Articles de revues : « Equality – Russia (Federation) »

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Andreеchev, I. S. « Legal Inequality of the Subjects of the Russian Federation and the Problems of Ensuring the Unity of the Legal Space ». Federalism 27, n^o 2 (6 juillet 2022) : 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2022-2-5-30.

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Simultaneously with the evolution of the modern Russian state, federal relations are also developing. Since 2000, one of the priorities of state development has been to ensure the unity of the Russian state. This task was realized through the formation of a unified legal system, ensuring the unity of the system of public authority, the unity of the status of the individual throughout the state, the sovereignty and state integrity of the Russian Federation, the supremacy of the Constitution of Russia and federal laws throughout its territory, the unity of the economic space. The concept of «unity of legal space» has steadily entered the constitutional and legal matter, the study of which is devoted to quite a few theoretical studies. No less than practical studies reflecting the results of the ongoing work to ensure the unity of the legal space in Russia. It is impossible to carry out such a policy without ensuring genuine legal equality of the regions that make up the Russian Federation. The diverse and numerous composition of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the diversity of their interests, factors of law-making and law enforcement practice have given rise to a multidimensional phenomenon consisting in the presence of different rights (opportunities) of the subjects of the Russian Federation implemented in the field of law-making (in the presence of uniformly established their subjects of competence and powers), to which the federal center reacts differently. The existence of such a practice indicates a violation of the principle of equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation among themselves (Part 1 of art. 5 of the Constitution of Russia) and in relations with federal state authorities (Part 5 of Article 5 of the Constitution of Russia). Such a view (approach) in research on the legal equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation and ensuring the unity of the legal space is innovative. The article reveals the depth of differences, the reasons and motives for the occurrence of such examples, and also suggests a mechanism for their settlement, using numerous practical examples, including based on the author’s experience.

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Artemova, Svetlana T., Nikolay A. Zhiltsov et Oleg I. Cherdakov. « The Digital Divide and Constitutional Guarantees of the Digital Equality ». Constitutional and municipal law 10 (22 octobre 2020) : 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3767-2020-10-41-45.

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The article presents the author’s position on digital inequality, which was called the “digital divide”, and ways to overcome it in Russia. The authors, based on the provision of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, prove that in our country there is a systematic work to overcome digital inequality, for which legal and other tools are used.

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Velyaminov, Georgy M. « Russia – one and indivisible ». Gosudarstvo i pravo, n^o 1 (2022) : 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520018291-1.

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The formal federal status of the Russian Federation is destructive for its state stability, and does not correspond to its traditions of the unity of the country. Territorial-national autonomous divisions, especially in the federation, - are a sure incentive for separatism. For the stability and unity of the State, it is important to ensure the equality of all the constituent parts of the State and all its citizens in relation to their national - civilizational care regardless of their place of residence in the state. And in places of compact residence of “national minorities” as well logical is providing the education in their native languages. Republican-autonomous discord promises only discord and in such care.

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Drozdov, A. A. « Development of the ideas of academician O. E. Kutafin on the economic foundations of the state in modern conditions ». Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), n^o 6 (8 septembre 2022) : 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.94.6.131-137.

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The article explores the ideas of Academician O. Е. Kutafin about the social market economy of Russia, the role of the state in economic relations and the responsibility of the state for the economic well-being of citizens, as well as equality. The author concludes that these ideas were further developed and filled, in particular, in the positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the new norm of the Constitution of Russia and are relevant to this day. According to the author, in order to achieve the goals of sustainable economic growth guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation it is important to restore confidence between the state and business and maintain it in the future, develop clear and stable regulation of the economy based on the principle of equality and taking into account the specifics of the content of economic and business processes, as well as create favorable social conditions for the development of citizens, including through the financial provision of their basic needs.

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Bratko, Tatiana Dmitrievna. « Taxation of potential income from rentals : reality and illusion of equal tax burden ». Налоги и налогообложение, n^o 4 (avril 2020) : 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2020.4.33165.

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Different forms of income taxation often become the subject of criticism among taxpayers in the Russian Federation and abroad. From this perspective, the tax for potential income from rental set by Taxation Code of the Russian Federation, paid within the framework of patents system of taxation, is not an exception: in 2019, a Russian taxpayer Sergey Aleksandrovich Glukhov disputed its constitutionality with reference to incompliance to the principles of equality and economic feasibility of taxation. This article provides a comparative-legal analysis of provisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Unites States dedicated to constitutional principles of taxation: fairness, equality, economic feasibility, adequacy, etc. The author offers an original systemic interpretation of the Russian principle of economic feasibility of taxation and other legal principles, considering their interpretation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and practice of implementation of the constitutional principles of taxation in the United States. Based in this interpretation, the article gives an alternative assessment to taxation of potential income from rentals, paid within the framework of patent system of taxation in Russia. The conclusion is formulated that due to the principle of separation of powers, the questions of fair and economically feasible allocation of tax burden comprise an exclusive prerogative of legislators.

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Kozhukhova, K. E. « Russian-Chinese Cooperation in Ensuring Strategic Stability ». EURASIAN INTEGRATION : economics, law, politics 14, n^o 1 (15 avril 2021) : 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-01-81-87.

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Growing complexity of the modern world order calls for the search for strategic stability in order to prevent a new global military clash. In view of recent political events, Russia and China have strengthened their cooperation, creating a strategic stability dyad in contrast to the United States and other Western countries. However, the strategic stability of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China is not fully beneficial for Russia due to the peculiarity of the Chinese strategic culture, which is cinocentric. The absence of Russian strategic culture eliminates the equality of the two countries and pushes Russia to submit and mimic China. The author offers her vision of balancing the two forces. The first is the legal basis, which is to update the bilateral agreement between Russia and China with an effort to strengthen the positions and advantages of the Russian side. The second is the development of Russian strategic thinking and, as a result, the emergence of national strategic culture that will contribute to the formation of an adequate foreign policy course of the Russian Federation in the new world stability.

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Navaliev, Navali. « Moral foundations of privileges and immunities in criminal proceedings in Russia ». Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2022, n^o 3 (3 octobre 2022) : 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2022-3-93-97.

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The article considers the principle of equality of all before the law and the court. The article analyzes the exceptions allowed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation from the principle of equality in the form of criminal procedural immunities. The immunities established by law are examined from the position of compliance with the moral foundations of the criminal process. Despite the fact that the measure of morality in the question of compliance with criminal procedural immunities granted to certain categories of persons is the interrelated principles of justice and equality. The concept of formal equality is studied from the position of the libertarian-legal theory of law, which allows us to conclude that inequality can be either fair or not. As a fair inequality, legal advantages are highlighted in the form of benefits provided by a person to increase the level of legal capacity sufficient for the realization of general legal personality. Unfair exceptions to the principle of equality are privileges granted to individuals or categories of persons. Criminal procedural immunity is examined from the point of view of ensuring equality of rights of the parties in criminal proceedings and is considered as a legal advantage over the prosecutor, due to the need to ensure the impartial activities of the subject possessing it. Based on the analysis of the essence of criminal procedural immunity, it is concluded that immunity is not a privilege, therefore, the legal advantages provided to them correspond to the moral foundations of the criminal process.

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Zhdanov, Andrew I., et Rashid T. Mukhaev. « EVOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL VALUES IN MODERN RUSSIA ». Social and Political Researches 9, n^o 4 (2020) : 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2658-428x-2020-4-9-38-51.

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This article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the system of political values in modern Russia. Within the framework of the study, the results of sociological studies of the political orientations of citizens of the Russian Federation, conducted by the leading world and russian sociological agencies over the past 30 years, are considered. Various aspects of the dynamics of value orientations of the inhabitants of Russia and the peculiarities of the perception by the citizens of Russia of various components of political culture are shown. The author, using sociological methods, analyzes the political culture of the Russian Federation through the prism of the attitude of its inhabitants to various elements of the system of political values: democracy, political participation as such, equality, freedom, propensity to participate in protest actions, etc. The author also examines how much the position of such values as statism, nationalism, right, left and centrist ideological orientations has changed in the political consciousness of russian citizens. The research design is built around a cross-temporal analysis of the dynamics of political values. The main research problem is the dissemination of qualitatively new practices of political behavior for Russia, starting from 2017-2018. The central topic of the study is to identify the connection between the change in the vector of political behavior of citizens of the Russian Federation, which is why many researchers postulate the thesis of the emergence of a qualitatively “new” political reality, and more structural processes of the evolution of political values in modern Russia. Based on the data of opinion polls World Values Survey, European Values Study, the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Rosmolodezh), the author examines the main trends in changes in the political values of russian citizens and determines the trajectories of their further development.

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Starikov, Sergey S. « Constitutional principles of the creation of federal territories in Russia ». Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 21, n^o 4 (16 décembre 2021) : 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-4-468-476.

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Introduction. During the constitutional reform of 2020, part 1 of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was supplemented with a provision on the possibility of creating federal territories. In this regard, questions need to be resolved about how the constitutional novel should relate to the principles of federalism established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and what the principles for the creation of federal territories in Russia are. Theoretical analysis. The creation of federal territories in the Russian Federation should take place subject to strict compliance with the principle of state integrity, the principle of equality and self-determination of the peoples of Russia; the principle of unity of the public power system; the principle of priority of individual rights and freedoms, their recognition, observance and protection by the state; the principle of compliance with the goals of the formation of federal territories with the strategic interests of the Russian Federation. Empirical analysis. It is revealed that the current version of Part 1 of Article 67 of the Constitution, firstly, establishes the possibility of creating federal territories as a new type of public legal territory, secondly, provides for a special organization of public power in these territories, different from the generally accepted organization operating on the territory of the subjects of the Russian Federation, and, thirdly, defines the constitutional and legal mechanism for their creation: the adoption of a federal law. This norm does not specify the types of federal territories and the possible goals of their creation. These issues are fully attributed to the discretionary powers of the Russian Parliament. Results. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature devoted to the problems of federal territories in Russia and abroad, and the legislation of the Russian Federation, the definition can be formulated: federal territory is a public legal entity that has a special constitutional and legal status determined by national strategic significance, created in accordance with a regulatory act providing for direct or indirect management of it by the federal government, defining the specifics of the exercise of public power in accordance with the goals of creation, additional guarantees and restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens.

