC as a manifestation of the ethical intersection is the profound effect it may have on our interpretation of equality by demonstrating the limits of the substantive approach.
Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om ondersoek in te stel na 'n "etiese" interpretasie van gelykheid. Alhoewel die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse benadering van "substantiewe" gelykheid beter is as blote formele gelykheid, vrees ek dat selfs substantiewe gelykheid weereens verskil sal ontken of gering skat. 'n "Etiese" interpretasie van gelykheid is 'n manier van interpretasie wat radikaal kennis neem van verskil en andersheid. Ek argumenteer vir 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid as 'n alternatief tot substantiewe en formele gelykheid. Die interseksie tuseen publieke spasie, gelykheid en geregtigheid is noodsaaklik vir so 'n etiese interpretasie. 'n Etiese interpretasie van gelykheid vereis dat huidige Suid-Afrikaanse visies van publieke spasie aanhoudend gerekonstrueer en getransformeer moet word. Dit beteken dat 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid finaliteit en geslotenheid met betrekking tot publieke spasie verwerp. Die visies van publieke spasie en perspektiewe op gelykheid wat ek ondersteun is gevoelig vir verskil en andersheid. Ek verstaan geregtigheid as nooit volkome bereikbaar in die teenswoordige nie. Geregtigheid tree op as 'n toekomsgerigte ideaal. Die "etiese" in 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid weerspieel 'n bewustheid van die onvermoe van enige teenswoordige sisteem om gelykheid en geregtigheid volledig te omvat. Visies van publieke spasie, perspektiewe op gelykheid en landskappe van geregtigheid (die eienskappe van die etiese interseksie) vorm die hoofafdelings van die proefskrif. Ek bespreek die Suid-Afrikaanse Waarheids-en Versoeningskommissie (WVK) as 'n manifestasie van die etiese interseksie tussen publieke spasie, gelykheid en geregtigheid. Die WVK was 'n uitstaande voorbeeld van die rekonstruksie en transformasie van publieke spasie. Dit was 'n publieke spasie waar elke individu gelyk behandel is terwyl konkrete kontekste, spesifieke omstandighede en verskil in ag geneem is. Die WVK as 'n gebeurtenis is ge'lnspireer deur die ideaal van geregtigheid. Die waarde van die WVK as 'n manifestasie van die etiese interseksie is die diepgaande effek wat dit op ons interpretasie van gelykheid kan he deur die beperkings van die teenswoordige substantiewe benadering uit te wys.
Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law
LL.D.

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SCHÜHRER, Susanne. « Is it all in your head ? : personality in the context of intergenerational reproduction of inequality ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/49125.

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Defence date: 27 November 2017
Examining Board: Professor Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute; Professor Diego Gambetta, European University Institute; Professor Sabine Weinert, Otto-Friedrich-University Bamberg; Professor Michelle Jackson, Stanford University
This thesis brings together psychological and sociological research approaches to examine the role of personality in the reproduction of educational and labour market inequality. The first research question examines the influence of personality on educational and labour market outcomes. The second research question relates to the extent to which differences in personalities of children and parents can explain the reproduction of educational inequality. The third research question inquires to what extent supportive parenting influences the development of favourable or unfavourable personality traits. The thesis employs an empirical approach and uses quantitative methods. The German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and its sub-sample from the Youth Questionnaire are used to conduct the analyses. To capture personality, the Big Five and Locus of Control are applied. The educational outcomes investigated are maths grades and school placement for 17-year-old, as well as years of education and income for adults. The study uses data on education, socio-economic background, and personality measures spanning two generations: the parents and the children. With respect to the first research question, results indicate positive effects of Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness and Locus of Control, and a negative effect of Neuroticism on school placement. Effects of personality on grades were found to a lesser degree. In auto-regressive cross-lagged models, personality and income have reciprocal effects over a time span of 10 years, where different personality traits show different patterns over time. Regarding the second research question, results indicate that personality does not explain the effect of parental education on children’s school outcomes, however it is found post-hoc, that parents’ personality traits mediate the effect of socio-economic status measured with the Erikson-Goldthorpe class scheme. Results for the third research question suggest, that children who report a high degree of supportive parenting show a stronger development of beneficial personality traits.

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« Social inequality of health in China ». 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5884490.

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Luo, Weixiang.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-105).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts also in Chinese.

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GRIAZNOVA, Olga. « Does origin matter ? : the effect of geographical and social mobility on preferences for redistribution ». Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/60162.