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Katanandov, S. L., N. M. Mezhevich et V. V. Solodilov. « "Rural Agglomerations” and "Rural Associations of Settlements” — Possible Directions for the Development of Local Self-Government in the North-West of Russia ». Administrative Consulting, n^o 9 (11 novembre 2021) : 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2021-9-9-17.

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The problem of improving the effectiveness of local self-government in the Russian Federation is particularly complex. Geographical and historical prerequisites work against economic efficiency and proportional political representation. The concepts of rural agglomerations and rural associations of human settlements can be considered as search directions in the search for a solution to the problem of “efficiency or equality”. The North-West of Russia can be considered as an effective training ground for the development of new management approaches.

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Mikhaleva, Galina M. « GENDER EQUALITY AS A GOAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN RUSSIA ». RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, n^o 1 (2022) : 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2022-1-363-371.

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The article considers the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals in particular the goal No.5 – ensuring gender equality. It analyses differences in the implementation of those goals and objectives in different countries. A critical assessment is given of the “Voluntary National Review of the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” and provides data not used in the report related to the situation of women in the Russian Federation. The implementation of the following goals in relation to women is described: the ubiquitous elimination of all forms of discrimination; and violence; elimination of all harmful practices; ensuring the full and real participation and equal opportunities at all levels in political, economic and public life; ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health services. Conclusions are drawn about the main issues in ensuring gender equality in Russia, associated with the existence of different gender orders.

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Azarov, Vladimir A. « Justice as the primary basis of equality of all before the law and court in the criminal procedure of Russia ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, n^o 43 (2022) : 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/43/1.

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The article presents the results of the historiographic studies of the principle of equality of all before the law and court in the criminal procedural legislation of Russia. Considering the importance of the above principle for the formation of the authority of the judiciary, the author substantiates its fundamental role in the assessment by the population of the country of the presence and reflection in the law of justice as the core category of the genotype of the Russian nation. The positions of opponents of the legislative decision about the reflection of the category of «objective truth» in the text of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation are analyzed, the inconsistency and even the perniciousness of introducing the artificial concept of «legal justice» into the theory and practice are shown. The comparative characteristics of the textual expression of the principle of equality of all before the law and court in various legislative acts of the Russian Federation are given. On this basis, the preferred wording of this principle in the Criminal Procedure Code has been formulated. The segments of the content of the concept of justice in criminal proceedings are interpreted. From the standpoint of social justice, the redundancy of the presence in Chapter 52 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of a large detachment of representatives of all branches of state power of Russia, endowed with additional privileges in criminal proceedings, is shown and commented on. The directions of changing the procedure for criminal proceedings against state and municipal employees, as well as the limits of their inviolability in the sphere of activity of criminal justice bodies, have been identified and substantiated. The evidence for the expediency of the direct participation of federal judges of courts of general jurisdiction in resolving the issues of restriction, suspension and deprivation of immunity of state and municipal employees for their criminal prosecution is given. The history and causes are studied, the initiators and conditions for the creation of the above section of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation are revealed, an assessment of its compliance with the typology and traditional ideology of the national criminal procedure is given. The most suitable options for legislative solutions that allow minimizing reputational losses for all branches of state power in cases of bringing their representatives to criminal liability are discussed and selected. A scheme of legislative work to optimize the content of the above section of the Criminal Procedure Code and to strengthen the principle of equality of all before the law and court and justice in the sphere of activity of criminal justice bodies is proposed and substantiated.

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Kondrashev, Andrey A. « Administrative liability for “disrespect” to the authorities in Russia : Gross defects in legislative regulation and enforcement ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, n^o 4 (2021) : 965–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.410.

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The article analyzes the new composition of an administrative offense introduced in Art. 20.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation in 2019 on the initiative of several well-known senators and deputies, which received the name in public discourse — “liability for disrespect to the authorities”. The author, using the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the ECHR, proves the legal inconsistency of the introduced measure of liability, both from the point of view of its inconsistency with constitutional principles, and from the standpoint of contradiction with international standards for the implementation of freedom of speech, developed by the ECHR and binding on Russia. Moreover, the article notes that in democratic European countries there is a tendency to exclude or not apply criminal liability for insulting the head of state, at the same time in nondemocratic countries there is an opposite trend: the expansion of the list of sanctions and their tightening in relation to citizens insulting the highest official of the respective state. The article analyzes that the evaluative formulations chosen by the legislator: “an indecent form that offends human dignity and public morality” and “a clear disrespect for society, the state, official state symbols of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Russian Federation or bodies exercising state power”, during a short judicial application (several months), have already led to the emergence of controversial situations in the application of this norm and the issuance of not entirely substantiated judicial acts against Russian citizens. The author proposed to the legislator to exclude from the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation parts 3–5 of Art. 20.1 and also consider the exclusion of Art. 148, 297, 319, 336 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation since they violate the provisions of Articles 19 and 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. These two articles of the Constitutions establish excessive, disproportionate and discriminatory guarantees for the legal protection of certain categories of Russian citizens (civil servants, law enforcement officials, judges, military personnel), to the detriment of the general legal constitutional principle of equality of all before the law and court.

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Семыкина, Ольга, et Olga Semykina. « Legal Regulation of Prohibition of Discrimination in Criminal Legislation of Russia and Moldova ». Journal of Russian Law 2, n^o 9 (23 septembre 2014) : 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5505.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the legal measures to combat discrimination in the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Moldova. Such a problem as regulation in the criminal law of antidiscrimination is active a large scale. In the Russian criminal legislation important legal guarantee the constitutional principle of equal rights and antidiscrimination is article 136 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Violation of equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen). Meantime, as illustration the analysis of international antidiscrimination standards and trends to expand of these prescriptions in the legislation of CIS states, this criminal norm is far from perfect. The liability for discrimination can not be treated in direction with the commission of using official position. In our view, preventive legal prohibition in the article 136 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation will be significantly enhanced if to ask: 1) the return of criminal liability for discrimination of any individuals; 2) criminalization new aggravating circumstances.

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Arvante, Jeremy Zefanya Yaka, Maulana Fuad Nugraha et Ridwan Arifin. « A Pseudo Freedom for Faith : A Discourse of Religious Freedom in Russia and Indonesia ». Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society 1, n^o 2 (31 juillet 2022) : 203–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v1i2.59062.

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This paper is a study or comparative study between Indonesia and Russia on the regulation of one of the fundamental rights in human rights, namely the right to freedom of religion. As a constitutional state based on law, Indonesia and Russia have made arrangements for this in their constitutions, the most basic of which is contained in the 1945 Constitution (Indonesia) and The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Russia). General rules such as human rights play an important role as an instrument that ensures the preservation of the rights of citizens and the implementation of state functions to fulfill these rights. The right to freedom of religion is one of the rights guaranteed in Article 19 of The Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the 1945 Constitution. Article 19 of the Russian constitution states that The State shall guarantee the equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of sex, race, religion, and also of other circumstances. All forms of limitations of human rights shall be banned. And Article 28I paragraph 1 of the 1945 Constitution states that the right to religion is stated as a right that cannot be reduced under any circumstances, as well as the right to life, the right not to be tortured, the right to freedom of thought and conscience, the right not to be enslaved, the right to be recognized as a human being. person before the law, and the right not to be prosecuted on the basis of retroactive law.

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Bobrova, Natalia A. « The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation as a subject of constitutional responsibility ». Law Enforcement Review 4, n^o 4 (28 décembre 2020) : 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2020.4(4).23-34.

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The subject of the article is justification of the main elements of the constitutional responsibility of the Russian Constitutional Court in the context of constitutional reform. The purpose of the article is confirmation or refutation of the hypothesis that the Constitutional Court must be subject to constitutional responsibility. The methodology. The author uses methods of complex analysis of legislation, synthesis, as well as formal-logical and formal-legal methods. The main results, scope of application. Russia as a democratic state excludes the existence of legally irresponsible subjects of state power. It concerns the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Legal irresponsibility characterizes only the absolute monarchy. The article comprehensively examines the problem of responsibility of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the reasons for the poor development of this institution in legislation and academic literature are also considered. The reasons for the Constitutional Court's dependence on the President of the Russian Federation as a "guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation" have been systemized. The author considers duumvirate of guarantors of constitutional legitimacy as a nonsense. The reasons for the Constitutional Court's peculiar use of the law of the legislative initiative are considered. This initiative was used only in the direction of increasing the term of the powers of judges of the Constitutional Court from 65 up to 70 years. The life-long status of the President of the Court is seen as a violation of the principle of equality of judges, which is the most important guarantee of the independence of the Constitutional Court. Constitutional reform-2020 completed the process of dependence of the Constitutional Court on the President of the Russian Federation and the "second government" - the Administration of the Russian President. Some constitutional and legal torts of the Constitutional Court of the Russia are considered also. The author comes to the conclusion that judges of the constitutional court have a special responsibility - political, moral and historical. The main questions are need to be resolved: who has the right to state the torts of the constitutional court and what are the consequences of this statement?