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Defence date: 6 December 2018
Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Fabrizio Bernardi, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Dr. Diego Gambetta, European University Institute; Prof. Dr. Ruud Luijkx, Tilburg University; Prof. Dr. Christian Welzel, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg.
This dissertation contributes to the long-standing and ongoing discussion about cultural and economic determinants of individual support for government intervention in a market economy and redistribution resources in a society to reduce inequality and poverty. The causal effects of culture and individual self-interest are still disputed. To address the gaps in the existing literature, this dissertation looks at geographic and social mobility to estimate whether changes in cultural settings and life conditions affect preferences for redistribution. Two general questions guide this dissertation. First, “Do people change their preferences for redistribution in response to changes in the cultural and social context where they live?” Second, “Do they change their preferences for redistribution if their socio-economic position changes?” Both parts of the dissertation attempt to answer each respective question. Part I investigates how cultural differences in countries of origin and countries of destination affect preferences for redistribution. Two different research designs were employed. Using data from the European Social Survey, the International Social Survey Programme and the World Values Survey, a cross-sectional analysis was used to estimate the association between average attitudes to redistribution in countries of origin and preferences of immigrants. Longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel that followed immigrants over time was used to assess the elasticity of their preferences in Germany. Both studies found that culture had an effect: both the culture of origin and the culture of destination affect immigrants’ preferences for redistribution. However, preferences are not stable. People can change them in a new cultural environment and the longer individuals live in a culture of destination, the more similar their preferences become to those of the native population. At the same time, the change in immigrants’ preferences for redistribution may be conditional on the reasons and circumstances of their migration. Part II tests four hypotheses related to socio-economic position: the rational learning theory, the prospect of upward mobility hypothesis, the self-interest hypothesis and the theory of relative utility of income. The first three theoretical models predict a higher demand for redistribution in cases in which individuals are disadvantaged in terms of their social conditions. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, I estimate how changes in employment status and income, generally considered the most important determinants of individual welfare, change individual preferences for redistribution. Because the research was longitudinal, I was able to follow individuals over time and was, therefore, able to assess the effect of a transition into unemployment and income growth on individual preferences. The study provides neither strong support for the self-interest hypothesis, nor for the rational learning theory. The transition into unemployment does not lead to an increase in preferences for redistribution. Income growth reduces individual demand for redistribution only slightly and only in the group of low- and middle-income Germans.

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GEVEN, Koen. « Public policy and inequality in higher education ». Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/51586.

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Defence date: 13 February 2018
Examining Board: Prof. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Fabrizio Bernardi, European University Institute; Prof. Herman van der Werfhorst, University of Amsterdam; Prof. Carlo Barone, Sciences Po Paris
Policy-makers are increasingly looking for ways to reduce inequality in higher education. But what is the size of this problem? How does public policy affect inequality, if it at all? And what actually works to reduce inequality? In this thesis, which combines four empirical papers around this topic, I define inequality as the parental background effect on access to and completion of higher education. The broad goal, then, is to better understand how public policy affects intergenerational inequality. I use a variety of data sources and research methods to provide an answer. Cross-sectional population surveys are analyzed to provide a descriptive picture of inequality in Europe. I also use research findings as data, by doing a systematic literature review on the current state of the evidence. I analyse government register data to better understand the effect of policy changes in England. To analyse the dynamics of completion, I use administrative data as well as the administrative archives from the European University Institute. I find that there is substantial variation between European countries in both the absolute level and the trend in inequality. No country has come close to eliminating inequality completely. Public policy may be a factor that explains this cross-country variation. In terms of what works, I find that some outreach policies, particularly those that include counselling and academic tutoring can work to increase access for disadvantaged groups. Needs-based financial aid also seems to work, while performance-based aid looks promising. The relationship between tuition fees and inequality should still be clarified. While there is extensive evidence that costs can be a barrier, recent increases in tuition fees do not seem to have affected inequality in enrolment. Finally, I find that a reinforced program structure as well as more extensive financial aid may help doctoral students from finishing their dissertations more quickly.
Chapter 4 'How did the latest increase in fees in England affect student enrollment and inequality?' draws upon an earlier version published as a chapter (2015) in the book 'The European higher education area : between critical reflections and future policies'
Chapter 5 'How to increase PhD completion rates? An impact evaluation of two reforms in a selective graduate school, 1976-2012' draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'How to increase PhD completion rates? An impact evaluation of two reforms in a selective graduate school, 1976-2012' (2017) in the journal 'Research in higher education'

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LEOPOLD, Liliya. « Education and health across lives, cohorts, and countries : a study of cumulative (dis)advantage in Germany, Sweden, and the United States ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/46265.

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Defence date: 4 May 2017
Examining Board: Professor Hans-Peter Blossfled, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Fabrizio Bernardi, European University Institute; Professor Johan Mackenback, Erasmus Medical Centre, University of Rotterdam; Professor Johan Fritzell, CHESS, University of Stockholm
According to the cumulative (dis)advantage hypothesis, social disparities in health increase over the life course. Evidence on this hypothesis is largely limited to the U.S. context. The present dissertation draws on recent theoretical and methodological advances to test the cumulative (dis)advantage hypothesis in two other contexts – Sweden and West Germany. Three empirical studies examine the core association between socioeconomic position and health (a) from a life-course perspective considering individual change, (b) from a cohort perspective considering socio-historical change, and (c) from a comparative perspective considering cross-national differences. The analyses are based on large-scale longitudinal data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey, the German Socio-economic Panel Study, the Health and Retirement Study, and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The key analytical constructs are education as a measure of socioeconomic position and self-rated health, mobility limitations, and chronic conditions as measures of health. The results show large differences within countries and between countries in the age patterns and cohort patterns of change in health inequality. In the U.S., educational gaps in health widen strongly over the life course, and this divergence intensifies across cohorts. In Sweden, health gaps are much smaller, widen only moderately with age, and remain stable across cohorts. In Germany, health gaps widen with age and across cohorts, but these patterns pertain only to men. Taken together, these findings show that health inequality across lives and cohorts is mitigated in Western European welfare states, which target social inequality in health-related resources. In the U.S. context, which is characterized by a lack of social security, unequal access to health care, and large social disparities in quality of living, health inequality increases across lives and cohorts.
Chapter 2 ‘Cumulative disadvantage in an egalitarian country? Socioeconomic Health Disparities over the Life Course in Sweden' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Cumulative advantage in an egalitarian country? : socioeconomic health disparities over the life course in Sweden' (2016) in the journal ‘Journal of health and social behavior’

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REBANE, Marit. « The start of inequality : evidence from Italian time-use data ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/49144.

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Defence date: 28 November 2017
Examining Board: Professor Fabrizio Bernardi (Supervisor), European University Institute; Professor Jonathan Gershuny, University of Oxford; Professor Martin Kohli, European University Institute; Professor Maria Letizia Tanturri, University of Padua
The thesis consists of three empirical studies which explore the origins of various social inequalities arising at early ages. Italian Time Use Survey data from 2003 and 2009 is used. First, the educational and developmental gradients in childcare are under observation. More educated parents are expected not only to spend more time with children, i.e. the education gradient in child care, but also to alter their childcare time in order to cater children´s developmental needs more, i.e. the developmental gradient in childcare. The empirical results show that: (i) highly educated mothers alter the composition of active childcare time to suit children´s developmental needs more than less educated mothers; (ii) the developmental gradient in fathers´ childcare time only exists for certain activities and child ages; (iii) interesting time-use patterns of compensation emerge for couples with different educational backgrounds. Second study compares the time use of children from single-mother and intact families, using propensity score matching. The time diaries of children between age 3 and 10 years are scrutinized. Given the multitude of literature on the negative aspects of witnessing parental break-up, and being raised by a single-mother, the results are somewhat surprising. No systematic and large differences in the use of free time between the treatment and the control group. The greatest difference concerns daily meals with parent(s) that are about a quarter of an hour shorter in single-parent families. Third empirical study adds the perspective of different parental investments by children´s birth order which serves as an indicator of relative disadvantage. The analytical sub-sample consists of families with two and three children aged from 3 to 11 years. The contribution to available studies is (i) connecting the diaries of both parents and all children in the family by place codes, which enables to (ii) scrutinize the link between birth order and parental childcare investments by parental education. Results indicate that each day second-born children receive on average 88 minutes and third-born children 114 minutes less interactive care compared to their first-born sibling, while controlling for children´s age, gender, and other characteristics. The disadvantage arising from birth-order is about 47 minutes smaller if mother has secondary or tertiary education. Siblings fixed effects models underline that the differences in investing time in children are greater between families than inside families.
Chapter 2 'Double advantage or disadvantage? the effect of parental education on child care' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Double advantage or disadvantage? Parental education and children's developmental stages in Italy' (2015) in the journal 'Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research (eIJTUR)'

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Matheis, Christian G. « Creating and sustaining a whole community in hierarchical institutions ». Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30867.