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Idrisov, Abdul-Khalim A. « DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING THE PROPERTY TAX DEDUCTION ». EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE : PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 8/2, n^o 128 (2022) : 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.08.02.002.

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this article discusses the issue of determining the size of the property tax deduction in the connection with changes in the real estate market in Russia. In the context of dynamically changing economic situation in the country, the problem of revising the current size of the property tax deduction becomes especially relevant. The author analyzed the dynamics of growth in real estate prices in Moscow and the size of the property tax deduction. Based on this analysis, it is proposed to use a special group of coefficients when calculating the size of the property tax deduction to ensure the equality of citizens of the Russian Federation in the right to receive property tax deductions.

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Foigel, E. I., G. G. Nebratenko et I. G. Smirnova. « A Promising Model of the “Symmetrical Federation” State System in the Context of Ensuring National Security of Russia ». Lex Russica, n^o 9 (18 septembre 2020) : 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.166.9.039-048.

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The problem of ensuring national security is so important for the Russian Federation that, along with the rule of human rights and freedoms, as well as patriotism, it can become an ideological pillar. The asymmetry of the state system of Russia poses one of the treats to the state security. It invariably affects the vector and pace of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, creates conditions for decentralization and, in the long term, could lead to more serious political consequences. A potential for improvement of the state system lies in strengthening of the institution of plenipotentiary representatives of the President of Russia in the federal districts, as well as in considering the further enlargement of certain constituent entities of the Federation. The fact is that the existing model of the state system that evolved as a result of the Russian Federation succession to the USSR does not any longer comply with the national interest creating a gap in the field of ensuring state security.The existance of the constituent entities that are heterogeneous in territory, population size and composition, economic potential, and the most importantly — the actual amount of political rights granted to ethnos -- inevitably raises the question of the illusory of the equality of peoples settled in the republics, autonomous districts and regions, with other indigenous and non-indigenous small peoples, as well as with the Russians. Such differentiation forms the dynamics of latent migration processes, as well as complicates the criminogenic situation due to “ethnic crime”, including corruption-related crimes, creating problems for the State in the field of law enforcement. This kind of metamorphoses, which require constitutional changes, forces the domestic legal science to develop a perspective model of the state structure of Russia. Discussions on this issue are valuable in themselves, as they allow us to formulate possible directions for the development of the state and law with due regard to the historical destiny and international mission of our State, especially in light of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The considerations stated above mainstream this paper.

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Zmievskii, Dmitrii V. « THE RIGHT OF LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE IN THE SYSTEM OF POWERS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION CONSTITUTIONAL COURT ». Oeconomia et Jus, n^o 4 (23 décembre 2021) : 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2021-4-46-52.

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The article considers the right of legislative initiative of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the light of amendments made to the Fundamental Law of our state in 2020, as well as subsequent updating of special federal constitutional legislation. It is noted that the problem of practice deficiency in implementing the mentioned power by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is not new for the Russian legal science; in general, it is naturally determined and is due to a number of objective factors. However, the process of updating and developing the constitutional provisions on the supreme judicial control body of Russia and, in particular, creating the system of preliminary judicial constitutional control, bring the problem under consideration to a qualitatively new level. The approach itself in terms of granting the mentioned power to supreme courts in the Russian Federation is characterized as atypical for the countries near and far abroad. At the same time, the current lack of practice in exercising the power in question by the Constitutional Court is due to the special role of the latter in the system of supreme state authorities, in particular, the judiciary. The point of view is expressed that the problem cannot be unambiguously solved at the present stage of the statehood development. The author does not share the increasingly expressed point of view today that the right of legislative initiative should be excluded from the powers of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, since this will lead to a violation of the equality of the constitutional and legal statuses of the two independent supreme judicial authorities. In addition, the shortcomings in the wording of certain constitutional provisions have been identified and possible ways to eliminate them have been proposed.

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Archer, Dawn, et Christopher Williams. « Constructing a shared history, space and destiny ». Pragmatics and Society 4, n^o 2 (18 juin 2013) : 200–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.4.2.05arc.

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The children’s reader, Udmurtiia naveki s Rossiei, celebrates the “450th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Udmurtia into the Russian State structure”. Published in Russian, one of its aims is to familiarize young children (aged 10 and under) with “key events” in Udmurt-Russian relations leading up to the inclusion of Udmurt-inhabited areas in the Russian Empire; emphasizing throughout the absence of inter-ethnic conflict in a “multi-ethnic Udmurtia”. Drawing on history, corpus linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, we show how the official representations of Udmurtia and Udmurts, as presented in the reader, fail to provide them with a distinct ethnic voice – separate from Russia – within today’s Russian Federation. Specific attention is paid to the consequences of using ‘unity’ as an argument for achieving ethno-linguistic equality via a Russian civic identity; the way(s) in which this serves the Russian government’s agenda; and its effect on the construction of Udmurt identity.

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Gorodnova, O. N. « THE RULE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE AND THE PROBLEMS OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE CRIMINAL LAW OF RUSSIA ». Vestnik of the Russian University of Cooperation, n^o 3(45) (10 octobre 2021) : 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.52623/2227-4383-3-45-18.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of different aspects of the principle of justice in criminal law equalizing and distributing on the basis of the analysis of philosophical and legal thought. The substantiation of the supremacy of the principle of justice is presented. Other criminal law principles (criminal responsibility, humanism, equality of citizens before the law and the court) are analyzed as auxiliary, fully realizing the justice of the law and punishment. The connection between the principles of justice and legality, equality of citizens before the law and humanism, guilty responsibility is demonstrated. It is concluded that the equality of citizens before the law and humanism are different aspects of justice. Under the influence of the principle of justice, a circle of criminal acts is formed. A fair procedure for bringing guilty persons to criminal responsibility is based on strict observance of the principle of guilt, humane attitude to the guilty. The article analyzes certain provisions of criminal legislation for compliance with the principle of justice, considers the procedure for implementing legal principles in practice. In order to substantiate the conclusions of the study, a violation of the idea of equality, and, as a result, the ideology of justice, was revealed. Thus, the fact that aggravating the criminal penalty, which is subject to mandatory application, as the commission of an intentional crime by an internal affairs officer contradicts the idea of equality (paragraph «o» of part 1 of article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Article 88 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for the possibility of imposing a criminal penalty in the form of a fine on the parents, legal representatives of a minor who has committed a crime, which contradicts the principle of guilt and is unfair. The identity of criminal-legal repression, which is applied both for a single crime and for repeated criminal behavior, should be considered unfair. The ineffectiveness of the criminal law prescriptions of the law on the imposition of punishment for a set of crimes was revealed on the basis of the analysis of judicial practice materials.

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Lipatova, Lyudmila N. « Gender Inequality in the Economy of Modern Russia : A Quantitative Analysis of the Problem ». REGIONOLOGY 29, n^o 1 (30 mars 2021) : 99–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.114.029.202101.099-125.

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Introduction. Legislative consolidation of a right is not always implemented in practice. This can be fully attributed to the situation in the sphere of equality of people of different sexes in the economy, including the sphere of public administration. The purpose of the article is to assess the status of women in the economy of modern Russia, based on the study of official statistics, as well as the possibility of women’s participation in solving key problems of the development of society through representation in public authorities at different levels of government. Materials and Methods. The author analyzed data from Russian Federal State Statistics Service, publications of scientists involved in the study of the issue concerned, as well as materials from authoritative international organizations. The systemic approach, analysis and synthesis, the monographic method, content analysis, as well as the employed methods of economic and statistical analysis made it possible to identify the main trends in the changing status of women in the Russian labor market and public authorities at different levels of government. Results. The status of women in the Russian labor market and public authorities at the federal, regional and municipal levels has been characterized. Violation of the rights of women has been established in terms of remuneration when filling the same positions as men with equal amount of working time. It has been revealed that the representation of women in the highest bodies of state power lags behind the benchmark level of 30 %, proclaimed by the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing and supported by the Russian Federation. Discussion and Conclusion. A conclusion has been drawn that women are underrepresented in senior government positions in the Russian Federation. In the Russian labor market, violation of women's rights is manifested in lower wages, despite higher overall level of education of women. The results may prove useful when conducting research in the field of gender equality, as well as when developing and implementing measures aimed at improving the status of women in the country's economy and ensuring their right to participate in making decisions important for the society.

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Achkasov, Valery. « WHY DO RUSSIANS NEED THE STATUS OF A "STATE-FORMING PEOPLE" ? » Political Expertise : POLITEX 18, n^o 2 (2022) : 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2022.207.

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The article discusses possible political consequences of the introduction of the following novella: Russians are a “state-forming people”, tied to the Russian language, into Article 68 of the Russian Federation Constitution. This amendment turns the author of the Constitution, the "multinational people of Russia," into a “multinational union of peoples”, where, notwithstanding a formal equality, the “state-forming” people predominates. As a result, in Russia there are "non-state-forming peoples" who speak other languages and compose over a quarter of the population. Most for thousands of years have resided on their native lands, which were included (often by the use of force) into the Russian Empire no more than 200-250 years ago. It seems they can claim to have participated in the “formation” of this common state not to a lesser degree than the Russians, who were suddenly given the status of a “state-forming” people. This amendment is clearly populist in nature, representing an example of legal nonsense. In addition, its adoption does not change anything for the position of the Russian majority, causing so far only dull irritation among representatives of the political elites and open protest of the intellectual elites of other peoples of Russia. Each change to the Basic Law must be carefully considered and absolutely necessary, and at the same time lead to the consolidation of the peoples of Russia, and not to their separation. Further, the article analyzes the issue of some foundations for the stability of the Russian state.