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In this thesis, I examine some of the relationships between hierarchy and community that exist in institutions. Within institutions, individuals are separated from one another and organized hierarchically based on arbitrary inequalities. In general, I discusses inequalities based on race, class, gender, sexual orientation, age, ability, etc. Institutions organized based on arbitrary inequalities cannot create and sustain a whole community since such inequalities result in hostile or coercive treatment of individuals based on characteristics or criteria over which they have no control. If it is true that people want and/or need community, then it matters a great deal for us to know whether or not community can exist in hierarchical institutions, since certain kinds of hierarchies interfere with building and sustaining community. I explain how the concept of "whole community" allows for the unity of unequal beings, provided that the inequalities are based on merit. Furthermore, I describe two fictitious institutions. One, Cloister University is organized on the basis of arbitrary inequalities. The other, Mores University is a whole community, organized on the basis of merit.
Graduation date: 2004

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Korda, Rosemary. « Socioeconomic inequalities in health care in Australia : differential impacts on mortality and inequalities in the use of services ». Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150898.

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Neldner, Simon M. (Simon Matthew). « Reversal of fortunes : the post-industrial challenge to work and social equality : a case study of "The Parks" community of Northwestern Adelaide / by Simon M. Nelder ». 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19893.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 353-427)
xii, 427 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
"The Parks" and its constituent labour force was established by the state to underpin the profitability of industrial capital. It is now to be dismantled, its residents dispersed in order to recreate the conditions for renewed profitability. Focusses on a study of "The Parks" community to give a better understanding under Australian conditions of: the special, socially constituted nature of place; the interplay of the global-local and the impacts of economic restructuring; the inseparability of labour and housing markets; and, how the agency of private markets and the state interpenetrate each other.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Adelaide University, Dept. of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 2001

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Neldner, Simon M. (Simon Matthew). « Reversal of fortunes : the post-industrial challenge to work and social equality : a case study of "The Parks" community of Northwestern Adelaide / by Simon M. Nelder ». Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19893.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 353-427)
xii, 427 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
"The Parks" and its constituent labour force was established by the state to underpin the profitability of industrial capital. It is now to be dismantled, its residents dispersed in order to recreate the conditions for renewed profitability. Focusses on a study of "The Parks" community to give a better understanding under Australian conditions of: the special, socially constituted nature of place; the interplay of the global-local and the impacts of economic restructuring; the inseparability of labour and housing markets; and, how the agency of private markets and the state interpenetrate each other.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Adelaide University, Dept. of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 2001

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Everard, Jerry. « Virtual states : Internet, globalisation, and inequality ». Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145634.

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Zigira, Christopher Amherst Byuma. « Religion, culture and gender : a study of women's search for gender equality in Swaziland ». Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17875.

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Although Swazi women's contribution to national development has been phenomenal, they like any other women in patriarchal societies confront an overbearing situation in which they have been regarded and treated as minors, both in the family and most spheres of public life. This has largely been due to the social construction of gender. Traditional gender-based attitudes, deeply ingrained in the people's mind set, not infrequently, have limited women's access to and control of various aspects of public life, and impinge on their rights, most especially the rights to selfdetermination and equal participation in the decision making process. Coupled with religion which influences "the deepest level of what it means to be human" (King, 1994:4) and zealous cultural conservatism, the Swazi women, with a few notable exceptions, experience an asymmetry of power due to the pervasive nature of gender. Nonetheless, the history of Swaziland bears testimony, however muted, to a legacy ofwomen's struggles to overcome gendered conditions imposed upon them either by taking full advantage of their spiritual endowment and charisma to overcome attitudinal barriers or by organising themselves into groups to work for the social transformation of their conditions and status. This study examines the Swazi women's search for gender equality. It discusses the social and cultural context of gender in Swaziland, the various moments in the Swazi women's quest for equality and its manifestations, and the push and pull effect of religion and culture. Particular attention is given to four organisations, namely Lutsango lwakaNgwane (loosely referred to as women's regiments), the Council of Swaziland Churches, the Women's Resource Centre (Umtapo waBomake) and Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA). The study shows that Swazi women have, across a passage of time, adopted different strategies, including ritual, economic empowerment and creation of new knowledge through promotion of gender awareness and social advocacy either in a womanist approach that accepts women's embeddedness in Swazi culture or in the liberal feminist tradition that espouses women's individual rights. However, the study shows that the women's movement has yet to reach the critical mass level so as to influence public policy and come to terms with the deconstruction of the dominant gender ideology.
Religious Studies and Arabic
D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

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KOSYAKOVA, Yuliya. « The regime change and social inequality : educational and job careers in the Soviet and post-Soviet Era ». Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41584.