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Danchevskaya, A. V. « Equality is not Equal to Justice : on the Issue of Confrontation in the Protection of the Rights of Women and Men ». Actual Problems of Russian Law 17, n^o 5 (19 avril 2022) : 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.138.5.091-102.

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The paper examines the scholarly experience of understanding the equality of constitutional and socioeconomic rights and obligations of citizens in Russia, elucidates approaches to the definition of men’s rights as legal and social categories, understanding and substantiating gender inequality in relation to men and women. The author has carried out a critical analysis of publications devoted to the problem of infringement of men’s rights in Russia. The author has studied the origins of the scientific formulation of the problem of discrimination against men, its manifestations in the legal field of the Russian Federation. It has been established that some researches represent men and women as rivals in the struggle for rights, determine the problem one-sidedly and unconstructively, devalue achievements in the struggle for women’s rights, contrast both the rights and duties of men and women in general and exaggerated manifestations of discrimination against men by legislatively established privileges of women. Listing the problems of discrimination against men, some authors use weak argumentation that defies criticism. The author states that posing the problem in this way is counterproductive for achieving the general well-being of the Russian population. It is argued that the problems of infringement of someone’s rights should be solved through constructive dialogue and should be aimed at achieving common goals, but not by spreading discriminatory practices to the opposite gender.

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Sevostyanov, Vadim, et Oleg Mineev. « On Civil Law Mechanisms of Protecting the Russian Federation from Defamation ». Legal Concept, n^o 3 (octobre 2022) : 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2022.3.3.

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Introduction: in the era of the digital economy it is impossible to imagine today’s world without mass media, without the Internet, which greatly affect the surrounding reality. There are often cases when many phenomena of modern reality, the ideas of which are available in society, over time have received an interpretation that is fundamentally different from the original one. It is the mass media that plays a huge role in this, which, thanks to the achievements of the digital sphere, literally shape people’s consciousness and their way of thinking. The information sphere of public and state life is becoming open and vulnerable to various kinds of fake news and publications, which to a large extent makes it an environment “favorable” for abuse and the commission of offenses. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the expediency of introducing into the legislation such concepts as “reputation” and “defamation” in relation to the Russian Federation as a subject of civil law relations, based on repeatedly recurring situations involving the dissemination of defamatory information (defamation) towards it, as well as ensuring that in the conditions of rapid development of the digitalization and digital technologies, Russia could protect such a special kind of intangible good as “reputation”. Methods: the methodological framework for the study includes the theoretical, comparative legal methods, the method of analysis and synthesis. Results: it has been established that currently the issues of ownership of intangible goods and personal non-property rights to them, as well as the participation of the state in personal non-property legal relations are not regulated by law. Considering the provision of Part 1 of Art. 125 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation which explicitly recognizes but does not clearly specify the personal non-property rights of the state, the study of the participation of the Russian Federation in personal non-property relations as an equal party to civil law relations is relevant. In addition, the current situation and the state of affairs in these public relations relating to personal non-property rights does not allow talking about the equality in the position of the state in comparison with other parties to civil law relations in cases of defamation, stated in Part 1 of Article 124 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The existing legislation does not provide a real opportunity to protect the intangible good of the state from defamation, such as reputation, the rights to which have been violated. Conclusions: to prevent negative consequences for Russia that may arise as a result of frequent cases of defamation, it is necessary to ensure the civil protection of Russia’s reputation from defamation. It is necessary to take a set of measures: firstly, to legislatively define the term “defamation”, to enshrine in the law that Russia as an independent party to civil law relations can be a subject of defamation on an equal basis with citizens and legal entities, and also to define the concept of “reputation” applicable to the Russian Federation.

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Gulyaeva, Elena Evgenyevna, et Elena Nikolaevna Trikoz. « SOMATIC AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF COVID-19 VACCINATION : LEGAL MEASURES TO SUPPORT SOCIETY AND BUSINESS DURING THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA IN RUSSIA ». Novos Estudos Jurídicos 26, n^o 1 (1 avril 2021) : 406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/nej.v26n1.p406-417.

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The purpose of the review is to comprehend the current trends in emergency rule-making in Russia and the restrictive practices introduced in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to new challenges, the Russian authorities have developed a kind of "rule-making vaccine". The introduction of new legislation, especially at the local level of Russian Federation, was accompanied by both long-term state support of business structures and the "freezing of the Russian economy." The situation of "unofficial testing" of a vaccine against COVID-19, facts of violation of the fundamentals of clinical trials, the norms of Russian legislation and generally recognized international standards in the field of clinical testing of drugs are analyzed. According to the position of the World Health Organization (WHO) the right to health imposes on the States a legal obligation to ensure timely access to adequate levels of high-quality health care, clean and safe drinking water, sanitation, adequate nutrition, shelter, health-related information and education, gender equality. As a result, the considerable amount of attention is paid to the analysis of the content of general and specific legal instruments at the national level to Support Society and Business During the Post-Pandemic Era in Russia.

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Goncharov, Vitaly, et Анна Попова. « Правопреемство в международном праве после распада СССР ». Studia Politologiczne, n^o 62/2021 (18 décembre 2021) : 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2021.62.9.

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After the collapse of the USSR, a huge superpower that occupied one sixth of the land, the question of succession arose before the states that were part of it. The USSR occupied a vast territory, participated in international obligations, had debts, was a member of international organizations. It was obvious that the relationship between the newly formed states depended on how it was possible to divide the “legacy” of the USSR. The USSR took an active position at the international level, was engaged in the development of weapons. The issue of dividing all assets and liabilities worried the entire international community. His decision was difficult, and the legal basis for making decisions on succession did not seem to everyone to be indisputable. At present, it is obvious to everyone that the Russian Federation became the main heir of the USSR, it was the Russian Federation that continued the policy of the USSR, continued to participate in international relations and in the fulfillment of obligations, despite the equality of all states that were part of the USSR. The issues of the succession of the USSR and Russia are the subject of study of modern international law. Within the framework of this article, some aspects of the indicated topic will be highlighted.

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Krishtal, Mihail I. « Cooperation with Russia and the Current State of the RussianLanguage Community on the Agenda of the 2018 Election to the Seimas of Latvia ». RUDN Journal of Political Science 21, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2019) : 718–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2019-21-4-718-728.

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The article discusses the opinion of the relevant participants in the 2018 elections to the Seimas of Latvia in regards to the Latvian-Russian relations and the situation of the Russianspeaking community in the country. The issue sprung up in the period between the elections as a result of foreign policy (confrontation between Russia and the West to regards to the events in Ukraine) and internal political factors (adoption of the law stipulating the transfer of ethnic minority schools to teaching in the Latvian language). In the light of the ethnic conflict between Latvians and the Russian-speaking population in Latvia, the authors have based their research on S. Lipset and S. Rokkan’s theory of demarcations. Drawing on this theory, the authors use the scoring method to highlight ideological contrasts of political parties. As a result, three different approaches to the current situation have been identified. The first approach is focused on creating conditions for ethnic equality in Latvia and cooperation with Russia. The second approach, on the contrary, stands for limiting the rights of the Russian-speaking population in Latvia and continuing confrontation with the Russian Federation. The third approach, being ideologically close to the second, nevertheless allows for some latitude towards Russian-speaking residents. Based on Pearson’s correlation method, the analysis of the voting geography showed that the ideological contrasts existing between political forces coincide with their electoral divergences.

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Ibragimova, Zulfiya, et Marina Frants. « Inequality of Opportunities : The Role of the Spatial Factor ». Spatial Economics 16, n^o 4 (2020) : 44–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2020.4.044-067.

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The concept of equal opportunities was shaped on the back of western social philosophy at the end of the XX century as a result of the development of egalitarian theory of social justice. According to it, the determinants of individual achievements should be divided into two categories: ‘circumstances’, which individual has no control on, and ‘efforts’, which individuals should be responsible for. Our research deals with measuring opportunity inequality in the Russian Federation and its regions. The regions of the Russian Federation are well known to be very heterogeneous, consequently, the variation of their social and economic indicators is significant. As a result, the level of opportunity inequality may fluctuate significantly among the regions. Our research is designed to test the hypothesis. The analysis is based on the data from the survey ‘Survey of Income and Participation in Social Programs’ conducted by the Federal state statistics service of the Russian Federation. The estimation technique is parametric and based on the ex-ante definition of equality of opportunity. The mean logarithmic deviation is used as inequality index. According to our calculations, the contribution of opportunity inequality to the labor income inequality in Russia is approximately 30%. Spatial factors (region of residence and type of settlement) are responsible for nearly 70% of opportunity inequality. Absolute level of opportunity inequality varies widely among regions – from 0,0117 to 0,0547 in 2017. The contribution of opportunity inequality to inequality of labor income ranges from 7,24 to 27,35% in 2017 across regions. The growth of opportunity inequality is shown to be correlated with the decrease of the economic development rate and the increase of labor income inequality

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Inamova, Elena A. « Judicial policy of Russia and Kazakhstan : environmental disputes and regulatory and law enforcement mechanisms for their resolution ». Gosudarstvo i pravo, n^o 4 (2022) : 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520019560-7.