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Defence date: 16 April 2016
Examining Board: Professor Dr. rer. Pol. Dr. h.c. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute; Professor Dr. Dmitry Kurakin, Higher School of Economics; Professor Dr. David Bills, University of Iowa, Professor Dr. Klarita Gërxhani, European University Institute.
The collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent rapid shifts in economic, political, and social institutional arrangements – labeled here as a regime change – offer a unique opportunity to explore how patterns of social inequality vary across broader institutional contexts and over time. How the stratification order between different social groups has changed in the aftermath of the regime change in Russia is a central question I raise in this thesis. In contrast to prior research, I draw on a life-course perspective and address several rather untouched aspects of social inequalities in Soviet and post-Soviet societies and investigate them in terms of school-to-work and work-to-school transitions in the earlier and later life courses. Empirically, I employ powerful longitudinal data from the Education and Employment Survey for Russia (EES) linked to the Russian Gender and Generation Survey (GGS), which cover life trajectories in a time-frame between 1965 and 2005. Compared with previous studies, that data enable me to utilize a much larger observation window to scrutinize long-term consequence of the regime change in Russia. First, I tackle social inequality in terms of horizontal gender differences and vertical gender inequalities upon labor market entry. My findings reveal that despite proclaimed equality principles, the school-to-work transition was by no means gender-neutral in Soviet Russia, with women facing a net vertical disadvantage in job authority. This inequality has increased even more since the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly due to worsening chances for female entrants. Second, I explore inequality of adult-educational opportunity due to initial educational level and occupational position. My results suggest that selective participation in adult education might lessen or exacerbate inequality of adult-educational opportunity depending on type of adult education and analyzed group of participants. Nonetheless, the collapse of the Soviet Union has contributed to inequality of adult-educational opportunity, thereby strengthening the exacerbation effects of adult education on social inequalities. Third, I investigate whether participation in adult education may improve career opportunities, thereby mitigating social inequalities that emerged in the earlier life course. My findings show that adult education either benefits all participants or those who are already advantaged. Overall, the results point to a mechanism of persistence or reinforcement of social inequalities. Furthermore, returns to adult education have decreased or been not offset since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Finally, throughout my thesis I put a particular focus on gender. Altogether, my findings unravel noteworthy gender inequalities arising in the initial career stages. These initial (dis-)advantages cumulate over men's and women's life courses, thereby contributing to overall social inequality in Russia, and specifically during the post- Soviet period. I conclude that the regime change was accompanied by a widening of preexisting social distances and an effective amplification of the Russian society's stratification order.

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Moon, Lynelle Jennifer. « The impact of the health care system on socioeconomic inequalities in coronary heart disease in Australia : a population-level study of 45-74 year olds ». Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150285.

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Socioeconomic inequalities are a substantial problem in relation to Australia's biggest killer and area of health expenditure, coronary heart disease (CHD). They have been well documented for mortality, but little is known about whether they are due to differing chances of having a major coronary event (the event rate) or of dying when one occurs (the case-fatality rate). Nor does very much detail exist on whether these inequalities have changed over time. This study aims to fill these gaps, and also to examine the role the health care system plays in generating inequalities by analysing inequalities in the use of relevant services, and whether levels of use match levels of need for these services. A large, national dataset was constructed. It contains information on all major coronary events (essentially heart attacks) in Australia over a period of 10 years, 1996-2005, both fatal and non-fatal. Similarly, all 'services' provided for up to 10 years in the form of cholesterol-lowering medications (statins), a diagnostic procedure (angiography) and two types of revascularisation (coronary artery bypass grafts (CABGs) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCls)) are included. In addition, a measure of need for services was developed. The dataset was then linked to census information on the socioeconomic characteristics of small areas to enable analysis of differences in outcomes and services across socioeconomic groups. The majority of the analysis was carried out using negative binomial regression to derive relative and absolute measures of inequality, including in particular the relative index of inequality and the slope index of inequality. The study clearly shows that nearly all of the socioeconomic inequality in CHD mortality in Australia comes from event rates rather than case-fatality rates. This indicates that the health care system's efforts to reduce these inequalities need to focus on preventing major coronary events, including by encouraging improvements in behavioural risk factors for them and treating risk factors when present (such as with medications), diagnosing problems early, and using surgery and other procedures (such as CABGs and PCls). Differential access to emergency care appears not to contribute to these inequalities. Time series analysis shows that inequalities in event rates have been increasing in relative terms, and even in absolute terms for males. Analysis of the use of statins, angiography and revascularisations shows substantial inequity -that is, use relative to need is much higher among the most well-off compared with the least well-off. The former are over twice as likely as the latter to receive these services for a given level of need. The largest inequities were found for the newer service (PCl rather than CABG) and for care provided earlier in the disease process (through medications and angiography). The study also shows that differential use of private health care plays a significant role in this inequity, and rural or remote locations play a smaller role. This study clearly demonstrates that socioeconomic inequalities in CHD are a major problem in Australia, and the gap is widening-improvements over time are benefiting the most well-off more than the least well-off. Inequalities largely derive from differential chances of having a major coronary event, rather than of dying when one occurs. The health care system appears to also contribute to the inequalities, and therefore has the potential to help reduce them by becoming more equitable.

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De, Beer Marlene. « The implementation of equality and elimination of discriminatory practices by police officials at station level ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5791.

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M.A.
Although all forms of apartheid control legislation have been repealed and the Constitution and Bill of Rights adopted, it is questionable in what way these principles of equality and non-discrimination are effectively implemented and whether changes have occurred in practice. Chapter one therefore provides an overview of the study. The discussion of legislation viz. the Constitution, the Equality Clause and Employment Equity Act urges the elimination of discrimination and the implementation of equality. The legacy of policing also provides the challenge to change. Several SAPS policies and directives such as the SAPS Policy Document on Affirmative Action and Fundamental Equality Directives in theory indicate the movement towards change and initiatives to implement equality and eliminate discrimination. It is therefore impressive to have legislation, policies and directives, but the question is in what way these are effectively being implemented and whether one can notice a change in the actual behaviour of police officials. Equality and non-discrimination, which are at the heart of effective policing, underpin good community and human relations. It is important to assess in what way the SA police culture and working climate have changed from a traditional partisan and discriminatory approach to a service provider that celebrates diversity and human rights. The research therefore investigates in what way the rhetoric of equality and non-discrimination have been implemented and its effect on individuals in a policing environment. The perceived gap between policy legislation and reality in practice was a further motivational aspect of the study, as policy alone will not ensure the implementation of equality principles. The goal and objectives of the study narrow the focus and the presentation of definitions provides further clarity. The research nature for this study was primarily explorative, and also descriptive. The goal of the study was to explore and describe police officials' experience and behaviour in the implementation of equality and the elimination of discriminatory practices in the working environment at police station level during the period 1996-7. This research was primarily of a qualitative nature and a single embedded case study design strategy was used. The unit /item of analysis or sampling element was police officials working under the jurisdiction of one specific police station in Gauteng. The demographic profile and characteristics of the police officials in the study sample was presented and analysed quantitatively (SSPS descriptive statistics according to frequency counts and cross tabulations) and achieved the first secondary objective of exploring and describing the level of representivity at the police station being studied. A non-probability sampling method - based on convenience and reliance on available subjects - was the primary sampling strategy used. Other secondary types of sampling used in this study were snowball or chain, confirming and disconfirming cases, opportunistic, and a combination or mixed strategies.

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Farid, Uddin Khandakar Al. « Cities within a city : planning policies and intra-urban inequalities in Greater Sydney ». Thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:68149.

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Numerous research papers and reports have acknowledged Sydney’s inequalities in terms of place-based difficulties, governance, migrant settlement, displacement, gentrification, housing development, and affordability. However, that research is not specific to the urban inequalities related to urban policy applications. Considering the gap, this research investigates the urban planning practices, their impacts and outcomes in Sydney in light of case studies, secondary evidence, empirical data and critical urban philosophies. The key questions in this research are: how is Sydney transforming into an increasingly unequal city? how do influential socio-economic actors contribute to urban inequalities? what is the situation of the rights to the city in the disadvantaged geographies of Sydney? And how are the life and livelihoods of Sydney’s underprivileged residents disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic? This research employs critical theory as a crucial lens to analyse the socio-economic disparities in urban spaces. The critical analysis outlines that the NSW urban planning system, practices and outcomes influence the cities within a city divide in Sydney, supporting secondary content and empirical data. The affluent areas are prioritised in neoliberal urban growth with less housing and population targets and expanded opportunities. In contrast, the disadvantaged regions have extreme urbanisation instead of much needed urban opportunities and infrastructure support. The NSW urban planning practices are strongly influenced by socio-economic power; consequently, high socio-economics northern and eastern areas of Sydney influence the urban growth and development. They are able to prevent densification in their areas. On the other hand, the less affluent residents of low socio-economic Western Sydney areas lack the power to resist large volumes of additional dwellings leading to fast densification. The critical analysis of this research outlines Sydney’s urban policy practices, planning powers, and urban rights divide as an ‘east–west divide’. This research points out that empowered local politics, expanded communication, enhanced consultation, and improved community engagement mechanisms are needed to effectively engage Western Sydney residents in the planning process. This research develops the ‘Equal, Resilient and Sustainable Western Sydney Model’ to address the existing urban divide and build equal, sustainable and resilient cities and communities. This thesis also proposes numerous strategies to ensure Western Sydney residents’ active and robust community engagement. In addition, better and accessible education, improved human resources, innovation, technological transformation, and efficient infrastructure are vital to enhancing socio-economic development in disadvantaged Western Sydney.