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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and Republic of Kazakhstan in the sphere of environmental protection. The authors also describe the consideration of ecological disputes by courts of general jurisdiction and arbitrary courts of the Russian Federation in terms of judicial policy. The term of “harm inflicted upon the environment” prescribed by legislation of the Russian Federation and European Unity Directive, is analyzed. The authors pay attention to the fact that in the Russian Federation in 2020 it is possible that environmental tax will be introduced. Fees from this tax will be used to support eco-programs. Basing upon the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan the authors explain changes in legislation which concern storage, placing, conversion, and burial of waste. It is noted that in 2011 the term of “placing of waste” was substituted by the term of “temporary waste storage facility” which brought particular clarity into judicial practice. The authors make demonstrative parallel between these terms by means of particular example from the materials of judicial practice. Attention is paid also to the Rules for the economic evaluation of damage from environmental pollution which don’t contain clear definition of criteria establishing the fact of natural object pollution. According to these rules harm inflicted upon the environment is subjective by nature and doesn’t deal with degradation of the objects. The authors of the article touch the disputable issue of respecting principles of equality and adversarial character of the parties when dealing with disputes about compensation for environmental damage. The authors conclude that qualified consideration and protection of rights in the sphere of environmental protection mostly depend on competent development and systematic character of judicial policy.

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Жильский, Николай Николаевич, Иван Иванович Иванов et Ольга Николаевна Новицкая. « Criminal Procedural Law Objectives and Challenges in Implementation Whereof in Modern Russia ». ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, n^o 1 (15 mars 2022) : 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2022.13.49.002.

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В развитии отечественного уголовно-процессуального права сегодня наблюдаются негативные тенденции, связанные с созданием органами законодательной власти отдельного уголовного процесса для чиновников и отдельных процессуальных гарантий для предпринимателей, то есть к возрождению в современной России сословного суда, который является пережитком прошлого и нарушает конституционный принцип равенства граждан перед законом и судом. На основе изучения научных взглядов специалистов и анализа судебно-следственной практики по вопросам, связанным с формированием институтов уголовно-процессуального права, авторы обосновывают свою точку зрения о том, что актуальной проблемой уголовно-процессуального права является неспособность его норм обеспечить реализацию законного права каждого гражданина Российской Федерации на судебную защиту от преступных посягательств и своевременное возмещение вреда, причиненного преступлением. Авторы предлагают современные способы оптимизации уголовного и уголовно-процессуального законодательства, направленные на подлинную реализацию положений статьи 19 Конституции Российской Федерации. The development of domestic criminal procedure law nowadays reveals negative trends dealing with the creation by legislative authorities of a separate criminal process for officials and separate procedural guarantees for entrepreneurs, that is leading to the revival of an estate court in modern Russia, which is a relic of the past and violates the constitutional principle of equality of every person before the law and the courts. Based on the study of scientific views of specialists and the analysis of judicial and investigative practice on related matters dealing with the formation of criminal procedural law institutions, the authors justify their viewpoint that a relevant issue of the criminal procedural law of today is the inability of its norms to ensure the realization of the legal right of every citizen of the Russian Federation to judicial protection from criminal encroachments and timely compensation for damage caused by a crime. The authors propose ways to optimize criminal and criminal procedure legislation aimed at the genuine implementation of the provisions of Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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Komkova, G. N., et A. V. Basova. « Gender problems in newborns : social, medical and legal aspects ». Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 64, n^o 3 (30 juin 2019) : 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-3-124-128.

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Objective of the study. To analyze the modern literature on the legal regulation of the determination of the sex of newborns with disturbances of sexual development in Russia and abroad, as well as the right of these children for self-determination of their sex upon coming of age. Material and methods. The review is based on the domestic and foreign literature published overthe past 7 years, including in Pubmed. Results. There were revealed the modern problems of the legal regulation of determining the sex of newborns with developmental disorders in the territory of the Russian Federation. Conclusion. The right to the sex self-determination of the children born with impaired sexual development upon coming of age requires careful analysis by medical experts, as from a legal point of view it contributes to a more complete implementation of the constitutional principle of equality regardless of gender and ensures human rights in accordance with their perception and attitude.

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Lavrov, I. A. « Rotational dynamics between bureaucracy and electocracy ». Digital Sociology 3, n^o 4 (29 janvier 2021) : 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-347x-2020-3-4-36-42.

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It is generally believed that, based on the principle of separation of powers, the branches of government are endowed with independence from each other and equality among themselves, which means that they can control and balance each other’s activities. This principle can also be considered true for politicians, representatives of each of the branches of government. Bureaucrats holding positions in the executive branch are politically equal to electocrats in the legislative branch. At the same time, bureaucrats and electocrats are politicians of different kinds, they have a large number of differences in their powers, functions, rights, and competencies. But does this principle remain immutable for the Russian political system de facto? Are bureaucrats and electocrats so different from each other in Russia? The present study, analyses the biographies of 800 politicians of the Russian Federation who hold public positions in the executive and legislative authorities of all three levels: federal, regional, and municipal. The analysis allowed us to reveal the specifics of recruitment and circulation of personnel in the Russian political system, which makes it possible to speak with a high degree of probability about the trends in the development of the Russian establishment as a whole.

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Kutyrev, Georgii. « GREATER EURASIA IN THE NEW POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC REALITY ». Urgent Problems of Europe, n^o 1 (2021) : 28–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.01.02.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has subjected international relations to a severe stress test - at the level of both individual states and multilateral associations. Among the obvious challenges are the economic crisis, the crisis of global governance, the growth of protectionist and isolationist sentiments, the growing military confrontation along the US-China axis. The article focuses on two important areas of integration of the Greater Eurasia project - in the field of defense and security and in the economic sphere in the context of the pandemic. The first part of the article examines the challenges associated with the defense and security sector of Greater Eurasia, using the example of military cooperation between China and Russia. It is concluded that by 2016, an «average» level of military interaction had been achieved in Russian-Chinese relations, which opens up opportunities for further integration. However, given that relations between the two great powers are built on the basis of respect for national interests and sovereign equality, further military integration of Russia and China is being questioned. It is noted that in the face of growing contradictions between the PRC and the United States, the pandemic contributed to a more self-confident and assertive behavior of Beijing in the foreign arena. The second part of the article examines the economic and geographical dimension of the integration of Greater Eurasia on the example of relations between the Russian Federation and the PRC in the trade and economic sphere. It is indicated that the absence of an agreement on an additional reduction in oil production between Saudi Arabia, Russia and other OPEC+ countries and the corresponding collapse of oil prices have a significant impact on the development of economic integration in Greater Eurasia. Scenarios for the further economic development of this regional international community after the pandemic are proposed.

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Podolskiy, A. V., et R. L. Nikulin. « Technical and Legal Registration of Preferential Legal Regimes Using the Example of the Tax Code of Russia ». Pravo : istoriya i sovremennost', n^o 3(12) (2020) : 040–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2020.03.pp.040-046.

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The problems of technical and legal registration of preferential tax regimes are examined using the example of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The justification for the introduction of a preferential legal regime is an objectively-determined need for the use of legal means to ease the legal status of entities, corresponding to one of the goals of preferential legal regimes. The main reasons that impede the development of optimal tax incentives are seen in some imperfection of the legal technique of tax legislation. It is noted that when designing a preferential tax regime, one should proceed from the general goals of preferential legal regimes, namely, ensuring legal equality and social justice, as well as in maintaining the positive activity of subjects of law significant for the state. It is necessary that the preferential legal regime works within these goals, excluding the possibility of manipulation, abuse of benefits, their use in illegal, mercenary interests, and the creation of corruption mechanisms. An example of ambiguous formulation of the purpose of the preferential legal tax regime is given.

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Khotkina, Zoya. « 30 years of Russian gender studies : retrospective and perspectives ». Woman in russian society, n^o 2 (30 juin 2020) : 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2020.2.3.

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A retrospective analysis of the thirty-year period (1990—2020) of the formation and development of Russian gender studies is presented, in which identified are three conditional stages, characterized by the originality of the tasks solved and the results achieved, as well as the influence of external contextual factors: the first stage — the period of formation and institutionalization of gender studies in the Russian Academy and higher school, which received in the scientific literature on gender studies the name “gender 90s”, as a reflection of the rapid start of a new scientific direction in the 90s of the XX c.; the second stage — the inclusion of gender studies in the Russian context through the understanding and analysis of Russian material and problems. This stage covers the first decade of the XXI c. (2000—2009), and can be conditionally designated as the period of “transition of quantity into qualityˮ; the third stage — the development of gender in the digital age is associated with the continuation of Russian gender studies in context of digitalization and the emergence of a network society, as the main challenges of the last decade of the XXI c. (2010—2020). Special attention in the article is paid to the modern period, in which the fundamental ideas of gender equality began to be reflected in the changing Russian legislation: in 2018, the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation reduces the list and types of work professions prohibited for women from 456 to 100. This is the result of many years of demand from both international and Russian women’s organizations and researchers. 2019 — Russia has resumed work on preparations for the adoption of the federal law “On the fundamentals of the system of prevention of family (domestic) violence in the Russian Federation”. More than 900 thousand people signed a petition on the adoption of the law posted on Runet, while opponents of the law collected only 19 thousand signatures. The article presents the results and outlines promising directions of Russian gender studies, including those related to the emergence of a virtual gender space on the Internet.

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Еgorov, Еvgeny. « Formation of Barrier-free Urban Environment and Problems of Labor Integration of Disabled People in Russia ». Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 18, n^o 4 (27 décembre 2022) : 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2022.18.4.9.

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The article examines the economics of a barrier-free environment in the context of the transition from a medical to a social approach to disability after the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006). A social approach to disability means recognizing the equality of the rights of disabled people with healthy citizens in all spheres of society and ensuring accessibility for them of all objects and services in the external, primarily in the urban environment. Disability is understood as the presence of external and internal barriers that impede the social integration of people with disabilities. The formation of a barrier-free urban environment makes it possible to remove external barriers, and comprehensive rehabilitation and habilitation of the disabled removes internal barriers. Together they ensure accessibility for the disabled of all objects and services of the urban infrastructure. A barrier-free urban environment is a socially significant benefit that has a positive external effect not only for all citizens with limited mobility (LMC), but also for all members of the local community. A comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic effects from the implementation of programs for the formation of a barrier-free urban environment for all stakeholders (disabled people, entrepreneurs, authorities, the local community) is important. In the Russian Federation, this allows overcoming the limited approach to assessing the benefits from their implementation only for people with disabilities and other LMC at high investment costs. It is recommended to use the experience of the EU in the Russian Federation in presenting the annual Access City Award to the three best cities for an accessible environment for the disabled as an effective incentive for them and the regions of the country in the development of a barrier-free environment and tourism. An analysis of the 10 years of implementation of the state program of the Russian Federation "Accessible Environment", along with achievements, made it possible to identify a number of shortcomings: the need to verify quantitative indicators of the accessibility of its priority facilities for people with disabilities using sociological surveys of people with disabilities and experts; low level of accessibility of university buildings for teaching disabled people; non-fulfillment of indicators of growth in employment of persons with disabilities. As a result of a selective sociological survey of people with disabilities and experts conducted by the author in 2022, the reasons for the low level of social and labor integration of people with disabilities were identified: the lack of employers' interest in their employment, the low availability of urban infrastructure, and the discrepancy between the skill level of people with disabilities and modern production requirements. An integrated approach to the formation of an accessible environment in the field of vocational education and employment of disabled people with increased incentives for socially responsible employers is proposed. It is shown that the conduct of a special military operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine and new packages of Western sanctions adopted in 2022 against our country require consideration of their socio-economic consequences. In particular, - updating the state program of the Russian Federation "Accessible Environment", taking into account the expected increase in the number of disabled people and the development of import substitution policy in this area.

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Кулик, Станислав Владимирович. « THE CIVILIZATIONAL DIMENSION OF THE STATE IDEOLOGY OF POST-SOVIET RUSSIA ». Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Регионоведение», n^o 4(289) (23 mai 2022) : 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2021-4-289-15-24.

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В статье предложен анализ динамики государственной идеологии постсоветской России, выявляющий изменения вектора ее цивилизационной направленности. На основании контент-анализа официальных идеологических текстов, основу которых составляют послания Президента РФ, автор приходит к выводу, что отчетливо западническая ориентация 1990-х гг. спустя два десятилетия сменилась на противоположную. Если в 1990-е и 2000-е гг. Россия позиционировалась как часть Запада, то в последнее десятилетие заявлено о наличии собственной цивилизационной идентичности, имеющей почвенническую (евразийскую) основу, во многом оппонирующей ценностям погруженной в кризис западной цивилизации. Особое значение уделяется поиску и обоснованию парадигмы общественно-исторического развития России, сохранению ее самобытности и цивилизационной идентичности в условиях современных геополитических трансформаций. В частности, в середине 2010-х гг. внешнеполитическая стратегия российского государства ориентируется на противодействие глобальным деструктивным процессам, что выражается в ее активном участии в борьбе с международным терроризмом. Подчеркивается, что в конце 2010-х гг. происходит смена прозападнического курса России на евразийский, предполагающий сохранение равноправия, взаимного уважения, национальной самобытности и государственного суверенитета стран - участниц евразийской интеграции. The article proposes an analysis of the dynamics of the state ideology of post-Soviet Russia, revealing changes in the vector of its civilizational orientation. Based on a content analysis of official ideological texts, the basis of which is the messages of the President of the Russian Federation, the author concludes that the distinctly Westernized orientation of the 1990s two decades later changed to the opposite. If in the 1990s and 2000s Russia was positioned as part of the West, then in the last decade it has been declared that it has its own civilizational identity, which has a soil (Eurasian) basis, largely opposing the values of Western civilization immersed in a crisis. Particular importance is paid to the search and substantiation of the paradigm of the socio-historical development of Russia, the preservation of its identity and civilizational identity in the context of modern geopolitical transformations. In particular, in the mid-2010s the foreign policy strategy of the Russian state is focused on countering global destructive processes, which is expressed in its active participation in the fight against international terrorism. It is emphasized that in the late 2010s. There is a change in the pro-Western course of Russia to Eurasian, which involves the preservation of equality, mutual respect, national identity and state sovereignty of the participating countries of Eurasian integration.

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Pugachev, A. N. « The experience of studying the openness of regional parliamentarism institution in Russia ». Regional nye issledovaniya 76, n^o 2 (2022) : 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-2-8.

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The article presents the author‘s approach to assessing the democracy of regional political regimes in Russia by analyzing the openness of legislative (representative) state authorities of the subjects of the Federation. A broad interpretation of the openness of the regional parliament is given, including the openness of decision-making process, legislative work, feedback from citizens, social accessibility of parliament, guarantees of equality of parliamentary parties on regional television, radio and the internal openness of parliament. The article presents the author‘s methodology for assessing the openness of regional parliaments, based on a comparison of their practices with the identifi practices of openness of the Federal Assembly, the totality of which the author proposes to consider as reference for the current level of political development of the country. The results of the calculations of the level of openness are analyzed both in criteria and in spatial dimensions. A comparison of the rating of regions by this indicator in 2020 and 2021 indicates a gradual increase in the openness of regional parliaments. At the same time, the author comes to the conclusion that the results obtained do not allow us to speak about a high level of openness of regional legislatures, since most of them demonstrate average indicators. The leaders of openness were also identifi who received maximum points, but still lag behind the level of openness of the Federal Assembly. At the same time, they demonstrate maximum performance in the areas of political openness, which allows us to speak of them as parliaments open to their voters.

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Tokarev, A. A. « The Electoral History of the Post-Soviet Crimea : from UkSSR to Russia ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 5(44) (28 octobre 2015) : 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-5-44-32-41.

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Abstract: One year ago, the referendum was held in the Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea which resulted in the peninsula becomino part of Russia. This article discusses all Crimean voting, including referendums and elections: from the first referendum in the history of the Soviet Union in January 1991, to the last election to the State Council of the Republic of Crimea within the Russian Federation in September 2014. For each vote, except for the regional elections, the average results of the main candidates are presented in the Crimea and in Ukraine. Sevastopol always has particular identity and special administrative status of the city, regardless of the sovereign center title (Moscow or Kyiv). That`s why we give the data for Sevastopol in addition to the Crimea for each vote. The author analyzes the voting results and compares them with those in other south-eastern regions of Ukraine. A special Crimean identity postulates in this case and changing of regional political trends in Ukraine in the mid-2000s are given. After 2002, Donetsk and Luhansk regions provided 70-100% of support to ”Party of Regions“ and its leader. While their main rivals always received minimum points from the Donbass. Crimea and Sevastopol were always in second position supporting the ruling party until the end of their Ukrainian history. For a visual comparison of the difference in votes of the Crimea, Sevastopol and the whole Ukraine, the author offers the original graph. In addition, the article focuses on the results and sociological basis of the last Crimean referendum held in March 2014. On the one hand its procedure creates many questions: the lack of equality in the agitation, the presence of paramilitaries, the vote in the absence of actual voter lists, etc. On the other hand, there are, at least, 4 researches of Ukrainian and American sociological services, according to which the sovereignty of Russia is a real value perceived by the majority of Crimea and Sevastopol citizens.

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Kondrashev, A. A., et N. A. Sidorova. « Electoral qualifications and restrictions on passive suffrage in elections in Russia ». Law Enforcement Review 6, n^o 4 (24 décembre 2022) : 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2022.6(4).59-74.

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The subject of the article is electoral qualifications and voting restrictions in the Russian Federation legislation.The purpose of the article is to determine the permissible boundaries of electoral restrictions, to define the grounds for acknowledgment of such qualifications (restrictions) as unconstitutional (excessive, disproportionate, breaching the principle of legal equality) as well asto formulate legal argumentsthat will contribute to advancing electoral qualification system in Russia.The authors’ hypothesis is as follows: in comparison with electoral qualifications that are already enshrined in the Constitution, the rise in the number of new electoral qualifications fails to comply with the Constitution’s provisions and is inconsistent with the Russian Federation’s international commitments. The authors meticulously analyse the process of eligibility imposition, draws the line between “electoral qualifications” and “restrictions” in electoral right and compares the Russian system of electoral qualifications (restrictions) with the system of electoral restrictions and limitations in foreign countries.The main results and the scope of application. The analysis of the given issues has shown that electoral qualifications are specific requirements (conditions). Thus if a state is a democratic one and acts in compliance with the electoral requirements(conditions), the citizens of such state are eligible to run for public office. At the same time electoral restrictions (filters) can be considered as supplementary actions that the citizens have to complete in order to be registered as candidates for the elections. Such actions also diminish the legal chances of the citizens to take part in ongoing elections. The authors prove that guided by political rather than legal criteria, Russian law-makers are prone to impose new eligibility restrictions that in turn impede the process of constitutional values balance search.A significant number of electoral qualifications is inconsistent with the purposes which legislators pursue imposing new restrictions and limitations on citizens’ rights as well as with fundamental principles of possible restrictions on citizens’ rights set forth by numerous ECHR’s decisions (proportionality, necessity in democratic society, legitimate goal and sufficient reasons). Since dozens of electoral qualifications exist in the Russian legislation, millions of Russian citizens are deprived of their right to vote. Electoral qualifications do not satisfy the RF Constitution requirements stated in articles 17, 18, 19, 32, 54 as well as the principles of universalsuffrage (universality, equal suffrage and free elections).The authors conclude that the legal regulation of voting right restrictions such as a signature threshold and a municipal filter are to be altered radically. In the short term, the signature threshold preservation is quite feasible provided a substantial decrease in the number of signatures and the simplification of the signature collection procedure. In reference to the municipal filter, undoubtedly, it should be repealed in the near future since there are no opportunities to exclude an administrative pressure on municipal councils’ deputies with the purpose to force them to vote for “suitable” candidatesfor federal and regional authorities.