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Nodlabi, Mboniswa Cornelius. « An evaluation of stakeholder (people) participation in Mhlontlo Local Municipality rural development programme ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11130.

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Since its democratic dispensation, South Africa has been striving to find the right economic tool to confront the challenges of poverty, joblessness, widening income gap and lack of job related skills. Numerous methods have been put to trial in an attempt to rescue the rural masses from the scourge of poverty, joblessness and social degradation, but with limited impact. Literature surveys in this regard attest to social intervention programmes failing, due to the absence or little involvement of beneficiary rural communities in the programme establishment. Renewed rural development initiative at Mhlontlo Municipality occurs within this context. The study was then undertaken to evaluate stakeholder participation in the planning, the implementation and the monitoring and evaluation of the pilot programme. This is a study of the rural development pilot programme at Mhlontlo Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape. The statistical population for the study included all institutionalised stakeholder’s organizations, as critical components of engagement to realise the programme setting. The study target participants were 90 adult individuals involve in local stakeholder’s public participation institutions. A self-completed questionnaire was administered to the 90 target participants with 64 returned completely filled. The results were analysed using statistical mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variance and presented as tables and graphs. Findings were that there was more participation in the programme implementation phase, than in the programme planning and monitoring phase. Assessment of programme outputs by respondents was diverse and inconclusive. This was attributed to poor participation by programme stakeholders in programme’s planning.
Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

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Masinga, Nonhlanhla. « Possible selves in social context ». Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21946.

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South Africa has been going through severe social changes over the past two decades. In light of these changes the present study aimed to understand adolescents’ expectations of their personal future. Based on the Theory of Possible Selves (Markus & Nurius, 1986) the present research addressed the overall question whether adolescents’ personal future plans incorporate the views they share about the present and the future of their social context. Social context was not only limited to factors such as gender, ethnicity and school environment, but also included both the daily lived experiences of inequality, as is the case in South Africa, and the projected social context of the future. A total of 631 pupils from four Gauteng high schools took part in this cross sectional study. The results support the hypotheses especially within the possible selves’ domain of academic achievement. The interrelatedness between possible selves and shared beliefs about the future of South Africa could, however, not be demonstrated.
Grow Your Own Timber Programme of the University of South Africa
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology (Research Consultation))

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Davies, Michael John. « The role of commonsense understandings in social inequalities in health : an investigation in the context of dental health / Michael Davies ». 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19680.

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Bibliography: leaves 203-219.
219 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Concerned with the contribution of commonsense understandings of disease to social differentials in health outcomes. Argues that understandings in part reflect the social circumstances of an individual and mediate preventive activities and use of services, thereby influencing health outcomes. These are examined using the specific health outcomes of tooth loss and tooth decay.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Public Health, 2000

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Davies, Michael John. « The role of commonsense understandings in social inequalities in health : an investigation in the context of dental health / Michael Davies ». Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19680.

Texte intégral

Résumé :

Bibliography: leaves 203-219.
219 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Concerned with the contribution of commonsense understandings of disease to social differentials in health outcomes. Argues that understandings in part reflect the social circumstances of an individual and mediate preventive activities and use of services, thereby influencing health outcomes. These are examined using the specific health outcomes of tooth loss and tooth decay.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Public Health, 2000

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Nkosi, Zethu. « Narrowing the health gap for greater equity in health outcomes : the discourse around the NHI system in South Africa ». 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18223.