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Baburin, Sergey N. « LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUES : INFLUENCE OF THE ROMAN LAW ON RUSSIAN CONSTITUTIONIALISM ». Law Enforcement Review 4, n^o 1 (25 mai 2020) : 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2020.4(1).5-13.

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The subject. Modern law enforcement is considered in harmony with the spiritual and moral foundations of legal culture through the use of ideas and approaches of Roman law. The purpose. An attempt has been made to assess the influence of Roman Law on Rus-sian constitutionalism and modern law enforcement on the basis of the spiritual and moral traditions of Russian legal culture. The methodology. Methods of dialectical logic, analysis and synthesis, comparative-historical, formal-legal methods were used. The main method is comparison of founda-tions of Roman law with the basic principles of Russian constitutionalism. The main results and scope of their application. The problem of influence of Roman law on Russian constitutionalism and, in general, on the basis of modern Russian law en-forcement is raised. If universalism and individualism should be believed as the founda-tions of classical Roman law, then the basis of Russian law is community and social soli-darity. In Russia collective property and joint work as well as ancestral structure in the form of a rural community reached the modern times, while in ancient Rome their disap-pearance was the basis of the formation of Roman law. National peculiarities of the Rus-sian legal and political systems are determined by cultural-historical (civilizational) cir-cumstances, especially by the natural and climatic factors. It was in the communal world of Russia that the idea of Christian equality has formed the basis of the model of life, while in Western Europe the community has followed the path of individualization of the individual and differentiation of elites and masses according to the criteria of social suc-cess. The absolute belief in law as a phenomenon of social planning and a tool for com-promise between different parts of society, inherited from Roman law, formed the Romano-German and Anglo-Saxon worldview, but it did not take root in Russian legal culture. Modern Russian constitution-alism, while poorly considering the Roman-Byzantine origins of national Russian law, is wrong in its denial of the national-cultural and historical adaptation of European legal in-stitutions and principles. Conclusions. One of the important results of the study is the conclusion that the social value of Roman law in Russian Constitutionalism includes the moral mission of Roman law and a high assessment of the normative value of the heritage of Roman law. The val-ue depravity of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation can be eliminated, its defects can and should be corrected on the basis of the Roman law tradition, but this should be done only by adequately assessing the own experience of law enforcement, the thousand-year state-legal and spiritual development of the Russian civilization.

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Popovic-Filipovic, Slavica. « Elsie Inglis (1864-1917) and the Scottish women’s hospitals in Serbia in the Great War. Part 1 ». Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, n^o 3-4 (2018) : 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh170704167p.

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The news about the great victories of the Gallant Little Serbia in the Great War spread far and wide. Following on the appeals from the Serbian legations and the Serbian Red Cross, assistance was arriving from all over the world. First medical missions and medical and other help arrived from Russia. It was followed by the medical missions from Great Britain, France, Greece, The Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, America, etc. Material help and individual volunteers arrived from Poland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Norway, India, Japan, Egypt, South America, and elsewhere. The true friends of Serbia formed various funds under the auspices of the Red Cross Society, and other associations. In September 1914, the Serbian Relief Fund was established in London, while in Scotland the first units of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals for Foreign Service were formed in November of the same year. The aim of this work was to keep the memory of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals in Serbia, and with the Serbs in the Great War. In the history of the Serbian nation during the Great War a special place was held by the Scottish Women?s Hospitals - a unique humanitarian medical mission. It was the initiative of Dr. Elsie Maud Inglis (1864-1917), a physician, surgeon, promoter of equal rights for women, and with the support of the Scottish Federation of Woman?s Suffrage Societies. The SWH Hospitals, which were completely staffed by women, by their participation in the Great War, also contributed to gender and professional equality, especially in medicine. Many of today?s achievements came about thanks to the first generations of women doctors, who fought for equality in choosing to study medicine, and working in the medical field, in time of war and peacetime.

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Popovic-Filipovic, Slavica. « Elsie Inglis (1864-1917) and the Scottish women’s hospitals in Serbia in the Great War. Part 2 ». Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 146, n^o 5-6 (2018) : 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh170704168p.

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The news about the great victories of the Gallant Little Serbia in the Great War spread far and wide. Following on the appeals from the Serbian legations and the Serbian Red Cross, assistance was arriving from all over the world. First medical missions and medical and other help arrived from Russia. It was followed by the medical missions from Great Britain, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, America, etc. Material help and individual volunteers arrived from Poland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Norway, India, Japan, Egypt, South America, and elsewhere. The true friends of Serbia formed various funds under the auspices of the Red Cross Society, and other associations. In September 1914, the Serbian Relief Fund was established in London, while in Scotland the first units of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals for Foreign Service were formed in November of the same year. The aim of this work was to keep the memory of the Scottish Women?s Hospitals in Serbia and with the Serbs in the Great War. In the history of the Serbian nation during the Great War, a special place was held by the Scottish Women?s Hospitals ? a unique humanitarian medical mission. It was the initiative of Dr. Elsie Maud Inglis (1864?1917), a physician, surgeon, promoter of equal rights for women, and with the support of the Scottish Federation of Woman?s Suffrage Societies. The Scottish Women?s Hospitals, which were completely staffed by women, by their participation in the Great War, also contributed to gender and professional equality, especially in medicine. Many of today?s achievements came about thanks to the first generations of women doctors, who fought for equality in choosing to study medicine, and working in the medical field, in time of war and peacetime.

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Birch, Julian. « Towards a New Soviet Party Program on the Nationalities ? » Nationalities Papers 17, n^o 02 (1989) : 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998908408109.

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It has often been declared that the CPSU cannot cope with the problems of its national minorities because it cannot understand, or rather is not willing to understand, the very nature of the beast. There is much to be said for this proposition, mirrored as it is in the agricultural sphere where Professor Peter Wiles has long insisted that to put a Marxist in a field is to pave the way for famine in no time. The Party in power, from Lenin onwards, has constantly sought to analyze the complex ethnic structure of Russia and the USSR with a view to “solving” it as a problem once and for all. Quite apart from the question of whether there is in fact “a” solution (or even solutions) to such a complex melange of problems, much of what has resulted has been more concerned with the idealistic world as it could be, or should be, rather than with an acceptance of the world as it is. The solutions adopted have variously involved planned economic development and redistribution to achieve a greater measure of equality and levels of development; temporary federation during the process of adjustment; uniform education and socialization programs; population mixing across boundaries; de facto Russification; and a measure of stick to go with the carrots, as and where necessary.

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Джабраилов, Юсуп Джабраилович. « ETHNOCULTURAL INEQUALITY IN THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF DAGESTANI YOUTH AND PROSPECTS FOR CIVIL CONSOLIDATION ». Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Регионоведение», n^o 3(284) (13 janvier 2022) : 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2021-3-284-61-71.

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В статье рассматривается проблема этнокультурного неравенства в научной литературе и в массовом сознании студенческой молодежи Республики Дагестан в контексте гражданской идентификации. На основе анализа социологического исследования, проведенного автором в 2021 г., выявляется корреляционная зависимость между восприятием точек зрений о нарушении или обеспечении этнорелигиозного паритета в России и уровнем гражданской идентификации. Авторская точка зрения заключается в том, что сложность для гражданской интеграции современного российского общества представляет не «множество идентичностей» россиян, сколько их неравномерное положение в социально-политической структуре российского государства. Автор делает упор на важности формирования гражданской нации как надэтнической и надрелигиозной формации, но подчеркивает преждевременность успеха данного процесса без равноправия при учете этнокультурных особенностей российских народов. В связи с чем делается вывод о необходимости создания механизма согласования интересов этнических и религиозных сообществ в субъектах Российской Федерации в целях повышения гражданской идентичности населения, так как, по мнению автора, обеспечение условий для развития этнокультурных особенностей людей повышает чувство их гражданской лояльности, создает предпосылки к открытости и терпимости к представителям иных этнокультурных традиций. The paper deals with the problem of ethnocultural inequality in the scientific literature and in the mass consciousness of the students of the Republic of Dagestan in the context of civil identification. Based on the analysis of a sociological study conducted by the author in 2021, the publication reveals a correlation between the perception of points of view about the violation or maintenance of ethno-religious parity in Russia and the level of civil identification. The author's point of view is that the difficulty for the civil integration of modern Russian society is not the "set of identities" of Russians, but rather their uneven position in the socio-political structure of the Russian state. The author emphasizes the importance of forming a civil nation as a supra-ethnic and supra-religious formation, but emphasizes the prematurity of the success of this process without equality, taking into account the ethno-cultural characteristics of the Russian peoples. In this connection, it is concluded that it is necessary to create a mechanism for coordinating the interests of ethnic and religious communities in the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to increase the civil identity of the population. Since, according to the author, providing conditions for the development of ethno-cultural characteristics of people increases the sense of their civic loyalty, creates prerequisites for openness and tolerance to representatives of other ethno-cultural traditions.

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Ozhgibesova, Kseniya Evgenievna. « Historical periodization of the development of standardization and rationing to create an affordable living environment for people with limited mobility ». Архитектура и дизайн, n^o 2 (février 2021) : 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7789.2021.2.37194.