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Prior 1994 South Africa had a fragmented health system designed along racial lines. One system was highly resourced and benefitted the few and the other was under-resourced and was for the black majority. Attempts to deal with these disparities did not fully address the inequities. The objective of the NHI is to address the inequalities by ensuring that all South African have access to affordable, quality healthcare services regardless of their socio-economic status. The majority of the participants do not understand the meaning and the implications of the national health insurance. Among the health professionals that were interviewed, there were no consultations before the implementation of the NHI. The health economists verbalized that it will be too expensive as the majority of citizens do not pay taxes. More roadshows need to be done to make communities aware of the planned strategy which will benefit all.
Health Studies

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Muraida, Laura Cristina. « Building assets and resilience : the role of the local food system in reducing health and economic disparities ». Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3590.

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In recent years, studies have linked various structural and environmental factors to disproportionately increased rates of morbidity, mortality, and adverse health outcomes in low-income racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods. Among the adverse health outcomes, is the constraint on the ability to access and afford a healthy diet. While local food systems play a significant role in influencing urban health and well-being outcomes, they also present an opportunity to develop community-based assets and resilience. By identifying limitations and successes in current food system literature and practice, this report examines how a more comprehensive approach to equitable community health and wellness can be achieved and sustained. Effective disparity reduction relies on cross-sectoral partnerships that not only promote food equity, but also provide participatory social, economic, and educational opportunities to marginalized communities.
text

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Gamede, Ntombifuthi Winnie. « Human capital development in South Africa : perspectives on education in the post-apartheid era ». Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23383.

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Human capital development is one of the key factors in human development in which the state plays a tremendous and critical role. Policies and systems established by the government to enable education, trade and socialisation help or undermine human capital development. The study argues that in the post-apartheid era, the government has moved on from apartheid human capital development to equal human capital development. The state has moved away from providing a fragmented system of a racial and exclusive education and training system to a non-racial and inclusive education and training system that creates equal opportunities for learning for all races. The study identified several challenges that hinder human capital development and recommended that there is need for the current government to create clear working relations between various bodies administering the post-school system. In order to arrive at those findings, the study adopted a quantitative research methodology.
Economics
M.Com. (Economics)

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Tfwala, Ncamsile C. « Women's control over sexual matters in traditional marriages : a development perspective ». Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3179.

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The main objectives of the study are to determine the extent of control women have over sexual matters in Swazi traditional marriages; to identify the factors influencing the extent of control women have over sexual matters in traditional marriages; and to analyse the consequences of women’s lack of control over sexual matters on the women themselves, their families and their communities with regard to development. Reviewed literature and identified themes were verified in the field through focused group discussions and key informant interviews. The study revealed that women in traditional marriages do not have control over their sexuality because of the obligations and cultural practices inherent in the marriage restricting women’s involvement in decision making in sexual matters. This position undermines the social and economic development of women, families and communities. It is therefore recommended that cultural practices be amended to improve the status of women in decision making.
Development Studies
M.A. (Social Sciences)

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Smith, Adriaan Frederik. « Perceived influence of inequality on the career development of emerging adults in South Africa ». Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26246.

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After the transition from the Apartheid government to the first democratically elected government of South Africa in 1994, massive challenges of inequality had to be addressed. The career development and ability of those individuals who were discriminated against, to participate economically, are still a challenge today which indicate that past inequalities have not yet been addressed. The study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how inequality influence the career development of emerging adults in South Africa. The findings indicated that the legacy of inequality in South Africa is still a highly influential factor in the career development of emerging adults with regards to the lack of mentorship and access to information experienced. The inability of South Africans as a collective to address the legacy of inequality also influence prospects for career development with regards to emerging adults not being financially able to gain access to career development opportunities.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

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Venables, Heather Elaine. « Women and empowerment : strategies to achieve the liberation of women from oppression ». Diss., 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17796.

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Women today continue to struggle against male-dominated values and norms, and male prejudices, both in society and the Church. This balance of power needs to be altered to free women from the domination of men. The strategies proposed in this dissertation are based on the Christian ethic of justice and equality. Their implementation, I argue, would empower women to resist oppression, independently of men, to achieve liberation and equality so that male-dominated ideologies and structures could no longer oppress. A case study of women ministers in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa revealed discrimination against, and the limitation of the ministries of women clergy. The ethical dilemma of the Church appearing to follow, rather than to lead society on such issues was noted. The attainment of the liberation of women is dependent solely upon themselves and the extent to which they are prepared to take responsibility for their own lives.
M.Th. (Theological Ethics)

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Thèses sur le sujet « Equality – Social aspects »

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