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The article is devoted to the topic of creating an accessible living environment for people with limited mobility in urban life. It is based on the timely introduction of norms and standards for the design of an accessible environment, with the help of which the standardization of the formation of living conditions for the qualitative transformation of the environment of a modern person takes place, increasing the level of quality of his life. The purpose of the study: to substantiate the historical periodization of the development of standardization and rationing to create an affordable living environment for low-mobility citizens in Russia. The subject of the study are standards and norms for the design of architectural objects with the formation of an accessible environment for MGN. Material base: the results of scientific research on this topic and the existing regulatory framework in the field under study. Research methods: theoretical – analysis, synthesis, modeling; empirical – study of various sources of information, analysis of received and collected data. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that at present the topic of creating an accessible environment for MGN has acquired special relevance and attention at the international level, since it concerns issues of liberality, equality and humanity, which are among the dominant moral ideas of modern progressive society. The chosen path of research is poorly studied, while there are enough studies in the following areas: features of the formation of an accessible living environment; analysis of the domestic regulatory and legislative framework for the formation of a barrier-free urban environment; development of ways to improve the effectiveness of measures to develop an inclusive environment in the interests of disabled people, etc. In this paper, norms and standards for historical periods in the field of designing infrastructure facilities are considered, taking into account their adaptation to the vital needs of low-mobility citizens. The result of the study is the given justification for the historical periodization of standardization and rationing to create an affordable living environment for MGN on the territory of the Russian Federation.

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Vagaeva, Olga A., et Yuliya V. Vel’dina. « Background Causes for the Establishment of A System for Training Technical Specialists in the Volga Region ». Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, n^o 11 (novembre 2022) : 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.11-22.092.

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The article deals with background causes for the establishment of a system for training technical specialists in the Volga Region which generally determined the vector and specifics of its further development including at the present stage. Currently the complex geopolitical situation in the Russian Federation, as well as a special military operation in Ukraine requires the mobilization of all resources to maintain the domestic market and industry development at a high level. In this connection it seems possible to refer to the rich experience of the development of the technical education system which has more than once helped to maintain the sustainable development of our country in difficult conditions. In our opinion the background causes for the establishment of a system for training technical specialists in the Volga Region are socio-political (the Civil War, the USSR formation, international isolation and confrontation with Western countries, the educational institutions’ evacuation during the Great Patriotic War in the rear and etc.), social and economic (the implementation of domestic industrialization policy in the USSR, the need to restore the economy in the period of the Great Patriotic War, the industrial enterprises’ appearance), pedagogical (appearance of the first educational institutions in the second half of the 19th century, the need to train specialists locally) and ideological (belief in the possibility of building socialism, universal equality and accessibility of goods, including education, for all, hostility of capitalist countries towards the USSR, premature heating of ideological conflict in the world). The choice of the territorial framework is determined by the fact that the Volga Region is one of the central regions of Russia and the peculiarities of the technical training system’s development are also typical for other regions of our country. The cycle extends from the second half of the 19th century when the first technical educational institutions were established in the region’s cities to the early 1960s when the system for training of technical specialists in the Volga region was finally formed.

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Mukhina, T. G., et N. I. Musina. « FORMATION OF READINESS OF FUTURE SPECIALIST OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA TO THE INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION IN A MULTI-ETHNIC ENVIRONMENT ». Vestnik of Minin University 7, n^o 1 (17 mars 2019) : 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2019-7-1-3.

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Introduction: this article deals with the problem of forming the readiness of future police officers for interpersonal interaction in a multinational environment in the educational process of a departmental university of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Analyzed the theoretical and methodological approaches to this problem. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of V.G. Afanasyev, I.V. Blauberg, B.F. Lomov about the systems approach and systems analysis as a direction of the methodology of scientific knowledge and social practice, which is based on consideration of the process of forming the readiness of cadets for interpersonal interaction as a system. Fundamental principles of the theory of activity (L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein) and their application in the concepts of educational and professional activities in higher education. The concept of the activity-competence approach in the development and implementation of educational programs of higher education focused on modern GEF (TP Afanasyev, E.V. Karavaeva, A.Sh. Kanukoeva, etc.). The analysis of the literature on the influence of the educational environment made it possible to determine the nature of the educational environment of a departmental university of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia at the present stage of development of education as multinational, this is evidenced by the geography and number of students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia both citizens of the Russian Federation and foreign citizens. The departmental institution of higher education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia takes as a basis the generally accepted individual, national, all-Russian and world psychological and pedagogical tendencies of the development of the personal functional. In this regard, in our study, we consider interpersonal interaction in a multinational environment as a multifactorial psychological and pedagogical phenomenon, which consists of various forms and methods in a particular territorial unit, taking into account the dialogue, equality and, at the same time, the diversity of interpersonal interaction. The introduction of ethnopedagogical knowledge into the content of education is for future law enforcement officers a special element of the process of preparing for interpersonal communication, which is formed on the basis of an analysis of the general and particular in the life of another nation, an objective assessment of the phenomena of social life. In the wake of V.I. Mathis, the study actualizes the need to include multicultural aspects in the content of the educational process, which will ensure the preservation of the cultural identity of the individual in a multi-ethnic society, foster a culture of interpersonal communication. The peculiarity of the research is the understanding of interpersonal communication in a multinational environment as a universal value, ensuring social cooperation and partnership of subjects of interpersonal interaction; the current content and continuous updating of the educational environment on the basis of the integrated integration of humanitarian and professional components of educational programs and the intensification of the life of the cadets; the activities of teachers aimed at supporting and maintaining the cadets in a multinational educational environment, ensuring its updating and relevance of informational and functional content, monitoring the effectiveness of the educational process. Attention is drawn to the features of the educational environment of the departmental university of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Attention is focused on the main components of readiness for interpersonal interaction in an inter-ethnic environment. The content of the components of the readiness of students for interpersonal interaction is described. Materials and methods: a descriptive model of the formation of readiness for interpersonal communication in a multinational environment is presented. The basic components of which are: the target, where the goal and the main tasks of the educational process are revealed; diagnostic result - the results of monitoring work. Discloses the pedagogical conditions for the implementation of the proposed model. The leading pedagogical conditions aimed at the organization of the educational environment, including the activities of faculty members, are as follows: the inclusion of ethno-pedagogical knowledge in the content of the disciplines of basic and variable blocks of the curriculum; introduction of active and interactive forms of conducting classes, ensuring the development of cognitive interest in the study of problems of interpersonal communication in a multinational environment; the organization of research work taking into account ethnopedagogical knowledge, including the organization of work of scientific circles; implementation of situational tasks in the process of conducting all types of practices; organization of assistance in the preparation of the activities of students in the composition of the Council of students; organization of educational work. on the basis of the Center of professional and moral education of cadets of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation; organization of interaction on issues of readiness for interpersonal communication directly with representatives of internal affairs bodies; providing control through pedagogical monitoring. In accordance with the selected components of student readiness for interpersonal interaction in a multinational environment, diagnostic tools have been developed: («Study of the motivation of learning in high school» (T. I. Ilyina), «Тypes of ethnic identity» by G. U. Soldatovа, «Orientation of personality in communication» (S. L. Bratchenko), «Methods of determining the level of reflexivity» (by V. Ponomareva). Results: the obtained data of a comparative analysis of the results of monitoring work for the 2016/2017 academic year and the 2017/2018 academic year. y on the basis of FGKOU HE "Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation," show that the implemented model and the developed pedagogical conditions correspond to the stated goals and objectives of the study and allow you to effectively prepare students for interpersonal interaction in a multinational environment. Discussion and Conclusions: the implementation of modern education strategies and the tasks of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, protecting the rule of law, and combating crime is impossible without effective interpersonal communication in a multi-ethnic environment. Ethnopedagogical knowledge solves the problem of cross-cultural communication, the formation of readiness for interpersonal communication, as well as orienting to identify common spiritual sources of various nations, but emphasizes that the multinational dialogue forms a focus on common human values and national self-consciousness in order to implement the main directions of the police, ensuring national security of the state.

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Kleymenov, Mikhail. « Abuse of Power by the Police : Myths and Reality ». Russian Journal of Criminology 15, n^o 1 (9 mars 2021) : 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(1).46-54.

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The analysis of the situation with the rule of law in different countries makes it necessary to draw attention to the global trend of substituting the theoretical concept of a law-governed state by the practice of abuse of power by the police. The abuse of power by the police and other security forces in the Russian Federation is most evident in two areas: corruption and crimes in the sphere of justice. In this connection, it is important to understand the validity of the concepts of criminal law reaction and the practice of its enforcement in cases of abuse of power by the police. A study of the work of the institute of business ombudsmen makes it possible to state that it is focused on proving that security forces «harass business». No persuasive proof is presented that supports this claim. Nevertheless, the lawmakers pursue the policy of selecting a special subject of crime with a lowered criminal liability — an entrepreneur, thus violating the principle of equality before the law. At the same time, it is impossible to deny the commercialization of the activities of security forces who found their own niche in the market economy. This is the niche of corruption. Corruption pressure on businesses most often takes the shape of extorting bribes and provoking corruption. The provocation and incitement activities of the police often involve those citizens who later are prosecuted for crimes connected with illegal trade in drugs, and for insulting authorities. In this connection, the negative attitude of a considerable part of Russian society to the police is not surprising. This attitude is, to a great degree, formed by discrediting law enforcement bodies. Russian mass media have been working long and hard to create a negative image of the police. The authors of the «gangsters vs. cops» series have been especially successful. This leads to the conclusion that the paradigm «business in Russia is under the pressure of criminal legislation, and security forces «harass business» is fake. The institute of business ombudsmen should reject it and focus of identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions of the situation that made law enforcement bodies subjects of market relations. It is necessary to radically oppose the legalization of crime provocation («legitimate provocation») that some authors suggest. Any facilitation to the provocation activities of security forces looks like a decisive refusal to protect citizens, which opens the gates to widespread lawlessness and, from the legal standpoint, is absolutely unacceptable. The existing operative and investigation activities are quite adequate for detecting real offenders.

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